A King of Siam adayamba kutolera ma cockerels ndikupereka chilolezo kugulitsa kwawo mu 1840.

Cockerel yaying'ono (Betta splenders) ndi ena mwa anthu odabwitsa kwambiri okhala m'madzimo. Mitundu yake yokongola ndi ya biology imakopa chidwi chambiri osati kuchokera ku okonda zam'madzi, komanso kuchokera kwa akatswiri a sayansi ya zinthu zakale komanso ofufuza. Betta limachokera ku ikan bettah, lotengedwa kuchokera ku chilankhulo cha Thailand (Siam).

Kukhazikika kwa nsomba kumeneku kumakhala kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Asia, kuphatikiza ndi Peninsula kumpoto kwa Malaysia, pakati komanso kum'mawa kwa Thailand, Kampuchea ndi kumwera kwa Vietnam. Anthu amtchire awa adagwidwa kuchokera ku chigwa cha Mekong. Mtundu wa Betta splenders pakadali pano wayambitsidwa ndikuwakhazikitsa anthu osagwirizana nawo ku Brazil, Colombia, Singapore ndi Dominican Republic. Chiwerengero chokhazikika chingapezekenso ku Indonesia ndi Mazaiziya.

Kugwira cockerels kuthengo mu chithaphwi ku Thailand.

Cockerels okonzeka kumenya nkhondo

Kubala mitundu yambiri yokongoletsera yamtunduwu kudakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa pakuyera kwa nyama zamtchire. Izi zinapangidwa ndi mitanda ingapo yapakati pa Thailand kupangira anthu ankhanza. Kusankhidwa kwa ma cockerels poyambirira sikunapangidwe osati kubereka mosiyana ndi malonda okongola, koma kuti apange olimbana mwamphamvu kuti achite nawo maphwando a Thai.

Ndizodziwika bwino kuti amuna a ku Betta olemekezeka amatsutsana kwathunthu. Kamodzi pachidebe chimodzi, amayamba kumenya nkhondo ndipo nthawi zambiri zimatha ndi zipsepse zam'maso, zokhala ndi mamba kapena kufa kwa munthu.

Habitat ndi nsomba amasamalira amuna

Amuna amakhala m'malo otetemera (pansi), madzi abwino okhala ndi ngalande, nkhalango zosefukira, minda ya mpunga ndi dziwe. Zimapezekanso m'mitsinje yayikulu komanso yayikulu. Zizindikiro zamadzi m'dera lomwe kumenyanirana nsomba ndi izi: kutentha - 22 - 30 ° C, pH 5.0 - 7.0 (6.0 - 8.0 ndizovomerezeka kwa a aquarium ones), kuuma dH 5 - 19. Madzi, momwe amuna amakhala, amakhala ndi katundu wambiri komanso wochepera mpweya. Kusintha kwamphamvu kwamadzi pang'onopang'ono pakusintha kwanyengo kwa pachaka kumapangitsa kuti madzi asinthike kwambiri. Pansi pa malo osungira nthawi zambiri pamakhala mchenga, wauve komanso wosalala. Komabe, nsomba izi, monga nthumwi zina za gawo laling'ono la Labyrinth, zimakhala ndi gawo lapadera lodziwika bwino lomwe limakhala pamwamba pa zotchingira gill. Zimakupatsani mwayi wogwira kuchokera kumtunda ndikupumira mpweya wamlengalenga. Iyi ndi imodzi mwazinthuzi pamene mikhalidwe yam'madzi ndikofunikira kuti zisatulutsenso chilengedwe cha nsomba. Kuchokera pakubwezeretsa bwino komanso madzi apamwamba, nsomba zimangokhala bwino, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zovuta zamatenda kumachepa.

Kudyetsa

Zakudya za anthu akuthengo zimaphatikizapo zooplankton, mphutsi za udzudzu ndi tizilombo tina (dipterans, crickets, orthopterans). Amuna amakhala ndi kamwa yapamwamba ndipo nthawi zambiri amadya tizilombo kuchokera kumtunda, komanso amathanso kudya zakudya zamasamba. Nsomba, zomwe zimadyetsedwa zakudya zamitundu yayitali kwa nthawi yayitali, zimakhala ndi utoto wowala ndipo zimachira msanga. Nthawi zambiri, mipira yamalonda ya cockerel ndi kuphatikiza kwa shrimp ya pansi, ufa wa tirigu, nsomba za pansi, brine shrimp, mawongo am'magazi ndi mavitamini. Nsomba zimathanso kudya nthomba zamagazi owuma, mphutsi za udzudzu, artemia, kapena daphnia.

Amuna akuluakulu amafika kutalika kwa 6.5 cm, zazimayi nthawi zonse zimakhala zochepa. Kuchokera pamafotokozedwe a anthu akuthengo (Froese ndi Pauly, 2012): "Nsombayo ili ndi msana umodzi kumapeto kwa dorsal, 29-34 vertebrae. Mikwingwirima yofiyira pamoto. ” Makhalidwe apadera otsatirawa amasiyanitsa ma B abwino kuchokera kwa mamembala ena amtunduwu: palibe mizere yolumikizika pazotchingira gill, mizere yofiirira yofananira imayikidwa pazotchinga za gill, ziphuphu zamphongo zimakhala zofiira, zamtambo kapena zobiriwira, mutu ndi thupi ndizofanana squat, 27.1 - 32.2% kutalika thupi.

Cockerels samatengera kuchuluka kwa m'madzi am'madzi, motero malita asanu ndi okwanira kusunga awiri opanga.

Zinthu ndi malo okhala nsomba za cockerel

Nsomba za Cockerel, amatchedwanso nsomba zolimbana kapena ma cockerels aku Siamese, amadziwa bwino pafupifupi aliyense amene ali ndi aquarium ndipo ali ndi nsomba. Ngakhale palibe aquarium, ndiye kuti muyenera kuti mwamva za nsomba zotere ndi kukongola kwawo.

Kwa nthawi yayitali akhala akukondedwa ndi asitikali am'madzi chifukwa cha kukongola kwake, mawonekedwe ake komanso kudziyimira pawokha. Alinso ndi dzina lawo chifukwa amawoneka kwambiri ngati atambala okongola. Nsombazi zimafikira zazikulu kuyambira 4 cm mpaka 6, kutengera jenda. Akazi ndi ocheperako, amuna amakula.

Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti, m'chilengedwe chomwechi, nsomba izi sizikuda kwambiri. Amakonda madzi amatope, amatope, chifukwa chake mtundu wawo ndi woyenera - imvi, yofiyira mitundu. Zowona, mwapadera, amawonetsedwa bwino, ngati mitundu yowala.

Chithunzithunzi ndi nsomba ya cockerel m'malo ake achilengedwe

Koma mumitundu yambiri, mawonekedwe ake amangosewera m'malo opangidwa mwaluso. M'malo okhala m'madzi okhaokha mungathe kukumana ndi tambala wokhala ndi utoto wofiirira, wabuluu, wofiirira, ndi mtundu woyera. Ndipo nsomba izi sizingakhale mtundu umodzi wokha, komanso matoni awiri komanso mitundu yowala.

Opanga adawonetsetsa kuti si mitundu yokha yomwe yasintha kwambiri, komanso mawonekedwe a mchira ndi zipsepse. Nsomba zokhala ndi chotupa ndi michira ya deltoid, yokhala ndi michira ya crescent, yamisala iwiri, yamisala yokhala ndi mbendera ndipo ena ambiri tsopano adalimidwa. Ma cockerel okongola mwachilendo okhala ndi michira yokhala ngati korona, nsomba yonseyi imawoneka kuti ikutuluka kuchokera pachimake pansonga ya korona.

Nsomba zambiri ndipo zimafanana ndi maluwa okongola omwe adaluwa m'madzi ndikugwedezeka ndi ngale. Mtundu wa nsomba umakhala wokhutitsidwa kwambiri mwa amuna pankhondo ndi oyimbirana nawo kapena nthawi yotayira akazi.

Mwa njira, zazikazi zimapaka penti modzichepetsa. Ndipo zipsepse zake ndi zazifupi. Ngakhale, nkoyenera kunena kuti tsopano obereketsa akwaniritsa kuti akazi amatha kudzitamandira chifukwa cha michira yayikulu ndi zipsepse.

Mu chithunzichi, nsomba zazimuna ndi zazikazi za cockerel

Ndipo komabe, kuthekera kotereku kukhala moyo ngakhale m'mikhalidwe yovuta sikutanthauza kuti nsomba za cockerel sizisowa chisamaliro komanso mwaulemu zomwe zili. Inde, adzatenga mtsuko wama lita atatu ngati nyumba, koma kumeneko sadzakhala ndi mwayi wowonetsa kukongola kwake konse, nsomba sizikhala ndi moyo wabwino, matenda m'zinthu zoterezi ndizosapeweka. Ndipo awa si mawu chabe.

A aquarium yabwino, yopanda phokoso imakhala ndi bio-balance yake, zomwe ndizofunikira kuti onse okhala m'madzi azikhala. Sizingakhale zotheka kukwaniritsa mulingo womwewo mu banki yomweyo, ziphe (nitrate, nitrites, ammonia) zidzaunjikana, pomwe nsomba imwalira. Chifukwa chake, simuyenera kuzunza amuna ochepa okongola omwe ali ndi zovuta, ndikwabwino kugula nthawi yomweyo aquarium yayikulu, yayikulu.

Ikani chida mmenemo kuti madziwo azikwana ndi mpweya, dzalani madzi am'madzi, motsimikiza pansi ndi dothi labwino, kenako ngodya iyi yokhala ndi dziwe lochita kupanga sichingakhale nyumba yabwino kwambiri ya nsomba, komanso yokongoletsa zamkati mchipindacho.

Kubwezeretsanso nsomba za cockerel

Amuna amasiyana amuna ndi akazi mumtundu wowala komanso ziphuphu zazitali. Izi zimadziwika kwambiri m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokongoletsera. Kuphatikiza apo, amuna okhwima mwakugonana sagwirizana kwenikweni. Kubala nsomba zolimbana ndi njira zovuta. Pakufufuza kwake, Freddie Leon Rainwater, 1966 adamuwonetsa zingapo:

1. Wamphongo amatenga mtundu wa mating, amakhazikitsa malire a gawo lake (kumenyana ndi otsutsa ndi oyandikana nawo), ndikupanga gawo la chithovu, amakhala opatsa mphamvu mwakuthupi. Wamkazi amatenga mtundu wa matching, amakhala kutali ndi wamphongo, kumapeto kwina kwa aquarium, amafikira kukonzekera kwachilengedwe.
2. Wamphongo amaliza kumanga chisa chithovu, amathamangitsa chachikazi ndikumuyandikira kuchisa. Yachikazi imayankha kukhalapo kwamphongo ndi kuyenda kwa thupi kapena kuitsatira, imangokhala pachisa pamaso kapena ngati pali mnzake.
3. Anthu amasuntha masekondi 2-4.
4. Kuyanjana koyambirira ndi matupi.
5. Wamphongo amafinya thupi la mkazi.

Wamphongo amakumbatira thupi la wamkazi ndi kufinya mazira

6. Wamkazi amatulutsa mazira nthawi yocheperako, kapena patapita nthawi pang'ono. Wamphongo amatulutsa mkaka.
7. Kumasukirana. Anthu pawokha amachepetsa ndipo ali zolepheretsa.
8. Wamphongo amatenga mazira, kuwaika m'chisa chithovu ndikuwateteza. Yaikazi imatsikira pansi, imatola mazira ndikubwerera kuchisa kapena popanda iyo.
9. Bwerezani njira 3-8.
Pakumatha kubereka, champhongo chimakhala ndi zowunda, ndipo wamkazi amayamba kuchita mantha ndikupewa champhongo.
Kukula kwa masonry kuli mpaka mazira oyera pafupifupi 100 okhala ndi mulifupi wa 0.8-0.9 mm.

Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatha maola 24-48. Mphutsi zimakhalabe chithovu masiku enanso atatu mpaka cholk chikadzamwetsa. Panthawi imeneyi, yamphongo imapitiriza kusonkhanitsa, imagwera pansi, mphutsi zokhala chisa. Malekwo akangodutsa kuti akasambire pawokha, mwamunayo amasiya kuwakonda, ngakhale samakonda kudya ana ake.

