Pamwamba pa lithosphere amathandizidwa ndi anthropogenic zotsatira:
kukokololoka, salinization, migodi, kuipitsa chilengedwe ndi zinyalala zamafuta ndi ogula, kuwonongeka kwa makina pamtunda, ndi zina zambiri.
Zomwe zikuwononga nthaka - kumtunda kwa lithosphere, ndi motere:
1.Dipatimenti Yanyumba ndi Ntchito (zinyalala zakunyumba, zinyalala za chakudya, zomangamanga ndi zinyalala zina),
2.Zinyalala za mafakitale: zitsulo zopanda feri komanso zolemera, ma cyanides, arsenic, beryllium, benzene ndi phenol (popanga ma pulasitiki ndi ulusi wopanga), phenols, methanol, turpentine (pamkati ndi makampani azapepala),
3.Kukhazikitsa magetsi: slag kuchokera ku malasha oyaka, mwaye, sulufule sulufu (m'nthaka),
4. Feteleza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo,
5. Mayendedwe - nayitrogeni ndi ma lead oxide, ma hydrocarbons, omwe amakhudzidwa muzinthu zazinthu, amasulidwa kwambiri ku dothi ndi zomerazi,
6. Kukula kwachuma - zachilengedwe zachilengedwe zimasokonekera, dziko lapansi limasokonekera pamakina, zotayirira zotayira malasha ndi zinyalala zimachitika, makumi ma mahekitala a nthaka yachonde amwalira.
Zinthu - zodetsa za nthaka zimagawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa:
- zitsulo ndi makina awo,
- feteleza paulimi,
- mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Zitsulo ndi mankhwala ake.
Pogwira ntchito yopanga, munthu amatulutsa ndi kufalitsa nkhokwe zachitsulo, zamkuwa, zotsogola, zodulira mafuta ndi zina zina zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kutumphuka kwapadziko lapansi, zomwe zimamwazika chifukwa chopopera.
Makilomita opitilira 4,000 amakumbidwa chaka chilichonse. miyala yokhala ndi zitsulo ndi kukula kwapachaka kwa 3%.
Zina zomwe zitsulo zikulowa m'nthaka: kuvala zitsulo zomaliza, kuwonongeka kumene kumayambitsa kufalikira kwa 10% ya chitsulo m'nthaka. Malinga ndi akatswiri, njirazi kale mkati mwa zaka za zana la 21 izi zikuthandizira kukulira kwazinthu zina zazitsulo m'nthaka nthawi 10-100 kapena kuposerapo.
Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kochepa, matani 122,000 a zinc, matani 89,000 a lead, matani chikwi 12,000, ma toni 1.5,000 a molybdenum, matani 765 a cobalt, matani 30,5 a mercury amaponyedwa pachaka padziko lapansi.
Mosiyana ndi mlengalenga ndi ma hydrosphere, njira zodziyeretsera sizimapezeka mu lithosphere, zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhazikika zimadziunjikira m'nthaka, kusintha kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala, ndikusokoneza ubale pakati pa lithosphere ndi chilengedwe. Malinga ndi unyolo wama trophic, amalowa mu nyama za nyama ndi zinyama, komanso anthu, ndipo amayambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana akuluakulu, ngakhale a ma genetic.
Feteleza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Chaka chilichonse, feteleza wopitilira 500 miliyoni amalowa m'minda ya dziko lathuli. Mchere wa potaziyamu, phosphates, nitrate, nitrites ndi zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza wa nthaka samangoletsa kukoma kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, komanso zimapangitsa kukhala koopsa mthupi la munthu.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (mankhwala ophera tizilombo) ogwiritsidwa ntchito paulimi. Izi ndi njira zoteteza mbewu zopindulitsa ku namsongole, matenda, ndi tizirombo tina, ngakhale titchinjiriza zowonjezera pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mbewuzo, koma ndizovuta kwambiri komanso zimakhudza chilengedwe chonse.
Zoposa 300 miliyoni zama mankhwala ophera tizilombo zimasungidwa chaka chilichonse papulaneti la dziko lapansi. Zida za mankhwala ophera tizilombo zimaphatikizapo zoposa zana zana zakukonzekera pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osiyanasiyana 900 omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi tizirombo monga nkhupakupa ndi tizilombo tina, algae ndi mitengo, namsongole, mabakiteriya, bowa omwe amayambitsa matenda a fungus, etc.
Maziko a mankhwala ophera tizilombo nthawi zambiri amakhala ophatikizana a cosanochlorine ndi organophosphorous, komanso mankhwala ena a zefiyamu, lead, arsenic ndi simenti.
Pogwira ntchito zachilengedwe, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amodziunjikira mu dothi ndi matupi amadzi, kulowa mgolo lazakudya ndikuyang'anitsitsa pazolumikizana kwambiri ndi ma trophic unyolo, kuphatikizira anthu.
Posachedwa, mankhwala ophera tizilombo akuyamba kusinthidwa ndi njira zachilengedwe zakuwongolera tizilombo paulimi, omwe ndiotsika mtengo 1020 kuposa mankhwala. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito njira zachilengedwe, nyama zomwe zimadya komanso majeremusi zimayambitsa zachilengedwe zomwe zimalepheretsa kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya tizilombo.
Nthawi zina njira zoletsa tizilombo ndi mankhwala zimagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi, kuphatikiza.
Zochita komanso kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zodetsa m'nthaka.
Kuchulukitsa, kufalitsa ndi kuwola kwa zinthu za nthaka m'nthaka kutengera mphamvu ya dothi (makina ophatikizika, acid-base ndi redox zinthu, ndi zina), zina mwazinthu zimalowa mumitundu yosakwanira kwa mbewu, zina zimadziunjika ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi tizilombo, ena - sungunuka mosavuta ndikusambitsidwa ndi madzi a dothi.
