Ma Shellfish ndi mtundu wa chamoyo chomwe chimaphatikizapo mitundu yoposa mazana mazana awiri. Alibe mafupa a msana komanso mafupa, koma nthawi zambiri amatetezedwa ndi chipolopolo cholimba kwambiri komanso chokhala ndi pamwamba. Thupi la nyama silikhala logawanika. Ili ndi kapangidwe kofewa ndipo, chifukwa cha chipolopolo, zoterezi sizingatchulidwe kuti ndizosintha pang'onopang'ono.

Mollusks amaimiridwa ndi mabivalves, gastropods, shellless ndi ena oimira. Pakati pawo pali anthu am'mphepete, kapinga, nkhono za mphesa, malipenga, singano, makola. Anthu osiyanasiyana oterewa ali m'gulu la gastropods.

Ma gastropods amakalasi ndi gulu losiyanasiyana komanso losiyanasiyana. Oimira zolengedwa zotere amatulutsa mitundu 90,000 ya zolengedwa. Amakhala:

Ntchito yomaliza pamutu womwewo

Thupi lamankhwala lili ndi madipatimenti angapo:

Ziwalo zonse za thupi zimapangidwa mosiyanasiyana, koma zimakhala ndi chofunikira pakuwoneka bwino, kusintha, kuteteza, komanso kuteteza mollusk. Amathandizira pakukula kwake kopita patsogolo.

Mutu uli ndi awiri, awiriawiri a mahema ndi diso. Ziwalo zonse zamkati zimapezeka m'thupi. Mwendo wa gastropod mollusk ndikutuluka kwa ziwalo za m'mimba za thupi. Ma gastropod ambiri ndimasefa, nyama zodya nyama, komanso majeremusi. Mollusks ambiri ndi zolengedwa zokhala ndi herbivorous;

Woimira wamba wa gastropods amatchedwa dziwe wamba. Munthuyu amakhala m'madzi oyera, mitsinje yopanda, Russia ndi dziko lonse lapansi. Komanso woyimira wamba wa gastropods ndi nkhono ya mphesa, yomwe imabwereza mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe a onse oimiridwa pagululi.

Njira yam'mimba yama gastropods imasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe otsatirawa: ili ndi lilime lokhala ndi mano otentha.

Funsani funso kwa akatswiri ndikutenga
yankhani mphindi 15!

Radula ndi mndandanda wa mano a chitin mchilankhulo chachilendo.

Chithunzi 1. nkhono ya mphesa. Author24 - Kusinthana kwa intaneti kwa ntchito za ophunzira

M'magulu onga manyowa, grater (utawaleza) amagwiritsa ntchito kusenda chakudya chomera, m'malo ovuta kudya kumathandiza kusunga nyama. Pamkamwa patsekeke, tinthu tamadontho toterera timapezeka. Mkamwa wamkamwa umadutsa pharynx, kenako kulowa m'mero, yomwe imadutsa m'mimba ndi matumbo. Zimbudzi zam'mimba zimalowa m'matumbo. Pali anus pomwe amatsalira zakudya zotsalira zimatulutsidwa. Kapangidwe kameneka kopitilira muyeso ka chakudya kachulukidwe kakang'ono kamatha kuthekera kwa kusinthika kwa chakudya cha mabuloni, kuchulukitsa mwayi wawo wopulumuka, kuchuluka kwachilengedwe ndikuwathandiza zolengedwa izi kupikisana ndi oimira ena m'makalasi ena amtunduwo.

Mchitidwe wamanjenje umadziwika kuti umakhala ndi magulu angapo a ganglia kapena mitsempha yamatumbo yomwe imabalalika thupi lonse. Gastropods imapangidwa bwino ndi ziwalo zam'malingaliro: pali maso, mahema, ziwalo zoyenera komanso kukhudza. Amatha kuzindikira fungo, zomwe zimawonjezera kusintha kwawo.

Njira yozungulira ya gastropods imasiyanitsidwa chifukwa imatseguka ndipo imakhala ndi chipinda cha mtima komanso magawo awiri a magazi. Zombozo zatsekedwa m'maso, koma osabwerera m'mtima. Hemoglobin kulibe m'magazi a ma mollusks, motero imakhala ndi mtundu wa buluu wapadera. Mollusks amadzipuma ndi ma gill, komanso ma land mollus omwe ali ndi mapapu. Pali magalasi amodzi kapena awiri m'matumba a gastropod mollusk. M'madziwe, maula, nkhono za mphesa, chovala chamkati chimagwira ntchito yam'mapapo. Mpweya wa m'mlengalenga womwe umadzaza "mapapu" umalowa mu khoma lachiberekero m'mitsempha yamagazi yopangidwira mkati mwake, ndipo mpweya woipa m'mitsempha yamagazi umalowa mkati mwa "mapapu" ndikupumira.

