Mwa mchenga wa m'chipululu chotentha mumakhala nyama yokongola - ngamira. Palibe chifukwa kuti chimatchedwa chombo chachipululu. Kuyambira kale, anthu azindikira kuthekera kwa ngamila kuyenda mosavuta mumchenga, kupirira mafunde, chilala komanso nyengo zina zovuta zachilengedwe. Nyamayi idakonda munthu kotero kuti idabisidwa ndikuyamba kuthandiza mnyumba.
Ngamila ndi chiyani
Masiku ano, pali mitundu iwiri ya nyama: ngamira yokhala ndi mitundu iwiri ndi imodzi-yodzitukumula. Kuphatikiza apo, pali anthu ena okhala kuthengo komanso ogwidwa. Dzina la sayansi la ngamira yokhala ndi minyewa iwiri ndi Bactrian, woyezera wotulutsa thupi-wochezeka. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala dzina lina la ngamila yokhala ndi mutu umodzi - jammel, yotanthauzidwa kuti "ngamila Yachiarabu". Mwa mitundu, ndi a banja lapadera lomwe adzipatulira kwa iwo - Ngamila.
Maonekedwe a ngamira yonyamula-awiri-wamutu-imodzi
Palibe cholakwika kuganiza kuti ngamira yokhala ndi minyewa iwiri imasiyana ndi imodzi yong'ung'udza kokha m'ziwerengero za humps. Pali zosiyana zingapo zakunja.
China china ndi ngamira yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri, dzina lake ndi Bactrian. Chovala chawo nchachikulu, ndipo kutalika kwake kumafikira mita 2.7. Nyama zimalemera ndi ma humps awiri mpaka 800 kilogalamu. Mtundu ndi wosiyana - ku Bactrian ndi imvi.
Komabe, ngamila zokhala ndi gawo limodzi komanso ngamila ziwiri zokhala ndi zinthu zambiri zofananira, chifukwa chake zidaphatikizidwa m'gulu lapadera - Molefoot. Mfundoyi ndi kapangidwe kapadera ka phazi, komwe limawalola kuyenda momasuka pamchenga.
Amasiyanitsa ngamila ndi khosi lawo, ndikuwerama.
Kusinthira kumalo owopsa a chipululu
Kuti muzimva bwino mu malo opanda chipululu, malo otentha, nyama zimakhala ndi zinthu zingapo. Chinthu chachikulu m'chipululu ndichoti mupulumutse madzi ambiri momwe mungathere ndikugonjetsa kutenthedwa. Tsitsi la ngamila lalitali limayitanidwa kuti lizimenya ndi kutentha kwambiri. Ngamila yokhala ndi mankhwalawa imakhala ndi tsitsi lochepa. Mwambiri, izi ndichifukwa choti nyama izi sizipezeka mwachilengedwe. China chake ndi ngamira yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri. Chovala chake ndi chachitali (nthawi yachisanu) kapena chapakatikati kutalika (chilimwe). Koma mulimonsemo, zimakhala zowonda kwambiri komanso zowonda. Izi zimabweretsa chotchinga chachikulu kwa ngamila, osalola mpweya wotentha kapena wozizira.
M'chipululu, zosiyana pakati pa kutentha kwa usana ndi usiku ndizokulirapo - chifukwa ichi, ngamila zimakhala ndi chinthu chimodzi chosiyana: kutentha kwakukulu kwa thupi. Nyama imatha kupirira kutentha kuyambira mphindi 35 mpaka 40 Celsius. Ngati nyama wamba yamkati yovomerezeka m'thupi imaphatikizapo kusintha kwa matenthedwe kusintha pang'ono, ndiye kuti ngamira imaphatikizanso ndi ziwalozi (thukuta) pakutentha kokwanira madigiri 40. Izi sizimangopangitsa kuti nyamayo ikhale yolimbikitsa, komanso imakupatsani mwayi wokhala ndi chinyezi chamtengo wapatali.
Mphuno zapadera za nyamayi zimathandizanso kuti zisawononge zinthu zam'madzi ndikuisunga.
Chida chapadera cha mphuno chimagwira ntchito ina yofunika - imathandizira ngamira kuti ipume nthawi yamkuntho. Ndipo makope akuluakulu amateteza maso anu kumchenga.
Impso ndi matumbo zimathandiza kuti chinyontho chizikhala chinyezi. Zakale zomwe zimapanga mkodzo wambiri, ndipo zotsalazo zimatulutsa manyowa wopanda madzi.
Kodi ngamila zimapeza bwanji chinyezi? Nyama zimatha kuyamwa madzi mwachangu: mphindi 10 mpaka malita 150. Chinyezi chopatsa moyo chimamanga m'mimba. Kutentha, ngamila sizingakhale ndi ludzu mpaka masiku 5, ndipo ngamila yokhala ndi phazi limodzi - mpaka 10 ngati sadzagwira ntchito zolimbitsa thupi. Mbali yapaderayi imaperekedwa kwa nyama ndi mawonekedwe apadera a maselo ofiira amwazi - amakhala ndi mawonekedwe owundana, motero, amasunga chinyezi kwakanthawi.
Kamera ya Bactrian
A Bactrian ali ndi mutu wotalika wokhala ndi khosi lalitali. Maso ochokera kufumbi amateteza eyelashes. Chovala chofewa komanso chofunda chimatenthetsa ngamira mu nyengo yozizira. Koma pofika nyengo yachilimwe - amasintha mwachangu. Anthu pawokha amatha kupirira kusinthasintha kwa kutentha mpaka madigiri 70: kuchokera -30 mpaka +40 madigiri. Izi zimathandiza kusunga madzi osowa - kotero munthu sayenera kutulutsa thukuta kuti aziziritsa thupi ndikuti akhalebe kutentha nthawi zonse. Bactrian imatha kutaya malita a madzi (pafupifupi 30 peresenti ya kulemera kwake) ku gehena. Koma chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake, imatha kumwa madzi ambiri kwakanthawi kochepa popanda chiopsezo chotenga chimodzi mwazinthu zosokoneza mchere wamchere.
Ngamila yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri zokha imasiyanitsidwanso ndi nyama zina ndi kuthekera, kuthamanga kwamadzi, kusungitsa magazi m'malo amadzimadzi. Izi zimamupulumutsa kuimfa munyengo yamvula. Ma humps awiri si malo osungiramo madzi konse - awa ndi malo omwe mafuta amayikidwa. Ndipo, nayenso, akuphatikiza, amatuluka kale mu H2O yochulukirapo, yomwe imaposa kuchuluka kwa mafuta omwe adatha. Kumbuyo kwa mutu wa chinyama ndi zinsansa zonunkhira. Kukhudza, kumbuyo kwa mutu wazomera ndi mchenga - adalemba gawo. Bactrian alibe chikhodzodzo.
Kodi ngamila imalirira bwanji?
Mbali yodziwika bwino yomwe ngakhale ana amatha kuzindikira ngamira mosavuta ndi malo ake. Ndikulakwitsa kukhulupirira kuti mumapezeka madzi enaake. Ayi. Adipose minofu imakhazikika mu hump - imakhala ndi michere yomwe nyama imawononga, ngati pakufunika, ngati chakudya kapena chakumwa. Kupatula apo, zimadziwika kuti madzi ndi omwe amapangidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa mafuta.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, nyamayo ikulamulidwa bwino ndi zimbudzi. Akamatirira, ngamirayo ili bwino kwambiri. Kupanda kutero, zanyanjazo zimatha kapena kusowa kwathunthu.
Habitat
Ma Bactrian amakhala m'malo ovuta kwambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, amakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, ndipo nthawi yotentha amapita kumapiri ndi zipululu zowuma. Ngamila zokhala ndi mbali ziwiri zimapezeka pagawo la Asia Minor ndi Manchuria. Malire a kumpoto amafika ku Nyanja ya Baikal ndi Omsk. Anthu onse amagawika m'magulu atatu. Gulu loyamba adazolowera kukhala m'chipululu cha Takla-Makan, chachiwiri ku China - makamaka Lob-Nor Lowland, ndipo gulu lachitatu - ku Gobi Desert m'chigawo cha Mongolia.
Habitat ya ngamila ziwiri-zoyambira ndi imodzi
M'mbuyomu, ngamila yolusa yamtchire inkakhala ku Asia konse, pakadali pano imangopezeka m'chipululu cha Gobi. Bactrian Wojambulidwa akupezekabe m'maiko ambiri aku Asia, monga China, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, Mongolia, Kalmykia, ndi Kazakhstan. Chiyambire zaka za m'ma 1800, ngamila yokhala ndi ziwalo ziwiri zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale ku Siberia. Pozolowera nyengo yovuta, ndi yabwino kunyamula katundu.
Dera la Arabia ndi North Africa - malo okhala ngamila zamtundu umodzi. Kuthengo, ma dromedaries ndi osowa kwambiri. Alibe chovala ngatiubweya ngati bactrans, chifukwa chake amakonda nyengo yotentha. Amatha kupezeka ku Pakistan kapena India, ngamila zamtundu umodzi zimafika ku Turkmenistan. Australia adakondanso ma dromedaries - adawabweretsa kumeneko zaka chikwi zapitazo.
Khalidwe, moyo ndi zakudya
Ngamila za Bactrian zimagwira ntchito kwambiri masana, ngakhale zimapereka chithunzi cha nyama zodekha. Sungani m'magulu a nyama 15. Kwenikweni uwu ndi banja lonse - wamwamuna, wamkazi angapo ndi ana awo. Anthu ena amakhala kwa moyo wawo wonse. Ma Bactrian ndi herbivores ndipo amadya zakudya zamtundu uliwonse. Mosiyana ndi nyama zina, iwo amatha kumwa madzi osasunthika komanso amchere. Mimba yokhala ndi zipinda zambiri imathandizira kugaya chakudya ndikuthandizira kusunga madzi omwe ngamila imalandira ndikudya.