Lithosphere kuipitsa kwa vuto - mitundu, magwero, zothetsera
Maziko a chilengedwe chonse - malo omwe dziko lathuli limakhalamo ndi momwe moyo ungathe - ndi lithosphere. Ma lithosphere ndi chipolopolo chokhazikika padziko lapansi, chopangidwa ndi kutumphuka kwa pansi ndi chosanjika chapamwamba cha chovalacho. Malo ambiri okhala padziko lapansi pano amakhala ndi nyanja, ndipo ndi 29.2% yokha ya dziko lapansi yomwe ili ndi gawo limodzi, pomwe gawo lake limakhalamo ndi madzi oundana, zipululu komanso zigawo zomwe sizimapezeka. Malinga ndi momwe mulili, kuchuluka kwa magawo omwe munthu angagwere ndikugwiritsa ntchito ndikunyinyirika. Ndipo chaka chilichonse nthaka yoyenera kukhalamo moyo ikucheperachepera.
Malo onse padziko lapansi ndi pafupifupi ma kilomita 130 miliyoni, ndiye kuti pafupifupi 86% ya malo onsewo. Chifukwa chosasamala ndikugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso, chaka chilichonse gawo la nthaka yachonde limakhala losayenera kulima chilichonse pachilimo. Mwachitsanzo, m'zaka 100 zapitazi zokha, malo okwana 20 miliyoni omwe adagwiritsidwapo ntchito paulimi atayika.
Dothi
Danga lapamwamba limatchedwa dothi, ndipo ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira zachilengedwe. Dothi ndi gwero lofunika komanso gwero lalikulu la chakudya cha anthu ndi nyama. Amapangidwa chifukwa cha zochita zake zingapo, zamankhwala komanso zamagulu ndipo zimasunga bwino chilengedwe.
Kuwonongeka kwa dongo kumatchedwa kukokoloka. Zimachitika mothandizidwa ndi njira zachilengedwe zachilengedwe kapena chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Nthawi yomweyo, kukokoloka kwachilengedwe kumachitika pang'onopang'ono komanso mwachilengedwe kumapangitsa dziko lapansi, koma kukhudzika kwa nthaka m'nthaka zambiri kumakhala koipa.
Dothi limapangika pang'onopang'ono, pafupifupi masentimita 0.5-2 pazaka zana. Chifukwa chake, kuti malo ochulukirapo olimapo, millennia ingadutse. Chomwechonso kuthekera kwadothi kukhala kodziyeretsa. Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwambiri kwa mankhwala opanga thupi, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambitsa ntchitoyi timatha kupirira, chifukwa malo omwe akukhudzidwa ndi dzikolo atayika mpaka kalekale.
Zoyipitsidwa
Zomwe zonse zimayambitsa kuipitsidwa kwa lithosphere zitha kugawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa:
- Zothandiza ndi nyumba zogona - zomangamanga ndi zinyumba zapakhomo, zinyalala za chakudya, zida zanyumba ndi zovala zomwe sizingatheke - zonsezi zimatayidwa munyumba, zomwe zakhala vuto lalikulu kumizinda yayikulu. Chaka chilichonse, pafupifupi, tonne zinyalala zimapangidwa kwa munthu aliyense wokhala padziko lapansi, zina zomwe zimavuta kuwola mphira ndi pulasitiki.
- Makampani - Makampani amatulutsa zinyalala zambiri zokhazikika ndi zamadzimadzi, zomwe zambiri ndi zowopsa, zowopsa kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe. Zinyalala zachitsulo zimakhala ndi mchere wambiri wazitsulo zolemera, ma arsenic ndi cyanide amapangika chifukwa cha njira zamaukina, ndipo popanga pulasitiki ndi zinthu zina za polymeric, zinthu zapoizoni monga phenol, styrene ndi benzene zimapezeka m'chilengedwe.
- Zoyendetsa - Injini zamkati zamkati - "mtima" wamoto uliwonse - zotulutsa, ma soot ndi ma hydrocarboni ambiri mlengalenga, zomwe zimayikidwa padziko lapansi ndi zomera, ndipo nayitrogeni, sulufufufufu ndi mawonekedwe a oxides .
- Agriculture - Zochulukitsa zochulukirapo za feteleza komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo ta mitundu ndi machitidwe onse, ngakhale amafunikira ulimi wamakono, ali ndi vuto pa chilengedwe.
- Zinyalala zowononga - Zinthu zowulutsa ndi zida za nyukiliya, kugwiritsa ntchito kwina komwe sikungatheke. Ndizolimba komanso zamadzimadzi, momwe njira yosungirako zimadalira.
Zinyalala zolimba za Municipal
Mwina vuto limodzi lokhala ndi mavuto ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Umunthu umatulutsa zinyalala zodabwitsa zomwe zimasonkhana kumapiri awa. Komanso zinyalala zotere sizimangokhala zokha, pakapita nthawi, zinthu zapoizoni zochotsa zinyalalazo zimayamba kulowa pansi ndikuthira pansi, ndikuwaphanso dothi pamtunda wamakilomita ambiri kuzunguliridwa.
Njira yodziwika yotayira zinyalala zanyumba ndikuwotcha, koma nthawi yomweyo, njirayi ndiyowopsa kwambiri. Pakusaka, utsi wapoizoni wam'mimba umatulutsidwa, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala pansi ndikuwupweteka. Zotsatira zake, sizingothandiza chilengedwe, koma zimangoipitsa.
Bwino kwambiri njira yolimbana omwe ali ndi vutoli, pakadali pano, ndizophatikiza zonyansa ndi zobwezeretsanso. Mtundu uliwonse wa zinyalala uli ndi mayendedwe ake ochulukirapo, omwe amatilola kuyeretsa chilengedwe cha zinyalala zomwe zimadzaza nacho, komanso kupulumutsa kutali ndi zopanda malire zachilengedwe zathu.
