Agulugufe agulugufe amawoneka okongola kwambiri komanso osavulaza, ndipo sakhala nthawi yayitali - ena amakhala pafupifupi sabata limodzi, osavulaza zomerazi munthawi iyi. Koma ana awo - mbozi - osusuka, ndipo amatha kuyambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu.

Masiku ano, masamba a masamba amawerengedwa pakati pa adani oyipa kwambiri azomera zamalimi ndi m'nkhalango. Izi ndi zowona zomwe sitingazipewe - m'zaka zabwino za tizilombo, atha kuwononga zoposa theka la mbewu.

Koma ndikuganiza kuti sizinali choncho nthawi zonse. Leafworms ali ndi adani achilengedwe - nyenyezi, akhwangwala, matsenga, nkhuku, hedgehogs ndi ena oimira nyama zanyama. Ndipo pamene zotsalira zazamoyo zinagwira ntchito, zonse zinali m'dongosolo. Tikukhulupirira kuti akatswiri azachilengedwe adzapambana pankhondo yabwezeretsa zachilengedwe padziko lapansi.

Banja la masamba a masamba ndi la Lepidoptera. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, gulugufe, ndiocheperako - mapiko ake amafikira masentimita 2,5 okha.

Chikhalidwe cha gulugufe ndi plump, wokutidwa kwambiri ndi thupi lotenthetsera. Popumula, gulugufe amapinda mapiko ake ngati padenga. Mapiko akumtunda nthawi zambiri amakhala omata, opindika patatu, mapiko akumbuyo ndiwotakata, komanso ali ndi mawonekedwe atatu. Nthawi zina mapikowo amakula mpaka pansi ndikukhala ndi mawonekedwe amakono atatu. Chithunzi: Depositphotos

Mosiyana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda akuluakulu, mbozi zimakhala zopanda kanthu. Kukulitsa mazira, amayamba kudya kwambiri masamba ndikuwasintha m'matumba kapena machubu mothandizidwa ndi intaneti. Mkati mwa chisa chotere, mbozi zimakhala, kuthawa adani ndi nyengo yoipa. Ngati mukuwasokoneza, ndiye kuti nthawi yomweyo amalumphira pachikuto ndi kukangamira pa cobweb.

Makamaka amakonda mbewu za Rosaceae. Mtundu wamasamba, wokonda kukhazikika ku Rosaceae, adapeza dzina lokongola - rosette ya rose.

Tsamba la oak limakhala pamitengoyi. Agulugufe ake amakhala ndi mtundu wamtambo wobiriwira: akakhala papepala, amaphatikizana, osawoneka. Gulugufe, monga lamulo, amayikira mazira pamwamba pa mitengo yazithunzu. Mu nthawi yophukira, mbozi zimawoneka ndipo zimadya masamba ang'onoang'ono, nthawi zina zimavumbula mitengo kuti iume.

Tizilombo tina zoyipa makamaka zimaphatikizapo mitundu ya masamba a nthangala omwe amakhala pa mphesa. Pakati pawo, pepala lazaka ziwiri likuyimira, gulugufe wake ndi wocheperapo, osaposa 8 mm. Mapiko akutsogolo ali ndi utoto wosangalatsa, wokhala ndi bulangeti lofiirira kumbuyo. Tsamba ili limayikira mazira pa mphukira zazing'ono za mphesa mu Meyi. Chithunzi: Gwero

Mapaki amawonekera - pafupifupi masentimita kutalika ndikukhala ndi mtundu wofiira. Amadyetsa masamba, maluwa, zipatso zazing'ono, kwinaku akuzikoka mu magulu mothandizidwa ndi intaneti. M'malo otetezeka choncho mu June, ana agalu, ndipo patatha milungu iwiri mbadwo watsopano wa agulugufe umatuluka, womwe, mosazengereza, umayikira mazira. Mbadwo wachiwiri wa mbozi wadya kale zipatso. Ophunzira pansi, ndipo amabisala pamenepo.

Makungu sananyalanyaze mitengo ya coniferous. Wodya mphutsi-masamba-amadyera masingano, wokutira m'matumba, mumtundu woterowo mbozi zimakhala mpaka zitazizira, kenako zigwera pansi ndi chisanu mu zinyalala zamtundu wotentha. Anthu omwe amadya impso amatulutsa pachaka chokha, gulugufe amayikira mazira pa singano.

Nthawi zambiri kuposa ena, timapepala ta hawthorn timakhala m'dera lathu; agulugufe ake amapezeka kumapeto kwa Meyi mpaka kumapeto kwa Julayi. Makatani amtunduwu, mothandizidwa ndi ma cobwebs ndi mphepo, amauluka mtunda wautali kuchokera komwe adabadwira.

M'chilengedwe, kuwonjezera pamwambapa, pali mitundu yambiri ya masamba a masamba omwe amadya pafupifupi mitundu yonse yazomera.

Ndikosavuta kusiyanitsa malo okhala mbozi za masamba am'midzi kuchokera kuzimba za kachilombo ka kachilomboka: komwe masamba a masamba, masamba osadyedwa amakhala ndi tsamba.

M'magawo ang'onoang'ono, kugawa timapepala kumatha kuchepetsedwa mwa njira zachilengedwe: kukopa mbalame, maudzu, kututa kwamasamba, kuchotsa makina pazomera zowonongeka zomwe mbozi zidakhazikika.

Zachidziwikire, komwe madera omwe othandizirana ndi mankhwala amagwiritsa ntchito mwachangu, njirayi ndiyokayikitsa kubweretsa zotsatira zowoneka.

Kufotokozera kwa tizilombo

Chizindikiro cha masamba a masamba, omwe amatha kuzindikirika molondola, ndi mtengo wokulira komanso wamapiko akutsogolo. Gulugufe amapukusa iwo mu mphindi zakupuma ngati mawonekedwe padenga. Mitundu yambiri yamasamba pamapiko ali ndi mawonekedwe okongola. Nthawi zambiri pamlingo amafika 2,5 cm.

Makungu a masamba owoneka ndi masamba, mosiyana ndi agulugufe achikulire, samakhala opanda tsitsi, kupatula tsitsi lachilendo, lomwe nthawi zambiri limakhala malo amtundu wakuda. Amphaka ali ndi miyendo 16. Mutu wawo ndi wofiirira kapena wakuda, ndipo thupi limayamba kutuluka pakhungu.