Moyo wamakamera
Dera lomwe ngamira yam'madzi iwiri imakhala (ngamira yonyamula-imodzi) ndi chipululu kapena chipululu chokhala ndi masamba ochepa. Amakhala moyo wongokhala, ngakhale amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali, chifukwa madera awo ndi ambiri. "Kuyendayenda kwambiri" - motere "ngamira" imamasuliridwa kuchokera ku chilankhulo Chakale cha Chisilavo.
Madzulo, potentha kwambiri, nyama zimapuma, kugona. Madzulo ndi m'mawa amakonda kudya. Kuthamanga kwa ngamila kumakhala 10 km / h. Ngati nyamayi ili ndi mantha, imatha kuthamanga mpaka 30 km / h. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ngamira imatha kuwona zoopsa pamtunda wa kilomita.
Amakhala m'mabanja. Chiwerengerochi chikufika anthu 10. Pamutu pa banja pali wamwamuna, akazi angapo ndi ana amuna amamvera iye. Pali amuna omwe amakhala moyo wosungulumwa. Ngamila ndi nyama zodekha komanso zodekha. Samatha mphamvu pamasewera ndi mikangano.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti ngamila ndizosambira zodabwitsa.
Chiyembekezo chamoyo chinyama ndi zaka 40-50. Nthawi yakukhwima imagwera kugwa-yozizira. Komanso, abambo panthawiyi amachita zinthu mwankhanza: amatha kumenya ngamila zapakhomo, kuwatsogolera kapena kupha zazikazi. Mwana amabadwa pafupifupi chaka chotsatira ndi zochepa. Pafupifupi, ngamila imadzuka.
Ngamila zachikulire zilibe mdani, koma ngamila zimakhudzidwa ndi mimbulu.
Nyama zimadziwika kuti zikulavula malovu pakagwa ngozi. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ngamira yokhala ndi minyewa iwiri imalavulira nthawi zambiri pamunthu wina. Anthu samalandira. Pokhapokha, malinga ndi nyamayo, zoopsa zimachokera kwa iye. Ngamila ikadziteteza, imakankha, iluma, ndipo imatha kulimba ndi miyendo yake yakutsogolo.
Chakudya cha ngamila
Zomera zowuma, zamtali, zotsika ndizomwe ngamira yokomera ndi ziwiriziwiri imadya. Dzinalo limadzinenera lokha: "ngamila ngamila." Nyama ndizosasamala kwenikweni posankha chakudya. Milomo yosunthira bwino imapangitsa ngamila kutafuna pang'ono, motero, mbewu zamtengo wapatali sizingamulepheretse.
Makamera samadutsa pafupi ndi nkhokwe ina iliyonse: amamwa mokwanira komanso ndi chisangalalo chachikulu.
28.10.2017
Ngamila ya Bactrian (lat. Camelus bactrianus) ndi chinyama chachikulu cha banja la Camelids (Camelidae). Zikuwoneka kuti, adakhala zaka 2500 kumpoto kwa Iran kapena kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Turkmenistan, osasamala ngamila zam'madzi zokhazokha.
Nyamayi ndi yofala kwambiri ku Bactria, komwe kunali kumayambiriro komwe kumayambira mtsinje wa Amu Darya komwe tsopano ndi Afghanistan, Uzbekistan ndi Tajikistan. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula katundu ndipo adayamba kudziwika kuti Bactrian.
Ngamila zakuthengo komanso zoweta
Tsoka ilo, kuthengo ngamila zimapezeka zochepa. Nyama zokhala ndimisodzi imodzi sizipezeka zachilengedwe konse, ndipo kuchuluka kwa nyama zokhala ndimisili iwiri ndi anthu 1000 okha omwe amakhala m'malo osungirako apadera. Tidayankhula za dzina la ngamira yokhala ndi masamba awiri yomwe idalembedwa mu Red Book - ndi Bactrian.
Pokhala opanda adani pakati pa okhala m'chipululu, ngamira ili pachiwopsezo chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Kumbali ina, nyama zimagwidwa kuti zikhale ndi nyama zoweta ndipo zinazo, malo awo amawonongeka.
Ngamila zapakhomo ndizopitilira, nyama zonyada zodzinyadira. Samalekerera nkhanza komanso kunyalanyazidwa. Ngamila siliyima konse ikapempha mwiniwake pokhapokha atadzisankhira kuti apuma. Ngamila siyilola kuti iye ayamwe mkaka ndi wakunja. Munthu wina ayenera kuchita izi pokhapokha ngati ngamira. Ngakhale kulumikizana kovuta ndi anthu, ngamila ndi nyama yodzipereka kwambiri, zimadziphatika ndi mwiniwake wabwino, wokhoza kuphunzira ndi kuphunzitsa.
Kufalitsa
Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa ziweto za ku Bactrian zikuyerekeza pafupifupi anthu 2 miliyoni. Amagawidwa kwambiri ku mayiko a Central Asia ndi Central Asia, Mongolia, China komanso madera akumwera kwa Russia.
Kuphatikiza pa ngamila zoweta ziwiri zokha, ma bactrian olusa (Camelus ferus) amasungidwanso ochepa.
M'malo azachilengedwe, adayamba kupezeka ndikufotokozedwa ndimayendedwe komanso wasayansi wachilengedwe Nikolai Przhevalsky mu 1878.
Camelus ferus amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a 6 mpaka 20 kumapeto a Gobi (Mongolia) ndi Takla-Makan kumadzulo kwa China. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri ndi anthu achiMongolia, ndipo anthu oposa 600.
Kudera la China ku Gansu, Lop Nur Wild Camel National Park idapangidwa mu 2000 kuti isunge nyama zosowa izi. Ngakhale njira zonse zomwe zatengedwa, ndi kuchuluka kwaimfa ndi kubereka, kuchuluka kwa mitundu m'zaka 20 zitha kuchepetsedwa ndi wina 15-17%.
Bactrian
Ngamila za Bactrian, zomwe zimadziwika ndi dzina loti Bactrian, ndi amodzi mwa mitundu iwiri ya "ngamila zoyenera". Kuphatikiza pa kukula kokulirapo ndi kukhalapo kwa chiunda chachiwiri, a Bactrian, powayerekeza ndi abale awo omwe ali ndi mtima umodzi, amakhalanso ndi chida chakuda.
Bactrian amachokera ku dera la Mongolia ndi Central Asia, motero, adasinthasintha kukhala ndi moyo nyengo yotentha kwambiri komanso nyengo yozizira kwambiri (kuphatikizapo chipale chofewa). Mawonekedwe a anatomy ndi physiology amalola kuti Bactrian-wochepetsedwayo akhale nthawi yayitali kwambiri popanda madzi nyengo yotentha, pomwe amakhala okhutira ndi chakudya chokhwima, chopatsa thanzi. Eya, ubweya wakuda umakuthandizani kuti mupirire nyengo yozizira yopanda mavuto. Nthawi yomweyo, a Bactrian sangathe kulekerera kuzungulira konse, chifukwa chake amangopezeka kokha m'malo owuma.
Kujambulidwa kwa ngamila zokhala ndi madzi awiri zapitazo kunachitika zaka 4,000 zapitazo, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo amatengedwa kuti ndi wofunika nyama zapakhomo ku Central Asia komwe malo opezekera ndi mapiri omwe amakhala. Chiwerengero chamakono cha nyama zamtunduwu ndi pafupifupi mamiliyoni 2. Kufunika kwapadera kwa ngamila m'nthawi ya mafakitale isanayambike, kwachititsa kuti mitundu yambiri yodziyimira payokha ikhale ya bactrian. Ku famuyi anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati paketi ndi nyama yoyeseza, kupirira kwambiri kuposa kavalo. Malinga ndi Wikipedia, Bactrian nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale pazankhondo. Kuphatikiza apo, ngamila izi ndizophatikiza mkaka, nyama ndi ubweya. Masiku ano, Bactrian imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu pazosangalatsa - m'mabwalo ndi malo osungira nyama.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti ngamila zokhala ndi mitundu iwiri ngakhale lero zikuyimiridwa ndi magulu angapo amtchire, ngakhale zoweta zake ndizochepa kwambiri. Anthu ochepa awa amakhala m'malo angapo osafikirako a China ndi Mongolia.
Ponena za mawu akuti "Bactrian", omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa ngamila za bactrian, amachokera ku dzina la dziko lakale la Bactria kapena Bactrian, lomwe lili m'malo oyandikana ndi Afghanistan yamakono (gawo lalikulu), Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, China ndi Pakistan. Ndipo ngakhale ngamila nthawi imeneyo sizimangokhala m'dera lino, koma makamaka ku Central Asia, dzinalo linaperekedwa kwa ma Bactrian ndi Aroma akale, omwe zonse zakum'mawa kwa Persia zinali chimodzi modzi. Ngamila zokhala ndi mitundu iwiri zokha zimangotchulidwa kuti sizachilendo komwe zimagulitsako.
Ubwino kwa anthu
Mwamuna adayamba kubzala ngamila kale kwambiri, zaka pafupifupi 5,000 zapitazo. Kuphatikiza pa chithandizo chakuthupi pakunyamula katundu, nyama ndizofunika mkaka, zikopa zapamwamba, ubweya wofunda. Ngakhale fupa ngamila imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga miyala yamtengo wapatali ya Bedouin ndi zinthu zapakhomo. Pazifukwa zomveka nyama zimalemekezedwa kwambiri ndi omwe amazibereka.
Anthu ambiri okhala mmayiko oyendera alendo amagwiritsa ntchito ngamila kuti asangalatse alendo.