Zitsulo zolemera
Zitsulo zolemera, kutengera tanthauzo lake, zimatchedwa zitsulo zozama kwambiri kuposa zachitsulo, kapena ndi ma atomiki ochuluka kuposa 50. Zina mwazomwe zimapangidwa ndizofunikira kuti zidziwike ndizofunikira pazochitika zambiri zachilengedwe (mwachitsanzo, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, osanenapo zachitsulo, zomwe mwa kutanthauzira kwina kumagwera pagawo lazitsulo zolemera).
Mokulira, zitsulo zolemera ndizowopsa, ndipo chifukwa zimakonda kudziunjikira machitidwe osiyanasiyana, kaya ndi dothi, mbewu, kapena thupi la munthu, ngakhale kakang'ono koma koma kawirikawiri Mlingo umabweretsa mavuto. Kumuwopseza munthu ndi mankhwala a sodium ndikuwatsogolera kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa dongosolo lamanjenje, cadmium - kuchepa kwa magazi ndi kuwonongeka kwa mafupa, komanso kuchuluka kwa mkuwa ndi zinc m'mazomera kumayambitsa kuchepa mu chidziwitso, chifukwa chake, kutsika kwa zipatso.
Zitsulo zochulukirapo zimalowa m'chilengedwe limodzi ndi utsi ndi madzi akumwa ochokera m'mabizinesi opanga mafakitale, ndipo chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimatsogolera m'mlengalenga ndicho mayendedwe. Chifukwa chake, chachikulu njira yomenyera ndi kuipitsidwa kwachilengedwe ndi zitsulo zolemera, uku ndikoyika kwa zida zapamwamba kwambiri zoyeretsera ndi zosefera zakusata tinthu.
Feteleza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa feteleza wochuluka wa mchere, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osiyanasiyana ophera tizilombo, ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri paulimi, popanda zomwe sizingatheke kukwaniritsa mulingo wokolola womwe tili nawo tsopano. Koma, zowona, kulima kwamphamvu chotere ndi kuweta ng'ombe sizitha popanda zovuta zachilengedwe. Zomera zobzala popanda "kupuma" kwa dziko lapansi zimachepa ndikuyamba kukokoloka ndikuwonongeka, feteleza wochulukirapo amachititsa kuti nthaka ikhale yachulukidwe komanso kuchulukana kwa kuchuluka kwake.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumakhudzanso dothi. Ikangokhala munthaka, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amatha kudziunjikira ndikuphatikizidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimachitika m'nthaka ndi zomera. Chifukwa chake, amatha kulowa mthupi la munthu limodzi ndi chakudya, chomwe, chimadzazanso ndi poizoni woopsa.
Malinga ndi cholinga cha pulogalamuyi, mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito muulimi akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu angapo:
- Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuthana ndi tizirombo tina toyambitsa matenda omwe amaopseza thanzi lathu. Gulu la mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi monga chlorophos, karbofos, thiophos ndi ena,
- Ma herbicides, monga ma amine ndi ma patine, amathandiza kulimbana ndi maudzu,
- Fungicides (benzimidazoles, morpholines, dithiocarbamates, etc.) amagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi mitundu ya "bowa",
- Mankhwala omwe amawongolera kukula kwazomera, komanso zoperewera, zomwe zimapangitsa kukalamba kwa masamba masamba.
Njira zaulimi zachikhalidwe popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi feteleza wovuta sizingakupatseni phindu lochuluka. Chifukwa chake, kukana kwa izi zakuchita bwino kwa sayansi sikungatheke. Pamenepa, ntchitoyi ikupangidwa kuti ipange mtundu wina wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe atetezeke ogwira ntchito mwa omwe adatsogola ndipo sangakhale oopsa chifukwa cha dothi komanso anthu.
Mankhwala omwe amati ndi achilengedwe okhathamiritsa chilengedwe, akatulutsidwa m'nthaka, amawola kukhala zinthu zosavulaza, mwachitsanzo, kaboni dayokiti, madzi ndi zinthu zina zomwe sizimayambitsa vuto. Choyipa chachikulu cha mankhwala awa ndiokwera mtengo kwakutukuka, chifukwa chake si dziko lililonse lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Pakadali pano, atsogoleriwo amatha kutchedwa Japan, United States ndi mayiko ena aku Europe. Ngakhale izi, ndalama zopangira mankhwala ophera tizipatala timalipirira zonse pochulukitsa zokolola, kuchepetsa mavuto obwera pamtunda ndikukulitsa kuchuluka kwakukhalapo kwa anthu.
Ponena za feteleza wa mchere, amatha kusinthidwa ndi ma organic, mwachitsanzo, manyowa, peat ndi humus. Chovuta chimakhala chifukwa chakuti amafunikira kwambiri kuposa mchere. Komabe, ali ndi phindu pakapangidwe ka humus, dothi labwino, ndipo tanthauzo lake limatenga nthawi yayitali.
Komanso, njira imodzi yothanirana ndi vuto la zokolola zochepa kukhala kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zosinthira ma genetic. Ngakhale kuti pali zikhulupiriro zambiri zokhudzana ndi GMO, palibe kafukufuku yemwe adatsimikiza kuti mphekesera zazokhudza thupi lawo. Koma kutha kugwiritsa ntchito mbeu zosinthidwa ma genetically muulimi kwatsimikizidwa mowirikiza.
Magetsi
Zinyalala zama radio zikutanthauza zinthu zomwe kugwiritsa ntchito kwake sikungatheke, koma nthawi yomweyo zimakhala ndi isotopu yama radio ya zinthu zamagetsi. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti mafuta omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito pochokera ku zida za nyukiliya sangatchulidwe kuti ndi zinyalala m'lingaliro lathunthu, chifukwa njira zogwiritsidwira ntchito mopitilira zimaperekedwa, chifukwa chomwe chitha kupeza mafuta atsopano a nyukiliya komanso magwero ofunika a isotopic.
