Munjira yamoyo, khoswe ya mole imakhala yofanana ndi mole: imakhala pansi mobisa, kukumba machitidwe osunthika, ikusunthira dothi pamwamba, ndikupanga milunda yopanda mawonekedwe. Koma pazonse, iyi ndi nyama yosiyana kotheratu, yosiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe ake, kapangidwe ka thupi, machitidwe, ngakhale mawonekedwe avulidwe ake ...
Makoswe (Spalax) - mtundu wa zolengedwa zoyamwitsa za makoswe am'banja la Rodents, kutsogola moyo wapansi. Ili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 4.
Makoswe ndi nyama zazing'ono, kutalika kwa 30 mpaka 32 cm, popanda makutu, popanda khosi lotchulidwa, ndi maso atrophi obisika pansi pa khungu, mchira wocheperako kwambiri ndi ubweya wamfupi wamfupi. Mosiyana ndi timadontho ta nyama timene timadya, nyama zimadya zakudya zam'mera - zimadya ma rhizomes, mizu, tubers, ndi mababu. Pofika kumtunda kwa mbewuzo, kokerani muzu mu dzenje. Nyemba, maambulera, ndi asteraceae amakonda kwambiri. Zimayambira ndi masamba zimadyedwa makamaka kumapeto kwa chilimwe komanso koyambirira kwa chilimwe.
Dongosolo la kayendedwe ka mbewa zamtundu wa tiet limasokonekera. Choyala choyamba ndi chakudya, chomwe chili pamtunda wa 20 - 25 cm kuchokera pansi. Lachiwiri, limaphatikizapo kulumikizana, ma zisa a chilimwe ndi nthawi yozizira, masitolo ogulitsa, ali pa kuya kwa 3-4 m.
Ngati timadontho-tulo tamasula dothi ndi thumba lakutsogolo, ndiye kuti makoswe agundika ndi zida zolimba. Inde, ndi milu ya malo mu "zophulika" kuposa timadontho. Nthaka yomwe imakokerana kumtunda imafika pamtunda wofika 10 kg ndipo imapangika milifupi ndi 50 cm.
Makoswe amakonda Mole kudzipatula. Mwakugundana, Amuna amamenya nkhondo mpaka mmodzi adzatsala wamoyo. Koma nthawi yomweyo, kwa wamwamuna aliyense amakhala wamkazi 1 - 2 amene amakhala nawo pafupi nthawi yobala. Malo a mahekitala 1 amatha kukhala nthawi imodzi kukhala ndi nyama 3 mpaka 20 (ndipo nthawi zina) nyama.
Nthawi yogwira ntchito kwambiri m'miyoyo ya nyama ndi Marichi, Epulo ndi Meyi. Pofika nthawi ya chilimwe, kenako nthawi yozizira, ntchito zawo zofunika zimachepetsedwa, koma sizichita hibernate.
Habitat
Pamalo omwe amakhala, nthawi zambiri amasankha minda, mitengo yopondera, lamba wamtchire, mtengo wake, malo osankhika.
Makina apansi pamadzi mu makoswe amakhala ndi tiger awiri. Yoyamba imakhala yakuya zosaposa 25 cm kuchokera pamwamba ndipo ndi chakudya, chachiwiri ndi pakuya mamita 3-4. Lachiwiri limakhala ndi zisa zokhalamo nthawi yotentha komanso nthawi yozizira, komanso kusunga zakudya.
Mole imakumba dothi mothandizidwa ndi chiwombankhanga, ndipo makulidwe wamba amtundu wakale amagwiritsa ntchito zofunikira zolimba. Mitunda ikuluikulu kuposa timadontho. Mafupowo amatha kukhala ndi mainchesi mpaka 50 cm, ndipo nthaka yoponyedwa pansi nthawi zina imakhala ndi kulemera kosaposa 10 kg.
Tambala ya mole imatha kuyambitsa mavuto ambiri, ndipo ndizovuta kwambiri kuiwononga, popeza nyamayi imakhala mobisala nthawi yayitali.