Mapepala a pepae ali ndi chochititsa chidwi: paz mphete zam'mimba zawo pali mikanda yokhala ndi mbedza.

Leafworm ndi tizirombo. Mitengo yamtundu wamtundu wamtundu zambiri imadyera masamba azomera, ndikuzikulunga m'machubu mothandizidwa ndi intaneti, mumachubu amenewa omwe amabisala. Chifukwa chake dzinali - timapepala.

Koma si masamba okha omwe amagwera ndi tizilombo. Mphesa sizingakane kudya masamba, masamba ndi maluwa. Tizilombo timeneti tili ponseponse.

Brown

Ichi ndi gulugufe wa bulauni wokhala ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wakuda m'mapiko akutsogolo, omwe amapanikizika ndi mzere wowonekera bwino. Akazi ndi owala bwino, amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi utoto wapa. Mapepala amtunduwu afala ku Europe, komanso ku Russia konse.

Gulugufe amatuluka mu June, ndipo chiyembekezo chawo cha moyo ndi masiku 12-14 okha.

Gulugufe wa masamba obiriwira amakonda kukhala pansi pa chomera chakudya masana. Kutacha, tizilombo timayamba kuuluka, ndipo matani amapezeka usiku.

Yaikazi yodzala ndi mazira imayikiranso mazira usiku, ikusankha makungwa m'mizu ya thunthu, ndipo imakhala nawo m'magulu angapo. Timapepala tating'onoting'ono ta akazi timapanga mazira awiri mpaka anayi. Chiwerengero chonse cha mazira pamenepa chikhoza kufikira 70 zidutswa. Atayikira mazira, gulugufeyo amaphimbira mwachangu ndi zinthu zoyera zolimba, ndikukonzekera nthawi yachisanu.

Kubadwa kwa mbozi kumayamba pakati pa Epulo - theka loyamba la Meyi chaka chamawa. Chule wamkulu wachikuda chakuda, 20-24 mm kutalika. Mutu wake ndi wakuda komanso wonyezimira, zofanana ma occipital ndi zotchingira za porral.

Pa nthawi yoyamba kukula kwawo, mbozi zimadyera masamba am'mera ndi masamba ophukira, ndikuwaphatikiza ndi ma thumba awo. Pambuyo pake, ndikupotoza pepalalo, amadzisungira okha. Mmenemo, mboziyo imasandutsanso chrysalis. Gawo la mbozi zofiirira zimadalira malo ndipo, pafupifupi, zimatha masiku 20 mpaka 40.

Pupa la bulangeti la bulauni lamtambo wakuda, wopindika ngati, 9-14 mm kutalika. Pamimba, pafupi ndi mchira, pali zibowo zisanu ndi zitatu. Sewu la ana limatenga masiku 10 mpaka 15.

Tsamba la bulauni limakhala ndi mitundu yambiri, motero siwowopsa pamitengo yazipatso.

Kachilomboka

Amakonda kukhazikika pamitengo ing'onoing'ono ya spruce kapena pa mitengo ya spruce, yofooka, kumera kunja kwa nkhalango kapena kuyima payokha. Akalulu amtundu wamtundu wamtengowu amakhala pansi pa khungwa la mtengo, kumatafuna malembedwe afupipafupi, potero kusokoneza kukula kwa mbewu, kufa kwa nthambi zamitengo ndikusintha kwa mphukira.

Chidutswa cha kachilomboka chotchedwa spruce bast chimakhala ndi malo ambiri, koma mapiko afupi apamwamba amtundu wotuwa wa azitona wokhala ndi malo angapo opindika. Mtundu wa mapiko apamwamba umakhala ndi mikwingwirima iwiri komanso mphonje yoyera. Mapiko a kumbuyo ndi poko, wopaka utoto kapena wonyezimira. Mapiko a kumbuyo kwake ali ndi mphonje yoyera.

Kuuluka kwa agulugufe kumayamba kumapeto kwa Meyi. Popeza yasankha mtengo woyenera, pepalalali limayikira mazira pansi pamiyeso ya khungwa m'makutu a nthambi zoyera. M'mwezi wa June, mbozi zimayamba kutuluka, zomwe zimakula pakapita 11 mm. Thupi la mbozi nthawi zambiri limakhala loyera ndi pinki. Mutu, zishango pamimba ndi kumbuyo, komanso miyendo yamiyendo ndi yofufuta.

Gawo la mbozi limapitilira mpaka Meyi chaka chamawa. Kenako mbozizo zimasanza.

Fir cone

Ichi ndi gulugufe wokhala ndi mapiko a 12-16 mm. Mapiko oyamba amapaka utoto wakuda ndi sheya wachitsulo. Kudutsa mapiko ndi mikwingwirima yopepuka. Mapiko akumbuyo opepuka, taupe. Mapiko onse ali ndi mphonje yoyera.

Thupi la mbozi wamapepala a pine cone ndi loyera ndi chikasu chachikasu, mutu ndi wofiirira. Khwangwala wamkulu amakula kutalika mpaka 11 mm. Pupa ndi woderapo, 8 mm kutalika.

Ku Russia, pepala la spruce pine cone limapezekapezeka m'nkhalango za spruce. Mapepala amtunduwu amawononga ma fir.

Agulugufe ophatikizidwa amawuluka mozungulira pamwamba pa mitengo yamkutu nthawi yakuphulika. Mazira, omwe ndi mainchesi 0,5 mm, amayikidwa ndi wopanga masamba pakati pa mamba a cone. Mu zaka ndi zokolola zochepa, mpaka 10 mbozi zitha kukhala pa cone imodzi. Khungubwe zomwe zidawoneka pambuyo pa masiku 10 mpaka 10 zoyamba kudya zokhala ndi vuto kenako ndikulowetsa tsindeyo, ndikudya mbewu. M'mawonekedwe, ma cones omwe ali ndi kachilombo ndizovuta kusiyanitsa. Kupotoza kwawo kumalepheretsedwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa mbozi ndi ufa wowonda. Kulunda kwa mbozi kumachitika mchaka chamawa.

Larch

Mtunduwu umapezeka kwambiri m'nkhalango zowuma za ku Europe, America, komanso Russia. Gulugufeyu ali ndi mapiko akutsogolo amtundu wakuda, wokhala ndi mawanga akuda, mikwingwirima ndi mikwingwirima. Mapiko apansi ndi a bulauni, mulifupi. Maanja onse imvi yodutsa mapiko. Mbozi za mtundu uwu wa masamba a masamba a masamba 8-10 8-10 kukula, zobiriwira zakuda. Pupa ndi bulauni.