Dongosolo la ma mollusks likuyimiridwa ndi impso imodzi kapena ziwiri. Zamoyo zomwe zimapanga michere zimalowa mu impso kuchokera m'magazi ndipo zimatsegukira m'goli, momwe zimadziunjikira.

Njira yoperekera ziboliboli imakhala chakuti anthuwa amabala mtundu wawo mwanjira zogonana. Mabwato azimbudzi, ma coils, a slugs ndi hermaphrodites.

Mollusks amayikira dzira pamimba pamasamba azomera ndi zina zosiyanasiyana zamadzi, pakati pa zomatira. Nkhono zazing'ono zimatuluka mwa iwo. Ma gastropods am'nyanja amaimiridwa ndi zolengedwa zamitundu mitundu. Komanso, mu zolengedwa izi, munthu amatha kuwona chitukuko ndi metamorphosis kapena kukhalapo kwa mphutsi zam'madzi.

Kufunika kwa ma gastropods ndikuti amatha kukhala ngati gawo lapakati pa nyongolotsi zazomera zotchedwa hepatic trematode. Komanso, mollusks ambiri ndi chakudya cha mbalame ndi nsomba. Zoyipa zodutsa pansi zimadya anthu, amphibians, moles, hedgehogs. Ma gastropod ambiri ndi tizirombo ta m'minda. Izi zikuphatikiza ndi nkhono zam'mphesa.

Pofotokozera zonse pamwambapa, titha kunena kuti ma gastropod mollusks amasiyana pazinthu izi: ndizoyambira, nyama zowoneka bwino, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayimiriridwa ndi pericardium ndi m'mphepete mwa zofunitsa kugonana. Nyama izi zimakhala ndi ma symmetry awiri komanso mbali zitatu zazikulu za thupi. Thupi limakutidwa ndi khola lachikopa - chovala ndipo limagwira ntchito yopeza njira yopumira ndipo limaphatikizanso kuzungulira kwa tiziwalo togonana ndi anus. Kulumikizana kwa gollropod mollusks kumakhala ndi zigawo zitatu: zakunja (zolengedwa), pakati (dongo), ndi mayi wa ngale (wamkati). Chigoba cha mollusk ndichinthu chopanga pang'onopang'ono choteteza chilengedwe kuti chisawononge chilengedwe.

Sitinapeze yankho
ku funso lanu?

Ingolembani zomwe inu
thandizo likufunika

Mafotokozedwe ambiri

Palinso mitundu ina yomwe imakhala ndi moyo wamasamba. A banja la Eulimidae akhoza kupezeka kuti iwowa, monga lamulo, amathandizira thupi la echinoderms, makamaka izi:

M'masamba obiriwira, nthawi zambiri kuposa ena, mutha kukumana ndi chigamba cha mphesa chomwe chimakhala ndi chipolopolo kapena chotupa chopanda chizindikiro ichi.

Biology imakhala ndi chidziwitso chakuti ndiye chipolopolo cha chipolopolo chomwe chiri chofunikira kwambiri pakapangidwe ka asymmetries a kapangidwe ka mkati ka oimira gastropod.

Osiyanasiyana kalasi iyi amakhala m'madziwe am'nyanja, pakati pawo wina amatha kusiyanitsa:

Koma m'madzi abwino muli ma coils ambiri, makina otchetchera, ndimadziwe wamba.

Oimira madzi amakonda kukhala pansi, ngakhale pakati pawo pali omwe akufuna kusambira. Mitundu iyi ndi monga:

Nthawi zambiri, munthu amatha kuwona mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imayenda momasuka m'madzi. Oimira awa si ambiri, mosiyana ndi ena.

Mitundu ya Invertebrate imadzitamanso pamitundu ingapo yosiyanasiyana. Ena mwa anthuwa samakula kupitirira 2 mm, pomwe ena amafikira kutalika kwa theka la mita. Ponena za kukhala ndi moyo, nthawi zimasiyana kuyambira miyezi iwiri mpaka itatu.