Moyo
Melo ya mole imakhala ndi moyo wapansi, wobwera pamwamba nthawi zochepa. Amapanga kapangidwe kakang'ono kwambiri kamabowo awiri. Yotalika kwambiri ndi njira yapamwamba "yodyetsa", yomwe imakhala yakuya pafupifupi 20-25 masentimita. Kuphatikiza pa zosanjikiza zodyetsa, makoswe a mole amapanga dongosolo la zisa za chirimwe ndi dzinja, komanso zosunga pakudya. Zimalumikizidwa ndi ndima ndi gawo lachiwiri lakuya, lotalika mpaka 4 m.
Kusunthira kosunthira, mole imakumasulira dothi ndi zida zamphamvu, kenako ndikuyigwirizira pamwamba, pomwe mulu wa dziko lapansi, omwe amatchedwa "makoswe" amapangidwa. Kulemera kwa dziko lapansi lotayidwa mu "rat rat" imodzi kumatha kupitirira 10 kg ndi mainchesi 50. Kutalika kwa kayendedwe ka mamolekedwe amodzi kumafika mpaka 450 m.
Wamba mole makoswe amadya mbewu, pamaziko a chakudya chake ndi ma rhizomes, mababu ndi ma tubers. Mu nthawi yamasika ndi nthawi yachilimwe, imadyera pamiyala ya zomera (zimayambira ndi masamba). Makoswewo amakhala amakonda asteraceae, ma ambulate ndi ma nyemba.
Makoswe a Mole amagwiranso ntchito nthawi yozizira. Pofuna kuti asafe ndi njala, amasunga nthawi yozizira. Ma acorn, ma rhizomes, masamba a mbewu zamtchire, ma tubato, komanso ma beets a shuga amapezeka m'malo ake obisika. Kuphatikiza apo, zopimira za mole zimakhala zambiri - kulemera kwawo nthawi zina kumafika 14 kg.
Komabe, pali anthu amoyo omwe amapindula ndi makoswe. Akatswiri a zanyengo, ma boti amtchire, ma hamsters ndi nyama zina amakhala m'malo otayidwa ndi makoswe.
Popeza makoswe amakhala mo mobisa, ali ndi adani ochepa achilengedwe, wamkulu ndi hule, amatha kuyamwa makoswe mawoza awo. Ankhandwe, agalu, mbalame zolusa ndi akhwangwala amabisalira pa kukula kwapa pansi.
Zaka zokhala ndi moyo wamakedzana ndi zaka zapansi panthakazi zafika zaka 9.
Zomwe zimadya
Ngati malo anu sanakololedwe, ndiye kuti musadzanene mlandu uliwonse pa Mole. Muyenera kusankha kuti ndi chikhalidwe chosowa. Ngati mbatata, beets ndi kaloti, ndiye kuti izi ndizosiyana - ntchito ya "mano" a cholembera.
Kuphatikiza apo, nyamayi ilibe chidwi chodya zipatso za anyezi, ndiye kuti maluwa omwe ali ndi ma corm m'malo mwa mizu amatha kuvutika. Makoswe ndi gawo la chomera limadya, kukoka chitsamba pansi.
Mafuta omwe amakonda kwambiri ndi tizilombo ndi nandolo, nyemba, nyemba, nsonga za karoti. Ngati chilombocho chasangalala ndi udzu, ndiye kuti atenga mbewu yakeyo mtsogolo.
Amadziwika kuti munthu wamkulu amatha kudya chakudya patsiku monga momwe amalemera, choncho akamagula masheya ake nthawi yachisanu, adapeza, komanso m'madipatimenti osiyanasiyana mpaka mbatata 18 za mbatata ndi mbewu zina zamizu. Masheya a nthawi yozizira amatha kukhala owuma zipatso, mtedza.
Kubwezeretsanso makoswe
Makoswe ang'onoang'ono ndi nyama zazokha. Mphepo yamtundu wa munthu simalumikizana ndi zotsekera mzake.
Anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amapezeka kokha nthawi yakuswana. Nthawi yakukhwima m'makola ang'onoang'ono imayamba mchaka ndipo imatha mpaka nthawi yotentha. Koma mpaka pano, asayansi sakudziwa momwe makoswe amayang'ana maukwati ndikupanga maukwati.
Zotupa zimabweretsa kubereka kamodzi pachaka. Amayi amodzi mu zinyalala amatha kukhala ndi ana mpaka 6, koma, monga lamulo, ana 3-4 amabadwa. Wakhungu wosamva amadyetsa ana ake kwa milungu inayi.
Pazakudya za makoswe ang'onoang'ono, komanso za kukhwima kwawo, palibe chomwe chimadziwika.
Kuchokera pa zomwe zidachitika pang'onopang'ono pali masamba ambiri m'munda wamitundumitundu, komanso m'malo obisika, momwe nyamayo imasungira gawo la zokolola zomwe eni ake ali m'minda yawo. Monga lamulo, amadya makamaka msipu wobiriwira, ndikuwonjezeranso mizu yachisanu. Ngakhale khola limodzi limatha kutenga gawo lalikulu la mbewu. Ngati pamapezeka anthu angapo pamalopo, mutha kuyiwala za zokolola zambiri monga mbatata, anyezi, beets ndi kaloti.
Kuphatikiza apo, amakumba madawo akuluakulu, okhala ndi mainchesi 5 mpaka 15, chifukwa amawononga mbewu zina pamalopo. Ma batire apansi amatha kukhala akuya mainchesi atatu, ndipo apamwamba kwambiri akuya masentimita 10. Makatani oterewa mobisika nthawi zambiri samapereka chitukuko chambiri kwa mbewu zambiri zobzalidwa.
Momwe mungayendetsere ngongole ya mole
Funso limodzi lokha limapezeka ngati khoswe wamba wobzalidwa pamunda wabwino - angachotse bwanji tizilombo? Kwa ambiri, iyi imakhala ntchito yosatheka. Kupatula apo, nyamayo imabisala pansi nthawi zonse komanso kupezeka kwake, ndikupanga milu yatsopano ndikuwononga mbewu zobzalidwa, usiku wokha.
Ndikofunika kuyesa kupanga zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyamayo ichokere kumtunda. Njira zambiri zidapangidwira izi, koma palibe ndi imodzi yomwe imatsimikizira kuti nyamayo imathawa kwamuyaya. Koma, komabe, ndikofunikira kuchita chilichonse kuti muchotseretu mole popanda kutaya magazi ake.
Njira imodzi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndikudzaza ngalande ndi madzi. Koma izi zitha kufuna madzi ochulukirapo, popeza magawo a pansi pa nyamayo ali ndi nthambi zambiri. Ndipo ngati dothi limatenga chinyontho mwachangu, njirayi ndi yopanda ntchito konse. Ena amayesa kusuta fodya wokhala ndi miyendo inayi ndi utsi, kuthira mafuta palafini kapena fetid mu dzenje. Njira inanso ndikupanga phokoso losasunthika m'dera lomwe akukhalamo, lomwe makoswe wamba samalekerera. Kapenanso, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito kukhazikitsa kwa omwe akupanga obwezeretsanso.
Komwe kumakhala
Gawo la mole limagawidwa kumapiri oyandikira Dnieper, pakati pa Volga ndi North Caucasus. Tambala timene timakhala komwe kuli udzu wambiri, simalowerera kwambiri m'nkhalango, ngakhale nthawi zambiri imapezeka kumapeto kwa nkhalangoyi, m'miyendo yamitchi, m'malo omata komanso m'misewu yam m'nkhalango.
Zoyambitsa zazikulu zothandizira zomwe zili patsogolo pa milomo
Makoswe oyipa
Omwe samakonda kwenikweni nyama zobisikazo - chifukwa makoswe amateteza zinyalala, mbewu za udzu wamuyaya.
Makoswe
M'minda yakunyumba, makoswe amawononga mbewu (zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mbatata, kaloti, anyezi ndi maluwa a babu). Makoko awa amawononga mbewu za chimanga, nyemba, mitengo yamatabwa (kudya nyemba zophukira ndi mbewu zazing'ono). Kutulutsa kwa nthaka - "makoswe" - kumasokoneza ntchito yolima mundawo. Alimi a m'nkhalango samakondanso makoswe - m'nkhalango zoweta mitengo yotsala makoswe imawononga mitengo yaminga ndi mizu ya mbande za thundu.
Njira yosavuta yopezera udzu wokongola wakutsogolo
Mukudziwa, udawonapo udzu wabwino kwambiri mu kanema, pa alley, ndipo mwina pa udzu woyandikana nawo. Iwo omwe kamodzi adayesera kulima malo obiriwira kudera lawo, mosakayikira akunena kuti iyi ndi ntchito yayikulu. Udzu umafunika kubzala mosamala, chisamaliro, feteleza, kuthirira. Komabe, ndi okhawo omwe samadziwa zambiri zamaluwa omwe amaganiza choncho, akatswiri adziwa kale za chida chatsopano - kapinga wamadzi AquaGrazz.
Mitundu ingapo imadziwika. Nyama, yomwe imasowetsa chilimwe okhalamo, nthawi zambiri imakhala mtundu wamba wa mole. Giant - mtundu wosowa kwambiri wotchulidwa mu Red Book. Imapezeka kumapiri a Caucasus Range, Moldova ndi kumwera kwa Ukraine. Chiwerengero cha anthu amtunduwu ndi malo omwe amakhala ndi kuchepa, izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha ntchito yolima yomwe munthu akuchita. Si kawirikawiri zimapezeka kumapiri a Caucasus. Maonekedwe amchenga ali ndi mtundu wowala, wololeza kuti uphatikizidwe ndi dothi, wogawidwa m'mphepete m'munsi mwa Dnieper. Amakhala pamatanthwe owuma, achilengedwe achilengedwe.
Kufotokozera
Pafupifupi sizimakwera padziko lapansi. Chingwe chachikulu koma cholemera kilogalamu, chotalika pafupifupi 30 cm, mutu umakutidwa, maso a nyamayo idawonekera pakusintha ngati chosafunikira. Ilibe mchira, thupi la nyamayo lophimbidwa ndi ubweya wowonda, wowuma. Zibowo zowumba pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina zowoneka bwino kwambiri. Kukula kwa mano akutsogolo sikuyimitseni moyo wonse. Kapangidwe ka milomo kamapadera, kamapangidwa kotero kuti pamene kukumba kabowo mkamwa sikogwera pansi.
Kufalitsa
Malo okhala zachilengedwe ndi malo opondera ndi nkhalango. Omwe anagawidwa mokulira ku Ukraine, komwe kwawo ndi kwawo, adalembedwa mu Red Book of Ukraine. Imakonda magawo a steppe ndi masamba owuma, sipita patali kwambiri m'nkhalangoyi, ikasankha m'mphepete mwa nkhalango kapena malamba m'nkhalango.
Ubale Waumunthu
Makoswewa ndi tizirombo taulimi, kotero kuti tifotokozere mofatsa, malingaliro a munthu kwa iwo ndiovuta. Kuwononga mbewu za mbatata, kaloti ndi beets amalimidwa m'minda ndi nyumba zanyumba. Sizimanyoza maluwa omwe ma rhizomes amapanga mababu. Chapakatikati, pakalibe chakudya chokwanira, amadya mbewu ndi mphukira zazing'ono za mbewu. Kodi sizingatheke bwanji kuti munthu agwirizane ndi nyama yomwe ingathe kuwononga zipatso za ntchito yolimba, yopweteka kwambiri?
Kuvulala m'munda
Kuwoneka kwa makoswe m'munda kapena dera lanyumba ndi vuto lenileni. Cholengedwa chimatha kukubera mbatata, kaloti ndi beets. Pali funso lanzeru: momwe mungachotsere khoswe wokuluka m'nyumba kapena munda. Amadya nsonga za mbewu, ndipo amasunga mizu yazaka. Mkulu m'modzi amatha kuwononga ntchito nyengo yonse yachilimwe. Zoposa 10 kg za mizu zidapezeka m'mabowo, ndipo m'malo ambiri osungirako ndiwo zamasamba zimakonzedwa panganolo. Mukamakongoletsa bwino mundawo, nyama zimafunitsitsa kukhala pamenepo.
Njira zosinthira zochotsera makoswe
Mango atangotuluka m'mundamo, okhalamo chilimwe amayamba kuganiza momwe angachotsere zigawenga zamalimwe. Ndikosavuta kutulutsa dimba lake, chifukwa nyamayo singawoneke pamwambapa, ndipo chifukwa cha nzeru zopangidwa mwaluso, misampha yoikidwa pamenepo ingapewe. Kulimbana ndi iye kumasintha kukhala nkhondo yokolola.
Kuchulukitsitsa kwa anthu kumatha kuchepetsa ntchito kwa nyengo yonse. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito poizoni ngati simuopa kuwononga ziweto. Ikani misampha yapadera, ngakhale kuti nyama zimawonetsa zodabwitsa, kudutsa misampha yovuta kwambiri. Musanagwiritse ntchito msampha, ndikofunikira kuti uchotsere fungo la munthu, mwachitsanzo: kabati ndi anyezi. Chiyembekezo chakuti makoswe adzadutsa sichingadutse msampha chikuchulukirachulukira.
Zida zopangira zopanga
Mutha kupezerapo mwayi ndi chisamaliro chanyama chamunthuyo komanso kumva fungo labwino. Ikani mafinya osungunuka ndi zakumwa zomwe zimakhala ndi fungo labwino, losasangalatsa m'makoma otseguka. Mwachitsanzo: mafuta a dizilo, palafini, ndi zina. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zisamasangalale, ziwopsezeni nyamayo ndipo mwina ingasiye tsamba lanu. Eni ake m'minda ija adazindikira kuti makoswe sakonda phokoso.
Njira yosavuta kwambiri: zidutswa zazitali zamamita zimathandizira pansi kuti masentimita 30 mpaka 40 akhale pansi.Chitsulo chopanda kanthu chimatha kuyikidwa pamwamba pa pini. Mphepo, ikuyenda mozungulira malowa, imasunthira mabanki ndipo phokoso limamveka kudzera pakatipo. Panyumba zanyengo yachilimwe, amafunafuna kuti atulutsire utsi utsi kuchokera ku injini yamagalimoto. Njirayi ndiyowononga dothi, mpweya wake umakhala ndi zitsulo zolemera zomwe zimatha kuwononga dziko lapansi, ndipo kudzera mmenemo mbewu yanu "yopulumutsidwa".
Ikani zida zokhala ndi zing'onoting'ono, zokutira, ndi zosewerera
Tizilomboto timalekerera phokoso lalikulu, koma oyandikana nawo omwe ali mdera lakumtunda sangasangalale ndi "kulira" kwapang'onopang'ono kwa kulira kwamakina. Zipangizo zomwe zimayambitsa kugwedezeka kwa lapansi ndizofunikira kwambiri pano, koma ndizovuta kupeza mphamvu yofunikira kuteteza tsamba lonselo.
Nkhondo yamadzi
Ngati mungaganize kuthamangitsa mbeuyo kunja kwa dzenje, mutadzaza ndima, musayembekezere kuti zidebe zingapo zakukwanira. Kumbani mabowo (angapo) ndikuwadzaza ndi madzi ndi payipi yothirira. Ndibwino ngati mungathe kupereka madzi nthawi imodzi mpaka angapo. Posachedwa, nyamayo imangobwera - osapsa apa.
Kukhazikitsa chosakanizira chotsatira
Ngati njira zovutazi sizivomerezeka kwa inu, simukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mbewa kapena nyambo zakupha; pali njira ina. Chida chamagetsi chomwe chimaponya makoswe chawoneka pa intaneti. Njira yatengera kufalikira kwa kugunda kwa ma akupanga, kumayambitsa nkhawa, mantha mu makoswe, komanso zopezeka m'malo.
Choyipa ndichakuti kuti mukwaniritse zotsatira za chida chimodzi kapena ziwiri pamalowo sikokwanira, muyenera kugula zingapo. Zida izi zowongolera ndizothandiza ndipo sizikufuna njira zina. Pakapita kanthawi, tizirombo timachoka pamalowa, zomwe sizikhala zabwino, ngakhale malowa atakhala ndi chakudya chabwino. Njira ya akupanga imathamangitsa makoswe ndi tizilombo tina taulimi patsamba lanu. Njira iyi ndiyabwino kwambiri, ndipo simuyenera kupha nyama zokongola izi.
Pomaliza
Kutalika kwa moyo wa tizilombo tambiri ndi zaka 5-7. Zachidziwikire, simufunikira mnzanu pamalopo.Ngakhale simukufuna kupha nyamayo, ndipo m'malo mwa mbatata ndi beets mumabzala maluwa kuti, atasiyira chakudya, ayang'anire kwatsopano kumene akukhala, ndiye kuti sangakusiyeni nokha. Muyenera kuganizira momwe mungathanirane nawo m'mundawu kuti zokolola zanu zikuyendereni, osati makina okongoletsa.