Aliyense amadziwa za kuopsa kwa radiation, motero timayang'ana mwapadera kutaya zinyalala. Magawo akuluakulu a kayendetsedwe kazinyalala wowoneka bwino akuwonetsedwa bwino mkuyu. 1.
Nthawi yomweyo, zikuwonekeratu kuti ngakhale mutagwiritsidwa ntchito yachiwiri, zimakhalabe ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimayenera kuyikidwa kwina.Pakadali pano, njira yonyamula zinyalala za nyukiliya ndiyo njira yokhayo.
Zinyalala za nyukiliya zimagawidwa kukhala zolimba komanso zamadzimadzi. Kutengera ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito zawo komanso mkhalidwe wamilandu yawo yophatikizika, njira zofunikira zochotsera zikusintha. Malo oyikidwa m'manda ndi migodi yakale komanso malo osungiramo zinthu zakale momwe ma isotopes amawonongeka amatha kukhala malo osakhazikika, osavulaza ndipo amathanso kubwezeretsanso ngati zinyalala wamba.
Gawo laling'ono la dziko lapansi, lopatsidwa malo, limadziwika nthawi zambiri ndi zoyipa zoyipa kuchokera kwa anthu. Kuyambitsa njira zosasinthika zowonongeka kwa nthaka, anthu samaganiza kuti, atataya izi, anthu sangakhale ndi mwayi wopulumuka. Zowonadi, ngati dothi limaleka kukhala chonde chokwanira kapena, chifukwa cha vuto la anthropogenic, mbewu zomwe zakuliridwazo sizikhala zoyenera kudya, anthu pang'onopang'ono zimatha.
Nkhani yabwino ndiyakuti nthawi yogwirizana ndi ogula ndi zachilengedwe ikutha, anthu ochulukirachulukira akuganiza za chilengedwe ndipo, koposa zonse, anthu ochulukirachulukira ali okonzeka kuchitapo kanthu kuti athetse mavuto awa. Ndikwabwino pomwe zinthu zomwe zingateteze dziko lathuli ndizokhazikitsidwa ndi boma, koma izi sizokwanira ngati anthu omwe sakudziwa zambiri pankhaniyi. Chifukwa chake, choyamba, aliyense wa ife ayambe ndi tokha. Umunthu ukadali ndi mwayi wobwezeretsa zomwe zidawononga.
Kodi kuipitsa?
Denga la kumtunda kwa lithosphere - nthaka - imadetsedwa kwambiri. Moyo wa mbewu, nyama ndi anthu zimatengera kuchuluka kwa nthaka yachonde. Zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsa kwa ma lith lith ndi:
- zinyalala za m'nyumba
- Ezolimo,
- zinyalala zamafuta.
Kukhazikitsidwa kuti pamunthu, pafupifupi, pamakhala zinyalala zingapo zonyalala. Gawo lake ndi zinyalala zosagwirizana. Zinyumba zimatola zinyalala pakaphulidwe. Momwe mungamutayeretu pamalopo pali vuto lomwe silinathe. Zinyalala zowotcha zimayambitsa kutulutsidwa kwa zinthu zochuluka za poizoni. Landfill ndi kuipitsa dothi komanso pansi.
Chith. 1. Zofikira pamtunda - gwero lazoyipitsidwa za lithosphere
Zowopsa kwambiri ndi zinyalala zochokera kumafakitale osiyanasiyana:
- zitsulo- mchere wazitsulo zolemera,
- makina makina- cyanides,
- kupanga mapulasitiki - phenol ndi benzene,
- kupanga mphira - Ma polymer, fumbi.
Vuto lalikulu ndi kutaya matayala akale ndi mbali zina za mphira. Zinthu izi sizimawola, koma kuyatsa mosavuta ndi kupangika kwa utsi.
Dothi lalikulu lodetsa ndi mafuta ndi zotumphukira zake. Imasungunuka m'madzi ndipo ikagunda pansi imakuta dothi, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yomata. M'malo awa, mbewu zonse zimafa.
Ezolimo zimadetsa matimu powonjezera feteleza wazakudya ndi mankhwala m'nthaka. Pafupifupi miliyoni miliyoni ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo amapangidwa chaka chilichonse padziko lapansi. Zonsezi zimagwera panthaka. Izi sizimangobweretsa kuwonongeka kwake kokha, komanso kuwonongeka mu mtundu wa mbewu zomwe zalimidwa. Mwa feteleza wachilengedwe, owopsa kwambiri ndi nitrate ndi phosphate.
Gwero lowopsa kwambiri la kuipitsidwa ndi kutaya zinyalala zama radio radio. Pazomera za nyukiliya, pafupifupi 98% yamafuta anyukiliya amatayika ngati zinyalala. Amayikiridwa pansi pamiyala yazitsulo.
Chith. 2. Kutaya zinyalala zama radio ndi mtundu wowopsa kwambiri wa kuipitsa.
Zotheka
Ma lithosphere amadziyeretsa pang'onopang'ono. Izi zimachitika pang'onopang'ono kuposa kuwonongeka kwake. Chifukwa chake, zovuta zakuwonera za lithosphere zikukula mwachangu kwambiri ndipo posakhalitsa sizingasinthe. Kuchuluka kwa dothi lachonde kukuchepa pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ulimi udzachepa. Kuwononga nkhalango ndi nyanja zam'madzi kudzatsogolera kutha kwa nyama ndi nsomba.
Zitha kuchitidwa
Kodi njira zothetsera vuto lachilengedwe ndi ziti? Choyamba, ndikofunikira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala ndi mafakitale. Yankho lachiwiri ndi kuwonongedwa koyenera kwa zinthu zoipitsa.