Popanda kutenga nawo mbali nyama zolimba izi, kugulitsa zinthu zakale sikukadachitika, ndipo zotulukapo, chitukuko champhamvu sichikadakula. Anthu sakanazolowera zonunkhira zakumaso kapena silika waku China. Ngamila zinagwiritsidwanso ntchito kunkhondo. Mwa njira, pali gulu la ngamila ku India.
Camel adathandizanso pakukula kwa North America. Munali mothandizidwa ndi nyamazo kuti katundu amayendetsedwa.Ndi kupanga kwa njanji, ngamila, monga zosafunikira, zidathamangitsidwa kumalo achilengedwe, komwe zidawonongedwa ndi alimi am'deralo. Chifukwa chake, ku America kulibe nyama zotsalira.
Dramedari
Ngamila yokhala ndi gawo limodzi, yomwe imadziwikanso pansi pa mayina a Dromedade (Dromedade) ndi Arabian, ndiyachiwiri kuyimira mtundu wa ngamila moyenera. Dromedars amachokera kudera lachipululu komanso theka la chipululu cha North Africa ndi Middle East, komwe kuli ziweto zosawerengeka zakale. Komabe, masiku ano palibe ngakhale nyama zakuthengo zilizonse zomwe zatsala.
Mbale wa Bactrian yemwe anali ndi zocheperako ndiocheperako, ali ndi hump imodzi ndi chovala chochepa. Monga abale awo a ku Central Asia, ngamila zamtundu umodzi zimasinthidwa bwino kuti zizikhala pamalo otentha komanso otentha. Amasamaliranso mosavuta popanda madzi kwa milungu yambiri, kudya masamba ochepa. Koma ma Dromedars siabwino konse ndi kuzizira. Chovala chofooka sichimalola kuti azikhala mchisanu chokwanira kwa nthawi yayitali.
Zikuwoneka kuti, ma dromedars adabisala ku Peninsula ya Arabia zaka chikwi chimodzi zapitazo kuposa a Bactrian ku Central Asia. M'mbuyomu, ngamila zokhala ndi gawo limodzi zimabadwa makamaka m'malo omwe amakhala, koma m'kupita kwanthawi, zabwino za nyama izi zidayamikidwanso kumadera oyandikana ndi India kum'mawa ndi Turkestan kumpoto. Monga ma Bactrian, Dromedars sikuti anali gwero la nyama ndi mkaka zokha, komanso nyama zofunika kwambiri zoyenera kulongedza. Nthawi yomweyo ngamila zamtundu umodzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zankhondo mokulira kuposa abale awo omwe anali ndi mtima umodzi. Chifukwa cha izi, anali odziwika bwino, kuphatikizaponso azungu, omwe nthawi zambiri ankamenya nkhondo ndi Aluya.
Aigiriki akale adapatsa dzina la Dromedera ngamila zamtundu umodzi. Kutanthauziridwa, kumatanthauza "kuthamanga," chifukwa nthawi zambiri Agiriki ankayenda ndi ngamila za ngamila za Aperisi ndi Aluya. Mwa njira, masiku ano ma dromemedars amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu kuthamanga kwa akavalo, zomwe zimatsimikiziranso molakwika dzina lawo lachi Greek.
Dromedar ndi Bactrian - pali kusiyana kotani?
Chifukwa chake, tidazindikira kuti ngamila za Bactrian ndi Dromedara, ndiko kuti, ngamila ziwiri ndi-ziwiri, motero, ndizo mitundu iwiri yachilengedwe. Tiyeni tiwone bwino momwe amasiyana wina ndi mnzake.
Zakhala zikunenedwa pamwambapa kuti ma Bactrian ndi okulirapo: kukula kwawo kumakhala pafupifupi mamita awiri kufota (nthawi zina mpaka 2.3 m), ndipo kutalika kwa mankhwalawa kumafika mamita 2.7 ndi thupi lamphongo pafupifupi 600 kg. Nthawi yomweyo, ma dromedaries amakula pamtunda wama 20 cm ndikulemera pafupifupi 500 kg. Ndikosatheka kupereka zambiri zolondola, chifukwa m'mitundu iwiri yonseyi pali mitundu ya intraspecific, nthawi zambiri yosiyana kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza pa kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa komanso kuchulukana kwa tsitsi, ngamila zamtunduwu zilibe kusiyana kwina kwakukulu. Ndi kusiyana konse pakati pa Dromedar ndi Bactrian. Physology ndi mkati mwazinthu ziwiri zomwezo zimakhala zofanana, zomwe zimatsimikiziranso ubale wawo. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso chogwirizana kwambiri, yemwe amayambitsa ma Bactrian amakono ndi Dromedars anali ngamira, yomwe idawoneka m'dera la North America. Zaka makumi mamiliyoni zapitazo, m'njira yomwe idalipo panthawiyo, idadza ku Eurasia, komwe idagawana pang'onopang'ono m'mitundu iwiri yomwe ikudziwika lero. Komabe, asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti kupatukana kumeneku kunachitika ku America.
Pankhaniyi, mitundu yoyambayo, mwachidziwikire, idasungunulidwa bwino-bwino, chifukwa maimidwe a ma dromedars amakono amakhala ndi timizere tiwiri, ndipo pokhapokha pokhazikika kwa mwana wosabadwayo hump wachiwiri umatha. Izi, mwanjira, zimalola akatswiri ena kuti ayike kutsogolo kuti Bactrian wamakono adabwera ku Eurasia kuchokera ku America, ndipo "Drumeda" idaphuka kuchokera pamenepo m'malo mwake.
Ngakhale zili choncho, ubale wapamtunduwu umatsimikiziranso chifukwa amatha kubala ana olimba komanso okhazikika kwambiri. Zophatikiza zimayimiridwa ndi ma subtypes angapo:
- Nar Woyamba kubadwa wosakanizidwa kuchokera kwa wamkazi wa Bactrian ndi wamwamuna Dromed. Kukula ndi kupirira, zosakanizidwa za Nar Bactrian ndi Dromed ndiwopambana.
- Iner. Wophatikiza wa m'badwo woyamba kuchokera wamkazi Dromedar komanso wamwamuna Bactrian. Mu hybrids, cholowa cholowa chamikhalidwe cha makolo chimawonedwa.
- Jarbay. Wosakanizidwa wam'badwo wachiwiri, wopezedwa mwa kubadwanso kwa m'badwo woyamba "mwa iwo wokha." Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ambiri olephera amtunduwu m'matundu amtundu wotere, pafupifupi sanalandiridwe.
- Cospack Zophatikiza zomwe zimapezeka ndikudutsa ma bulu achikazi ndi Bactrian wamwamuna wosasankhidwa. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwawo kwakukulu ndikuchuluka kwa mkaka.
- Kez-Nar. Zophatikiza zomwe zimapezeka podutsa akazi a Cospack ndi ma dromedaries.
- Kurt. Zophatikiza zomwe zimapezeka podzera pakati pa akazi achimuna ndi amuna achimuna
- Kurt-Nar. Zophatikiza zomwe zimapezeka podutsa Kurt wachikazi ndi wamwamuna Bactrian.
Wosakanizidwa wam'badwo woyamba wa Bactrian ndi Dromedeli ndiwofanana ndi ma Dromedars: ali ndi kansalu kotsika kumbuyo kwawo, komwe kumayesedwa mozama kumatha kufotokozedwa ngati ma hump awiri ophatikizika palimodzi. Mwambiri, izi ndi nyama zolimba komanso zolimba, kuphatikiza zabwino za mitundu ya makolo.
Kuchulukitsa
Dzina lachi Russia - ngamila yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri
Dzina lachi Latin - Camelus bactrianus
Chizungu - ngamila yamu bactrian
Order - artiodactyls (Artiodactyla)
Suborder - Callopods (Tylopoda)
Banja - Ngamila (Camelidae)
Mtundu - ngamila (Camelus)
Pali ngamila yamtchire komanso yokhala ndi ziwalo ziwiri. Ngamira yolusa ku Mongolia, kudziko lakwawo, imatchedwa haptagai, mosiyana ndi yanyumba, Bactrian (mawuwa amachokera ku dzina la dera lakale ku Central Asia, Bactria).
Mitundu yosamalira mitundu
Ngamira zoweta ziwiri zokhala nyama wamba pakati pamagulu a Central Asia, Mongolia ndi China. Ku Russia, ngamila zochuluka kwambiri zimapezeka ku Buryatia ndi Kalmykia. Ziweto zapadziko lonse zimaposa mitu 2 miliyoni.
Ngamira zakuthengo ziwiri zokhala ndi nyama zosowa kwambiri, zolembedwa mu IUCN Red List, m'gulu la CR - mtundu womwe uli pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kutha. Kuchuluka kwa nyama izi kumakhala anthu ochepa okha. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, ngamila yakutchire chifukwa cha zoopsa ikupezeka m'malo asanu ndi atatu mwa zolengedwa zomwe zimatsala pang'ono kutha.
Onani ndi mamuna
Ngamira yonyamula-zoweta ziwiri (Bactrian) yakhala nyama yofunikira kwambiri kumadera ambiri ku Asia. Choyamba, ndi galimoto yodalirika m'chipululu. Anthu amagwiritsa ntchito mkaka, nyama, ndi khungu, komanso ubweya wangamila, omwe amapangira zinthu zosiyanasiyana zopukutira komanso zodula. Ngakhale manyowa a nyamayi ndiofunika kwambiri: imakhala mafuta abwino kwambiri.
