Mu infraorder, olumikizidwa pansi pazina wamba osamalira, akuphatikizira oimira abuluzi okongoletsa a Taz theropods, omwe amakhala m'malo ambiri ampingo wakale wa Pangea kuyambira kumapeto kwa Triassic kupita ku ngozi yapadziko lonse yomwe idachitika chakumapeto kwa Mesozoic ndi Paleogene, pomwe onse adamwalira popanda kufufuza, pamodzi ndi mitundu ina ya ma dinosaurs.
Kufotokozera kwa carnosaurs
Mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka zana zapitazi mu gulu la infra-group "carnosaurs" chinali chizolowezi chobweretsa ziwongo zonse zazitali ndi khosi lalifupi. Koma, monga pambuyo pake, ambiri oimira gululi ali ndi zosiyana zambiri, malinga ndi pomwe gulu lidaganizidwanso. Mukugawika, anthu enieni okha ndi omwe adatsalira oyimira carnosaursomwe amakwaniritsa zofunika zonse za infraorder iyi. Makamaka, awa anali olusa, omwe anali ndi kukula kwakukulu (mamita 13 gigantosaurus) ndipo ochepera poyerekeza ndi miyezo ya nthawiyo (mita 5 petosaurus). Oimira onse anali ndi mabokosi akuluakulu a chigaza, ndipo nsagwada zinali ndi mano ooneka ngati agwada opindika pakhosi, pomwe wochimwiridwayo angadang'ambike bwino. Amadyanso okha mothandizidwa ndi nsagwada za toothy, chifukwa kutsogolo kwawo sikunawathandize ndi izi pazifukwa zosavuta kuti amachepetsa kukhala ochepa, ndipo nthawi zambiri anali ndi zala ziwiri zokha zotchulidwa, zokumbira kutsogolo.
Chith. 1 - Carnosaurs
Koma miyendo yam'mbuyo ya acarnosaurs idakulitsidwa kwambiri. Pamodzi ndi mchira wake, adayimira kuthandizira kwakukulu kwa thupi lalikulu, ndipo poyenda, adaloleza kuthamanga mwachangu ndikulumpha. Malinga ndi asayansi, ena mwa ma carnosaurs amasuntha okha ndikudumpha, monga zofala kwambiri nthawi ya Jurassic, allosaurus.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti ankhanza omwe amakhala kulikonse mu mtundu wina wa Jurassic ndi Cretaceous ndi ena ambiri am'mizinda, omwe m'mbuyomu amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi a carnosaurs, sanaperekedwe ku infraorder iyi ndikupatsidwa ma coelurosaurids ndi abelizaurids.
Magawo a infraorder ya carnosaurs
Kukula kwa carnosaurs kumagawika m'magulu awiri:
- Allozavroid, ma taxon ochulukitsa kwambiri, okhala ndi maopisto ambiri okopa omwe anakhalapo kuyambira zaka 170 mpaka 70 miliyoni mpaka pano, kupatula mitundu yoyambirira yakunja yomwe idalipo mu Late Triassic ndi Early Jurassic. Woyimira woyamba wa allosauroid carnosaurs atha kuganiziridwa, mwachitsanzo, poquilopleuron.
- CarcharodontosaurusOyimira omwe anali mitundu yaposachedwa ya mitundu ina yonse yam'madzi, yosiyanitsidwa ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri, ndipo amakhala onse m'chigawo cha Africa ndi madera a South America, Australia ndi mbali zina za ku Asia ndi ku Europe, zomwe zidalowa mu nthawi ya kupulika kwa Pangea. Mmodzi mwa oimira zaposachedwa kwambiri komanso wapamwamba kwambiri wa carcharodontosaurus ndi orcoraptor, yemwe amakhala dzulo la kuphulika kwa mitundu ya Cretaceous.