Fryayi ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kotero kuti imafunikira nsapato yopanda poyambira kudya. Pambuyo pake amatha kudya microworm ndi nauplii brine shrimp. Chakudyacho ndibwino kumwa ndi kupatsa katatu patsiku. Pakuchepa, ndibwino kuti pakhale madzi ochepa, omwe pang'onopang'ono amatuluka ndi kukula kwa mwachangu. Ngati ana ndi okuya kwambiri, nkovuta kugwiritsa ntchito zida zawo zowerengera ndipo amatha kufa.

Kulimbana ndi nsomba kumayamwa chisa chithovu Mphutsi za kumenya nsomba mu chisa chithovu

Kumenya nsomba kumakhwima pofika zaka 5.

Khalidwe ndi moyo wa nsomba za cockerel

Khalidwe la cockerel ndiwosangalatsa. chifukwa chake kuphatikiza nsomba Ndi anthu ena, osatero. Mwamuna wowoneka bwino nthawi zonse amapeza chifukwa chothetsera, ndipo ngakhale kumenyera kwa mkazi kapena gawo lake ndikopanda malo opatulika konse.

Agalu kapena michira yophimba makamaka imapeza. Nsomba zamtenderezi ndi nkhwangwa chofiira cha "ng'ombe", michira yawo yapamwamba idzatsekedwa, ndipo osachedwa sakupereka mwayi uliwonse wopulumutsidwa. Amuna amadzichitira okha monga momwe amadananso ndi chidani chachikulu - payenera kukhala ndi "mfumu" m'modzi yekha wamadzimadzi.

Zowona, "abwana" awa ali ndi code yosasinthika. Mwachitsanzo, mwachitsanzo, ngati pankhondo wina wamwamuna amadzuka kuti apume mpweya, wamphongo wachiwiriyo sadzamutha, koma adikirira moleza mtima kuti nkhondoyi ipitirire.

Chithunzithunzi amuna amuna nsomba cockerel

Kapena, ngati amuna awiri akumenya nkhondo, wachitatu sangasokoneze ndewu, izi sizotsatira malamulo. Koma wopambana atamasulidwa, mdani watsopano wokhala ndi zida zatsopano azimuyembekezera. Popewa nkhondo, eni ena amasunga amuna angapo pamalo am'madzi osiyana. Koma izi zimakhala ndi kuchepera - chachimuna sichitha kuwonetsa bwino mtundu wake.

Amayi amakhala amtendere kwambiri, komabe, kudzichepetsa kwawo sikungapulumutse anthu okhala m'madzi kuti asawonongedwe ndi mnzake. Pofuna kupewa ndewu, ndikolondola kwambiri kuyambitsa nzika zonse zam'madzi nthawi yomweyo ali aang'ono, ngakhale mwachangu. Kenako ma cockerels amawazolowera kuti gawo silili lawo lokha.

Chakudya cha nsomba ya Cockerel

Ngakhale kuti nsomba izi zimatha kudya chilichonse, ziyenera kudyetsedwa ndi zakudya zapadera komanso mwamphamvu 2 kawiri pa tsiku. Musayembekezere kuti tambala wokhala ndi thanzi labwino amakana chakudya. Amuna okongola awa samadandaula nkomwe za chiwonetserochi, ndiwowoneka bwino kwambiri ndipo amatha kudya kwambiri mpaka imfa.

Zakudya za nsomba zizikhala ndi zakudya zamafuta zomwe zimapangidwa kale, ndipo kuchokera ku zachilengedwe - mazira owundana, ma crustaceans. Ma nkhono a Aquarium ndi oyenererana ndi zakudya zachilengedwe; amphongo awo amadya mosangalala. Zakudya zamafuta ziyenera kugulidwa m'masitolo apadera. Makampani ambiri pano amapanga chakudya cha amuna okha.

Magawo amenewo amaphatikiza mapuloteni oyenera komanso chomera. Zakudya zopangidwa mwachangu. Pali mavitamini ena ophatikizira mtundu. Kuphatikiza apo, pali gawo lolemera lokhala ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana. Ndiye kuti, zofunikira zonse zaumoyo zomwe nsomba zimaganiziridwa, mwiniwake amangosankha chakudya choyenera ndikuwona tsiku lotha.

Matenda a Cockerel Fish

Malinga ndi Froese ndi Pauly (2012), matenda otsatirawa akuti amapha nsomba zokhala ndi tambala:
1. Magawo oyambira komanso mochedwa a matenda a bakiteriya Fin rot (pathogen Pseudomonas fluorescens),
2. matenda a parasitic Ichthyophthyroidism (wothandizira wa infusoria Ichthyophthirius multifiliis),
3. Matenda oyambitsidwa ndi bakiteriya (generalized),
4. Bacteria matenda Columnariosis (pathogen Flexibacter columnaris),
5. Matenda a bakiteriya chifuwa chachikulu cha chifuwa chachikulu (pathogen bacillus Micobacterium piscum),
6. Matenda a parasitic Corduroy matenda (pathogen flagella Oodinium pilularis kapena Oodinium limneticum).
7. Bacteria matenda Edwardsiellosis Edwardsiella

Yogwirizana cockerel ndi nsomba zina

Akafunsidwa kuti ndalama zomwe amagwirizana ndi ndani, palibe amene angayankhe motsimikiza. Zokha, nsomba zamtenderezi ndipo sizivulaza aliyense. Kumbali ina, kusukulu komanso nsomba zazikulu zamphamvu, monga barbs, zimatha kuluma zipsepse ndikuyambitsa nsomba zomwe zikumenyetsa nkhawa nthawi zonse.

Monga oyandikana nawo a Karpovy, Pecilievye ndi Vyunovye ali oyenera. Ngakhale pakufalikira ngakhale anthu oyandikana nawawa atinso kusokoneza abambo.

Nthawi zambiri, simungasunge amuna amuna awiri am'madzi amodzi. chifukwa adzamenya nkhondo. Izi ndizowona mokhudzana ndi kusiyanasiyana kwakunyumba kwa Betta, chifukwa adagulitsidwa mwapadera pazokopa kwa nthawi yayitali.