Timapepala tadzala tambiri timaikira mazira pamitengo ya coniferous, paming'alu kapena pamakungwa a makungwa. Tizilomboti tabadwa timadyera singano. Nthawi yomweyo, amazika singano ndi ma cobwebs, kuwakoka pamodzi ndikupanga coco. Pambuyo pake, mbozi zazikulu zimadya mphukira zazing'ono za mitengo.

Kusintha kukhala chrysalis kumachitika kumapeto kwa mtengo, pomwe matendawa amatsikira pa intaneti. Atapanga coco kuchokera ku singano zakugwa, ana agalu, ndipo patatha masiku 10 mpaka 14 gulugufe watsopano amawonekera.

Spruce singano-pepala

Gulugufeyu ali ndi mapiko akutsogolo oyera amtundu wakuda wokhala ndi mawonekedwe a siliva ndi mikwingwirima yokhala osapangika. Mapiko achiwiri ndi ochepa, opepuka. Pali chopepuka cha imvi.

Makungu amtundu wa utoto amakhala amtundu wamtambo wamtundu wamtali wamtundu wakuda, kapena wachikasu ndi tint ya bulauni, kenako mikwingwirayo imakhala ya bulauni.

Pupa ndi la bulauni, lopanda malire. Kumapeto kwa thupi kumakhala zokoleza zazing'ono, zokhala ngati.

Gulugufe wa tsamba lometedwa ndi singano limayika mazira pama singano achaka chatha. Khungubwe yowala imakhala pamtunda kwakanthawi, kenako imapanga dzenje lozungulira, kulowa mkati mwa singano ndikuyidya pang'onopang'ono kuchokera mkati kuyambira pachiyero mpaka kumapeto. Singano imayamba kupindika, kenako imawuma ndipo pamapeto pake imagwera pansi.

Khwangwala wa mbala yomwe ili munkhalango yowotcha ikugwidwa.

Mitengo yolimba kwambiri ya zaka zapakati pa 10 ndi 30 imakonda tizirombo, komabe, poti pakubuka kwakuthwa kwambiri kusowa kapena kusowa kwa chakudya, malo ang'onoang'ono angadalipo.

Nthawi ya moyo wa arboretum yoyipa imatha pafupifupi zaka ziwiri. Kulongosola kwathunthu za tizilombo titha kupezeka apa.

Mukamalimbana ndi zikopa zabodza, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti mitengo imathandizidwa kawiri pachaka. Ndi mankhwala ati omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamenepa, werengani ulalo wa https://stopvreditel.ru/rastenij/lesov/lozhnoshhitovka.html.

Tsamba loyambira

Iye ndi wamkulu kuposa abale ake. Kutalika kwa mapiko kumayambira 17 mpaka 26 mm. Mtundu wa mapiko akutsogolo ndi wa imvi ndi wachikasu. Mapiko achikazi ndi otuwa. Chopondera pamapiko ndi thovu. Achinyamata a mboziwobiriwira wokhala ndi mutu wofiirira, wamkulu - imvi wobiriwira. Mutu ndi wakuda. M'thupi lonse, mumatha kuwona tsitsi likukula kuchokera ku ma batchi amtundu wakuda. Mboziyo imafika kutalika kwa 22 mm. Pupa mpaka 14 mm kutalika, woderapo.

Gulugufe wa fir bbw amayikira mazira pamwamba pa singano. Zingwe zomwe zidawoneka, zikusunthira pamwamba pa mphukira yaying'ono, zimayamba kudya mozungulira singano. Nthawi yomweyo, kukulumikizira nthambi ndi ma cobwebs, mbozi zimang'amba pang'ono pang'onopang'ono, ndikupotoza nthambizo kukhala coco.

Mbozi za Bbw zimayipa kwambiri minda yamafuta. Iwo samangodya singano ndi mphukira zozungulira, komanso amawononga maluwa, chifukwa chomwe ma cones samakula.

Kuphatikiza pa mitundu yomwe ili pamwambayi ya nthenga zamasamba, pali mitundu yambiri yomwe imapangitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mitengo yamitengo ndi zitsamba. Pakati pawo, owopsa kwambiri ndi masamba, zipatso, ndi masamba owoneka bwino.

Momwe mungamenyere tizilombo

Ndikotheka kuchotsa chiwembu chomwe mumakonda m'mapepala pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana. Zothandiza kwambiri ndi:

1. Kusonkhanitsa ndi kuwononga masamba agwa ndi mitengo yazipatso.
2. Kugwiritsa ntchito misempha ya pheromone kwa tizilombo. Msampha umakhala ndi magawo awiri - chowonjezera chomwe chili ndi chinthu chomwe chimakopa masamba amphongo, ndi chubu chokhala ndi zomatira. Amuna, kusiya pupae, amawulukira kununkhira kokongola kwa iwo ndikumamatira ku chubu.
3. Mu Julayi - Ogasiti, ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa mikanda pamitengo yamitengo yazipatso, yomwe imawonongeka limodzi ndi timatcheni tikakolola.

Mankhwala mankhwala kubzala nthawi zambiri zimachitika magawo awiri ndi imeneyi ya masiku 10-12.

Masamba

Masamba
Acleris sparsana
Gulu la asayansi

Masamba (Tortricidae kapena Olethreutidae) - banja la agulugufe ochokera ku gulu la Microlepidoptera. Mitundu yoposa 10,000.