Zodandaula
Kwa nthawi yayitali, theropods acarnivorous thelods adayesetsa kuyesa kukula kwa ma sauropod a herbivorous, omwe anali ochulukirachulukira kukula, chifukwa anali chakudya chawo chachikulu, komanso pofuna kuwasaka bwino iwo amafunika kukula. Koma, monga zofukufuku zikusonyeza, zilombo zakale, ndi ma carnosaurs, adaganiza zosiya kusiya mwadzidzidzi. Izi zinali makamaka chifukwa chamakhalidwe. Chowopsa cha sauropod chinali chifukwa cha zakudya zawo komanso chifukwa chake zidali zosavuta kupeza chakudya. Kuti apeze chakudya chokwanira chosasuntha, chomwe chinali mitengo ndi masamba ena, sankafunika kusinthika kwapadera. Carnosaurs, m'malo mwake, sakanakhala ndi moyo popanda kuthamanga, kukayenda mwamphamvu komanso kuyenda mopitirira muyeso, popeza anali olusa, ndipo kupulumuka kwawo kudalira mwachindunji kupambana kwa kusaka. Ndipo kuti athane ndi womenyedwayo, panafunika kukhala mwachangu kwambiri, koma nthawi yomweyo kuti asalemere kwambiri kotero kuti kulemerako kudakhala cholemetsa. Sizinali zophweka kufalitsa thupi lalikulu kwambiri, ndipo olimbana nawo ambiri, mwachitsanzo, allosaurus, anali ndi mavuto oyimilira pa liwiro lalikulu, ndipo poganiza kuti adasuntha nthawi zambiri ndikudumpha, kunenepa kwambiri anali atadzaza mitundu yonse kuvulala ndi kuwunduka.
Ngakhale avareji kukula kwa carnosaur wolowetsedwa mkati mwa matani 5-6, kutalika kwa thupi mikono 10-12. Nthawi zambiri, akamafulumira, amakhala ngati nkhosa yophera, ndipo nthawi yomweyo amaponyera tinsalu tating'ono kumapazi awo, ndipo kenako nkung'amba ndi mano awo owongoka ngati agalu. Monga tawonera, kufukula uku kunali kokwanira kuti athe kusaka bwino. Ndi kukula kwakukulu, amakhala odabwitsa, nthawi zambiri samatha kuchoka kuthamangitsa, kapena kugwidwa ndi nyama, ndipo nthawi zambiri, poyenda kuthamanga kwambiri, amatha kupunthwa ndikuvulala, ndipo nthawi zina amawapeza.
Mawonekedwe a Carnosaurs
Carnosaurus mutu inali yayikulu kwambiri chifukwa, posawonetsa kutsogolerako, zomwe sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito chifukwa cha kukula kwawo, idatumiza nyama izi nthawi yomweyo monga chida chopha anthu ndi njira zomwe zimapangira nyama. Koma kukula kwa mutu sikunalipiridwe ndalama zochulukirapo pamisempha ya dorsal, monga m'madinosa ena ambiri, mwachitsanzo, ma trachodonts a herbivorous, ofanana kwambiri ndi ma carnosaurs omwe adapangidwa. Pankhani ya carnosaurs, mutu wawo unali woyenera ndi mchira waukulu. Minofu yowonjezera kumbuyo kwa carnosaurs anali ofooka kuposa mitundu ina, motero zikuwonekeratu kuti m'malo omwe amapangiramo thupi nthawi zambiri amakhala pabwino pansi, m'malo opumulirapo amapuma pam mchira waukulu, ndipo akamadyetsa, amakhala m'malo otetezedwa. thandizirani kuyang'anira bwino mbali yanu.