Kuberekanso komanso chiyembekezo cha moyo wa nsomba za cockerel

Amuna amatha kutuluka m'matanthwe wamba, komabe, zingakhale bwino ngati banja libzalidwe. Pakuchepa, wamkazi ndi wamwamuna wazaka 6 mpaka miyezi 6 amasankhidwa, ndipo nthunzi imagulitsidwa mu aquarium, ndi voliyumu ya 6 - 7 malita. Ma aquarium opatsirana amafunika kukonzekereratu.

Chithunzi chojambulidwa mchira wophimbika

Dothi silikulowa m'madzi, koma masamba 2-3 omwe ali ndi masamba apakatikati amaikidwa, omwe amphongo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito chisa ndikuyambitsa kuwala. Ma aquarium akuyenera kukhala ndi ma grottoes, zipolopolo ndi malo ena okhala. Zidzafunika kuti atangochotsa wamkazi athawire kwina.

Madzi mu aquarium amathiridwa masentimita 10,5 okha, ndipo mwamunayo atabzalidwa, amangosiyidwa ndi masentimita 5 okha. Kukula kuyenera kukhazikitsidwa, ndipo madziwo ayenera kukhala ndi kutentha kwa madigiri 27-30. Nthawi yomweyo, madziwo ayenera kukhala osowa kwa masiku osachepera anayi. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti cockerel yamphongo ndi bambo wokonda kwambiri. Choyamba akumanga chisa.

Chithunzi cha cockerel chachikazi cha mitundu iwiri

Ali ndi chisa chachilendo - kuchokera kumabampu amlengalenga, omwe cockerel amachimanga ndi malovu ake. Kuti mwamunayo asasokonezedwe, amabzalidwa woyamba m'mphepete mwa nyanja yamadzi. Ndipo chisa chikamangidwa, chachikazi chokhala ndi caviar chimabzalidwa pa cockerel. Mkazi wotere nthawi zonse amakhala wosavuta kuzindikira pamimba yozungulira.

Wamphongo amakakamiza mkazi ndi thupi lake ndikumeza mazira angapo kuchokera pamimba pake. Kenako amawatenga ndi kamwa yake ndikuwanyamula kupita nawo ku chisa. Ndipo kenako amabwerera kwa mkazi kuti “akatenge” mazira otsatira. Kutumphuka kukatha, ndipo izi zidzadziwika chifukwa chakuti mkazi ayamba kubisala, ndipo wamphongo ayamba kusambira pafupi ndi chisa, chachikazi chimayenera kuchotsedwa.

Wamphongo mwiniyo ayamba kusamalira ana ndikuchotsa njirayo pachisa, mwa "tate" wamphongo amatha kupha mkazi. Amakhala wokhazikika ndipo amayamba kudyetsa kwambiri chakudya chamoyo. Mazira amachedwa kuchoka pa 100 mpaka 300.

Mazira akaikira, maola 36 amapita ndi kuwaswa.Pambuyo pa tsiku lina, nthovu zawo zimasungunuka, ndipo amadzitsogolera okha. Iyi ndi nthawi yomwe muyenera kubzala mwamuna. Kuphatikiza kwina kuyenera kudyetsedwa ndi chakudya chosankhidwa bwino. Amuna amakhala zaka zosaposa zitatu.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Chithunzi: Tambala tambala

Amuna ndi nsomba zokhala ndi michere, yosiyana kwambiri ndi momwe zimakhalira m'madzi ambiri momwe zimapumira mpweya wam'mlengalenga monga anthu. Kummwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia ndi dziko lodziwika la nsomba tambala. Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia - malo okhala nsomba izi. Amuna osankhidwa makamaka amakhala madzi kapena malo osayenda pang'ono. Amakhala m'madzi oyera okha.

Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa nsomba zamtunduwu kumapezeka chakumapeto kwa 1800. Kenako nzika zamakono za Thailand (zomwe zimatchedwa malowa Siam) zidakopa chidwi cha oimira amtunduwu chifukwa cha kusangalatsa kwawo - kuwonetsera mkwiyo wanzake wina ndi mnzake (tikulankhula za amuna). Zinali pambuyo pa izi pamene nsomba zimayamba kugwidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pomenya nkhondo zapadera, ndikupanga ndalama kuti zibwere.

Kanema: Tambala wa nsomba

Ku Europe, oyamba kukumana ndi tambala anali anthu okhala ku Germany ndi France, komwe nthumwi za mitunduyi zidabweretsedwa mu 1892. Ku Russia, nsomba zidawoneka mu 1896, koma ku USA adabwera nazo posachedwapa - mchaka cha 1910, pomwe Locke adayamba kumene kupanga mtundu watsopano ndi wina utoto. Kudera la Russia yamakono, Melnikov adawonetsa chidwi ndi mtundu wamtunduwu, momwe ulemu wawo ambiri am'madzi amachitabe mpikisano wa omenyera nsomba, kuwapangitsa kuti amenyane.

Masiku ano, pali mitundu yambiri ya nsomba zokhala ndi tambala, koma zomwe zidakhalapo m'mbuyomu ziyenera kusamalidwa mwapadera. Cholinga chake ndikuti mitundu yambiri idadulidwa mwangozi ndipo ndi ma hybrids, koma oimira zachilengedwe akucheperachepera. Payokha, mitundu yamadzi am'nyanja (trigle) imaganiziridwa. Ndizoyimira, matchulidwe. Nsomba zimasiyanitsidwa chifukwa zimatha kupanga phokoso lalikulu ndikuwuluka pang'ono pamadzi. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake kosangalatsa, mtunduwu siuli m'gulu la aquarium.

Chochititsa chidwi: Tinsomba tating'onoting'ono tidzilemekeza tokha chifukwa cha mfumu ya Siamese. Ndiamene adayambitsa maphunziro atsatanetsatane a asayansi odzipereka pakulimbana ndi luso lolingana ndi zolengedwa.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Kodi nsomba ya tambala imawoneka bwanji?

Mitundu yonseyi imawoneka modabwitsa. Chifukwa cha iye, nsomba zakhala zikutchuka kwa zaka zambiri. kutengera ndi mtundu wamadzi oyera kapena am'madzi amtunduwu akaganiziridwa, kusiyana maonekedwe kudzakhala kofunika kwambiri.

Zowala kwambiri ndi cockerels za Siamese. Mwa njira, mtunduwu umawonekera kwambiri wamwamuna kuposa wamkazi. Ali ndi mchira wawukulu wowala, wowoneka bwino m bwino kwambiri. Chachikazi chimakhala chofewa komanso chosawerengeka. Wamphongo amakhala ndi utoto wonyezimira kwambiri nthawi yakutulutsa.

Chosangalatsa: Tambala tambala ndi madzi abwino, komanso nyanja. Ngakhale ali ndi dzina lomweli, ali m'magulu osiyanasiyana okhala ndi madzi. Maonekedwe awo amakhalanso osiyana kwambiri ndi wina ndi mnzake.

Mpaka pano, obereketsa ambiri akwanitsa kubereka mitundu yomwe wamkazi siosiyana ndi yamphongo ndipo yowala, yokhala ndi zipsepse zokulirapo. Yaimuna nthawi zambiri imakhala yotalika masentimita 5, ndipo yaikazi imakhala yofupika 1 cm. Mtundu wa azitona ndi mikwingwirima yakuda - izi ndizomwe zimasiyanitsa mitundu yomwe imakhala mwachilengedwe. Mphesa za nsomba ndizazungulira. Ngati tizingolankhula za nyama zam'madzi, ndizambiri. Wachikulire amatha kufikira masentimita 60. Kulemera kwa nsomba ndi pafupifupi 5.5 kg.

Thupi la nsomba ndi lalikulu kwambiri, makamaka mutu wokhala ndi njira zazitali, masharubu, umaonekera. Kuphatikiza apo, pali mtundu wamafupa omwe umapangidwa pamutu m'munsi, ndipo pamimba pali zipsepheni zomwe zimadulidwa pang'ono. Zonsezi zimakhala ngati miyendo isanu ndi umodzi, zomwe zimaloleza nsomba kuyenda mosavuta pansi.

Kodi nsomba ya tambala imakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Tambala wakuda wakuda

Pomwe oyimilira amtunduwu adzadalira mwachindunji ngati akukambirana m'madzi kapena m'madzi oyera. Tambala tanyanja nthawi zambiri timapezeka m'madzi otentha pafupi ndi gombe. Ku Russia kuli mitundu ingapo ya mitundu. Iwo (makamaka achikasu a trigloe) amakhala ku Nyanja Zachikuda ndi Baltic (nthawi zina ku Far East). Koma imvi ya trigloe imapezeka kwambiri pafupi ndi gombe la Atlantic Ocean.

Amuna ang'onoang'ono amadzi oyera amapezeka ku Southeast Asia mpaka lero. Pazinthu zachilengedwe m'malo ena sizingatheke kukumana ndi nsomba. Malo omwe nsomba zimakonda kwambiri ndi madzi osasunthika, chifukwa chake m'malo awa nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'madzi ndi ma bays. Mitsinje yothamanga kwambiri sidzasangalatsa oimira amtunduwu. Kupatula kungapangidwe kumitsinje yaying'ono yokha ndi madzi ofunda, pomwe mayendedwe ake sathamanga kwambiri nthawi zonse.

Masiku ano, tikalankhula za nsomba zazing'ono, tambala, ndiye kuti bwalo lamadzi wamba, komwe mitundu yambiri tsopano imakhala, ili yodziwika bwino. Mwa njira, ngakhale ali ndi moyo wokangalika chotere, nsomba zamtunduwu sizingasinthidwe nyengo iliyonse. Amakonda kukhala malo amodzi moyo wawo wonse, osasintha zomwe amachita, kuphatikizaponso kutulutsa. Chokha chomwe chingasunthidwe ndikusuntha kwamtunda wamadzi.

Kodi tambala tambala amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Tambala tambala yakanyanja

Nsomba zokhala ndi tambala ndizamgulu la adani. Amatha kudya ma bollus, crustaceans, mwachangu nsomba zina. Komanso sangakane kudya nsomba zazing'ono (sultanka). Komanso: tambala wam'nyanja sikovuta kusaka nyama yake. Iye, monga mdani aliyense, amalandira chisangalalo kuchokera kusaka.

Atangopeza yemwe akum'gwirayo, akumadumphadumpha, kumuukira ndi mkwiyo waukulu. Popeza tambala wam'madzi ali m'gulu la nsomba zam'munsi, imasaka pansi, osakwera chifukwa cha madziwo kapena pakatikati pake.

Mwa njira, zakudya zazing'ono zazing'ono za cockerel zimayenera chisamaliro chapadera. Amakhala odzichepetsa kwambiri pakudya. Nthawi zina, amatha kusaka tizilombo tomwe timakhala pafupi ndi malo osungira. Kunyumba, asodzi am'madzi amalephera kumadyetsa kwambiri. Amakhala atcheru kwambiri ndipo sakudziwa muyeso, kuti athe kunenepa mosavuta kapena kufa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chakudya.

M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, nsomba zimadya mphutsi zazing'ono, tizilombo, ndi crustaceans. Mwakutero, nsomba ndi za nyama zomwe zimadyera, koma sizingakane kuchokera ku algae, mbewu zomwe zimatha kulowa m'madzi. Koma ngati zingatheke sangakane osati anthu okhala mdzikomo, komanso tizilombo touluka.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Chimbudzi cha Tambala chachikazi

Kulimbana ndi nsomba ya cockerel kumakhala kovuta kwambiri poyerekeza ndi amuna ena. Ichi ndichifukwa chake amuna awiri sayenera kusungidwa m'malo am'madzi. Palibe chifukwa chomwe angagwirizanirane.

Kukwiya kwa nsombayo kumafika poti amatha kulowa mu nkhondo yoopsa ngakhale ndikuwonetsedwa mu kalilole. Nthawi yomweyo, nsomba izi sizingatchulidwe wamba. Ali ndi malingaliro opanga bwino, amakumbukira mbuye wawo mosavuta ndipo amatha kusewera masewera osavuta. Chidwi chowonjezerachi ndichotengera kuti amuna ambiri amakonda kugona pamiyala chimodzimodzi ndi anthu pamapilo. Pafupifupi, cockerel amatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 3-4.

Chosangalatsa: Cockerel amatha kudumphira m'madzi mosavuta mpaka masentimita 7. Koma tambala wa mnyanja konse, chifukwa cha mapiko ake, imatha kuwuluka pamwamba pamadzi mpaka 6-7 m.

Anthu okhala kunyanja sangatchulidwenso kuti ndi akale. Chizindikiro chawo ndi chakuti maphemwe am'nyanja ndi phokoso kwambiri. Kufanizira kwa kubuma, kukuwa, kununkha ndi zomwe asayansi ambiri amatcha khwangwala (chifukwa chake dzina la mtunduwu).

Dzuwa lisanalowe, nsomba z tambala zimakonda kuphika padzuwa pafupi ndi madzi. Koma mutatha kudya, m'malo mwake, mumakonda kubisala mwala kuti pasakhale wina amene akuvutitsani. Amakondanso kukhala kwayekha ndipo salola zoweta, ngati abale awo ang'ono - amuna.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Chinsomba cha ku Nyanja Yakuda

Nsombazi zimadziwika ndi mawonekedwe achilendo, ndizovuta kulumikizana ndi anthu ena okhala kuderalo, chifukwa chake samakonda kulumikizana ndi oyimira mitundu ina. M'malo mwake, roost nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokhazokha, siziphatikiza ndi mamembala amtundu wawo.

Amuna m'chilengedwe amayamba kubereka pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, atakhala okhwima. Ngati timayankhula za kuswana kunyumba, ndiye kuti mutangofalikira ndizofunikira kupanga zikhalidwe zapadera, chifukwa nsomba ndizosankha bwino pankhaniyi.

Kupha nsomba zinthu ngati izi ndikofunikira:

• madzi ofunda
• malo obisika oti apange chisa,
• madzulo

Nsomba zimasankha malo mosachedwa kuwaza, mumakonda kutentha kwa madzi kwa madigiri 30 opanda magetsi owala. Moyenera pazida zamtundu wamtundu, zisa zamadzi zamadzi zam'madzi, zotchinga ndizoyenera. M'mbuyomu, wamwamuna amayamba kupanga chisa chamtundu wina: thovu la mpweya limalumikizidwa ndi malovu ake wina ndi mnzake.

Pambuyo pake, amayamba kuyandikira chachikaziyo, ndikum'kumbatira "pang'ono pang'ono ndikukuta mazira angapo, omwe amasamutsa ku chisa ndikubwerera kwotsatira. Ntchitoyo ikamalizidwa, wamkazi amasambira, koma yamphongo imatsala kuti iteteze chisa chake. Mwa njira, iye amasamalira ana kwakanthawi atabadwa.

Chochititsa chidwi: Mwana wamwamuna ndi bambo wachikondi kwambiri kuti athe kuthamangitsa wamkazi pachisa mwachidwi kwambiri mpaka amuphe.

Pakatha masiku pafupifupi 1.5, mwachangu adzabisala, ndipo pambuyo pa tsiku lina buble loteteza lidzaphulika ndipo lidzayamba kukhala lokha. Koma ndi nyama zam'madzi, zinthu ndizosiyana. Amakhala okhwima kwathunthu pafupi ndi zaka 4. Mpaka nthawi ino, ngakhale sakhala ndi makolo awo, satenga nawo mbali pazakuwonjezera komanso njira zopezera ndalama zambiri monga akulu.

Kwa 1 nthawi yayitali, mkazi wamkulu amaikira mazira ang'ono 300,000. Kutalika kwa aliyense kuli pafupifupi 1.3-1.6 mm (palimodzi ndi dontho lamafuta). Zomera zam'nyanja zimamera nthawi yotentha. Dzira limakhazikika pafupifupi sabata limodzi, pambuyo pake mwachangu.

Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: Ngakhale kukhala ocheperako, ma fry a sea cocks ali ofanana kwathunthu maonekedwe a akulu.

Adani achilengedwe a tambala tambala

Chithunzi: Tambala tambala

Ngakhale nsomba zimachita ukali kwambiri, zilibe adani ake ochulukirapo. Ngakhale munthu amatha kupeza chitsimikizo poti choopsa chachikulu kwa iwo ndi munthu, alipo adani ena angapo. Mwa njira, munthu amakhalanso wowopsa mosazindikira. Amalowetsa matupi amadzi ndi ntchito yake, kukulitsa chilengedwe, munthu amatha kuyambitsa zowopsa kwa zolengedwa zodabwitsazi.

Ndizovuta kwambiri kunena ndendende omwe adani akuyembekezera nsomba tambala m'chilengedwe. Izi makamaka zikutanthauza nyama zomwe zimadyedwa. Pa moyo wam'madzi, imatha kukhala nsomba zazikulu kwambiri. Komanso mu beseni la Nyanja Yakuda, nthumwi za mtunduwu sizinyalanyazidwa ndi ma dolphin.

Ngati tizingolankhula zazimuna zam'madzi zatsopano, kwa iwo ngakhale zazing'onoting'ono zazing'ono zingakhale zowopsa. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama zomwe zimadya, mbalame, zomwe sizisamala kudya nsomba, zomwe zimakhala m'madzi osaya.

Choyipa chachikulu kwa nsomba ndichakuti imakhala ndi mtundu wowala bwino. Amamuyang'ana mwamphamvu kuchokera kwa adani, iye samatha kuyenda mosadziwika panthawi iliyonse. Sangathandizenso anthu okhala kunyanja omwe ali ndi ziphuphu zakuthwa - kuzigwira sizovuta chifukwa choyenda pang'onopang'ono.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Nsomba Zofiira

Popeza nsomba zokhala ndi tambala ndizoti sizingokhala malo amodzi okha, ndizovuta kwambiri kuziwerenga. Kuphatikiza apo, unyinji wa nsomba umakhala mukusonkhanitsa payekhapayekha kapena posachedwapa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndizosatheka kunena ndendende kuchuluka kwa oimira mitundu masiku ano omwe ali m'chilengedwe.

Zitha kudziwika kuti mu vivo kwambiri amoyo amoyo wamadzi am'madzi. Amakhala otetezedwa komanso kuzolowera moyo, pomwe ma Siamese cockerels ali pachiwopsezo chokwanira kuzopseza zakunja.

Koma izi zimagwira ntchito kokha ku moyo wa nyama zachilengedwe. Ngati titha kuyesa kuchuluka kwa anthu onse, ndiye kuti padzakhala amuna ochulukirapo, chifukwa nthumwi zambiri zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimakhala m'midzi yozungulira anthu.

Ngakhale kutchuka ndi kuswana kwa nthumwi kwa nthumwi, nsomba za tambala ndi zomwe zimafunika kutetezedwa mwapadera. Zifukwazi zikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi kuukiridwa kwa nsomba ndi anthu.

Si chinsinsi kuti nsomba zam'madzi zam'madzi zimakhala ndi nyama yokoma kwambiri, yofanana ndi nkhuku. Ndi chifukwa cha izi kuti mitunduyi yasanduka chandamale chotchuka kwambiri. Asodziwo samayimitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa nsomba zomwe zikuchepa kwambiri, chifukwa chinthu chachikulu ndikugwira zokoma.

Asodzi a Tambala

Chithunzi: Tambala tinsomba kuchokera ku Buku Lofiyira

Oimira zamtunduwu adalembedwa kale mu Red Book. Zomwe kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa mitundu ndi mitundu yawo yosazolowereka ndi chikhalidwe chawo choyambirira. Mosasamala mtundu uti womwe amafunsidwa, amafunika kutetezedwa ku mayiko. Pachifukwa ichi, pali njira zingapo zomwe zimateteza nsomba kuti isasokedwe ndi anthu. Ngati tizingolankhula za tambala am'nyanja, kuchuluka kwawo kumachepetsedwa chifukwa cha kukoma. Nyama ya nsomba iyi ndi kukonda kwambiri, motero kwakhala nkhani yausodzi kwa nthawi yayitali.

Mitundu yambiri imasowa m'malo osungira zachilengedwe, popeza imagwera m'misonkhanowu. Poterepa, ntchito yayikulu yomwe amadzi am'madzi amadzipangira okha ndi kubereka mitundu yatsopano kuti ikwaniritse mitundu yokongola. Koma, choyamba, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo achilengedwe, ma hybrids samakhala nthawi yayitali, ndipo, chachiwiri, zonsezi zimabweretsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa oimira mitundu yoyambirira. Zotsatira zake - mawonekedwe ake oyambirira, nsomba zikucheperachepera.

Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndikofunikira kugwira ntchito kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mitundu yodziwika ya nsomba za tambala. Sizoletsedwa kugwira nsomba izi, monga kupha kapena kuvulaza ena. Komabe, izi sizikutsimikizira zotsatira zabwino. Kuteteza nsomba kwa adani awo achilengedwe ndizovuta kwambiri, komanso kuwapatsa malo okhala. Chifukwa cha kutentha kotentha, malovu ambiri akuwuma, potengera nsomba za tambala kunyumba ndikuwatsutsa kuti afe. Ichi ndichifukwa chake amakhulupirira kuti kusunga zachilengedwe moyenera ndi ntchito yayikulu ya anthu.

Mwachidule, ntchito zazikuluzikulu za anthu zoteteza nsomba za tambala ndi:

• kugwira malire
• kuteteza nkhokwe komwe oyimilira amtunduwu amakhala,
• kusintha kwachilengedwe.

Chifukwa chake, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake odabwitsa, nsomba izi zimakopa chidwi cha asodzi am'madzi ndi asodzi. Ndikofunikira kuteteza mawonekedwe odabwitsa awa kuti tiwasungidwe mwachilengedwe, chifukwa ochepa mwa anthu ena akuzama omwe angayerekezedwe ndi zolengedwa zachilendozi.

Nkhani

Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa kukhalapo kwake kwachidziwikire kuyambira ku 1800. Panthawiyo, nzika za Siam (tsopano Thailand) zinayang'ana nsomba zazing'ono, zomwe zimadziwika ndi nkhanza kwa wina ndi mnzake. Anthu odzipeza anali ndi ziphuphu zazifupi komanso thupi lofiirira. Siamese adayamba kuwoloka Betta ndipo ndinapeza nsomba yotchedwa Pla Kat, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti "kuluma nsomba."

Mu 1840, Mfumu ya Siam idapereka ena mwa makope ake abwino kwa Dr. Theodore Cantor, dokotala waku Bangkok. Patatha zaka 9, akugwirira ntchito polemba momwe nsomba zomwe adapeza, Dr. Cantor adazitcha Macropodus pugnax. Komabe, mu 1909, wasayansi wina wa ku Britain wotchedwa Charles Tate Regan, yemwe adagawa nsomba, adasinthanso dzina Betta amakongolakuzindikira kuti malangizowo Macropodus pugnax kale alipo. Mwina, Regan adabweza dzinali kuchokera ku fuko la Bettah lazankhondo lomwe lidalipo. Kutanthauzira kotheka: Betta (wankhondo) Zabwino (zabwino).

Choyamba Betta Inatumizidwa ku Paris mu 1892 ndi ku Germany mu 1896. Mu 1910, adapezeka ku United States. Frank Lock wa San Francisco, California adakhala mwini katundu wofunika. Pakusankha, adalandira nsomba dzina lake Betta cambodia. M'malo mwake, anali m'modzi mwa oyamba kulandira mtundu watsopano. Betta amakongola.

Ku Russia, zikamera Betta amakongola ili ndi Mabaibulo angapo. Chimodzi mwazomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi dzina la V. M. Desnitsky (wasayansi wazakumapeto kwa XIX - zaka XX zoyambirira). Mu 1896, adabweretsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba ndi mbewu kuchokera ku Singapore, koma palibe zodalirika ngati panali mtundu pakati pawo. Betta amakongola. Komabe, msodzi wina wazam'madzi wamtchire, V. S. Melnikov, nthawi yomweyi, anali woyamba ku Russia kupanga nsomba zingapo zodzipatula. Mukumbukira kwake, mpikisano wapa nsomba zomenyera bwino kwambiri udakhazikitsidwa. Mtundu wina umanena kuti Betta amakongola idayambitsidwa ndi French G. Seisel, ndipo mbadwa zonse osati zaku Russia zokha komanso nsomba zomenyera ku Europe zidachoka pa nsomba zake.

Kufotokozera

Amuna amafika mpaka 5cm kutalika, zazikazi - pafupifupi masentimita 4. Mtundu wamtchire ndi maolivi opepuka, pang'ono imvi, mikwingwirima yakuda imadutsa kapena kudutsa thupi (kutengera machitidwe). Zipsepalazo ndizifupi, zozungulira. Makala cycloid. Nsomba zimangokhala ngati macropod.

Abereka adatulutsa mitundu yambiri ndi mitundu yophimba, yomwe idali yotchuka kwambiri pantchito za nsomba za m'madzi.

Nsomba zobereketsa zomwe ndi zina mwa nsomba zokongola kwambiri zam'madzi; zimaposa ziwalo zina zonse m'mabanja mwawo mwakuwala ndi maonekedwe ake okongola. Mpaka pano, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yofiira, yabuluu, yachikasu, yobiriwira, yapinki, yoyera idayatsidwa, pomwe nsomba zikuyenda, mtundu wa thupi powala kowala, kusewera ndi shimmers, ndikutenga mithunzi yosiyanasiyana. Amuna amakhala owala kwambiri pakatundu kapena pofinyira ndi anyamata ena. Nsomba zachikazi zachikazi ndizovala pang'ono kuposa zazimuna ndipo zimakhala ndi zipsepse zazing'ono. Ngakhale azimayi aposachedwa awonekera ndi zipsemba zazitali pang'ono, zopanda mtundu kuposa amuna.

Kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu yoswana ndi mitundu

Mitundu yamakono ya nsomba zolimbirana imasiyana ndi yamtchire makamaka pamtundu ndi mawonekedwe a zipsepse. Malonda a alimi a nsomba ndi obereketsa nsomba amagawa nsomba m'mitundu iyi:

Payokha payokha chinjoka chomenya nsomba. "Chinjoka" chimakhala ndi thupi lalikulupo komanso chivundikiro chachitsulo chachikulu pamtundu wokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitunduyo; masikelo amafanana ndi makalata amtundu, nthawi zambiri - mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya cocekerels komanso yosinthika kwambiri

Khalidwe

Ngati pali malo awiri okha mu aquarium - chachimuna ndi chachikazi - ndiye mu nthawi zabwinobwino amakhala ndi utoto wowoneka bwino wopaka utoto - wofiira, wabuluu, wobiriwira kapena wapinki wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yofiirira yomwe imayenda mthupi kuchokera kumutu kupita kumchira, ndipo nthawi yokhayo zonunkhira zonse ziwiri.

Nsomba zomenyazo sizikhala ndi moyo zaka zopitilira zitatu, kenako nkufa. Mwa akazi achikulire omwe sanataye mazira akadali aang'ono, mazira amasintha, ndikutulutsa mitundu yotsegulira, kuti mkazi asamathe kutulutsa.

Zambiri za Aquarium

Chifukwa chakuti nsomba ndi nyama zamagazi ozizira (kutentha kwawo kwa thupi ndi kachigawo kakang'ono kuposa kutentha kotentha, komwe ma metabolic ofunikira m'thupi amadalira), kutentha kwakukulu kwa madzi osungirako amuna ndi 26-27 ° C, ndipo kutentha kochepa sikotsika kuposa 25 ° NDI. Madziwo atayamba kulowa + 22 / + 20 ° С, nsomba imamira pansi, kuyesera kudziyika pansi (kapena silt, moss, m'munsi mwa mbewu), ndikugwera mumtunda wa "hibernation yozizira". Ndi kutentha kwawonjezereka kwa mpweya, ndipo motero, madzi, nsomba zimadzuka nthawi yomweyo ndikuyandama pamwamba.

Aquarium aeration sifunikira kumenya nsomba (pamlingo woyambira masentimita oposa 15, aeration ndiyofunikira pakungosakaniza kutentha kwawotentha ndi zigawo za madzi ozizira). Kuzisintha ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa bwino bio mu aquarium. Mu aquarium, masamba obiriwira ndi ofunikira, omwe ali ndi "zotulutsa" pakusambira kwaulere. Zomera zimafunikira kuunikira maola 8 mpaka 14 patsiku, kutengera mtundu wa mbewu ndi kuwala kwa nyali zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Zachikazi mu aquarium zimatha kusungidwa pagulu, koma onetsetsani kuti mwasiyana ndi yamphongo. Akazi amakhazikitsa utsogoleri, koyambirira kapena pomwe wamkazi watsopano agawana, pamakhala mikangano. Pangakhale wamwamuna m'modzi basi. Koma ngati aquarium ndi yayikulu kwambiri ndipo pali masamba ambiri - wamphongo mmodzi, wokhala ndi gawo lofunikalo, amatha kukhala mwamtendere ndi wina ngati sakudutsa malire.

Zinthu zake

Mitundu yamakono ya nsomba zolimbana, yokhala ndi mawonekedwe osazolowereka komanso yokongoletsa - zipsepse zofewa amuna, sizikulimbikitsidwa kuti izisungidwa m'mizinda yayikulu ndi nsomba zina chifukwa cha kutayika kwa mawonekedwe awo, pomwe kuchuluka kwa ma cockerels sikuchita gawo lalikulu monga kugona kwa oyimira nsomba ena (neons, barba, malupanga, zebrafish, ndi ena oimira nsomba za ku aquarium). Kuphatikiza apo, m'magulu am'madzi a aquarium yayikulu, si zipse zonse zachimuna zomwe zimapanga zofananira, kuchuluka kwa chotengera kungakhale kochepa - pafupifupi malita 10 kapena kuposerapo, ndipo ndikofunikira kuyang'anira kuyera kwa madzi pochotsa zinyalala nthawi zonse ndi zinyalala za chakudya ndi siphon. Kwa munthu wamkulu, voliyumu yaying'ono yam'madzi ndi 10 malita. Zachikazi zomwe zimakhala zopanda ziphuphu zophimba zimakhazikika bwino m'madzi wamba ndi nsomba zina, kutengera umunthu wawo.