Kufotokozera

Leafworms amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe otsatirawa: ma tendr amakhala osalala, amuna amakhala ndi coryza, proboscis ndiyifupi, ozungulira, nthawi zina amapangika (Exapate Hbn.), Popanda masapota, zigawo za m'nsagwada zigawo zitatu, pang'ono kutuluka, ndi gawo lalitali kwambiri pakati. Mapiko omwe ali kumapeto amapindapinda komanso owongoka, pomwe mapiko ake nthawi zina amakhala a mbali-ziwiri, nthawi zambiri mapiko amakula m'munsi kenako amakhala owongoka, okhala ndi mitsempha 12, yomwe mbali imodzi imakhala yolumikizika. Mapiko a kumbuyo kwake ndi otakata, opindika atatu, ndipo amalumikizana ndi mitsempha 6 kapena 7 yotalikilapo ndi 3 intracranial, pomwe pakati mpaka m'munsi mafolokowo ndi foloko. Tizilombo ta Leaflet ndi miyendo 16, pafupifupi yopanda tsitsi, yokhala ndi tsitsi lopoterera, nthawi zambiri timakhala pamalo okwera, okhala ndi mutu wakuda kapena wakuda, zishango za occipital ndi supra-caudal, chikasu kapena chofiirira kapena choyera. Zovala zam'mimba mu pupae ndi mikanda yazokoka. Mbozi zamasamba ambiri amazidyetsa masamba a mbewu zosiyanasiyana, ndikukoka masamba owadyedwa m'matumba kapena magulu, momwe amabisalira (potero dzina la banja), pokhala ndi nkhawa, amatuluka ndikulendewera pamiyala mlengalenga.

Mayendedwe amoyo

Mwanjira yachilengedwe, mitundu iwiri yokha ndi yomwe idasungidwa bwino: njenjete zamkati (Carpocapsa), mitundu yonse yomwe imapangidwa muzomera zokhazokha, ndi mphukira (Retinia), yemwe mbozi zake (kupatula mitundu iwiri) zimakhala mu masamba ndi mphukira za conifers, kuphatikiza, mitundu ya mtundu. Makina pafupifupi onse amatulutsa masamba a mitengo ndi mitengo ya herbaceous, osakumana ndi ma conifers.

Nthenga zamtundu wina zimapeza chakudya pafupifupi mbali zonse za chomera, kuyambira maluwa ndi maluwa mpaka mizu. Chifukwa chake, mbozi za Paedisca immundana F. zimakhala m'mabala alogo, bilunana Hw. - mu birch catkins, tripunctana WV - mu maluwa, Semasia conterminana HS - m'maluwa a Lactuca (Grapholitha rufiliana Dbld. - mu Dipsacus mbewu, Grapholitha funebrana Fr. - mu plum zipatso, Steganoptycha acirha Dp. - mu popula corolla, Graph .- mu nthambi za aspen, Paedisca foenana Fr. - m'mitengo ndi mizu ya Artemisia, pansi pa mitengo yaminga: Grapholitha Woebizinesi W. V. - pa zipatso, Grapholitha argyrana N. - pa mitengo, Grapholitha regiana Zll. - pamapu, pamapeto pake, Grapholitha fimbriana H. W. - mu mitengo yowola ya oak. Mwa zinthu zovulaza zachuma, zotchuka kwambiri ndizomwe zimasokoneza mitundu yamitengo ndikuwononga, nthawi zina zimawoneka zambirimbiri m'minda ndi nkhalango. Pakulima m'munda, pali mitundu yochepa yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi yoyipa: Cochylis epilinana Zll. , mbozi yomwe imakhala m'mitu ya fulakesi, ndi mitundu itatu ya Grapholitha: nebritana Fr. , tenebrosana Dp. ndi dorsana Fbr. kukhala mu zipatso za nandolo. M'munda wamaluwa, mitundu yoyipa kwambiri ndi yomwe imagwira mphesa, yomwe bulosha yeniyeni (Cochylis ambiquella Hbn.) Ili koyambirira. Gulugufe wamtali, wamtali pafupifupi 8 mm, mapiko akutsogolo amakhala oderako, achikasu, pakati ndi zingwe zazingwe zakuda komanso zakumaso. Ntchentche m'mwezi wa Meyi, nthawi zamadzulo, zimagona ma testicles 150 (zoyera, pansipa) pansi pa mphukira zazing'ono za mipesa. Khungubwi-kofiyira kanyama, kamene kamakhala kutalika kwa 1 cm, kamadya masamba, maluwa ndi zipatso zazing'ono, kuzikoka ndikuzikoka mu timiyala tambiri, timaphatikizidwanso mu tsinde la burashi kapena burashi, ndipo litayikidwanso. Kumapeto kwa mwezi wa June, ana amasula nkhanu mu tsamba lozunguliridwa, kapena pakati pa mapesi, kapena pansi pa khungwa ndi ming'alu ya mphesa. Patatha milungu iwiri, agulugufe atsopano amatuluka ndi kukaikira mazira mphesa kapena miyendo yawo. Khungubwi zomwe zatulutsidwa kumene zimakhala mkati mwa zipatsozo, zimasuntha kuchokera kumzake kupita kwina ndikuponyera zinyalala mwa iwo. Pamavuto, amatsikira pansi, pupa amabisala m'khola lomwe limakutidwa ndi dothi loonda.

Momwemonso, Chrosis botrana W. V. amakhala ndi kuvulaza ndi mapiko a bulauni ndi mzere wamaso oyera oyera oyera. Chimbudzi ndi chakuda.

Tortrix (Oenophthira), Pilleriana W. V. (Pyralis vitana Fbr.), Pafupifupi 1 cm kutalika, mapiko akutsogolo achikasu, nthawi zina amakhala obiriwira ndi sheen wachitsulo, wokhala ndi mikwingwirima iwiri yosakhazikika. Mphaka wotalika mpaka 2 cm, wamtundu wobiriwira, wokhala ndimtundu wa bulauni komanso mikwingwirima itatu yayitali. Chilimwe mu Ogasiti, mazira amaunjikidwa pamulu kumtunda kwa masamba a mphesa, mbozi zimaswa m'mwezi wa Seputembala ndipo, popanda kudyetsa, pitani kukazizira nyengo yachisanu pansi pa khungwa la mpesa kapena pamphaka ya stamens, pomwe aliyense amabisala mu coceko chapadera, nthawi yachilimwe amadyera zitsamba. nthula, Stachys Jeremica, Myrica gale, ndi zina, kenako, nukira masamba, maluwa akutulutsa maluwa ndi maluwa, mphesa ndikuwadyetsa, ndikutulutsa apa kumapeto kwa Juni. Adayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa minda yamphesa ya Champagne mu 1960s, Agiriki akale ankadziwika pansi pa dzina lachi Greek. καμπη, kwa Aroma - convolvulus ndi oblivulus.