- Masiku ano, zinyalala za m'nyumba zimalingidwa kuti ziwonongeke ndi kuwotcha chitsulo chosungunula. Amakhulupirira kuti kumasulidwa kwa zinthu zapoizoni pang'ono. Njira yothetsera kutaya matayala a mphira ndi kubwezeretsanso kwawo.
- Kupanga mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi feteleza wa mchere kumachitika.
- Zinyalala zowirira sizimatayidwa, koma zimasungidwa mumakina apadera amtundu wa nitric acid madzi. Chidebe chija chikatha, madzi amtopanowa amayikidwa atsopano.
- Zinyalala zonse zomwe zitha kubwezerezedwanso.
- Nkhani yokhudza kusinthira mbewu zonse kuti zisawononge zachilengedwe ikuganiziridwa.
Aliyense angathandize kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa lithosphere. Kuti tichite izi, ndikokwanira kuyika zinyalala mumzinthu zosankhidwa mwapadera.
Chith. 3. Zotengera zapadera za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinyalala
Tinapfundzanji?
M'nkhaniyi, tapenda mwachidule njira zazikulu zakuyipitsidwa kwa lithosphere. Onsewa ndi okhudzana ndi ntchito zachuma cha anthu - izi ndi ntchito zaulimi ndi mafakitale. Popeza ma lithosphere sangathe kudziyeretsa, kuwonongeka kotereku kumabweretsa zotsatira zosasintha.
Zoyambira zazikulu za kuipitsa kwa lithosphere
Chizindikiro cha mkhalidwe wa lithosphere chimadalira zochitika zachuma cha anthu. Zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi momwe maumboni amawonongera zachilengedwe zimasintha nkhope ya Dziko lapansi ndipo zimayambitsa njira zosakonzanso. Zoyipazi zomwe zimaphatikizapo:
- zinyalala za m'nyumba ndi mafakitale,
- Ulimi,
- migodi,
- zoyendera.
Makampani othandizira ndi nyumba zogona
Gawo lazinthu zowononga zachilengedwe limaphatikizapo:
- zinyalala za m'nyumba ndi zomangamanga,
- zinyalala za chakudya,
- kusokoneza zinthu zapakhomo,
- zinyalala zamafuta ndi malonda,
- zinyalala zam'munda.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku, kupezeka kwa zinyalala zolimba za masisitere (MSW) a mzindawu kumaphatikizapo:
- pepala — 41%,
- zinyalala za chakudya — 21%,
- galasi — 12%,
- chitsulo — 10%,
- matabwa ndi mapulasitiki - 5% aliyense
- zikopa ndi mphira — 3%.
Tsiku lililonse, padziko lonse lapansi, matani zinyalala amataya zinyalala ndi manyowa, pomwe zimasungidwa, zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsidwa kwa lithosphere.
Ulimi
Chifukwa chaulimi wosakhwimitsa, mahekitala 2 biliyoni a malo adakhumudwitsidwa (dera lomwe kawiri gawo la Europe). Kuipitsa nthaka kumachitika ndi:
- feteleza wambiri,
- kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi mankhwala,
- zinyalala zaulimi.
Pogwira ntchito yamakina otayirira, amadetsedwa ndi mafuta ndi mafuta.
Mayendedwe
Kuwonongeka kwa lithosphere ndi magalimoto kumachitika chifukwa cha kuphipha (mkati yamainjini oyaka mkati) a zinthu zovulaza:
- mitsizi,
- kutsogolera,
- ma hydrocarbons,
- oxide wa nayitrogeni, sulufule ndi kaboni.
Zotsatira zamatayala am'miyala ya mphira, mabaphenyl, benzapyrene, chromium, ndi mtovu zimamasulidwa. Zinthu zimakhala padziko lapansi ndikugwera panthaka.
Makampani
Pogwira ntchito zamakampani osiyanasiyana, ma lithosphere ali ndi kachilombo ka zinthu zoopsa:
- mchere wazitsulo zolemera (zitsulo),
- mankhwala a beryllium, arsenic, cyanides (mainjiniya),
- zotayira ndi mphira, mphira, fumbi (kupanga rabara),
- styrene, benzene, phenols (kupanga mapulasitiki),
- mapampu a ma polima, zinyalala zanyalala (kupanga ma rubber opangira).
Choopsa ndikuchotsera zonyansa pawailesi kuchokera ku makina anyukiliya ndi zinthu zomwe zimatulutsidwa poyenga mafuta.
Migodi ndi kukwawa
Migodi imafunika chidwi chapadera. Migodi imayendera limodzi ndikupanga zinyalala zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimadetsa lithosphere. Icho:
- malasha, ore, fumbi lamwala,
- mpweya wa nayitrogeni,
- kaboni monoxide,
- mipweya yoyipa,
- kuwononga kaboni.
Migodi imatsogolera kudula kwa dothi ndi slag, phulusa, matope, malo osyanitsidwa. Kuchotsera mchere m'makola kumachitika makamaka ndi njira yotseguka ndipo imayendetsedwa ndi fumbi ndi mpweya.
Zotsatira zazikulu
Njira yodziyeretsera yokha ya lithosphere ndiyosachedwa kwambiri kuposa kuwonongeka. Zotsatira zake, kukula kwa zotsatira za kuipitsa kumachitika mwachangu ndipo zitha kuwapangitsa kuti asadzasinthidwenso.
Paulimi, kuwonongeka kwa ma lith lith kumabweretsa zotsatirazi:
- kuchepa kwa zokolola za nthaka ndi chonde cha nthaka,
- kukokoloka kwa nthaka,
- kukongoletsa,
- kuthirira kwamadzi.
Kuwonongeka kwa mabizinesi opanga mafakitale kumabweretsa zofunikira mu dothi lomwe lili pamtunda wamakilomita angapo:
- zitsulo zolemera,
- mankhwala a sulufule,
- zopweteka.
