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Nyama zambiri, zazikazi ndizokulirapo kuposa zazimuna, koma zolengedwa zambiri zomwe zimayamwa ndizowona. A Marcelo Cassini, ofufuza ku Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine ku Argentina, adasindikiza pepala m'magazini yotchedwa Mammal Review, yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wotsegula chinsinsi pankhaniyi.

Zamoyo zambiri, zazikazi ndizokulirapo kuposa zazimuna. Modabwitsa, mwa mitundu yambiri ya anyani aku mamembala, mitundu ya akazi imasiyanasiyananso ndi amuna. Pofotokozera izi, asayansi afotokoza malingaliro ambiri. Mpaka pano, kufotokozera kovomerezeka ndikuti kusasinthika kwa kugonana mwa zolengedwa zoyamwitsa kunayamba chifukwa cha kusankha pakati pa amuna.

Wofufuzayo adasanthula kuchuluka kwa mitundu 50 ya anyani ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito njira yaying'ono kwambiri momwe miliri ya kugonana imadalira, ndipo zizindikiritso zomwe zidafotokozedwazo zidachita ngati zodziyimira pawokha. Zotsatira zake, wasayansiyo adawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa miyambo ya kugonana kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi zisonyezo zinayi - kuchuluka kwa kugonana, njira yakukhwima, mpikisano ndi kuchuluka kwa machitidwe ogonana.

Pantchito yake, Cassini akumaliza kuti m'magulu akulu, abambo amatha kulephera kudziletsa pakugonana ndi ena mwa gululi kapena kupatsanso mwayi wina wobereka ena. Chifukwa chake, kuti asunge majini awo, abambo ayenera kukhala okulirapo kuti akhale ndi mwayi wopitilira anthu ena komanso kuti azithana ndi akazi ambiri. Zotsatira zake, mitundu yaimuna yayitali imatumizidwa kuchokera ku mibadwo kupita ku mbadwo. Chifukwa chake, malinga ndi phunziroli, gawo la kugonana dimorphism limaseweredwa ndi kusankha kwachilengedwe, osati kugonana kokha.

Mpheta zamphongo zimaphunzira kuzindikira kusakhulupirika kwa "theka" lawo. Amaganizira motengera zochita za akazi ndipo amatha "kuwalanga" chifukwa chopita kumanzere.

Gulu la asayansi aku Britain ndi ku Germany lidachita kafukufuku wa momwe mpheta zachimuna zimachitira ndikusakhulupirika kwa akazi awo, ndikuwona kuti mbalamezo zimadziwa izi machitidwe a mnzake. Pakubwezera, abambo samachita zambiri pakudyetsa ana awo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akazi akhale okhulupirika. Nkhani yofananayo imasindikizidwa mu American Naturalist.

Mu nyama zamtchire, mitundu yambiri imatha kuwona osati mokhazikika (mimbulu yolusa), kapena mitala yotseguka (agalu osochera), komanso njira zingapo zapakatikati. Mpheta wamba zimakhala ndi zotere. Monga zikhalidwe zambiri mwa anthu, gululi limakhala lodziwika pakati pa mbalamezi, koma mpheta zina zimakonda kuchita chigololo, nthawi zina zimachita mwadongosolo. Nthawi yomweyo, akatswiri a zamankhwala anazindikira kale kuti amuna omwe amakhala ndi akazi osakhulupirika amabweretsa chakudya chochepa cha anapiye ku chisa. Komabe, sizinadziwikebe kuti chinali chifukwa chani ichi: zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha "kuperekedwa" kwa mnzake, kapena zakuti akazi otere nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi wamwamuna waulesi.

Zotsatira zake, zidapezeka kuti ulesi wa anyamatawo sungakhale wofotokozera chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ntchito yawo pochotsetsa chakudya ngati sangakhulupirire mnzake. Chifukwa chake, pamene wamwamuna, pazifukwa zina, anasintha kuchoka kwa mnzake "wokhulupirika" kupita ku "cholakwika", kuyesetsa kwake kuperekera chakudya chisa kunachepa, ngakhale mpheta yomweyo idakhalabe yofanana. Zowona, mpheta zosakhulupirika zitapanga bulu ndi amuna omwe adabera kwambiri, adasinthiratu "kukwatirana", ngakhale nthawi zambiri sanasiye kuchita izi. Chifukwa chake, zoyeseza zazimuna zazimuna zimatsimikiziridwa ndi machitidwe a anzawo, osati chifukwa chogwira ntchito mwatsopano kapena ulesi.

Kuti afotokozere bwino momwe mpheta imadziwira pakubera, asayansi adayesa. Mazira a anthu ena amaponyedwa zisa za mabanja okhulupilika ndipo anayang'ana kuti awone ngati zoyesayesa zamphongo za abambo zimasinthidwa. Zotsatira zake, izi sizinachitike. Chifukwa chake, zinaonekeratu kuti kusakhulupirika kumakhazikitsidwa ndi mpheta zachimuna osati mikhalidwe ya mazira oikidwa (mwachitsanzo, kununkhira kwawo), koma ndi chikhalidwe cha mkazi wosakhulupirika. Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale amakhulupirira kuti mpheta zamphongo zimatha kutsogoleredwa ndi momwe mpheta imakhalira kunja kwa chisa chawo nthawi yayitali dzira lisanayikire dzira.

Malinga ndi ofufuza, kachipangizidwe kamene “kamapanga pang'ono pothana ndi kuperekana” angalongosole pang'ono chifukwa chomwe asankhira mtundu umodzi. Akazi akamachita zinthu mosemphana ndi mitundu yawo, amakhala pachiwopsezo cha kuphatikiza ana awo. Chifukwa chake, kumbali yawo, kukhulupirika kumatha kukhala njira yosinthira.

Nthawi yomweyo, katswiri wazachilengedwe wa ku Russia, a Alexander Markov, ponena za mawonekedwe a kubereka kwa mpheta, akuti akazi osakhulupirika amakonda kukwatirana "pambali" ndi amuna omwe ali ndi chizindikiro chooneka bwino cha "amuna" - malo akuda pachifuwa. Anthu oterewa amatha kusiya ana olimba komanso athanzi, omwe pamlingo wina amakwaniritsa kusowa kwa chakudya kuchokera kwa "kholo lokulera."