Mitengo ina yazipatso nthawi zina imawonongeka kwambiri ndi mitundu ingapo ya ma Tera, monga, mwachitsanzo, Holmiana L. ndi enemgana W. V., makamaka yoyamba, yomwe nthawi zambiri imadya masamba a plum ku Crimea. Penthina pruniana Hb ndivulazinso. , mbozi zachikasu zobiriwira zomwe zimadyedwa kumayambiriro kwa masentimita, ma cherries ndi minga, zimatafuna malekezero a mphukira ndikupotoza masamba omwe adya omwe amadya, omwe amadya, pakati pa omwe amasilira kumapeto kwa Epulo. M'mwezi wa Meyi, agulugufe amatuluka, mpaka 1 cm, osangalatsa, mwa zina, pakupumula kwawo, ali ndi mapiko osongoka, amakumbukira mtumbira wamiyendo ya mbalame zazing'ono, theka lalikulu la mapiko akutsogolo ndi lakuda bii ndi malo otuwa, mtundu wachikasu loyera ndi malo otuwa , pamwamba ndi wakuda kwenikweni. Mazira amaikidwa amodzi nthawi imodzi, pafupi ndi impso. Penthina cynosbatella L. ndi Tmetocera ocellana W. V. amadya maluwa osiyanasiyana mitengo yazipatso. Kuukira kwa matera a Forskaleana L. kudzutsa masamba.

Gulu

Banja la masamba a masamba limaphatikizapo mitundu yoposa 1000 ya mitundu ndi mitundu 10,000.

• Tortricinae Latreille, 1803
  • Phricanthini Diakonoff, 1981 (Phricanthini)
  • Tortricini Latreille, 1803
  • Schoenotenini Diakonoff, 1952 (Schoenotenidae)
  • Cochylini Guene, 1845
  • Cnephasiini Stainton, (Cnephasidae)
  • Archipini Pierce & Metcalfe, 1922
  • Epitymbiini Common, 1958
  • Sparganothini Druce, 1912
  • Atteriini Busck, 1932
  • Euliini Kuznetsov & Stekolnikov, 1977
  • Ceracini Cotes ndi Swinhoe, 1889
• Chlidanotinae Meyrick, 1906 (Chlidanotidae)
  • Polyorthini Obraztsov, 1966
  • Chlidanotini Meyrick, 1906 (Chlidanotidae)
  • Hilarographini Diakonoff, 1977
• Olethreutinae Walsingham, 1895
  • Microcorsini Kuznetsov, 1970
  • Gatesclarkeanini Diakonoff, 1973
  • Endotheniini Diakonoff, 1973
  • Bactrini Falkovitsh, 1962
  • Olethreutini Walsingham, 1895
  • Enarmoniini Diakonoff, 1953
  • Eucosmini Meyrick, 1909 (Eucosmidae)
  • Grapholitini Guene, 1845

Khalidwe

Tsamba lalikulu ndi kachilombo (mapiko) okhala ndi mapiko. Mapiko a mapiko nthawi zambiri sapitirira 2,5. Mapiko akutsogolo amakhala ochulukirapo, opindika atatu kapena mawonekedwe a trapezoid, m'mphepete mwake amakankhidwa, mbali yakumapeto imaloledwa, ndipo mbali yakumbuyo imakhala yozungulira. Pa mapiko akutsogolo timasiyanitsa mawonekedwe amtundu uliwonse wowoneka bwino. Kutalika kwa mapiko kumakhala kangapo m'lifupi. Pamalo abata amapindidwa pterygoid. Pali maso ndi anangula osavuta pamutu. Mitundu ina pa anangula imakhala ndi timabowo ting'onoting'ono.

Ntchito zazikuluzikulu za gulugufe wa masamba amawoneka m'mawa ndi madzulo, komabe, tizilombo tomwe timakhala m'mapiri komanso kumpoto timatha kuuluka tsiku lonse. Mwambiri, ntchito zawo zimatengera zisonyezo zambiri - ichi ndi chinyezi, ndi kutentha kwa mpweya, ndi kuwala, ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe komanso nyengo.

Zindikirani! Kwa oimira mitundu yambiri, kuwala kofikira, makamaka radiation ya ultraviolet, ndizowoneka bwino kwambiri.

Mphutsi

Mphutsi za leafworm zimawonekera kumayambiriro kwamasika. Awa ndi mbozi zooneka ngati mbozi zokhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi masentimita 1-2. Pali miyendo 8, mothandizidwa ndi yomwe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timayenda mwachangu mthupi la chomera chomwe chikuwonekacho ndikufalikira m'mundawo.

Mutu wamakutu a mphutsi wanyamula ocelli 12 osavuta - 6 mbali iliyonse. M'munsi mwa zida zapakamwa ndi mandibles ndi iron spinning. Mothandizidwa ndi mbozi yomaliza, cocoon amamangidwa ndipo masamba opindidwa amatakulungidwa m'machubu, mkati momwe amadzabisala. Ponena za zakudya, mphutsi za m'badwo woyamba ndi wachiwiri zimakonda masamba, masamba ndi magawo a achinyamata mphukira. Tizilombo takale timadalira masamba ndipo nthawi yomweyo chitukuko chake chimapezeka m'mizere ndi machubu. Komabe, kusungidwa pachakudyacho sikumakhala kotheratu - malingana ndi mitundu, tizilombo timatha kusintha menyu ndikuyenda kuchokera ku chomera chimodzi kupita ku chimzake chimodzi.

Ziphuphu zimatha kuchitika m'malo osiyanasiyana: coceko, pamtunda wa gawo lapansi, zinyalala zam'mera, mwachindunji pazikhalidwe zomwe kudyetsa kunachitika, m'makungwa a mitengo ya mitengo, etc.

Zinthu zachitukuko

Kufalitsa kogwira ndi kukula bwino kwa njenjete za masamba kumathandizira ndi zochitika zina: chinyezi chowonjezeka ndi kutentha kwa mpweya, komwe kumakhala mkati mwa +19. 24 ° C. Tizilombo timeneti timakhala m'malo otentha titha kupita kumalo otetezedwa mosiyanasiyana: kuyambira mazira mpaka akuluakulu. Masiteji onse opitilira muyeso wotchedwa diapause, ndipo chifukwa cha izo, majeremusi amatha kuloleza kutentha kwambiri mpaka -40 ° C. Nthawi zambiri, nyengo yozizira, monga ntchito yopangira ana, imachitika m'malo obisika: m'nthaka, pansi pa chipale chofewa, zipatso, mbewu ndi zimayambira, pansi pa khungwa la mitengo komanso m'malo omwe zimakololedwa.