Kubzala ngamila kumazikidwa kale. Zakale zakale kwambiri pankhani yolimidwa kwa ma Bactrian zidayamba kale zaka masauzande angapo .. Zolemba zingapo zikusonyeza kuti ngamila zapakhomo zimapezeka zaka pafupifupi 4,500 zapitazo. Kupeza chotengera chokhala ndi manyowa a ngamila yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri komanso zotsalira za ubweya wangamila, zomwe zimapangidwa pakufukulidwa kwa malo akale kum'mawa kwa Iran, zidayamba kalekale 2500. Chimodzi mwazithunzi zakale za ngamira yotsogozedwa ndi anthu omwe ali pachiwongolero cha m'zaka za zana la 9. ndipo tsopano ali ku Museum ya Britain. Chithunzi china chinapezeka pamabwinja a holo ya Apadani yanyumba yamfumu ya Aperisi ku Persepolis, ya V
Ngamila yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri zokha inkasungidwa kuthengo ndipo koyamba idafotokozedwa ngati mtundu mu 1878 ndi wofufuza wotchuka waku Russia ku Mongolia. Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa "Savage" kumapitilirabe kuchepa makamaka chifukwa cha kuba komanso kupikisana ndi ziweto.
Ngamira zoweta ndizosiyana ndi zakuthengo, zomwe zimapereka mwayi kwa asayansi ena kuti awasiyanitse kukhala mitundu yapadera, kapena mitundu yaying'ono. Funso la komwe Bactrian adachokera ku ngamira yamakono yamtchire lilinso lotseguka.
Maonekedwe ndi morphology
Maonekedwe a ngamila yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri zokha ndizapadera komanso mawonekedwe kotero samalola kuti isokonezedwe ndi nyama ina iliyonse. Ma Bactrian ndi nyama zazikulu kwambiri - kutalika kwa masamba kufota nthawi zambiri kumapitilira mamitala awiri ndipo imatha kufikira 2.3, kutalika kwa thupi ndi mankhwalawa mpaka 2.7 m. Mkulu wamkulu amalemera pafupifupi 500 kg pa average, koma nthawi zambiri zochulukirapo - mpaka 800 ndi ngakhale 1000 kg . Akazi ndi ochepa: 320-450 kg, m'malo osowa mpaka 800 kg.
Thupi looneka ngati mbiya pamiyendo yopyapyala, yokhala ndi miyendo yakumbuyo ngati kuti yaikidwa pafupi ndi mbali yayikulu ya thupi, khosi lalitali lopindika, mutu wawukulu wokhala ndi maso owoneka bwino, mizere iwiri yopondera, ndipo, zowona ndi ma ngamira. Ndi ngamila yodyetsedwa bwino, zokhala ndi mabisiketi, mawonekedwe ake ndi amodzi pamtunda uliwonse, ngamira yopyapyala, zimbudzi zimagwera mbali imodzi, koma zimadzukanso nyama ikamadya. Dzinalo la suborder - callosipes - limatsimikizika ndi kapangidwe ka mwendo womwe umathera phazi lopendekeka, kupumula pilo ya chimanga, yomwe ndi yotakata kwambiri ku Bactrian, kulola nyamayo kuyenda pamtunda wotayirira. Kutsogolo kwa phazi - mawonekedwe a bulawu, kapena ziboda pang'ono. Mchira wake ndi wamfupi, wokhala ndi tsitsi lalitali kumapeto. Milomo ya ngamila ndiyosazolowereka - ndiyomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, pomwe imakhala yathanzi, yolimba, yosinthidwa kuti ichotse udzu wobiriwira kwambiri komanso wopanda nzeru. Mlomo wapamwamba wa ngamila zonse ndiwowunda. Makutu ndi ozungulira komanso ochepa kwambiri, pafupifupi osadziwika kuchokera patali. Kumbuyo kwa mutu kumakhala tiziwalo tating'ono, makamaka tomwe timapanga amuna, omwe chinsinsi chawo chakuda, chowoneka bwino ndi chofukiza chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba gawo.
Mtundu wa ngamila umakhala ndi mithunzi yosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pafupifupi mpaka. Chophimbacho ndichachikulu kwambiri komanso chachitali (pafupifupi 7 cm pamtundu, ndi mpaka 30 cm kapena kupitirira pansi kwa khosi ndi kumapazi kwa humps). Kapangidwe ka ubweya wa Bactrian ndi kofanana ndi anthu okhala kumpoto - chimbalangondo ndi polimba: tsitsi losiyidwa, ngati machubu, silaboweka mkati. Pamodzi ndi undercoat wonenepa, izi zimapangitsa kutsika kwamphamvu kwa chovala cha ngamila. Kusungunuka kwa ngamila kulinso kwachilendo - kumayamba ndi kuyamba kwa masiku ofunda ndipo zimachitika mwachangu kwambiri. Ubweya wakale umachoka, ndikusiyira thupi m'magulu akulu, kapena ngakhale zigawo, ndipo yatsopanoyo ilibe nthawi yoti ikule panthawiyi, chifukwa chake, kumapeto kwa Meyi - Juni, ngamila mu zoo pafupifupi "yamaliseche". Komabe, patadutsa milungu itatu, ndipo maonekedwe okongola awiriwo amaphimbidwa ndi chovala chakuda kwambiri, chomwe chimakhala nthawi yayitali nthawi yachisanu.
Ngamila zokhala ndi maumboni angapo komanso zakuthupi zomwe zimawalola kupulumuka m'mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri. Ngamila imasowa madzi m'thupi zomwe zimapha nyama zina zonse. Nyama imatha kupulumuka ndikutaya mpaka 40% madzi amthupi (nyama zina zimafa madzi 20% atayika). Impso za ngamila zimatha kutenga gawo lalikulu lamadzi kuchokera mkodzo ndikuwabwezeretsa, chifukwa chake, mkodzo womwe watulutsidwayo umakhala wolimba kwambiri. Maselo ofiira ammagazi (ma cell ofiira am'magazi) ngamila zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe owazungulila (ndizazungulira kuzinthu zina zonse zam'mimba), motero, magaziwo amakhala ndi magazi mosasintha ngakhale atakhala mwamphamvu, popeza maselo ofiira amphongo amakhala odutsa ma capillaries. Kuphatikiza apo, ngamila za erythrocyte zimatha kudziunjikira madzimadzi, pomwe zimachulukitsa kuchuluka mpaka nthawi 2.5. Manyowa a Bactrian ndi okhathamira kwambiri kuposa manyowa a ng'ombe - amakhala ndi madzi okwana 6-7 nthawi zochepa ndipo amakhala ndi mitundu yosakanikirana ya mafinya owuma, pafupifupi manyowa achomera (manyowa a bactrian amapangika bwino ngati mawonekedwe obode 4 4 2 2 2 cm 2). Popeza madzi akumwa amatha, ngamila yake imayamba kuonda, koma ikamapeza madzi, imabwezeretsanso kuoneka bwino.
Zambiri pazida zakunja zimakupatsaninso mwayi waukulu wosungira madzi m'thupi. Madzi amatuluka mumchenga amachepetsa chifukwa ngamila imasunga mphuno zake kwambiri, ndikutsegula nthawi yokha. Kutha kwa ngamila kuphunziranso bwino kumadziwikanso. Mosiyana ndi zolengedwa zina, ngamira imayamba thukuta pokhapokha kutentha kwa thupi kukafika +41 ° C, ndikuwonjezereka kwayamba kukhala koopsa m'moyo. Usiku, kutentha kwa ngamila kumatha kutsika mpaka +34 ° C.
Mafuta omwe amapezeka m'madzimadzi saphwera m'madzi, monga momwe anakhulupilira kwanthawi yayitali, koma amatenga gawo la chakudya cha thupi. Imathandizanso kutentha ngamila, imadziunjikira makamaka kumbuyo, komwe kumakhala kowala kwambiri ndi dzuwa. Ngati mafuta adagawidwa mthupi lonse, zimasokoneza kutulutsa kwa thupi. Ma humps onsewo amatha kukhala ndi mafuta opitilira 150 kg.
Vicuna
Ngamila ndi amtundu wa zolengedwa zoyamwitsa za mabanja a mabanja (Camelidae) wa Corpus callosum (Camelidae) wa dongosolo lamkati (Artiodactyla). Nyama zikuluzikuluzi zimatha kusinthika kukhala ndi moyo mchipululu, chipululu komanso mapiri. Anthu okhala mdera louma padziko lapansi amakonda ngamila kwambiri ndipo amazitcha "sitima zapamadzi".
Maumoyo & Bungwe Lachitukuko
Ngamila ya Bactrian ndi nyama yomwe imagwira ntchito masana. Usiku, amagona kapena sagwira ntchito ndipo akutanganidwa ndi chingamu. Panthawi yamkuntho, ngamila zimatha kugona masiku angapo. Nyengo yosakwanira, amayesa kupumula kumatchire kapena m'mapiri, pakuwotcha moto amayenda mwakufuna kwawo, ndikudzikoka okha ndi michira yawo, kutsutsana ndi mphepo ndi pakamwa potseguka, akumachepetsa kutentha kwawo.
Ponena za gulu la anthu, kukonza ngamila zapakhomo ndikuyang'aniridwa ndi munthu yemwe akuwonetsetsa kuti ali ndi moyo wotani. Ngati ngamila zitha kuthamanga, zimabwezeretsa chikhalidwe cha kholo wawo wamtchire. Ngamila zokhala ndi nyama ziwiri zokhala ndi mitu iwiri zimakhala ndi mitu ya 520 (nthawi zina mpaka 30), yopanga zazikazi ndi zazing'ono, mtsogoleriyo ndi wamwamuna wamkulu. Amuna akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amapezeka okha. Gulu la ngamila likhoza kuphatikizanso achimuna achichepere okhwima, koma kunja kwanyengo yophukira.
Kufotokozera
Kutalika kwa ngamira yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri kupitilira 2 m, pamodzi ndi humps imafikira 2.7 m.Chisoni pakati pa mahps chimakhala kutalika pafupifupi 1.7 m, ndichifukwa chake zimakhala zovuta kukwera ngamira yoyimirira ndipo ndikofunikira kuti igwade kapena kugona. Mtunda pakati pa zimbudzi ndi pafupifupi masentimita 30. Kuchulukitsa kwa wamwamuna wamkulu kumafika 500 kg ndi zina. Zazikazi zimalemera pang'ono, kuyambira 320 mpaka 450 kg. Ngamila yaying'ono imakula mpaka zaka 7.
Ngamila yokhala ndi minyewa iwiri imakhala ndi thupi lowonda, thupi lozungulira, miyendo yayitali ndi mapazi opindika, yomwe imapumira pilo ya chimanga. Ma Hooves akusowa. Khosi limakhala lalitali, lowongoka mwamphamvu, poyamba limagwada kenako U-mawonekedwe osanjika. Mchirawo ndi waufupi, mpaka 0.5 m kutalika, ndi burashi kumaso. Chophimbacho ndichachikatikati komanso chowondera, ndipo chimayimitsidwa motalika pansi pa khosi. Komanso, tsitsi lalitali limakula pamwamba pa mabampu, pamutu ndi nape. Ngamila yokhala ndi minyewa iwiri yojambulidwa ndi utoto wamchenga wamtambo osiyanasiyana. Mwa nyama zapakhomo, ngamira zofiirira, imvi, zakuda, zoyera, ndi zonona ndizofala. Mawonekedwe aatali ndi akuthwa, milomo yamatupi ndi mawonekedwe a ngamira yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri. Makutu ndi ozungulira, ochepa. Ndi ngamila yathanzi, zokhala ndi zimbudzi, zimakhala zowongoka. Kumbuyo kwa mutu kuli tiziwalo timene timatulutsa timabowo tomwe timakhala ndi chinsinsi chakuda komanso chosanunkhira bwino chokhazikitsa gawo.
Mawu a ngamira yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri ngati phokoso la bulu. Ngamila yodzaza ndi ma phukusi ikadzuka pansi kapena ikagwera pomwepo.
Zozizwitsa Zamakamera
Ngamila yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri zokha ndi nyama yokhala ndi zitsamba zam'madzi zokha, imadyanso chakudya chokhacho komanso chopatsa thanzi. Zimatha kudya mbewu zaminga.
Kudya ngamila zamtchire kumakhala ndi shrubby ndi semi-shrubby hodgepodge, anyezi, bramble, saxifrage, ephedra, saxaul, popula ndi masamba a bango. Pakalibe chakudya chotere, ngamila zimadyera mafupa ndi zikopa za nyama.Mwambiri, zimalekerera kusala kudya.
Udindo wachilengedwe chokhala ndi thupi la ngamila umasewera ndi mafuta omwe amapezeka m'masamba ake. Samagawika m'madzi, koma amagwiritsidwa ntchito pozizira mafuta. Ma humps awiri ali ndi mafuta pafupifupi makilogalamu 150.
Ngamila zimabwera kuzinthu zamadzi kamodzi masiku angapo. Amakhala modekha popanda madzi kwa masabata awiri, makamaka nthawi ya chilimwe, mvula ikagwa chisa chizimera mmera. Ngamila imapulumuka ngakhale madzi amthupi atayika. Kuphatikiza apo, ngamira yokhala ndi minyewa iwiri imatha kumwa madzi amchere amadziwe am'chipululu. Nthawi yomweyo, ngamira imatha kumwa madzi ambiri nthawi. Ndikusowa kwamadzi - oposa malita 100.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi komanso chodyetsa
Ngamila ya Bactrian ndi chinyama cha herbivore, ndipo nthawi yomweyo imatha kudya chakudya chochepa kwambiri komanso chopatsa thanzi. Amatha kudya mbewu zaminga zomwe sizingathe kudya nyama ina iliyonse. Zakudya za ngamila ndizosiyanasiyana. Inde, amakonda njere, amadya ngamila mwachisangalalo, koma amadya mosavuta masamba a shrubby ndi theka-shrubby hodgepodge, anyezi, mabulosi akuda, masamba a masamba okhala ndi masamba akulu akulu, amadya ephedra ndi mphukira zazing'ono za saxaul, ndipo m'dzinja lopaka - masamba a bulu ndi bango. Ngamila zikagona ndi njala, zimatha kudya mafupa ndi zikopa za nyama, kapenanso zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo. Ngamila ya Bactrian imatha kulekerera kutalika kwambiri ndi njala. Amasinthika kukhala ndi chakudya chochepa kwambiri kotero kuti ngamira yanyumba, kuperewera pang'ono kumatha kukhala kwabwinoko kuposa chakudya chochuluka.
Ngamila zimawonetsa kupirira komweko pakukhudzana ndi madzi. Mwachitsanzo, ngamila zakutchire sizibwera kumatsime osaposa kamodzi masiku angapo. Ngati zasokonekera pamenepo, ndiye kuti milungu iwiri kapena itatu imatha kuchita popanda madzi, makamaka nthawi yotentha, pakakhala chinyezi chambiri m'mizere mvula ikamagwa. Ngamila yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri ndiyabwino kwambiri chifukwa imatha kumwa madzi akumwa am'madzi osungirako zipululu popanda kuvulaza thanzi. Izi, zimakhudza ngamila zakutchire zokha - zapanyumba zimapewa kumwa madzi amchere. Mwambiri, kufunikira kwa mchere mu nyama ndi kokwanira kwambiri - pazifukwa izi, ngamila zapakhomo zimafunikira kuwonetsetsa kukhalapo kwa mipiringidzo yamchere. Makamera ambiri, komanso mabampu makamaka, amadziwika kuti amatha kumwa madzi ambiri nthawi. Popeza atha madzi ambiri, Bactrian amatha kumwa mpaka malita 100 nthawi imodzi.
Ngati pali chakudya chabwino, ngamila zakuthengo komanso zoweta zimagwedezeka ndi kugwa. Koma ngamila zimakhala zamphamvu kuposa, mwachitsanzo, mahatchi, nthawi yozizira, amavutika ndi chipale chofewa makamaka icing, popeza sangathe, ngati akavalo, amasowa zibowo za chipale chofewa - kukumba matalala ndi kudya zamasamba pansi pake.
Mitundu Yofanana ndi Ngamila
Oimira akale kwambiri a banja la ngamila, malinga ndi asayansi, amakhala ku North America, kuchokera pomwe ena mwa iwo adasamukira ku South America, komwe amawasungirako ngati llamas, ndipo wachiwiri pamodzi ndi Bering Isthmus adapita ku Asia.
Mpaka pano, pali mitundu iwiri ya ngamila:
- Camelus bactrianus: Bactrian ngamila kapena Bactrian,
- Camelus dromedarius: ngamira yonyamula-imodzi, dromedari, dromedary kapena arabian.
Malinga ndi mbiri yakale ya zinthu zakale zokwiririka, kupatulidwa kwa ngamila ziwirizi ndi zodzaza chimodzi zidachitika zaka 25 miliyoni zapitazo. Pankhaniyi, ngamila zoyambira ziwiri zoyamba kuwonekera, chifukwa pakamera pa ngamila imodzi-imodzi yonyamula ma humps awiri oyamba kupangidwa, imodzi imasowa ikayamba.
Ubwenzi pakati pa ngamila ziwiri-zong'ambika ndikuwonekera chifukwa chakuti pamene awoloka, amapereka mtanda, womwe umatchedwa Nar. Kunja, phomalo likufanana ndi ngamila yokhala ndi mutu umodzi, ndipo imasiyanitsidwa ndi phokoso lalikulu, lomwe kukula kwake ndi matupi awiri a Bactrian. Nars ndi zazikulu kwambiri komanso nyama zolimba, nthawi zambiri zimaweta ku Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Iran ndi Turkey.
Vocalization
Ngamila si zolengedwa zokambirana kwambiri. Komabe, pachimake, Amuna amakhala ndi mkokomo waukulu, womwe umamveka kawirikawiri. Nyama zokondweretsa zimapanga phokoso lofanana ndikulira. Zimbudzi zomwe zimatcha amayi kubangula ndi mawu okwera, amayi amayankha ndi mawu omwewo, koma ndi maulendo ochepa.
Kulera ndi kulera ana
Akazi am ngamila amakhala akuluakulu pazaka zitatu, zamphongo nthawi ina, nthawi zina amakhala wazaka 5-6. Matsenga a bactrian ngamila amapezeka mu kugwa. Pakadali pano, amunawa amachita zinthu mwankhanza kwambiri. Amagwira amuna ena ngakhale kuyesa kucheza nawo, ndikubangula kwambiri, kuthamanga ndikuthamanga, thobvu limatuluka mkamwa mwawo. Nyama zimapanga phokoso lofanana ndikututira, ndi likhweru lakuthwa lalitali. Amphongo achimuna nthawi yopaka chimayendetsa zazikazi m'magulu ndipo sizimalola kuti zibalalike. Munthawi imeneyi, ngamila yamphongo imakhala yowopsa kwa anthu komanso nyama. Ngamila za panyumba zachimuna nthawi zambiri zimamangidwa pansi kapena kudzipatula pazifukwa zachitetezo. Ku Mongolia, mabatani ofiira akuchenjezedwa amavala khosi la ngamila zomweathamangitsa zomwe zimangodya msipu waulele.
Amuna othamangira nthawi zambiri amakhala akuchita nkhondo zoopsa wina ndi mnzake, pomwe amaphwanya mdani ndi khosi lawo, ndikuyesera kugwada pansi ndikugogoda. Nthawi zambiri wodekha komanso wogonjera panthawi yogonana ikakhala yowopsa, yoopsa, amatha kuukira pogwiritsa ntchito fangs, kumenyedwa ndi miyendo yakutsogolo ndi kumbuyo. Ngati mano anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito (nthawi zambiri wotsutsa amagwira mutu ndi mano) kapena miyendo, ndiye kuti kuvulala koopsa kumatha mpaka kumwalira kwa m'modzi mwa omenyawo. Mwa abulu a ngamila zapakhomo, nthawi zina okhawo omwe ndi abusa okha ndi omwe amapulumutsa ngamila yofooka kuti ivulaze kwambiri. Zimachitika kuti ngamila zakutchire zimazunza gulu la zoweta, zimapha zazimuna ndi kutsogolera zazikazi - chifukwa chake abusa achi Mongolia ku Zaaltai Gobi amaba ngamila zapakhomo kutali ndi chipululu, kupita kumapiri, kuziteteza ku ziwengo za haptagai.
Pa nthawi ya matendawa, amuna amagwiritsa ntchito ziwonetsero za ma occipital kuti azindikire gawo, ndikumakhazikika pakhosi ndikugwira mitu yawo ndi miyala ndi miyala. Amathiranso miyendo yawo yakumbuyo ndi mkodzo wawo ndikumayambitsa mkodzo kumbuyo kwa thupi ndi mchira. Akazi nawonso amatero. Kukhazikika kwa ngamira kumachitika pogona. Panthawi yakukhwima, wamwamuna Bactrian amachotsa thovu mkamwa mwake, kukukuta mano kwambiri, ndikuponyera mutu wake kumbuyo. Pambuyo pa miyezi 13 yoyembekezera, wamkazi amakhala ndi ngamira imodzi. Amalemera kuchokera ku 35 mpaka 45 kg, omwe ali pafupifupi 5-7% ya kulemera kwa amayi. Ndizosangalatsa kuti ngamila yokhala ndi minyewa iwiri pobadwa imalemera pang'ono (mwamtheradi komanso pachibale ndi mayiyo) kuposa ngamira yonyamula-yekha, yolemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 100.
Ngamira yatsopano nthawi yomweyo (maola awiri pambuyo pake) imatha kutsatira amayi ake. Imakhala ndi zofunikira zazing'ono zopanda mafuta opanda mafuta amkati, koma pakatha miyezi ingapo ma humps amatha kukhala owongoka ndikuzunguliridwa pansi. Mwanayo amadya mkaka wokha mpaka miyezi 3-4, panthawiyi amayamba kuyesa zakudya zamasamba, koma amayamwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Kuchepa kwa mkaka kumatenga zaka 1.5, ndipo pali zochitika pamene ana akula amayamwa amayi awo nthawi yomweyo ngati abale awo ang'onoang'ono obadwa kumene. Amamera ngamila mwachangu, atatha kukhwima, kukula kumachepa, koma amangoima ali ndi zaka 7 zokha.
Pazaka zapakati pa 3-4, abambo amasiya ng'ombe zamphongo, ndikupanga magulu a bachelor, ndipo pambuyo pake amapeza abusa awo. Ngamila imabweretsa kubadwa, monga lamulo, kamodzi pa zaka ziwiri.
Utali wamoyo
Ngamila amakhala nthawi yayitali, mpaka zaka 40-50.
Ngamila sikuti ndi nyama imodzi yokha yomwe imapezeka kwambiri kumalo osungira nyama, komanso ena okondedwa kwambiri. Mwana angasiye zoo osawona ngamila! Zikuwoneka kuti palibe nthawi m'mbiri ya Zoo ya Moscow pomwe tidakhala opanda ngamila, kuphatikiza, ngamila ziwiri-zokhala-imodzi ndi imodzi-imodzi zimasungidwa. Aliyense anali ndi chikhalidwe chake, chikhalidwe chake. Ngamila yokhala ndi chimodzimodzinso, Pan, inali bug, ndipo nthawi yonseyo amayesetsa kugwira mwamunayo akudutsa pafupi ndi mutu. Ndipo chimphona cha anthu awiri omaliza Senya, yemwe amabwera kwa ife ndi VDNH, anali munthu wabwino kwambiri.
Malo osungiramo nyama atamangidwanso, nyama zimasamutsidwa kuchokera kumadera ena kupita kwina. Ngamila ya Manka, mnzake wa Senina, anali wowonda kwathunthu ndipo adangopita kukayitanidwa ndi mnzake yemwe adanyamula mkate m'manja. Ndipo chinthu choseketsa chidachitika kwa Senya. Ogwira ntchitowo sanadziwe kuti adazolowera zingwezo m'mbuyomu ndipo amayembekeza kuti ngamila ichotsedwe pazowonjezera izi. Senya, mokondwa, koma modzidzimutsa, adasuntha mutu wake waukulu kwa munthu wokhala ndi zingwe, zomwe zidapangitsa mantha akulu. Zidadziwika kuti adangosangalala ndi chinthu chomwe adachidziwa kuyambira ali ana ndipo, atakondwera kuvala zingwe, adadutsa msewu wa Bolshaya Gruzinskaya modekha.
Tsopano ngamila imatha kuwoneka mu New Territory ya zoo, malo ake opangira ndege ali pafupi ndi khomo la Exotarium. Uyu ndi wachikazi, zaka zopitilira 20 zapitazo yemwe adachokera kudera la Astrakhan ndipo tsopano amakhala ndi mahatchi a Przhealsky, ndipo kampani iyi ndiyabwino kwa aliyense. Nyama sizimawonetsa chidani chaching'ono kwa wina ndi mnzake, komabe, ngati kavalo akatsinikiza makutu ake (ndipo ichi ndi chizindikiro chosakhutira), ngamila imachoka. Ngamila imakonda kubwera kwa alendo omwe amadzaza ndi mofuula kuti: "Aa, alira!" Palibenso chifukwa chochitira mantha, nyama yokonda mtendereyi imalavulira kambiri, kokha mwa veterinarians atalandira katemera. Simufunikanso kumudyetsa, nyama zonse za kumalo osungira nyama zimapeza chakudya chomwe chimafunikira komanso zabwino. Ngamila imapatsidwa udzu, nthambi (zomwe amasankha udzu), chisakanizo cha masamba osankhidwa ndi oats. Onetsetsani kuti muli ndi solonetz yokhala ndi mchere wapadera mumphika. Chilombo chikubwera kudzacheza nanu. Mumamwetulire!
Khalidwe la ngamila
Ngamila zimakhala m'gulu la anthu 5-20, omwe amakhala ndi mtsogoleri wamkulu wamwamuna, wamkazi ndi nyama zazing'ono. Amuna akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amakhala amodzi nthawi imodzi.
M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, ngamila zakuthengo zimasuntha kuchokera kudera lina kupita kwina, zimakonda miyala, malo achipululu, zigwa komanso malo oyenda pansi, osakhala kutali ndi akasupe kapena matupi amadzi. Amatha kukwera mapiri. Masana, ngamila zimayenda 80-90 km. M'nyengo yozizira, samutsani makilomita 300-600 kumwera.
Ngamila zimagwira ntchito masana masana. Nthawi zambiri amagona usiku. M'm nyengo yoipa, amabisala tchire, mitsinje.
Ngamila zamtchire zimakhala zaukali mosiyana ndi nyama zoweta zapakhomo. Koma nthawi yomweyo amakhala ochenjera komanso amanyazi kwambiri, amathawira ku ngozi, pothamanga mpaka 65 km / h.
Kubzala ngamila
Akazi amphongo ndi ngamila zazikazi zimatha msinkhu zaka 3-5. Mpikisano umayamba mu kugwa. Amuna nthawi imeneyi amakhala ankhanza kwambiri. Amalimbana, kubangula kwambiri, kuthamanga. Munthawi imeneyi, zamphongo ndizowopsa kwa anthu ndi nyama.
Kamodzi pa zaka ziwiri zilizonse, ngamira yachikazi imabweretsa ngamila imodzi. Mimba imatenga miyezi 13. Ngamila zimabadwa mu kasupe, m'mwezi wa Marichi-Epulo, kutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi 36 kg ndi kutalika pafupifupi 90. Pambuyo maola ochepa, amatha kutsata amayi awo. Kudyetsa kumatenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi mpaka zaka 1.5.
Ngamila za Bactrian zimatengera kwambiri ana awo. Ngamila imakhala ndi mayi mpaka kutha, pambuyo pake abambowo amakhala mosiyana, ndipo zazikazi zimatsalira kukhala pagulu la amayi.
Mwachilengedwe, ngamila zimakhala ndi zaka 40 mpaka 50.
Kulanditsidwa Kwamera
Ngamila yomwe inali ndi minyewa iwiri inayamba zaka 2000 zisanachitike. e. Chifukwa chake, ngamila yotsogozedwa ndi munthu wokhala pansi pamanja imayimiriridwa mu Black Obelisk ya mfumu ya Asuri ya Salmanasar III (zana la IX BC). Ku Europe, ngamila yokhala ndi mitundu iwiriyo kwakhala nyama yodziwika bwino komanso yodziwika bwino.
Ngamila zapakhomo zapakhomo ndizofala ku Central Asia. Ndiwo chiweto chachikulu cha Mongolia ndi China (pafupifupi anthu 2 miliyoni), chogawidwanso ku Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan ndi Central Asia. Kuphatikiza pa mayiko omwe ali ndi kubereka, ngamila zapamtunda zowerengeka ziwiri zimapezeka ku New Zealand, USA, Iran ndi Pakistan. M'madera osungira ngamila yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri zokha, ndiyofunika kwambiri pachuma monga katundu komanso nyama, komanso ngati mkaka, nyama ndi khungu.
Ma mutu opitilira ngamila amasunga ngamila kuti zizidyetsa, kumangokhala. Khola liyenera kukhala louma, zofunda za udzu, namsongole ndi mabango zimasinthidwa nthawi zonse. M'madera ozizira kwambiri, ngamila zimakutidwa ndi zofunda.
Ngamila yokhala ndi minyewa iwiri yolimba ndiyolimba kwambiri ndipo imalephera kuzizira kwambiri: kutentha kwambiri komanso kutsika, kusowa kwa chakudya ndi madzi. Masana, amatha kuphimba makilomita 30 mpaka 40 patsiku ndimatumba a 250-300 kg. Zoposa 100 km patsiku zimadutsa pansi pa wokwera pa liwiro la 10-12 km / h.
Kuwongolera ngamira ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa kavalo, popeza ndi owuma kwambiri. Kusunga nyama kumakhalanso koyera.
Nyama ya ngamila yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri zokha, imakhala yokoma, ngamila zazing'ono. Imakoma ngati nyama yamasewera, koma ndi kukoma kokoma. Ngamila imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu chakudya chomwe ngamila zimagawidwa. Amakonza mbale za nyama za m'dziko (mwachitsanzo, beshbarmak).
Chakudya chofunikira ndi mafuta a ngamila. Imadyedwa yaiwisi komanso yofunda pambuyo poti iphedwe, yomwe imawoneka ngati yopatsa thanzi, ndipo mafuta ozizira amamugwiritsa ntchito kusungunuka.
Anthu aku Asia ndi mkaka wa ngamila ndizofunika kwambiri. Amanenepa kuposa ng'ombe, amakoma kukoma, koma zipatso za mkaka ndizochepa. Zakumwa zodziwika zochokera mkaka wa ngamila wowawasa - shubat, analogue ya kounto.
Ubweya wa ngamila ndiwofunikira popangira, popeza zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera pamenepo ndizotentha kwambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira zovala za owerenga nyenyezi, owerenga ma polar, ndi osiyanasiyana.
Khungu lonyowa komanso loyipa ngamila limagwiritsidwa ntchito zaluso zosiyanasiyana (nsapato zapamwamba, zikwapu, malamba).
Manyowa ngamila zapakhomo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta ku foci, safuna kuyanika nthawi yayitali ndipo amapereka lawi yaying'ono, ngakhale, yotentha komanso yosasuta.
Mfundo Zosangalatsa:
- Dzina lachi Russia "ngamila" limachokera ku Pre-Slavic, m'malemba omwe amadziwika kuti "ulbandus", omwe amatanthauzira kuti "njovu". Ngamila adatchulidwa mu Tale of Bygone Zaka.
- Ku Mongolia ndi China, malo osungirako zachilengedwe adapangidwa kuti asungitse kuchuluka kwa ngamila zakutchire.
- Ngamila yokhala ndi minyewa iwiri imawonetsedwa pamaswiti aku Russia-Kara-Kum, ngakhale ndizosowa m'chipululu cha Karakum, ngamila zokhala ndi gawo limodzi zimangidwapo.
- Wampikisano wa sambo angapo Olzhas Kairat-uly (Kazakhstan) adatenga ngamila yonyamula maulendo awiri ndikuyinyamula mita 16.
Ngamila - Zazikulu Zokhala ndi Ma Hump Awiri
Chimphona chokhala ndi mitundu iwiri ya ngamila zonse zili ndi kuthekera kopulumuka m'mikhalidwe yowonongeka kwa zolengedwa zina.
Kudalirika ndi maubwino opangidwa ndi anthu ngamira kuyambira kale, mnzake wokhala ndi Asia, Mongolia, Buryatia, China ndi madera ena okhala ndi nyengo yofunda.
Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala ngamira yonyamula-ziwiri
Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu Ngamila za Bactrian. Mayina ngamila zazing'ono zakutchire ku Mongolia - Haptagai, komanso wamba wamba - Bactrian.
Oyimira chilombo alembedwa mu Red Book chifukwa chowopseza kuwonongedwa kwa mazana omaliza aanthu. Wofufuza wotchuka N.M. woyamba adalemba za iwo. Przhevalsky.
Ngamila zojambulidwa zimawonetsedwa pamabwinja akale amnyumba zachifumu zoyambira m'zaka za zana la IV. BC. Chiwerengero cha mabakiteriya ndi oposa 2 miliyoni.
Mpaka lero ngamira - mayendedwe ofunikira kwa anthu m'chipululu, akhala akugwiritsa ntchito nyama, ubweya, mkaka, komanso manyowa ngati mafuta abwino kwambiri.
Kubereketsa kwa Bactrian nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwa okhala miyala, malo achipululu opanda madzi ochepa, madera a piedmont okhala ndi masamba ochepa. Kumene mumakonda kupeza ngamira yonyamula-kamutu kamodzi.
Mphepo zing'onozing'ono zam'madzi kapena mitsinje ya m'mitsinje imakopa ngamila zakutchire kudzenje lothirira kuti libwezeretsanso matupi athu. M'nyengo yozizira, chimatha chisanu.
Haptagai imagwiritsa ntchito mtunda wautali mpaka 90 km pa tsiku kukafunafuna chakudya ndipo makamaka magwero amadzi.
Miyeso ya zimphona zazimuna ziwirizi ndizodabwitsa: mpaka 2.7 m kutalika ndi kulemera kwa thupi mpaka 1000 kg. Akazi ndi ocheperako pang'ono: kulemera mpaka 500-800 kg. Mchirawo ndi wa 0.5 mita kutalika ndi ngayaye.
Zoyenda zowongoka zimawonetsa chidzalo cha nyama. Pokhala ndi njala, iwo pang'ono chidendene.
Miyendo imasinthidwa kuti iyende pamalo otakasuka kapena pamiyala, yokhala ndi miyendo yosanja pachitsime chachikulu cha chimanga.
Patsogolo pali mawonekedwe ofanana ndi ubweya kapena mawonekedwe a ziboda. Corpus callosum imakwirira mawondo akutsogolo ndi chifuwa cha nyama. Mwa anthu akuthengo, kulibe, ndipo matupi ake ndi odalilika.
Mutu waukulu umasunthidwa pakhosi lopindika. Maso okongola amakutidwa ndi mizere iwiri ya eyelashes. Pamavuto amchenga, samatseka maso okha, komanso mphuno.
Milomo yolimba yam'mwamba imadziwika kwa oyimira ngamila omwe ali ndi mitundu iwiri, yosinthika ndi chakudya chamwano. Makutu ndi ang'ono, pafupifupi osatalika kuchokera kutali.
Mawuwo ali ngati kulira kwa bulu, osati munthu wosangalatsa kwambiri. Nyama imangobangula ikakweza kapena kugwa ndi katundu wolemedwa.
Utoto wonyezimira wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana: kuyambira yoyera mpaka ya bulauni. Chovala cha ubweya ndi chofanana ndi cha zimbalangondo kapena poluka.
Tsitsi lopanda kanthu mkati ndi undercoat yophika imathandizira kuteteza ku kutentha ndi kutentha kwambiri.
Molting kumachitika mu April, ndipo ngamila "Bald" kuchokera pakuthothoka kwa ubweya. Pakatha pafupifupi milungu itatu, chovala chatsopano cha ubweya chimakula, chomwe chimayamba motalika nthawi yachisanu, kuyambira 7 mpaka 30 cm.
Kudzikundikira kwamafuta mumakhwala mpaka makilogalamu 150 sikungopeza chakudya, komanso kumateteza ku kutenthedwa, chifukwa kuwala kwadzuwa kumakhudza kwambiri msana wa nyama.
Ma Bactrian amatha kusintha nyengo yotentha kwambiri komanso nyengo yotentha. Chofunikira chachikulu chokhala ndi moyo ndi nyengo youma, chinyezi chimalekerera bwino.
Makhalidwe ndi ngamira ya ngamira iwiri iyi
Mu chikhalidwe chamtchire ngamila zimakhazikika, koma nthawi zambiri zimayenda m'malo opezeka zipululu, miyala yamiyala ndi malo opezeka pansi m'malo akulu.
Ma Haptagai amasuntha kuchokera ku kasupe wamadzi wambiri kupita kwina kuti akalandire zofunika.
Nthawi zambiri anthu 5-20 amasungidwa limodzi. Mtsogoleri wa gulu lankhondo ndiye wamwamuna wamkulu. Zochita zimawonekera masana, ndipo mumdima, ngamira imagona kapena kukhala mwamwano komanso mopanda chidwi.
Munthawi yamkuntho imagona masiku, kutentha kumapita kukakumba kapena kukabisala m'mapanga ndi tchire.
Anthu amtchire ndi amanyazi komanso ankhanza, mosiyana ndi amantha, koma a Bactrian odekha. Haptagai ali ndi maso owoneka bwino, amathawa ndi zoopsa, amakulitsa kuthamanga mpaka 60 km / h.
Amatha kuthamanga kwa masiku awiri mpaka atatopa. Makamera Oyendera Bactrian Amadziwika kuti ndi adani komanso amantha limodzi ndi mimbulu, akambuku. Utsi wa moto wowopsa uwawopsa.
Ofufuzawo anazindikira kuti kukula ndi mphamvu zachilengedwe sizimapulumutsa zimphona chifukwa chamalingaliro ang'ono.
Akalulu akaukira, saganiza ngakhale pang'ono podziteteza, amangofuula ndikuliravulira. Ngakhale akhwangwala amatha kuluka mabala amanyama ndi zipsinjo zolemetsa. ngamira akuwonetsa kuti alibe chitetezo.
Pakukwiya, kumulavulira sikumatulutsa mate, monga ambiri amakhulupirira, koma zomwe zili mkati mwake zimakhala m'mimba.
Moyo wa nyama zapakhomo umakhala wapansi kwa munthu. Pankhani yakuthengo, amatsogolera fano la makolo awo. Amuna achikulire okhwima mwakugonana amatha kukhala okha.
M'nthawi yachisanu ngamila Ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa nyama zina kusuntha chisanu Sangathe kukumba chakudya pansi pa chisanu chifukwa chosowa ziboda zowona.
Pali chizolowezi chodyetsa nthawi yozizira, yoyamba ya akavalo amene anasefukira chisanu, kenako ngamilakunyamula chakudya chotsalira.
Bactrian ngamila kudyetsa
Chakudya chokhwima komanso choperewera pakudya chimakhala chamkati mwa zakudya za zimphona ziwiri-zozungulirazo. Ngamila za Herbivorous zimadyera mbewu zoterezi ndi minga, zomwe nyama zina zonse zimakana.
Mitundu yambiri yazomera zam'chipululu imaphatikizidwa m'malo opangira: mabango, masamba ndi nthambi zamasamba, anyezi, udzu wovuta.
Amatha kudya zotsalira za mafupa ndi zikopa za nyama, ngakhale zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo, popanda chakudya china.
Ngati mbewuzo zili ndi yowutsa mudyo, ndiye kuti nyamayo imatha kukhala yopanda madzi kwa milungu itatu. Gwero likapezeka, amamwa pafupifupi kamodzi pamasiku atatu.
Anthu amtchire amamwa ngakhale madzi osafunikira popanda kuvulaza thanzi lawo. Ogwira ntchito zapakhomo amapewa, koma amafunika mchere.
Pambuyo pakuchepa kwamphamvu thupi nthawi ngamila yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri Amatha kumwa mpaka malita 100 amadzimadzi.
Zachilengedwe zopatsa ngamila kuthekera kopirira ndi njala yayitali. Umphawi wa chakudya suvulaza mkhalidwe wamthupi.
Zakudya zopatsa thanzi zimabweretsa kunenepa kwambiri komanso kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa ziwalo. Pazakudya zapanyumba, ngamila sizabwino, zimadyetsa udzu, buledi, njere.
Kubala ndi kutalika kwa ngamira yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri
Kukula msinkhu ngamila limachitika pafupifupi zaka 3-4. Akazi ali patsogolo pa amuna pa chitukuko. M'dzinja, nyengo yakukhwima imayamba.
Kukhumudwitsidwa kumawonekera pakubangula, kuponyera, thovu, ndi kuzunza wina aliyense.
Popewa zowopsa, ngamila zazimuna zapakhomo zimamangidwa ndikuyika zolemba ndi kuchenjeza kapena kupatula zina.
Amuna amachita nkhondo, kumenya wotsutsa ndi kuluma. Mwampikisano, amavulala ndipo amatha kufa pankhondo ngati abusa samalowerera ndi kuteteza ofooka.
Makamera Amtchire Wamtchire nthawi yakukhwima imalimba mtima ndikuyesetsa kutenga zazikazi, ndipo zimachitika, amuna amaphedwa.
Mimba za akazi zimakhala mpaka miyezi 13, nthawi yamasika mwana wolemera mpaka makilogalamu 45 amabadwa, mapasa ndi osowa kwambiri.
Patatha maola awiri, mwana amayenda payekha ndi amayi ake. Kudyetsa mkaka kumatenga zaka 1.5.
Kusamalira ana kumawonekera bwino ndipo kumatha mpaka kukhwima. Kenako amunawo amachoka kukapanga ana awo amphongo, ndipo zazikazi zimatsalira kukhala pagulu la amayi.
Kupititsa patsogolo mikhalidwe ndi kukula kwake, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazowoloka imachitidwa: hybrids zamakamila amodzi otumphukira ndi amisala iwiri - BIRTUGAN (wamwamuna) ndi MAY (wamkazi). Zotsatira zake, chilengedwe chimasiyira chimbudzi chimodzi, koma chidakwera kumbuyo kwa nyama.
Utali wamoyo ngamila zokhala-awiri-awiri m'chilengedwe ali ndi zaka 40. Ndi chisamaliro choyenera, ogwira ntchito amawonjezera nthawi yawo pofika zaka 5-7.
Chibale pakati pa Bactrian ndi Dromedary
Kutengera zinthu zakale zomwe ngamila zapezeka, akuti makolo awo akale amakhala ku North America. Ena a iwo anasamukira ku South America, ndipo ena kudzera ku Bering Isthmus kupita ku Asia. Gawoli kukhala ma dromedaries ndi Bactrian lidachitika zaka 25 miliyoni zapitazo. Nyama imodzi yokhala ndi chikondwerero chinaonekera pakubadwa posinthika kuposa abale awo omwe anali ndi ziwalo ziwiri.
Mitundu yonseyi imaberekana ndipo imabala ana ochulukirapo, omwe amatchedwa ma bunks kapena ma iners (mu chikhalidwe cha ku Europe, Turkoman).
Zophatikiza ndizofanana ndi ma dromedars, amadziwika ndi kuwonjezeka kwamphamvu, kukhala ndi machitidwe abwinobwino ndipo amalemera 1000-1100 kg. Nars amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kunyamula katundu ku Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Iran ndi Turkey. Amphongo amtundu wa haibridi nthawi zambiri amaponyedwa, ndipo akazi amasiyidwa kuti aziswana.
Matenda a Bactrian
Ngamila za Bactrian zimakonda kudwala zambiri. Matenda opatsirana omwe amafala kwambiri ndi chifuwa chachikulu, omwe nthawi zambiri amadwala akakhala nyengo yonyowa. Vuto lawo lachiwiri lodziwika bwino ndi kafumbata, komwe kumakhudza dongosolo lamanjenje, ndikumapangitsa kukokana komanso kusokonezeka kwa minofu. Amawoneka makamaka atalandira mabala osiyanasiyana, makamaka panthawi yakuswana. Khungu limakonda kukhudzidwa ndi microflora ya pathogenic, ndikupangitsa mycoses ndi dermatophytosis.
Njira yopuma imayambukiridwa ndi nematode ang'onoang'ono amtundu wa Dictyocaulus cameli mukamamwa madzi kuchokera pamatope oyenda. Matendawa amayang'aniridwa makamaka mu kasupe ndi chilimwe pakati pa nyama zokhala zaka zitatu. Amayamba kutsokomola, kutulutsa imvi m'mphuno, ndi kuchepa thupi kwambiri, zonsezi zimayambitsa imfa. Dipetalonema evanse nematode imakhudza mtima, mapapu, kuzungulira ndi genitourinary system. Amalowa mthupi kudzera mu kulumidwa ndi udzudzu ndipo amatha kukhalamo kwa zaka 7.
Zoyatsira dzira (Stomoxys calcitrans) zimayikira mazira padziko lapansi, pomwe mphutsi zimatuluka. Amawononga nembanemba ya mucous, pang'onopang'ono ikupezekamo mpaka kumapeto kwa chaka chamawa. Coccidiosis imachitika pakuyenda kwa Bactrian nyengo yamvula kapena m'malo ovuta, chifukwa cha protozoa ya gulu la Coccidia. Matenda a artiodactyls amawonetsa ulesi, kutsegula m'mimba, kuchepa kwa magazi komanso khungu lotupa.
Ubwenzi ndi anthu
Achichepere amatenga gawo lofunikira m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukwera, ngati kukonzekera mphamvu komanso ngati gwero la nyama, mkaka ndi khungu. Mwa mitundu yosankhika kapena yamtokoma imadziwika kuti ndi mphatso yamtengo wapatali ndipo imakonda kukhala ngati mkwatibwi.
Ngamila yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri imatha kunyamula katundu wolemera makilogalamu 260 mpaka 300 pamtunda wamakilomita 40 patsiku, ikuyenda mwachangu pafupifupi 5 km / h ndikuwonetsa kupirira kwambiri poyerekeza ndi akavalo ndi abulu. Wamangiriridwa wagaleta, amakoka katundu katatu molemera.
Nyama ya ngamila ndiyosatheka kudya, imasiyana ndi mtima wapadera pakati pa ngamila. Kulawa, amafanana ndi masewera kapena mwanawankhosa ndipo amayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi ma gourmet. Nyama ya ngamila zachikulire ili pafupi ndi ng'ombe ndipo ndi yolimba, chifukwa chake achinyamata ambiri osakwana zaka 2,5 amaphedwa. Amadyedwa mwatsopano ndi mchere. M'malo ambiri, ngamila zam'madzi zimadziwika kuti ndizabwino kwambiri ndipo zimadyedwa nthawi yomweyo nyama ikangolowa.
Ubweya wa ngamila umakhala ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri zokutetemera ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zovala, makamaka kwa owunikira ma polar, owerenga ma nyenyezi ndi mafani olumphira m'madzi. Mwabwino, amamufanizira ndi ubweya wa merino. Pa tsitsi limodzi, mutha kupeza makilogalamu 6-10 a ubweya. Akuluakulu amadulidwa kawiri pachaka, ndipo achinyamata kamodzi. Kuyambira makilogalamu 1 a ubweya amalandila mamilimita 3.5-4. nsalu yolocha. Izi ndizokwanira kuluka zosewerera.
Zambiri zamafuta a mkaka wa ngamila zimafika pa 5-6%. Ngamila pafupifupi patsiku imapereka malita asanu a mkaka, okwanira malita 15-20. Munthawi ya mkaka wa mkaka, imatha kupanga kuchokera ku 5000 mpaka 7500 malita a zinthu zofunikira.
Mkaka wopanda mkaka umakhala ndi fungo linalake, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri umathandizidwa ndi chithandizo chowonjezera cha kutentha. Ili ndi mankhwala, ili ndi kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni, lipids, chitsulo, calcium ndi Vitamini C. Ku Kazakhstan ndi Turkmenistan, imakola, kupeza mkaka wothira mkaka shubat (chal). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda amphumu, chifuwa chachikulu, matenda ashuga, psoriasis ndi matenda a chiwindi.
Chikopa chimapita kukapanga nsapato ndi malamba. Kuchotsa mwatsopano ndi kouma kwambiri, pokhapokha kuyanika koyamba, kuli koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta. Akawotcha, amatulutsa moto wambiri ndi utsi pang'ono. Chaka chilichonse, bactrian m'modzi amapanga mpaka 1 toni ya manyowa.