Zamoyo zapaderazi zimakonda malo otentha komanso mpweya womwewo. Koma m'malo owuma, amatha kumva bwino. Izi ndichifukwa choti thupi lawo limayamba kupanga kwambiri ntchofu, zomwe zimaziteteza kuti ziume.

Pambuyo pake, ndikokwanira kuti nkhono ikapeze chomera china chomwe chimatha kukoka zinthu zofunika ndikupeza mphamvu.

Mawonekedwe

Ponena za mawonekedwe ake, nkhono zimakhala ndi symmetrical swirling kapena corical shell. Ili, monga lamulo, imagwira ntchito zingapo nthawi imodzi:

Ngakhale kuli nthumwi zomwe sizikupezeka kapena sizinakhazikike bwino. Thupi la munthu limakhala lachifundo kwambiri ndipo kutalika kwa woimira wamkuluyo kumasiyana kuchokera 1 mm mpaka 60 mm.

Kapangidwe kakunja ka gastropods kamayimiridwa mwa mawonekedwe atatu mbali ya thupi:

Pamutu pa nkhonoyo pamakhala zolemba zofunikira, mwa oimilira ena ndi amodzi, mwa mitundu ina amakhala ndi awiriawiri, pomwe amatha kuzichotsa. Maso amatha kupezekanso pachimake kapena pamunsi. Mbali yamkati mwa zinyalala pali pakamwa. Zinyama zomwe zimadya nyama zamtunduwu, ndizosiyana pang'ono, chifukwa zimapezeka pamtunda wamtali, womwe, ukasakidwa, umatha kutuluka.

Thupi lakutidwa ndi khola khungu - uwu ndi mtundu wa chovala, chobisalira mothandizidwa ndi tiziwalo tating'ono tinthu timene timamanga ndikukulitsa chigamba cha nkhono. Oimira ena a ma invertebrates amayikidwa kwathunthu kumira, pomwe ena ali pang'ono.

Thumba lomwe limapangika pakati pa chovalacho ndi thupi limatchedwa chovala chamkati.

Malekezero ake amakhala kunja - minofu yam'mimba. Mothandizidwa ndi kusuntha kwamiyendo ngati mafunde, ma bingu amasuntha kuti achepetse kuthamanga, munthuyo amatulutsa kamtondo kenakake.

The curl imatha kupindika mbali iliyonse, imalumikizidwa ndi thupi ndi minofu yolimba, kotero simungathe kuikonzanso. Gawo lam'mwamba la chipolalicho ndi lakuthwa kwambiri, chifukwa limakhala ndi mchere wa laimu.

Kuzama kumakula kwambiri nthawi yotentha, ndipo nthawi yozizira ntchitoyi imachepetsedwa kwambiri. Izi ndichifukwa choti thupi sililandira zinthu zofunikira mokwanira.

Pamwamba pake pali mizere yodziwika bwino kwambiri yomwe ndi yosavuta kudziwa zaka za cochlea.

Kapangidwe ka mkati

Monga lamulo, ma gastropod ambiri ali ndi mawonekedwe amkati ofanana. Kufotokozera kwamagulu:

1. Mphamvu ya minofu ndi mafupa amakhala ndi mafupa a hydrostatic, omwe amasuntha chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwamadzi mu dongosolo lamkati lamiyendo yamkati.
2. Choyimira chingakhale ndi mapilitsi kapena mapapu, zonse zimatengera komwe munthu amakhala. Ziwalo zonse ziwiri zimapezeka mkati mwa chovala. M'mapulasitiki am'mapapo, chovalacho chimadzaza ndi mpweya, ndipo mulinso dzenje laling'ono, lomwe limakutidwa ndi mauna owuma a capillaries. Nthawi zambiri anthu okhala pamadzi amayandama pamwamba pamadzi kuti apume ndikusunga oxygen.
3. Zoyendayenda zimaphatikizapo mtima wa zipinda ziwiri kuchokera ku ventricle ndi atrium, palinso zotengera zomwe zimatseguka mkati mwa ziwalo. Magazi ndi njira yodziwika bwino yamchere yomwe imasinthira kukhala mpweya. Izi ndichifukwa chakuti kapangidwe kake kamakhala ndi hemocyanin yambiri.
4. Mphamvu yamanjenje ya gastropod mollusks imakhala ndi mitsempha ya mitsempha, yomwe imatchedwa ganglia, imabalalika m'thupi lonse ndipo imalumikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito minyewa yotulutsa ndi mitsempha.
5. Kupepesa. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana, nthumwi zina zimakhala ndi impso imodzi, zina ziwiri. Palinso zimbudzi zolimba zomwe zalumikizidwa ndi chovalacho.