Leafworm okhala m'malo otentha amatha kukula mosalekeza. Mitundu yotere imagwera mkhalidwe wa diapause kokha muzovuta kwambiri - ndi kuchepa msanga kwa chinyezi munyengo yamvula.

A Leafworms, omwe amakhala kumpoto kwa Russian Federation, amabala m'badwo umodzi nthawi yayitali. Nthawi yomweyo, kuchepa kwa tiziromboti kumatulutsa mosavuta - mpaka zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu. Tizilombo timene timakhala pakati pa Russia ndi mitundu ya polycyclic, zotere zimatha kubala mibadwo iwiri mchaka chimodzi, ndipo ngati mungasunthire kumwera, mibadwo itatu kapena inayi pachaka.

Mitundu yodziwika bwino

Sayansi yamakono imadziwa mitundu yopitilira 10 ya timapepala tating'ono, tomwe titha kugawanika ngati mabulosi, zipatso ndi zokongoletsera, nkhalango ndi mipesa. Taganizirani malongosoledwe azithunzi zina zamtundu uliwonse.

1. Tsamba la rosette limatha kuphatikiza onse pazitsamba zokongoletsera ndi mabulosi, ndi mitengo yazipatso. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakumana ndi zipatso zamiyala imakumana ndi zipatso zamiyala, m'nkhalango ndi mitengo yokhotakhota - mitengo ya peyala ndi mitengo. M'chaka ichi majeremusi amapereka m'badwo umodzi, hibernates mu gawo la dzira. Tsamba la rosette limatha kuzindikira zizindikiritso izi: gulugufe wachikulire ali ndi mimba yocheperako komanso mapiko ocheperako pafupifupi masentimita 1.4-2.2. Mapiko akutsogolo amawonetsedwa ngati mawonekedwe a trapezoid, utoto wawo umatha kusiyanasiyana ndi wachikasu ndi wakuda. Makina a mapiko a kumbuyo ndi taupe. Mphutsi siziposa 2 cm kukula, thupi limasinthasintha, mtundu wake umasiyana: kuchokera kubiriwira wobiriwira mpaka maolivi amdima.
2. Tsamba la mphesa limatha kuwononga mphesa komanso mbewu zina. Amadziwika kuti kachilombo kameneka kamatha kufalikira pamitengo yabwino komanso yolimba, komanso pamitengo yazipatso ndi mabulosi. Pazakudya zake mumakhala izi: mphesa, mlombwa, maula, mabulosi akutchire, thundu, phaini, Persimmon, mandarin, sitiroberi wamtchire, buluzi, ndi zina zotere. Amatafuna masamba, amaukweza, naumangirira ndi nkhokwe. Nthawi zina mphutsi zimawononganso mphukira zazing'ono ndi petioles. Mu chaka chimodzi, tizilombo titha kupatsa mibadwo iwiri. Masamba pa gawo la mbozi wa m'badwo woyamba. Mapiko a gulugufe wa tsamba la mphesa amakhala ndi mtundu wachikasu kapena wamtundu wobiriwira komanso wotuwa la bulauni wopangidwa ndi mawanga. Nthawi zina mawanga amatha kuzizira kapena kupezeka kwathunthu. Mphutsiyo ndi yayitali kutalika kwa 1.8-2.2 cm. Thupi lam'mwambamwamba la tsamba la mphesa limapaka utoto wonyezimira, m'munsi nthawi zambiri kumakhala kopepuka.
3. Tsamba la mphesa ndi mdani wina wowopsa kwambiri wa minda yamphesa, yemwenso imatha kukula bwino mu mbewu zina, mwachitsanzo, raspberries, hawthorn, buckthorn, currants, ndi zina. Izi zimayambitsa zipatso, maluwa, ndi mazira. Imabereka mwachangu kwambiri ndipo mchaka chimodzi imatha kubereka atatu, nthawi zina mibadwo inayi. Gulugufe wamtundu wocheperako ndi wocheperako wokhala ndi mapiko osaposa 1.5 cm. Mtundu waukulu wamapiko amtsogolo ndi bulauni-bulauni kapena maolivi akuda, mawonekedwe: mikwingwirima ya imvi, bandeji ndi malo owala achikasu. Mapiko kumbuyo ndi imvi. Kutalika kwa mphutsi sikupitirira masentimita 1.2. Chizindikiro chake chamtundu wachikasu kapena cha maolivi chobiriwira.
   

Zofunika! Ngati simutenga nthawi yake kuteteza minda yamphesa, mutha kutaya pafupifupi 45% ya mbewuzo, komanso ndi magulu ambiri a majeremusi ndi onse 100%!

Zindikirani! Ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha tizilombo, kuchuluka kwa ma cones owonongeka kumafika 80%. Chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa tsamba la masamba, maonekedwe awo sasintha, koma zipatso zotere zimapereka kumera kochepa!

Kuyang'anira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda

Othandizira pazamoyo amatha kuwononga kapepalaka, mwayi womwe umagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amphamvu kwambiri ndikuti amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakukula kwazomera zilizonse. Ndizotetezeka kwathunthu kwa tizilombo tomwe timayambitsa kupukutidwa, ndipo simadziunjikira m'nthaka, zipatso, kapena thupi la mbewuyo. Chifukwa chake, kukonza ndi mankhwalawa ndizotheka nthawi yonse ya maluwa komanso nthawi yokolola.

Zotsatira zabwino kwambiri polimbana ndi mbozi za timapepala ta mitengo yazipatso ndi zitsamba zamabulosi tisonyeza njira izi:

Ulimi wamankhwala

Njira zothandizirana ndi zitsamba zam'mimba zimapezeka kuti ndizothandiza kwambiri. Komabe, mukamagwira nawo ntchito, ndikofunikira kutsatira mosamalitsa malangizo ndikusintha mankhwalawa nthawi ndi nthawi, chifukwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timatha kulimbana nawo. Kuphatikiza apo, kukonza koteroko kumalimbikitsidwa ngati kuli majeremusi ambiri - zophukira zoposa zisanu pa nthambi imodzi.

Chifukwa chake, mwanjira iyi, mitundu iwiri ya mankhwala atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito: kugawana ndi dongosolo. Zoyambazo ndizoperewera, koma osapereka zotsatira zomwe zimayembekezeredwa. Zachiwiri ndizolimba, koma magwiridwe antchito ake amakhala ochulukirapo nthawi zambiri, ngakhale pali tizilombo tambiri.