Migodi imabweretsa kusintha kwamalo achilengedwe, mapangidwe a mizati, zingwe, matumba, milu. Zotsatira za migodi ya pansi panthaka ndi kupangika kwa ma craters, ma dips, misozi, ming'alu m'makutu a dziko lapansi. Padziko lapansi pakukhazikika, pali zopezeka mosayembekezereka zamadzi apansi panthaka zomwe zili zowopsa. Njira yotseguka yopangira migodi m'miyala imayendera limodzi ndi kukonza kwa kusefukira kwamatope, kugumuka kwa nthaka, kugumuka kwa nthaka, ndi kukula kwa kukokoloka.
Kutaya zinyalala zakale
Vuto lalikulu kwambiri ndikuchotsa zinyalala zakale. Njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poika maliro (maliro). Udzu umayikidwamo ndikuuika pansi kapena kuwaza ndi dothi. Mavuto akulu omwe amakhalapo pomanga maliro:
- kuwononga madzi padziko lapansi komanso kuwononga michere,
- kugonjera,
- kapangidwe ka methane.
Njira yotsimikizika yamakono yotsekera mapepala akale ndi kuyambiranso. Zili ndi magawo awiri:
- Zaukadaulo (kusuntha pamwamba pamtunda ndikuwumba thupi lake, kusonkhanitsa ndi kusinthanitsa gasi ndi kusefa, kuphimba kuthengo ndi chenera chotchingira).
- Zachilengedwe (kukonza nthaka ndikubzala).
Zotayidwa zoyenera ndi zinyalala zapanyumba
Maboma amayiko otukuka amaganiza zothana ndi zinyalala zam'nyumba poteteza zachilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wachilengedwe. Izi ndi njira zoyendetsera zinyalala zokhala ndi phindu la zachuma, monga kubwezeretsanso ndi kupanga manyowa zinyalala.
Njira zamakono pokonzera zinyalala zapanyumba ndi monga:
- Njira yokonzekereratu ya MSW. Zonunkhira m'mafakitale zimagawika magawo (zitsulo, galasi, pepala, mapulasitiki, mafupa) pogwiritsa ntchito ma automati kapena mwanjira, kenako zimakonzedwa mosiyana.
- Kudzaza zoyera. Amakhala ndikupeza biogas kuchokera ku zinyalala zokhazikika zamasipala zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta. Zinyalala zaphimbidwa ndi dothi, ndikuyika mapaipi oyendetsera mpweya ndi zotengera za kutolera biogas mu makulidwe ake.
- Njira Yothetsera Mataka Okhazikika. Tekinoloje yofala kwambiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi oyambitsa moto m'maiko ambiri imayatsidwa moto pama grates.
- Pirolysis. Mayendedwe olimbikitsa kwambiri. Chinsinsi cha njirayi ndikusintha kwanyengo kwa mankhwala komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kutentha kapena kutentha kwambiri kopanda mpweya. Kugwiritsa ntchito pyrolysis yotsika kwambiri, zinyalala (zotenthedwa) zomwe sizikonzedwanso (matayala, mafuta ogwiritsa ntchito, mapulasitiki, matope) zimakonzedwa. Kusungidwa kwa zinyalala mobisa pambuyo pyrolysis kotereku sikuvulaza chilengedwe, popeza mulibe zinthu zothandiza mwa iwo. Pakutentha kwambiri, kupangira zinyalala kumapangidwa kuti pakhale nthunzi, madzi otentha ndi magetsi.
- Kuphatikiza kwamanyowa. Biomass yokhala ndi mpweya mu kuyika kwapadera imasandukira kompositi, yogwiritsidwa ntchito paulimi kapena ngati biofuel pamakampani opanga mphamvu.
- Kuphatikiza zinyalala. Ndondomeko imachitika potseka riyakitima ndikumasulidwa kwa chinthu - mafuta oyaka. Zinyalala zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati pulasitiki, makungwa, masamba, utuchi, mapepala, makatoni, zida zolimba zopangira magalimoto, nsalu, mphira, ndi zida za thovu. Mpweya womwe umayambitsidwa umagwiritsidwa ntchito pama mafakitale okhudzana, amagulitsa, komanso kupanga magetsi ndi kutentha.
- Kubwezeretsanso Zinyalala Zachilengedwe. Gwiritsani ntchito kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka zinyalala zolimba komwe kamapezeka pokonza zinyalala, mbewu zochotsa zinyalala ndi minda. Njirayi imapangidwa pakukonza zinyalala mumakina opangira manyowa kuti apange manyowa ndi methane, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito ya chikhalidwe ndi ulimi.
- Kubwezeretsanso magalimoto akale. Zingwe zokutira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuphatikiza kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kwa mbali zina.
- Kutaya zinyalala zamankhwala. Ukadaulo umakhudza kukonza zinyalala zasayansi, ma syringe, ma diaper, mankhwala, mbale, singano, zinthu zakuthupi, zitsulo, zitsulo zamankhwala, malilo, galasi. Ichi ndichinthu chotsekedwa, kuphatikiza kuphwanya zinyalala asanasanduke mphukira kapena fumbi louma.
Gawo la zinthu zachilengedwe
Ma lithosphere ndiye chipolopolo chakunja cha Dziko lapansi, chopangidwa ndi kutumphuka ndi chivundikiro cholimba cha chovala chapamwamba. Imafalikira pafupifupi 100 km kulowa mkati mwa pulaneti ndipo imagawidwa m'magawo awiri otchedwa tectonic plates. Izi gawo limodzi lamoyo limachita mbali ziwiri zofunika kwambiri pakugawa zinthu:
- gwero lokhalo lamamineral metabolites pazinthu zonse zapadziko lapansi komanso zam'madzi,
- Amapanga gawo lapansi, lomwe limapangidwa chifukwa cha zinyama ndi nyama.
Dothi limapangidwa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa miyala mothandizidwa ndi madzi ndi zochitika zam'mlengalenga.
Pambuyo pake, zolengedwa zimathandizira, kuvunda komwe kumapangika tizinthu tating'onoting'ono pansi pa lingaliro wamba la humus. Yotsirizirayi, ikusakanikirana ndi miyala yamiyala, imapanga dothi. Zotsatira zake zimatengera zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo zochita za anthu.
Nkhani zazikulu zachilengedwe
Kuwonongeka kwa nthaka ndikumayeretsedwa kwa zinyalala zolimba kapena zamadzimadzi pamtunda kapena pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa nthaka ndi madzi pansi. Zotsatira zake, kukhudzidwa kwachilengedwe kumeneku kumabweretsa chiwopsezo ku thanzi la anthu ndikuyambitsa mavuto ena. Zomwe zimadetsa nkhawa za lithosphere zikuphatikizapo:
- Zinyalala zolimba zamasipala zikuphatikiza magalasi, nsalu, zitsulo ndi pulasitiki.
- Kupanga ndi kuwononga zinthu zomwe zikuwononga zinyalala zowopsa. Izi zitha kuphatikizira miyala yosema ya konkriti, phula ndi zinthu zina zosapangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito muntchito zosiyanasiyana.
- Zinyalala zochokera m'malo opangira mafakitole, zinyalala zowopsa kwambiri zomwe ndi zinthu zovulaza. Bizinesi yotereyi imaphatikizapo zoyeretsa zamafuta, mphero zamapepala, zojambula zamakina, zouma zouma, ndi zina zambiri.
Matauni am'mizinda komanso mafakitale
Tsoka ilo, vuto la kutaya zinyalala kwa nyumba ndi mafakitale limathetsedwa kokha m'maiko otukuka kwambiri.Padziko lonse lapansi, amasonkhana m'malo akuluakulu, kukhala magwero a matenda, kununkhira koyipa, malo a makoswe ndi tizilombo.
Chofunika kwambiri ndikutsimikizika kwa dothi lomwe lili pansi pa nthaka. Ndikokulirapo, ndizowopsa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chakuipitsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, miyala yamiyala ndi mchenga imakhala yosalala, kulola kuti madzi azituluka mosavuta kunyamula zinthu zovundikira m'madzi apansi panthaka. Dothi louma silimavomerezeka, ndipo tinthu tambiri timaloledwa kulowa m'matupi amadzi.
Mikhalidwe yayikulu ya zinyalala zowopsa imaphatikizira poizoni, kuwonongeka, kuyambiranso komanso zinthu zina zowonongeka. Kuphatikiza apo, izi zimaphatikizira zama radio radio ndi pathogenic. Sangatayidwe nthawi zonse, chifukwa chake maliro amagwiritsidwa ntchito mobisa. Ngakhale m'milandu iyi malo abwino okhathamira komanso madigiri otetezedwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito, pali mwayi wonse wokhumudwitsa ndi kulowa pansi.
Kuwonongeka kwa dothi
Zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa lithosphere zimaphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa dothi. M'madera onse apadziko lapansi, mutuwu umaperekedwa chidwi ndi mabungwe azachilengedwe. Vutoli ndi chotsatira cha:
- kulimbitsa ulimi,
- njira zothirira,
- kudula mitengo
- Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza kwambiri, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi herbicides.
Zotsatira za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kopanda nthaka ndikwabwinja. Vutoli linakulirakulira makamaka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kuchuluka kwa ziweto mmaiko achitatu. Mwachitsanzo, ku India, malo olima mahekitala 300 miliyoni ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, ndipo mahekitala 1,2 biliyoni (10% ya gawo ladzikolo) amawonedwa kuti ndiwowonongeka. Kubwezeretsa chipululu kuno chifukwa cha kudula mitengo komanso kudyetsa msipu kosalamulirika.
Izi ndizodziwika mwatsatanetsatane wa louma. Chinanso choyipa ndi kukokoloka kwa mphepo. Zotsatira zake, zipululu ndi zipululu zimawonekera pamalo omwe kale anali achonde. Njirayi itha kuchepetsedwa ndikuthirira kuchokera kuzitsime ndi zitsime, zomwe zimapereka chikhululukiro kwakanthawi, koma zimachepetsa mulingo wamadzi pansi ndikuthandizira kukonzanso kwa dothi lakumtunda.
Zotsatira zina zimaphatikizanso kufalikira kwa dera lomwe lakhudzidwalo ndikuwonongeka kwathunthu kwa chonde chokhala ndi humus. Zotsatira za ngozi ngati izi zitha kuthana ndi zaka zambiri zogwirira ntchito, zomwe zimafuna ndalama zazikulu. Koma nthawi zambiri, zosemphana ndi milandu sizisintha.
Palibenso ngozi yanji yomwe ikukokoloka, pomwe dothi labwino limachapidwa ndi mitsinje yamadzi kapena kusefukira. Pofika mu 1992, nkhaniyi idakhala mutu wa Msonkhano Wapadziko Lonse ku Rio de Janeiro, komwe njira zokonzera dothi zakambirana, ndipo zikugwirizana ndi bungwe la UN Commission on Sustainable Development. Mitundu ya kukokoloka imafotokozedwa pagome..
Madzi | Mphepo |
Kukutira ndi kukakamiza kwa chonde chosanjikiza | Kudutsa chonde ndi mvula yamkuntho |
Mapangidwe a Ravine | Kutentha m'mlengalenga |
Kuyang'ana malo olimidwa ndi nthaka yabwino | Misewu yayikulu komanso njanji |
Kuchepa kwachesa | Kuphwanya kayendedwe ka ndege |
Kutayika kwa malo olimapo | Zowonongeka pamera |
Kuchepetsa | Kuphwanya lamulo lamadzi |
Zotsatira pa mucous nembanemba ndi kupuma kwamunthu |
Zinyalala
M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, vuto la madzi akumwa lakhala pachimake, popeza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opangira maantibayotiki komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'mabanja kwachuluka kwambiri. Akasinja osoka omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa zinyalala amathandizira kwambiri pakuwononga nthaka. Madera oyandikana kwambiri ali ndi vuto la zinyalala za mafakitale ndi zaulimi.
Zowopsa zazikuluzikulu zamadzi zolowa m'madzi matupi atatha kuthilira m'minda ndiz mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Ndi mankhwala opangika omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera tizirombo, ndipo amatchulidwa ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ma molluscicides, etc. Herbicides amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupha maudzu, ndipo fungicides amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa matenda oyamba ndi fungus.
Zinthu zonsezi zitha kuikidwa m'magulu potengera zochita zawo monga mafinya, kulumikizana komanso ziphe, kuwongolera komanso kukula kwa oyang'anira. Amafika panthaka ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, kenako amatsukidwa ndi mpweya. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza mbewu amatha kufikira mumlengalenga ndikupezeka mumadziwe.
Ambiri aiwo, ngakhale pang'ono pokha, amasunga katundu wawo kwanthawi yayitali. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi feteleza ndizofunikira kuti pakhale kulima kwamakono.
Nkhalango
Mitengo imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga nthaka ndikuisunga. Kubzala kwawo kumapewetsa kugwa kwamvula, kusefukira kwamadzi, kucheka kwa nthaka, komanso ndizomwe zimapangitsa nyengo. Kwa zigawo zambiri za dziko lapansi, amachita gawo lofunikira pothandizidwa ndi moyo, kusamala kwachilengedwe ndi kukhazikika.
Kudula mitengo kwachilengedwe kwakhala chinthu chochitika padziko lonse lapansi, komwe kumayambitsa kufunikira kwa mitengo, zinthu zopangira mafakitale, zovala ndi mapepala. Udindo wofunikira umachitika ndi kuwonjezeka kwa malo pazosowa za mafakitale ndi ulimi.
Madera okhala m'nkhalango omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi malo okhala, chifukwa cha kugwa ndi kudyetsa msipu, akuwonongeka mwachangu kuposa omwe amakhala m'malo akutali.
Kwa zaka zambiri, gwero ili linali pazifukwa zinaonedwa ngati mafuta angakwanitse komanso ndalama zopanda malire. Zotsatira zake, maiko ena amakakamizika kubwezeretsa mitengo.
Migodi
Ntchito yakugaya imatha kutsogolera mapangidwe akuluakulu oyambira pansi padziko lapansi. Izi zimabweretsa kugwa ndikuwonongeka kwa dothi lachonde. Mavuto a Quarry amapangidwa ndi chitukuko cha ntchito, chifukwa chomwe madanga akuluakulu amasemphana ndi dothi. Mwabwino kwambiri, amawonekera modabwitsa, koma, monga lamulo, amadzilimbitsa okha.
Vuto lalikulu m'dera lino la ntchito za anthu ndi kupanga uranium, golide, mchere, mafuta, malasha. Sikuti nthaka imangovutika, koma chilengedwe chonse chokwanira, motero ndikofunikira kuti madera amenewa agwiritse ntchito njira zoteteza chilengedwe.
Njira Zoyang'anira Zachilengedwe
Umunthu wamphamvu umakhudza chilengedwe, momwemo muyenera kulingalira za kuteteza kwake. Mwachitsanzo, matekinoloje amakono amathandizira kuyambiranso zinyalala zam'nyumba popanda kuvulaza chilengedwe. Maiko ambiri amapereka ndalama zothandizira kuthana ndi vuto la kufooketsa kwa nthaka yachilengedwe. Njira zopewera zomwe zimakhudza chilengedwe ndi monga:
- Kutaya zinyalala zakale ndikuwongolera malo okhala mwaukhondo kumathandizira chidwi cha anthu, ndipo ukadaulo wamakono umalola kumanga kwa oyambitsa moto mumzinda. Izi zimachepetsa kwambiri kayendedwe ka mayendedwe ndikupititsa patsogolo chitetezo cha malo oyandikana nawo.
- Nthaka yolima pamalo otsetsereka ikuchitika kumakona akumanja molowera kutsambalo. Izi zimathandiza kukhalabe ndi mphamvu yokhala ndi chonde m'nthaka pakagwa mvula. Kuphatikiza apo, mbewu zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusunga dothi, popeza imamangirira ndi mizu, kupewa kupewa.
- Masamba ndiyo njira yothandiza kwambiri nyengo. Zigawo zodula mitengo m'nkhalango zimakondwera posamalira nthaka komanso zimathandizira kuti chinyontho chizikhala chisanu. Kuphatikiza apo, mitengo yobzalidwa m'misewu yayikulu ndi njanji imalepheretsa kuzizira kwa chisanu nthawi yozizira.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza moyenera komanso dosed, kumatanthauza kumera kwa udzu ndi tizilombo.
- Kugwira kubwezeretsa nkhalango pamalo oyaka moto ndi kudula mitengo.
- Kukonzanso dothi lomwe lakhudzidwa ndi kuipitsidwa kwa wailesi kapena migodi.
- Kuchepetsa kupanga zosawonongeka.
- Kubwezeretsa ndikugwiritsanso ntchito zinthu.
- Kapangidwe kosungirako, malo osungira zachilengedwe ndi malo osungira zachilengedwe.
Dziko lililonse padziko lapansi m'njira yake limakumana ndi mavuto azachilengedwe ndipo limapeza mayankho. Kuwonongeka kwa lithologies kwasiya kalekale kukhala chiopsezo chakomweko, ndipo chenjezo la asayansi ochokera kumaiko osiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi zotsatira zoyipa zachilengedwe zakwaniritsidwa pamlingo wowopsa.