Kuphatikiza apo, ma mollusk amapangidwa bwino ndi ziwalo zam'maganizo. Pogwiritsa ntchito hema, anthu amalandila mauthenga okhudza kuwopsa kapena kupezeka kwa chakudya. Pali ma statcysts mumnofu - ziwalo zomwe zimayang'anira bwino. Amawonetsedwa ngati mawonekedwe a vesicle, gawo lamkati lomwe limakutidwa ndi citheary epithelium.

Njira yogaya chakudya imaphatikizapo:

The anus ili pafupi ndi gill ndikutsegula kunja. Komanso, oimira ma invertebrate ali ndi lilime la minofu, pomwe mano ake amatha. Ndiye pakhosi, pomwe ndulu zakumaso zimatseguka.

Malingana ndi mawonekedwe, anthu onse ndi a dioecious kapena hermaphrodites, mitundu yotsirizayi imaphatikizapo oyimira pamtunda. Amatha kubereka kokha zogonana. Kukula kumatheka pofika zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi.

M'pofunika kudziwa kuti pakukhwima, onse awiri amakumana ndi umuna. Kuberekera kumachitika pambuyo poti ziwalo zogonana zazimuna zitalowa pachimodzimodzi chachikazi, umuna sungachitike mwachangu.

Izi ndichifukwa choti wamkazi amatha kuchedwetsa mphindi iyi ku mlandu woyenera, kuti umuna ukhalebe wotetezeka.

Pambuyo kuyikira mazira, ndi kupanga mollusks kuwaswa kwa iwo kale. Oimira ena poyamba amawoneka ngati mphutsi zokha.

Kapangidwe

Chizindikiro chodziwika bwino cha gastropods ndiko kukhalapo kwa chipolopolo chopanda kumbuyo kwa nyamayo, mwachitsanzo. Zipolopolozo ndizosiyana maonekedwe ndi ziboliboli: zopindika kwambiri, zopanga ndege komanso zozungulira. Chizindikiro chachiwiri cha gastropods ndikuwonongeka kwa mgwirizano wapakati chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa chipolopolo cha turbospiral m'malo ambiri osaneneka, i.e. kupindika kuzungulira, kusinthika komwe kumakhala m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pamodzi ndi chipolopolo chozungulira, thumba lamkati limapindika kamodzi. Chipolopolocho chili ndi nsonga ndi kamwa - dzenje lomwe mutu ndi mwendo wa mbewa zimatuluka. Sinki ili ndi zigawo zitatu: chakunja ndi chopanda pake, chapakati ndi chadongo ndipo cha mkati ndi mayi wa ngale. Pali ma gastropods, momwe chipolopolo chimalowa mkati kapena chazimiririka. Chipolopolocho chimalumikizana ndi thupi ndi minofu yamphamvu, pakuchepetsa komwe nkhono imakokedwa.

Gawo lofewa la gastropod mollusk lili ndi mutu, gawo lamkati ndi mwendo. Mutu uli ndi: kamwa, mahema ndi maaso awiri. Mbali yakumanzere ndi mwendo waukulu wamanjenje wokhala ndi malo apansi kwambiri otchedwa kutiokhawo. Mwendo umayenda kuti usunthire, womwe umangoyang'ana kumbuyo kwa mwendo, chifukwa cha mafunde a mwendo kuyambira kumbuyo kupita kutsogolo. Yokhayo imakhala yodzaza ndi ntchofu yotetezedwa ndi khungu, yomwe imachepetsa kukangana ndikuthandizira kuyenda pamalo olimba.

Gawo lamkati limakhala kutuluka kwakukulu kumbali yamkati, mkati mwake muli ziwalo zingapo. Pansipa ya pansi penipeni pa chovalacho pali chovala chamkati pa thumba lamkati. Mphepete yake yakumaso, yopachika momasuka pa thupi, imaphimba chovala chamkati. Ma gastropod ambiri amadziwika ndi kusowa kwa mgwirizano wamitundu iwiri chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa mawonekedwe a chipolopolo cha turbospiral, chifukwa chake, asymmetry ya malaya a patsekeke ndi gawo lamkati (atrium imodzi, impso imodzi, gill imodzi) imawonedwa.

Ziwalo zodzikongoletsera zimapezekanso m'goli, chotsekeramo, maliseche ndi maliseche otseguka mmenemo. M'mitsempha ya pakamwa yolimba pali chibwano cholumikizana kapena chosakongoletsedwa ndi grater (radula), zotumphukira za tiziwalo timene timatulutsa timatuluka, mumtundu wina ndi zotulutsa zina (zakupha kapena zotupa za asidi). Kupitiliza kwamkamwa wam'mimba ndikotupa kachulukirapo (pakhoza kukhala ndi chotupa chachikulu), kudutsa m'mimba, pomwe chiwindi chimatseguka - kutulutsa chimbudzi. Matumbo amachokera m'mimba, omwe amakhala afupiafupi komanso okhala ndi nthawi yayitali m'magazi otchedwa herbivorous gastropod mollus. Imatsegula kunja kudzera mwa anus. M'matumbo onse amakono, matumbo amapangika ngati matumbo, choncho anus amagona pamwamba pamutu kapena thupi kumanja kwa mutu.

Njira yopumira m'magulu osiyanasiyana a gastropod ndi osiyana. Mwa mitundu ina, ziwalo zopumira ndi ctenidia. Ma gastropod amatha kupuma ndi mapapu, ndi ma gill, komanso mothandizidwa ndi chovala chamkati.

Nkhono zili ndi dongosolo lotseguka lotseguka: mtima umayimiriridwa ndi ventricle imodzi ndi atrium imodzi (mwanjira zosowa, atria ziwiri). Magazi okhatidwa ndi oxidi kuchokera ku atrium amakankhidwira mumitsempha, kenako amafalikira kudzera mu nthambi ya msempha mthupi lonse. Mtima wa nkhono umapezeka mkati mwa pericardial patiti, pomwe ziwalo zowonekera zimalumikizana - impso imodzi, kawirikawiri ochepa.

Mu ma gastropods, maselo amanjenje amakhala ndi maselo omwazika thupi lonse; m'mitundu yambiri, michere imayang'ana kumapeto kwa thupi. Mchitidwe wamanjenje umakhala ndi awiriawiri a mitsempha ya node (ganglia): ubongo, pleural, phazi, kapena pedal, visceral ndi parietal, omwe amalumikizidwa ndi zingwe zamitsempha. M'misasa ya subterass ya anteropodia komanso oyimira akale kwambiri amtundu wina wamtunduwu, mafomu a zigawenga, komanso mawonekedwe apamwamba am'mapapo ndi kumbuyo, kutsutsana kulibe kanthu.

Zomverera za gastropod zikuphatikiza maso, mphamvu yokhudza kukhudza - maulendo awiri ammutu, chopondera thupi - chachiwiri cha mitu ya mutu m'mitundu yapadziko lapansi, ziwalo zokhala moyenera - ma cellocstts, omwe ali otsekeka ma vesicles, gawo lamankhwala am'maso - osfradia, lomwe lili kumapeto kwa gill ndipo limapangidwira kuyesa madzi kulowa bulangeti. Khungu la nkhono lilinso ndi maselo achilengedwe. Maselo am'mitsempha yamahema, malo a pakhungu pafupi ndi pakamwa amapereka kuzindikira kwa chakudya, malingaliro oyandikira pafupi ndi chakudyacho ndipo amabwerera kwawo.

Zopatsa Thanzi ndi Mtengo

Ma Invertebrates ali ndi njira yapadera yazakudya. Mwachitsanzo, anthu omwe amakonda masamba amadzala mkamwa ndipo amang'amba zakudya zawo, ndipo amadula chakudyacho ndi chiwalo chimodzi kuti chisavute. Momwe zimadyera, prooscis ili kutsogolo kwa thupi, kumathera pakamwa. Oyimira ambiri mwachilengedwe amagwiritsa ntchito mano awo kuti agwire wolakwayo.

Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yonse ingagawidwe m'magulu otsatirawa:

Ponena za kufunikira kwa ma gastropods m'chilengedwe, amatenga mbali yofunika kwambiri. Ndikofunikira kudziwa zochepa za izo:

• monga chakudya cha nyama, mbalame, nsomba ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana,
• ndi zakudya zabwino zakukula m'maiko ambiri,
• Amakhala ngati gwero lofiirira,
• kuwola organic kanthu m'madzi,
• kulemeretsa nthaka ndi mchere.

Anthu osangalatsawa amathanso kukhala ndi vuto lowononga zachilengedwe, ndiwosunga mitundu ya parasitic flatworms, ndiko kuti, amakhala ngati onyamula matendawa. Koma nkhono yopanda mphesa yopanda vuto iliyonse ingaoneke ngati zovulaza kwambiri paulimi.

Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti popanda ma mollusks mu mitsinje ndi nyanja, chisokonezo chenicheni chidzabuka. Amangokulira ndi kudzaza ndi zomera zowola.

Mu tebulo yachilengedwe, pomwe nthumwi zonse za banja la gastropod zimayimiriridwa, mitundu yayikulu yamitundu. Ndipo iliyonse ya izo ili ndi zizindikiro zake zosiyana zakusiyana ndipo imatenga malo ake mwachilengedwe.

Kuswana

Mwa oimira zigawo zingapo za nkhono, njira yolerera imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ena. Pakati pa nkhono pali mitundu ya dioecious ndi hermaphroditic. Feteleza ndi wamkati mu gastropods ambiri. Pali njira zingapo zofota: ma mazira ena amatulutsa timuna ndi umuna m'madzi, pomwe umuna umachitika, ena amapanga zingwe, cocoon kuchokera mazira wokutidwa ndi ntchofu, ndikuwaphatikiza ndi gawo lapansi, gastropods pansi amaika mazira m'nthaka yonyowa kapena kumamatira ku mbewu.

Kapangidwe ka ma gastropods ndilosiyana: mwina kudzera mu gawo lazal, kapena ndikulunjika, ndiye kuti, mollusk yaying'ono, yopanda mawonekedwe imatuluka mu dzira. Ma biviparous mollusks amapezekanso pomwe mazira amakula m'malo apadera a mai.

Ambiri mwa ma gastropod amadya zam'madzi zokhala ndi ma protein. Mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu ya gastropod, pali nyama zodya nyama, ndi osefera, ndi majeremusi, ndi omwe amadya mtembo, i.e. amakumana ndi njira zonse zopatsa thanzi zomwe zimapangidwa mwa mtundu wa ma mollusks. Gastropods zomwe ndi chakudya cha pafupifupi nyama zonse, zonse pamtunda ndi m'madzi.

Gastropods amakhala kulikonse, amakhala m'mbali mwa nyanja zam'madzi ndi nyanja zam'madzi ndi kuya kwake, matupi amadzi abwino. Nkhono amazolowera kukhala pamtunda, kufalikira ngakhale m'miyala yamiyala, m'mapanga.

Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe

Chinthu choyamba chofunikira kutchulidwa pokambirana gulu gastropods, kotero izi ndizosiyanasiyana. Pafupifupi mitundu 100,000 ya mitundu. Pali ambiri a iwo kuti ma invertebrates awa amakhala m'madzi amchere amchere, atakhala achikondi ndi madzi akuya onse ndi madzi osaya, komanso mitsinje yatsopano, nyanja, ngakhale pansi, ndipo mutha kukumana nawo osati m'matumba obiriwira okha, komanso zipululu ndi miyala.

Kudzitamandira gastropods angathe ndi osiyanasiyana kukula kwake. Anthu ena samakula kupitilira mamilimita awiri. Ena amatha kufikira theka la mita. Sakhala ndi moyo wautali: kuyambira miyezi ingapo mpaka zaka zitatu.

Zolengedwa izi ndizamisala mwachikondi ndi malo okhala chinyezi, ndipo mpweya uyeneranso kukhala wopangidwira. Ikayamba kutentha kwambiri kapena youma, olemba alendo amatulutsa nyulu yambiri, kotero kuti chipolopolo ndi zomwe zili mkati mwake zimatetezedwa kuti ziume. Zitatha izi, nkhono zimalumikizidwa ndi zomerazo ndipo zimakhalabe pomwepo mpaka zitagweranso. Malo omwe amakonda kwambiri zolengedwa zamtunduwu ndi m'nkhalangozi.

Ngati tilingalira woimira aliyense wa kalasiyo, ndiye kuti ndi nkhono yomwe ili ndi: thupi (lonse lakutsogolo ndikujambula mbali ina), kumtunda kumakhala kukula kwa mawonekedwe a kamutu, mutu (pa iye mahema ndi maso) ndi mwendo (wandiweyani, umatha ndi kukulira, ngati phazi).

Zonsezi zimaphimba kumira. Mawonekedwe ake amasinthasintha: kuchokera ku zopindika mpaka zozungulira, komanso zosalala, koma zolimba nthawi zonse, zopanda mafinya. Koma pali anthu ena omwe izi sizipangidwe, i.e. kupezeka kwathunthu, tikulankhula za aulesi. Mwachitsanzo, mwa anthu okhala m'madzi, gawo ili lili ndi mawonekedwe ochulukirapo.

Ngati palibe chomwe chikuopseza nyamayo, imangoyika mtembo wake. Wonayo akawona kuti ndiwopseza, kumira ndikuthawira kwawo, wokhoza kukhala ndi eni ake onse. Kusiyana kwina kochokera ku maollusks ena ndikuwonongeka kwa mgwirizano wapakati.

Awo. ngati nyama zina zimakhala ndi impso, ma grill, ndi zina, ndiye kapangidwe ka gastropods izi sizitanthauza kuti ziwalo zawo zimatha kugwira ntchito popanda "mnzake". Zonsezi ndi chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa chipolopolo. Ma Invertebrates samamva komanso kulankhula; kukhudza ndi kudziwa kununkhiza kumawathandiza kuyendayenda.

Mtengo

Popanda gastropods m'malo osungira pakakhala chisokonezo chenicheni. zindikirani, kuti kufunikira kwa gastropods zabwino. Sikuti amangodya mbewu zowola zokha, zimathandizanso kuchuluka kwa nyanja, mitsinje, mars ndi nyanja. Nkhono zamtunda zimatha kulemeretsa nthaka ndi mchere. Koma mitundu ina ya ma mollusks, m'malo mwake, ndi yoyipa. Mwachitsanzo, ma slgs amawononga mbewu.

Kuphatikiza apo, zolengedwa izi zimakhala m'malo ake modyera zakudya; mitundu ina ya nsomba ndi anamgumi sangakhale popanda iwo. Osati zoyipa kudya pa iwo ndi anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, zipolopolo zimapanga zaluso zabwino komanso zokongoletsa.

Makhalidwe ambiri mkalasi

Ma Gastropod ndi mabanja oposa 400 okhala ndi mitundu 100,000 ndipo amagawidwa pafupifupi kulikonse. Pokhala okhala m'madzi am'madzi, ambiri mwaiwo adasinthika ndikukhala ndi moyo kumadzi oyera ndi pamtunda, zomwe zimadziwika ndi gulu lokha. Nkhono zimapezeka pansi pa nyanja, m'madzi osaya, m'nkhwawa zazitali, m'matanthwe komanso m'zipululu. Izi ndi zolengedwa zopanda moyo zokhala ndi moyo wosuntha. Ambiri mwa ophunzirawo ndi phytophages ndi detritophages, koma nkhono zowononga ndi majeremusi amapezekanso. Awo (banja la a Cones) amawumiriza omwe adawapha ndi poizoni wamphamvu, pomwe omaliza (banja la Eulimidae) amakonda kuphatikiza matupi a echinoderms.

Kuphatikiza pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu, gulu la ma gastropod limasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wake wolemera (kuyambira 2 mm mpaka 75 cm) ndi nthawi yayitali yaomwe amaimira (kuyambira miyezi iwiri mpaka zaka 15). Kwa nkhono, malo achinyontho ndikofunikira, ndikusowa komwe amateteza matupi awo kuti asaume mothandizidwa ndi ntchofu yobisika.

Kapangidwe kwakunja

Thupi lokhala ndi ma syndetry ophatikizika mu bivalves ndi cephalopods, kapena asymmetric mu gastropods. Maofesi oterewa amadziwika: gawo lamutu ndi ziwalo zamasomphenya ndi ma tententi, thupi lokha komanso mwendo - kupangika kwa minofu, kumathandizira kusuntha. Mipira yonse imadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa mwendo, pomwe mu cephalopods idasinthidwa kukhala tent tent ndi siphon.

Thupi la mollusk limazunguliridwa ndi chipolopolo, ndimalo ophatikizika ndi minofu. Mu ma gastropods, imakhala ndi kapangidwe kake kofanana ndi kokhala kuzungulira kwa mizere. M'mipikisano, imayimilidwa ndi timpheto tating'onoting'ono tomwe timalumikizidwa ndi zingwe zolimba za minofu yolumikizirana. Ambiri cephalopods alibe conch.

Chovala, chomwe chimatumizidwa ndi maselo a epithelial, chimachoka kufupi ndi mbali zina za thupi. Limodzi ndi thupi limapanga kholingo komwe kumalumikizana ndi gill, ziwalo zamagetsi, ma cell obaya a tiziwalo timene timayikidwa m'mimba, dongosolo la genitourinary, ndi anus.

Mollusks ndizamoyo zozungulira, koma mawonekedwe awo achiwiri adangosungidwa pafupi ndi mtima ndi maliseche. Gawo lalikulu lamkati lamkati limayimiridwa ndi hemocele.

Zida zojambula mollusks poyerekeza ndi ma annelids

Ndi ziwalo zatsopano ziti zomwe zidawoneka mollusks poyerekeza ndi mphutsi?

Ma Shellfish ali ndi ziwalo zapadera. Uwu ndi njira yowonera, yogaya, yomwe imaphatikizapo madipatimenti angapo, pali mtima, chiwindi. Ziwalo zopumira - makutu kapena minofu ya m'mapapo.

Njira yoyendayenda simatsekedwa, mu ma annelids - atsekeka.

Mchitidwe wamanjenje wam'magazi uli ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa misempha, wophatikizana ndi minyewa ya mitsempha. Ziphuphu zimangokhala ndi unyolo wamanjenje kumadera am'mimba, omwe nthambi zake zimakhala m'magulu.

Kodi maollus amatha bwanji kukhala kwawo?

Oimira amtunduwu amakhala m'malo otsetsereka a madzi ndi nthaka. Pokhala panja pa posungira komanso kupuma mpweya wamlengalenga, minofu yofewa yolimba idatulukira. Okhala m'madziwe amalandila Oh₂ kugwiritsa ntchito zingwe za gill.

Kodi anyani amadziteteza bwanji kwa adani?

Kusunthira m'madzi, cephalopods adasinthika ndi jet propulsion, kotero amathanso kuthawa adani.

Zinthu zapoizoni ndi mankhwala (inki) zimateteza kwa adani. Ena amatha kukumba mumchenga pansi mumasekondi ngati kuli chowopseza kapena kubisala pogwiritsa ntchito mwendo wamvula.

Kodi chigobolachi chimagwira ntchito yanji?

Choyamba, ndi ntchito yothandizira, imagwira ntchito ngati mafupa akunja. Komanso, chipolopolo champhamvu cha bivalves ndi gastropods ndichofunika kuteteza motsutsana ndi zovuta. Chifukwa chake, ngozi ikayandikira, amabisala mkati mwake ndikulephera kwa nsomba zambiri.

Kufanana ndi kusiyana kwa gastropods ndi bivalves

Zambiri Zofalitsa

Gastropods imaberekanso kugonana kokha ndipo imayimiridwa ndi mitundu komanso mitundu iwiri. Oyamba ali ndi testis imodzi ndi vas deferens (amuna) kapena ovary m'modzi ndi oviduct (akazi). Chachiwiri chimadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa gm ya hermaphroditic, yomwe imapangika maselo a amuna ndi akazi onse.

Nyama zambiri zam'madzi ndi nkhono zina zimayimiriridwa ndi mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imasintha. Mphutsi zawo, zotchedwa ma veliger, zimayenda m'madzi mothandizidwa ndi boti (velum) yokhala ndi lobes. Gastropod hermaphrodites (dziko lapansi, madzi oyera ambiri komanso m'madzi ena) amakula mwanjira yolunjika. Mazira okhathamira amayikidwa pa udzu ndi chivundikiro cha masamba, zinthu zothandizira kapena dothi lotayirira. Ana amateteza mazira.

Gawani mkati mwa kalasi ndi oyimilira oyenda pansi

Kutengera ndi kapangidwe ka thupi lomwe lili mkalasi, gastropods imasiyanitsa mawonekedwe atatu:

• pulmonary (mwachitsanzo, nkhono ya mphesa yomwe imakhala ndi chipolopolo kapena chipolopolo popanda iyo),
• prothoracic (saucer wanyanja kapena nkhono),
• posterior kapena pteropods (nyanja ya slug, glaucus kapena angelfish).