Ndikadwala pang'ono m'munda pang'onopang'ono, tsamba lotsatira limagwiritsidwa ntchito:

Zofunika! Mankhwala a Pyrethroid amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha osaposa + 23 ° C. Pamtengo wapamwamba kwambiri, zida izi sizigwira ntchito. Ndikofunika kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa ngati njira yomaliza, pomwe njira zina sizinathandize!

Ngati tirikunena za njira zothanirana ndi masamba a mphesa, ndiye kuti chithandizo cha mitundu yamtunduwu chiyenera kuyamba mu February. Pamapeto pa nthawi yozizira, mphukira ndi zothandizira zimayenera kuphatikizidwa ndi njira yambiri yogwira ntchito ya Nitrafen. Chithandizo chachiwiri chikuchitika panthawi yakukolola pogwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa, ndipo yachitatu - pasadathe masiku 30 kututa. Zachilengedwe zidzakhala tizilombo kapena mankhwala - mukuganiza, apa ndikofunika kuti muchoke kuchokera ku kuchuluka kwa matenda.

Maphikidwe a anthu

Ngati pali tizirombo tambiri m'mundamo, ndiye kuti zoterezi ndizotheka kuthana ndi maphikidwe a wowerengeka. Zogulitsa zotere ndizoyenera kukonza mabulosi ndi mitengo ya zipatso. Mwachitsanzo, kulimbana ndi tsamba la currant nthawi zambiri kumakhazikitsidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala azitsamba ndi ma infusions - maziko pano akhoza kukhala chowawa, adyo, anyezi, phwetekere ndi nsonga za mbatata.

• Decoction wa chowawa. Timadzaza theka ndowa ndikuthira udzu watsopano ndipo timathira pamadzi. Tisiyira chilichonse kwa masiku awiri, pambuyo pake tidiyatsa ndikubweretsa chithupsa. Pokhala ndi mpweya wocheperako, kuphika chilichonse kwa theka la ora, musiye kuziziritsa kwa kutentha kwa firiji. Onjezerani madzi ambiri msuzi wokonzedwa kuti apange malita 20, ndikugwiritsa ntchito kupopera.
• Chinyengo cha nsonga za phwetekere. Rhizomes ndi nsonga za phwetekere zochuluka 2 kg zimathiridwa ndi malita asanu amadzi ndikusiyidwa kwa maola atatu. Pambuyo pa nthawi yoikidwiratu, bweretsani kulowetsedwa ku chithupsa ndikuphika pamoto wochepa kwa theka la ola. Tiloleni kuziziritsa, kusefa, kufinya matako ndi ma rhizomes, tisanayambe kukonza, timakonzanso chotsaliracho ndi madzi ndikuwonjezera 40 g sopo pachidebe chilichonse chokonzekera.
  

Zindikirani! Msuzi wowongoka wa nsonga za phwetekere ungathe kusungidwa m'mabotolo omangidwa kokhazikika pachaka chonse, koma malo osungira okha ndiofunika kukhala ozizira!

Zofunika! Kulowetsedwa kwa fodya kumakhala poyizoni, chifukwa chake, mukamagwira ntchito nayo, zida zoteteza zanu ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito!

Mankhwala onse omwe ali pamwambapa ndi othandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi mphutsi zoyipa, ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito kangapo pamwaka. Ndikofunikira kupopera mbewu zomwe zidalipo nthawi yokhayo isanayambike maluwa komanso pambuyo pake.

Polimbana ndi agulugufe, masamba a masamba amagwiritsa ntchito misampha yamadzi potengera uchi, mkate kapena kupanikizana. Kudzazidwa kosankhidwa kumathiridwa m'mitsuko ya lita kapena mabotolo apulasitiki odulidwa m'magawo awiri, ndikudzazidwa ndi ¼, ndikuwakhomera pamitengo.

Ngati tsamba la tsamba lawonongeka pamtengo wa apulo, ndiye kuti kumayambiriro kwa nyengo ndibwino kuchita ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Anthu maphikidwe a anthu pankhaniyi ndi othandiza pokhapokha pakupanga zipatso. Pankhaniyi, mankhwala ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito katatu: nthawi yoyamba kumayambiriro kwa nyengo, yachiwiri - isanayambe maluwa ndipo itangomaliza kukonzekera lachitatu.

Mofananamo, ndikofunikira kuchotsa masamba wokutidwa, mkati momwe mbozi za tsamba la apulo zidakhazikika. M'chilimwe, tikulimbikitsidwa kuthana ndi masamba a pyrethroids osati masamba, komanso nthaka pafupi ndi thunthu. Ndipo zipatso zikayamba kutsanulira, mankhwala omwe amathandizidwa amasiya ndipo amayamba kukonzekera ndi kuphika wowerengeka.

Yesetsani kuti musayiwale nthawi yomwe kabuku kamapezeka m'munda mwanu ndikusamalira kuti awonongeke. Njira zomwe zichitike pa nthawi yake zimathandizira kufalikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'dera lanu lonse komanso kukuthandizani kuti musunge mbewu yonse.

Leaflet

Wolemba: Сергей
Tizilombo: Leafworm (Tortricidae kapena Olethreutidae)

Leafworms - Mphutsi za Tortricid moths, zimakonda kudyetsa ndikusenda masamba mkati.

Mitundu ina imatha kuyambitsa mavuto pazipatso ndi mitengo yokongoletsera. Leafworms amapezeka pamitengo ndi mitengo yambiri yokongoletsera - kuphatikiza phulusa, birch, elderberry, elm, mapulo, popula, rose ndi msondodzi - ndipo ndizowopsa kwa mitengo yopanda zipatso.

M'madera athu, mitundu inayi yamapepala ndizodziwika:

• Masamba achisanu (Exapate congelatella)
• Mauna otumphukira (Acleris rhombana)
• Tsamba la tsamba (Archips rosana)
• Tsamba la Mesh (Adoxophyes reticulana)

Zowonongeka papepala

Dziwani kuti kachilombo kameneka sikangolimbana ndi mitengo yokhayo yodalirika, komanso mitengo yomata, mitengo ya maapulo, ndi mapeyala. Wamaluwa azolowera kudzipatula kwa tizirombo:

• mphukira: kuvulaza mphukira zazing'ono za conifers,
• njenjete zosatila: Ikani mphutsi pomwe zakhala zikuvulaza.