Chith. 2 - Mafupa a carnosaurus
The pelvis, mosiyana ndi kumbuyo kofowoka, makamaka mu carnosaurs wamkulu, beseni Anayimira mamangidwe amphamvu ndi angwiro, popeza kuyenda kwa chimphona ichi kudakhazikitsidwa. Unali wogwira ntchito kwambiri, wokhala ndi minofu yolimba kwambiri, yokhala ndi pakati pomwe panali thupi lonse. Dorsal crest, mosiyana ndi minofu, idapangidwanso bwino. Amachokera ku mafupa okwana a iliac otembenukira kumtunda, anali ndi maenje owoneka bwino m'mbali, ndipo m'malo mwa mafupa a pubic pamakhala chopindika chachikulu.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti maseketi amaso akumenya ma carnosaurs inali m'makona a chigaza, ndipo, momwem Masomphenyawa anali othandiza kwambiri kwa zilombo zilizonse zomwe zifuna kudziwa molondola momwe zimakhalira ikadumpha kapena kugunda.
Khosi la carnosaurs wokhala ndi ma vertebrae amphamvu, otetemera komanso otupa, malo omwe akuwonetsa kuti malo omwe mutuwo umakhalapo ndi malo ake okwera, ndiye kuti mutuwo udali pachiwopsezo chokhudzana ndi mzere wa msana. Ngakhale pamapangidwe amtunduwu wam'chiberekero, zimawonekeratu kuti nyama makamaka sizingadzitame chifukwa chotembenuza mutu kumanzere ndi kumanja. Mwachidziwikire kuti pakasaka nyama yamphongo yam'mutu inkapulumutsidwa kuchokera ku thunthu lonse lathunthu, kapena nyamayo ikhoza kugwetsa wogwidwayo, kuyiyendetsa ndi msana wamimbayi mwachangu. Asayansi ambiri amavomereza kuti nyama zodya ziwopsezo monga nkhonya zimagunda nyama kuchokera kumtunda, zikulumphira mdaniyo pansi ndikulemera kwambiri. Mwina ndichifukwa chake, ma dinosaurs onse okhala ngati chipolopolo ndikukula ndi mtundu wa chitetezo kuchokera pamwambapa. Pankhani ya ma stegosaurs, awa anali mizere iwiri yamphamvu yopanga ngati chishango yolunjika kumtunda, pankhani ya ankylosaurs, kutuluka kwa mafupa osiyanasiyana pamafupa. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti ambiri mwa ma seuropod spins a Cretaceous nthawi amatetezedwa ndi mitundu yonse yazodzitchinjiriza.
Zitsanzo za Carnosaurus
Poekloplevron
Chimodzi mwa mitundu ya ma allozavroid oyambilira anali poquilopleuron. Inali holo yayikulu, yokhala ndi miyendo yakumaso yophukira, koma inali isanakwane konse ndi kutsogolo, mpaka 60 cm kutalika kwa mamitala 10. Amakhala mu Middle Jurassic nthawi ya gawo la France yamakono. Kuphatikiza apo, poeklopleuron akuwoneka kuti adawagwiritsa ntchito kuyang'ana kutsogolo ngati "mikono", ndiye kuti, adagwiritsa ntchito pazakudya ndi zosowa zina, chifukwa chomwe adapangidwira modabwitsa kuti mitundu yonse yamatsenga, yomwe ma forelimbs amadzasandulika kukhala ovomerezeka njira. Ndizodziwikiranso kuti palibe ndondomeko ya ulnar pa fupa la ulnar la iyo.
Gigantosaurus
Mmodzi mwa oyimira wamkulu wa carnosaurs ndi theropods ambiri. Kutalika kwa wamkulu kwambiri yemwe amapezeka pakadali pano mu nthawi ya Upper Cretaceous ndi ofanana ndi 13.2 m) Kukula kwakukulu kwambiri sikunali ma tayala ndi ma spinosaurs, omwe amafika kutalika kwa 14 ndi 15 metres, motsatana.
Anadziwoneka bwino kwambiri kuchokera kumiyeso yonse yayikulu kwambiri ndi chigaza, zomwe zimatengedwa kuti ndizitali kwambiri kuposa zigamba zonse zakale kwambiri zamiyala yakale. Kukula kwa chigonjetso cha wamkulu kwambiri wopezeka ndi 2 m, kutalika kwake 50 cm kuposa chigaza cha wankhanza waukulu kwambiri.
Chith. 3 - Carnosaurus Giantosaurus
Poona kapangidwe ka mafupa am'mimba mwa chida ichi, ndipo potengera kuti kutalika kwa tibia ndi femur kunali kofanana, adathamanga pang'ono. Koma popeza asayansi amawona kuti gawo lake lalikulu ndi lamphamvu, ndipo pang'onopang'ono, ma sauropod a nthawi imeneyo ya ma Titanosaurs, sankafunika. Chimphonichi chimalemera pafupifupi matani 8, (malinga ndi asayansi ambiri, kulemera kwake kumatha kufika matani 13), chifukwa chake kuyenda kulikonse kolakwika kuthamanga kungayambitse kugwa ndikuvulazidwa pambuyo pake.
Chigoba cha gigantosaurus, kuphatikiza kukula kwake, chinasiyanitsidwanso ndikuti chinali ndi zitunda zachilendo kuyambira mphuno, mpaka pakati pa njira ndikufika kumapeto kwa gawo lamatsenga. Zodzikongoletsera zowongolazo zinali ngati chida chowonjezera pankhondo, komanso chinakulitsa mphamvu ya chigaza.
Orcoraptor
Ma carnosaurs osiyanasiyana awa adawonekera pakuwonekera kwa dzuwa kwa nthawi ya ma dinosaur. Zotsatira zonse za orcoraptors zimachokera kumapeto kwa Cretaceous ndipo zidachitika zaka 70-65 miliyoni BC. Inali dinosaur yapamwamba kwambiri yapakatikati mwa mamilimita 6 pakapangidwe ka thupi ndi minofu. Ndi unyinji wa makilogalamu 500, anali wokalamba komanso wamphamvu, zomwe zidamupangitsa kukhala makina abwino kwambiri opha. Ngati kutembenuka kwa Cretaceous ndi Paleogene kwa ma dinosaurs "Mapeto a Dziko Lapansi" ndikadakhala chinsinsi cha asayansi, ndikutheka kuti dinosaur yamtunduwu ikadalipobe mpaka pano.
Carnosaurus - mawonekedwe amtunduwu
Carnosaurus yodziwika ndi miyendo yayikulu yakumbuyo ndi kutsogolo kwapafupi. M'malo mwake, mawonekedwe awo amafanana ndi kangaroo amakono, okulirapo kakhumi komanso okonzeka kudya nyama. Chida chawo chokhacho chinali mutu, chifukwa kutsogolo kwaulembedwe kwakanthawi kakanilepheretsa wodzilekanitsayo. Zotheka kuti adalumphira wogwidwayo, ndikuuphwanya ndi unyinji wawo.
Carnosaurs wokhala ndi masomphenya a stereoscopic (munthu ali ndi mtundu wofananira ndi masomphenya). Mwa njira, chigaza chinali ndi mafupa amkati omwe amaloleza kutsogolo kwake kuti asunthire kumbuyo. Miyezo yamtunduwu wa ma dinosaur inali motere: kutalika kunafika pa 14 metres, ndipo kulemera - matani 7.
Tendon ossization idapezeka m'mafupa awo, zomwe zikunena kuti dinosaur carnosaurus Kusunthasuntha chifukwa cha katundu wambiri pamsana.
Komanso kapangidwe ka mafupa a karnosaurus ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi mafupa a trachodonts (anthu onga mbalame). Koma panali zosiyana, mwachitsanzo, malo a 4 trochanter a femur. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kachilendo, kamene kanapereka mpata waukulu wamiyendo, carnosaurus idatha kukulitsa liwiro lalikulu.
Gululi linali ndi magulu awiri:
• Allosauroids - mitundu yambiri, kupatula yoyambayo,
• Carcharodontosauria - amakhala nthawi ya Cretaceous ku Asia, America, Africa ndi Australia.
Carnotaurus
Carnotaurus - "ng'ombe yokomera"
Nthawi ya kukhalapo: Nthawi yovuta - pafupifupi 100 - 90 mln. ln
Gulu: Lizopharyngeal
Dongosolo: Theropods
Zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri pam'mawu:
- anayenda miyendo yam'mbuyo yamphamvu
- anadya nyama
- Pakamwa pokhala ndi mano ambiri akuthwa, owongoka mkati
Makulidwe:
kutalika 7.5 m
kutalika 3,5 m
kulemera kwa 2.5 t
Chakudya: Nyama ina yakudya
Tazindikira: 1985, Argentina
![](http://img.thinkfirsttahoe.org/img/imag-2020/3589/dinozavri-karnozavri-4CC15E3.jpg)
Carnotaurus ndi gawo la gulu la ma dinosaurs otchedwa carnosaurs. Gulu lomweli limaphatikizaponso abuluzi odziwika kwambiri komanso ankhandwe magazi.wankhanza, tarbosaurus, allosaurus ndi zina). Ma carnosaurs onse ali ndi mutu wawukulu komanso kutsogolo kwapafupi. Koma carnotaurus ili ndi zinthu zina zapadera. Pakati pa achibale, nyanga zimakhala pamwamba pamaso.
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Phokoso laling'ono la carnosaurus linakulitsidwa m'mwamba, kotero kuti maso anasunthidwa pang'ono kupita kumbali, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti dinosaur imatha kukhala ndi masomphenya a binocular, ngati trisannosaurus.
Mbali yodziwika bwino ya carnotaurus inali yofupika, yosalala, nyanga zomwe zinali pamwamba pa maso. Nyanga zake zinatambasulidwa pang'ono. Mosiyana ndi ma dinosaurs enieni okhala ndi nyanga, monga ma triceratops, carnotaurus sakanatha kugwiritsa ntchito nyanga zazing'ono ngati zida. Panalibe kufunika kwa izo. Akatswiri amati nyanga izi zinakutidwa ndi ziphuphu, zomwe zimawonjezera kukula. Ndizotheka kuti nyanga zimathandizira "kuzindikira" dinosaur pakati pa amtundu wawo. Ndikotheka kuti amuna achimuna a carnotaurus anali ndi nyanga zazitali kuposa zazikazi, ngati agwape amakono.
Kapangidwe ka thupi:
Carnotaurus anali wolemera ngati galimoto ndipo anali kukula ngati njovu. Adathamanga ndi miyendo iwiri. Msana wautali, ngati mtengo waukulu, unali ndi mphamvu yonse ya thupi. Mphamvu zowonjezereka zimaperekedwa ndi nthiti zolimba, zolumikizidwa awiriawiri ku vertebra iliyonse kuyambira mapewa kupita m'chiuno. Miyendo yayitali yolimba idalola carnosaurus kuthamanga mwachangu kuposa oyimira ena ambiri a gulu la carnosaurs. Malambalala ake anali ang'ono, ngati ma carnotaurs ena. Mukamasuntha, mchira wautali komanso wopangika minofu unathandiza kuti carnotaur akhale wathanzi. Mchira unathandizidwa
![](http://img.thinkfirsttahoe.org/img/imag-2020/3589/dinozavri-karnozavri-8AD3638.jpg)
Kusaka:
Kusaka nyama zazikulu, carnotaur adadziyika pachiwopsezo m'mutu mwake momwe mawuwo aliri. Kudziteteza, mdani amatha kugwetsa kapena kutsegula. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nthawi zambiri carnosaurus sichinali kuukira nyama zofanana kapena zazikulu. Mwachidziwikire, adasankha wocheperako kapena kupitilira apo, ndikugwiritsa ntchito bwino mawonekedwe amaso ndikuthamanga kuthamanga mtunda waifupi. Carnosaurus nthawi yomweyo adazunza wopezayo kuti amubisalire ndi kumumenya kapena kumugwira ndi zibowo zakuthwa, ndipo mwachangu anang'amba nyamayo mzidutswa ndi mano.