Pofuna kuti musataye mbewuyo (ndipo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timadziwika chifukwa chakuwukira kwakukulu), muyenera kuyang'ana mitengo yonse. Ngati muwona masamba atakulungidwa ndi cobweb kukhala chubu, ndiye mboziyo yakwaniritsa zomwe muli nazo. Ngati ndi kotheka, ndibwino kung'amba masamba nthawi yomweyo, koma gwiritsani m'manja mwanu kuti mboziyo isakhale ndi nthawi yoti inyambe. Poyamba kuukira kwa mbewu, njirayi ndi yothandiza.

Njira yodzitetezera

Kuti tsamba lokhazikika lilibe nthawi yowononga mbewu zanu, mutha kukhala otakasuka. Ngakhale masamba asanaphuke, mbewuzo zimafafaniza ndi "Prophylactin". Ogwira ntchito zamaluwa odziwa bwino amalangizidwa kuti ayang'ane nthambi za mtengowo: ngati vutoli lazindikiridwa, ayenera kudulidwa kenako kuwonongedwa. Njira zina zothanirana ndi matenda a Isegar. Ndikukhala kuti gulugufe amakhala kale poyizoni.

Kutola masamba

Njira yosavuta komanso yothandiza kwambiri. Tawawona timapepala tosungidwa mu chubu, ndikuwasula ndikuwononga. Gwirani bwino tsamba Koma ngati mbewuyo yawonongeka kale mokwanira, njira imeneyi sigwira ntchito.

Mankhwala

Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi: Accord, Aivengo, Fatrin. Njira za ma pyrethroids, zimagwira bwino ntchito ngati kutentha kwa mpweya kumasinthasintha mozungulira madigiri 22. Nyengo yotentha, njira zomenyera nkhondo, sizingathandize. Osagwiritsa ntchito ngati chomera chiwonongeka pang'ono.

Zithandizo za anthu

Otsutsa omwe ndi oopsa m'munda wawo amawoneka njira ina. Ngakhale musanakhale maluwa m'munda, mutha kuthira:

• kulowetsedwa kwa fodya
• kulowetsedwa chowawa
• kulowetsedwa kwa nsonga,
• kulowetsedwa kwa phwetekere
• kulowetsedwa mbatata.

Pambuyo maluwa maluwa pokonzanso kubwereza. Mutha kumenyananso mwachindunji ndi gulugufe: mu korona wa mitengo, wosatsika ndi 1.5 m kuchokera pansi, chokhoza kupachikidwa, gawo limodzi lokha lodzazidwa ndi madzi ena ake owiritsa. Voliyumu ya akhoza siyosachepera lita imodzi. Madzi amatha kukhala mkate wa kvass kapena, mwachitsanzo, zipatso zouma zamphepo. Zinthu ngati izi zimapachikidwa usiku, iyi ndi nthawi yowonjezereka ya tizilombo. M'mawa pokhapokha msampha umayenera kuchotsedwa kuti tizilombo tothandiza tisalowe.

Mutha kupachika lamba womata pamtengo. Imatsukidwa mukakolola, ndikuikhazikika mu Julayi. Pambuyo pake, lamba amatenthedwa. Njirayi imagwira ntchito bwino, ngakhale zikuwoneka kuti siyiyamba kugwira ntchito.

Gulugufe wamasiku amatha kusungidwa pamanja, ndiwosagwira. Zowona, zimakhala zovuta kuzindikira pakhungwa la mitengo. Tikukulangizani kuti muwerenge nkhaniyi pamalamba osaka omwe amathandiza kuteteza dimba ku tizirombo.

Ndipo ngakhale tizilombo timeneti timatengedwa ngati cholimbana ndi wolima dimba, kulimbana ndi tsamba lamapepala sikovuta. Ndipo ngati mumada nkhawa za vutoli pasadakhale, vuto latsambali sangathe.

Chovulaza kuchokera pamapepala

Mphutsi za omwe akuyenda masamba amadya masamba atsopano osakhwima a mbewu, kuwapatsa mawonekedwe owuma, amaphatikizanso ndi kumangiriza masambawo pamodzi ndi ulusi wa silika, ndikupanga malo okhala.

Mphutsi zamtchire zimapotoza masamba a mitengo.

Malamba amatha kubisa mitengo pang'ono kapena kwathunthu, koma ulusi wake wamitundu yambiri ungaphimbe mtengo wonse komanso pansi pake. Kuphatikiza apo, mphutsi nthawi zambiri zimagwera pansi pazingwe zawo zopangika ndipo zimatha kuukira mbewu zina. Koma mitengo itakhala yokhazikika mu silika imatha kukhalanso ndi thanzi, kupatula mbande zazing'ono zamitengo ndi tchire.

Kuwongolera ndi kulimbana

Njira yabwino yolamulira timapepala ndikuwongolera mphutsi zamibadwo yamvula nthawi yamvula.

M'nyengo yotentha, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi akuluakulu kapena mphutsi. Nthambi zokhazikitsidwa ndi achikulire ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito paulendo wambiri wothawa.

Koma, tikulimbikitsani kuti musakane kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oopsa, makamaka njira zachilengedwe komanso zachilengedwe zotetezeka.

Adani achilengedwe a masamba a masamba

Ma Leaf amakhala ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe. Mitundu ingapo ya mavu a parasitic ndi ntchentche zamphaka zitha kuthana ndi mphutsi za masamba. Ambiri mwa ma parasitoid omwe ali ndi mphutsi zomwe zimatuluka mkati mwa tsamba lopukutira masamba, zomwe zimangokhala zidole.

Mdani wachilengedwe wa masamba a masamba ndi mavu.

Pambuyo podya mphutsi za masamba a masamba, Wasp kapena Fly amapanga cocoon yoyera pafupi ndi nyongolotsi yomwe yabowoka mkati mwake. Cocoon yoyera ndi chizindikiro kuti tiziromboti tapereka tsamba loyambilira. Njenjete, zikumbu zakupha, ndi kafadala ena nawonso ndi adani achilengedwe komanso odyera masamba. Mbalame nthawi zina zimadya mphutsi ndi pupae, ngakhale nthawi zambiri zimakonda tizilombo tina. Adani achilengedwe awa nthawi zambiri amathandizira kuti tsamba loopseza la mundawo lithepe.

Yesetsani koka olondola kwa anyani anu, mbewu zanu zizikhala mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe.