Anthu akhala akuganiza zofunikira pakuyeretsa madzi akumwa m'mbiri yonse ya anthu. Chifukwa chake, ku Greece yakale, kuwiritsa kudachitidwa monga mwa mawu, ndipo ku Egypt mu 2000 milenia BC. e. Njira yotsatsira madzi osokoneza bongo idagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera pogwiritsa ntchito mchere wachilengedwe monga potaziyamuamu. Ndi chitukuko cha chitukuko, chomwe chimatsatana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa anthu ndi mafakitale, ukadaulo wa njira yoyeretsera madzi unasintha. Anasintha pansi pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kapangidwe kake ka uve, komanso pansi pamikhalidwe. Kodi ndi njira ziti zochizira madzi ndi kusefera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano m'nyumba - tiziuza m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chiyani madzi akampopi oyera ndi oyera bwanji?
Pali anthu okwanira omwe amakhulupirira kuti madzi apampopiwo ndi oyera mokwanira, ndipo kuyankhula za mtundu wotsika ndikungogulitsa. Izi siziri choncho - nthawi zambiri madzi ampopi amakhala pafupifupi ndi mitu yonse, ndipo mumangolingalira zomwe zimawononga thanzi. Kuti mudziwe molondola kapangidwe ka madzi akumwa kuchokera pa mpopi, muyenera kupenda ma labotale. Ngati zinthu zina zimachulukira (mwina, ndiye kuti izi), ndiye kuti kukhazikitsa zosefera zamankhwala kungakuthandizeni kukhala ndi thanzi labwino.
Pali zinthu zambiri zodetsa m'madzi. Zosavuta kwambiri ndi ma inclusions inclusions, omwe amapangidwa chifukwa cha mkhalidwe wopanda pake wamapaipi amadzi panthawi yamafuta kuchokera kumagwero. Izi zimaphatikizapo tinthu tating'onoting'ono, dzimbiri, mchenga. Gulu lotsatira lasungunuka. M'madzi kuchokera kuzitsime ndi zitsime, chitsulo chimakonda kupitilira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magawo azigwira ntchito zapakhomo. Zina zodetsa ndizotheka - mwachitsanzo, zitsulo zolemera, zopangidwa ndi zinthu zina, ndi zina zotero.
Kuyeretsa kwamadzi m'mabanja: njira zothirira madzi
Masiku ano, madzi abwino, omwe amawonedwa ngati otetezeka kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito, amawongoleredwa ndi zolemba zowongolera komanso zamaluso. Chifukwa chake, pamakina osagwiritsidwa ntchito pakumwa komanso osasiyanitsa pakati pamadzi ndi madzi otentha ku Russia pali zofunikira zaukhondo ndi zaukhondo, malamulo ochitira, malangizo ndi malangizo (onani tebulo. 1). Kuphatikiza apo, miyezo yapadziko lonse komanso yapakati yapangidwe kuti ivomerezedwe ma laboratori oyesa, njira zowongolera zaubwino, komanso kusankha ndikusanthula zitsanzo za madzi akumwa (onani tebulo 2).
Gome 1. Miyezo yoyera komansoukhondo yofotokozera zofunikira zamadzi
Komabe, ngakhale boma likulamula, madzi a pampopi nthawi zambiri amawonongeka pambuyo pa chithandizo, chifukwa chaukhondo komanso njira zamagetsi zomwe amagawa. Zomwe zimawonekera pazinthu zovulaza anthu zimakhalanso njira yoperekera madzi azitsamba zochizira mafakitale. Izi zimachitika poti milingo yofunika ya mankhwala opangidwa ndi chitsulo kapena aluminiyamu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphera madzi m'madzi kapena kuchuluka kwa chlorine ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo timene timatsalira m'madzi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake funso limatulukira njira zam'nyumba zoyeretsera madzi pazinthu zamagetsi.
Gawo 2. Ma GOSTs omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu pulogalamu yoyendetsa madzi am'madzi akumwa
Ponena za zitsime ndi ma borele, kufunika koyeretsa madzi kuchokera kwa iwo kumachitika chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa madzi pansi penipeni pa zinthu zonse zoyipa, zomwe magwero ake ndi:
- Zimbudzi za mafakitale ndi zinyalala zomwe zili ndi pafupifupi zinthu zonse za mankhwala. Mwa iwo, zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kwa teratogenic (fetal mutation) ndi carcinogenic (oncological) ndizowopsa.
- Madzi ndi zinyalala zam'mizinda, zimagwira ntchito ngati chodetsa cha biochemical komanso tizilombo.
- Kukokoloka kwa miyala yamiyala, komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi kukwera kwa mchere m'madzi.
Momwemo, njira zonse zamakono zoyeretsera madzi zimagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri:
- Zamapangidwe monga:
- mankhwala osiyanasiyana oxidizing othandizira (chlorine, ozoni, potaziyamu permanganate),
- kugundika ndi kukokoloka - njira za kumamatirana pamodzi kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timasungunuka, kamene, titakulitsa, timachotsa mosavuta m'madzi ndi fyuluta yotsatirayi,
- kugwiritsa ntchito ion kusinthana ma resins kuti muchepetse madzi.
- Zakuthupi : kupindika, kukhazikika, komanso kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a UV.
- Zachikhalidwe mwachitsanzo kukakamiza kutsata, electrocoagulation ndi electrofloculation, electroosmosis.
- Zachilengedwe - amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa madzi akumwa (pogwiritsa ntchito aerobic kapena anaerobic bacteria bacteria).
Nthawi zambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyeretsera komanso kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timayeseza.
Kumwa madzi: njira zamakina zoyeretsera madzi kunyumba
Kusintha kwa makina kumakupatsani mwayi kuti muchotse miyala ikuluikulu m'madzi. Poterepa, mauna abwino, ulusi wa polypropylene kapena mchenga wabwino umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati fyuluta. Njirazi ndizabwino kwambiri. Ubwino waukulu wa kukonza makina ndiosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, mtengo wotsika mtengo ndi kugawa kwambiri. Njirayi imakhalanso ndi zovuta - sizingatheke kuthana ndi fungo losasangalatsa, ma microorganism ndi zinthu zosungunuka. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zina zimakhala zofunikira kuti muzitsuka ndi / kapena m'malo mwa zosefera.
Kusintha Madzi amodzimodzi: Njira Zotsukitsira
Kuti mudziwe mtundu wa kuipitsidwa komwe kumafunikira kuti muyeretse madzi, ndikofunikira kuisanthula, ndikuwulula zonse zoyenera ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zake zonse.
Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri ya kuipitsa ndi njira zam'madzi zakumwa:
- Zoyipa zamakina zomwe zitha kukhalapo monga m'madzi kuchokera pachitsime ndi m'madzi apampopi amachotsedwa mothandizidwa ndi matope (makina) ndi mafayilo amakala.
- Muzochitika izi pamene maorganorganic, ma organic mankhwala amapezeka m'madzi ambiri, ndipo miyambo yazomwe zimapangika pazomwe zimapangidwa ndizambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito njira yosinthira yosmosis yoyeretsera madzi ndi konsekonse.
- Chitsulo chachikulu m'madzi kuchokera pachitsime kapena pachitsime imafunikira kuchotsedwa kwachitsulo, komwe kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana: kugwiritsa ntchito zolowetsa kapena zothandizira mu zosefera, kuthandizira, ndi kuyeretsa zamagetsi.
- Zambiri za manganese, zomwe ndizofala m'madzi akuchokera kumitsime kapena m'madzi akumwa, ikhoza kukhala yosasakanizidwa ndi potaziyamu permanganate, ndalama zothandizira, komanso zotsika kwambiri - pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosinthira ya osmosis.
- Zovuta madzi ochokera kuzitsime kapena zitsime , yodziwika ndi zochuluka kwambiri za ma bicarbonate ndi sulfates, imafunikira kuti muchepetse mawonekedwe okhala ndi mafayilo okhala ndi ma resion a ion-exchange.
- Ma virus ndi mabakiteriya omwe amapezeka m'madzi ochokera kumagwero achilengedwe (zitsime ndi zitsime), komanso amathanso kupezeka m'madzi ampope akuwonongeka pogwiritsa ntchito chlorination, ovonation, uviration wa UV, ma ayoni a siliva kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira yosinthira yamadzi ya membrane yamadzi.
- Kuipitsidwa kosakanikirana - hydrogen sulfide, zosafunikira zamagetsi, chitsulo, manganese, kuuma kwambiri, etc. - alipo m'madzi akuchitsime amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo zoyeretsera nthawi imodzi.
Munthawi zonsezi, kulumikizana ndi katswiri wa kampani yoyika zida zamadzi kukuthandizani kusankha njira yothandiza kwambiri yamankhwala.
Njira zamakono zopopera ndi njira zam'madzi zochitira madzi am'nyumba
Monga zosefera, zida zoyamwa zomwe zimasungabe kuipitsidwa ndi ma pores awo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Mtundu wodziwika bwino wa gululi ndiwotulutsa malasha. Amachotsa chlorine m'madzi, amachotsa mtundu wa dzimbiri, fungo losasangalatsa. Zosefera zimalimbana ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, koma osati mochita bwino.
Ubwino wa malasha kapena kusefedwa kwamtundu wina aliyense umaphatikizapo mtengo wotsika mtengo wa mafayilo, kuyeretsa chilengedwe komanso kusakhala ndi thanzi labwino. Kusefera koyamwa kumakhalanso ndi zovuta zina. Kutalika kwa filimuyo kumakhala kochepa, kenako kuyenera kusinthidwa. Ngati simuchita pa nthawi yake, mtundu wake umasefa nthawi yomweyo. Kuphatikiza apo, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayipitsa madzi timatha kuyamba kuchulukana m'matimu a zinthuzo.
Kuyeretsa kwamadzi m'nyumba yanyumba: ntchito yowonjezera zovuta
Kuipitsa kovuta komwe eni ake akunyumba amalandira madzi pachitsime kapena pachitsime kumafunikira njira mwadongosolo. Kuti madzi athe kugwiritsidwa ntchito, i.e., amatha kuthandizira, ntchito yovuta yonse yamadzi nthawi zambiri imafunikira, yopangidwa ndi zida zosefera-zolumikizana zolumikizana zolumikizana. Mwachitsanzo, titha kuona njira yophatikizira yoyeretsa madzi m'makomo, yoperekedwa ndi m'modzi wa atsogoleri amsika - kampani ya Ecodar. Ichi ndiye kachitidwe ka “EM Standard”. Izi zimagwira ntchito zotsatirazi:
- Kuyeretsa koyambirira kwa zosayera zamakina ndi kumveketsa. Imachitika ndi mesh matope fyuluta.
- Kuchotsa kwachitsulo, kuchotsedwa kwa manganese ndi hydrogen sulfide - Kuthetsa fungo losasangalatsa la kupindika ndi kupindika. Pachifukwa ichi, fyuluta ya reagent-free deferrization imagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi mzere wothandizirana ndi mayendedwe akubwera.
- Kuchotsa kuuma msana. Chifukwa chaichi, sensitini yofewa yamadzi yokhala ndi ion-exchange resin flow sensor imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
- Kuchotsa zodetsa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, omwe amachitika ndi UV irradiation pogwiritsa ntchito sterilizer.
- Chithandizo chapamwamba kugwiritsa ntchito fyuluta yabwino.
Chiti chimakhalanso ndi zida zina zofunikira pakukonza kwadongosolo:
- compressor yopanda mafuta yamagetsi ndi kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka mpweya,
- makina olembetsera makina,
- chowongolera kuuma kwamadzi,
- madzi otaya mita
- ma manometer.
Njira yophatikizika ngati iyi yoyeretsera madzi pachitsime imakupatsani mwayi kuti mupeze madzi akumwa oyera pesi.
Popeza mwaganiza kukhazikitsa njira yothanira ndi madzi, muyenera kuyandikira kuwerengera magawo ake:
- Kachitidwe ayenera kuphimba zosoŵa zapakhomo zamadzi oyera ndi owonjezera pang'ono. Pakumwa madzi ndi madzi ogwiritsira ntchito zofunikira zapakhomo, zosefera zamigawo zingapo za kuyeretsa zingagwiritsidwe ntchito: mwachitsanzo, kukhazikitsa njira yabwino yoyeretsera madzi kukhitchini pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosinthira yosmosis.
- Ntchito zida zimatengera kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa kwa magwero amadzi, kutentha kwake ndi zinthu zamitundumitundu, mfundo ya kagwiritsidwe ntchito, kuchuluka kwake ndi mtundu wa fyuluta, katundu wonyamula kapena cartridge. Zovomerezeka za okhazikitsa osiyanasiyana zimasiyananso.
- Njira ndi njira zoyeretsera madzi , ndi mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa fyuluta amasankhidwa kutengera ndi zotsatira za kusanthula kwa madzi anu.
- Posankha momwe magwiridwe azida amagwiritsidwira ntchito, ndikofunikira kuganizira madzi ndi reagent mowa chofunikira ndi dongosolo la kubadwanso, ndipo ngati fayilo ya osmosis imagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuchepa kwamadzi mu mawonekedwe a gawo lapansi lomwe limatulutsidwa mu chimbudzi chomwe sichinadutse pazipangizo zojambulazo.
- Musanapereke chosankha chokhazikitsa zida, muyenera kufunsa ngati chikugwira kukonza ntchito Kodi pafupipafupi komanso mtengo wake ndi chiyani? Makampani akuluakulu ambiri amakhala ndi mtengo wopikisana kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zina amasunga kukwezedwa ndikupereka nawo gawo pazokhulupirika.
Njira zoyeretsera madzi: zosavuta komanso zodalirika
Kodi ndi njira ziti zakumwa zam'madzi zomwe ndizoyenera kupezeka m'chipinda chimodzi kapena nyumba yolumikizidwa ndi madzi apakati? Masewera omwe madzi amapaipi samagwirizana ndi chiphuphu, mtundu, fungo ndi kukoma, gawo loyamba kuthetsa vutoli ndi kusanthula kwathunthu. Malinga ndi zotsatira zake, ndizotheka kusankha njira yoyenera kwambiri yoyeretsera madzi.
Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti gulu la Zosefera zamagulu (kapena) mzati, zosefera (zamakina) zimayikidwa nthawi zonse Zosefera zoyipa - mauna kapena kudzaza. Amakulitsa moyo wonse wamadzi ndi chithandizo chosefera. Potuluka kuchokera pamenepo kapena kutsogolo kwa gawo la zosintha (ngati pakufunika kutero), koma pambuyo pa zosefera zakuphatikizira ndi kufewetsa zimayikidwa Zosefera zabwino madzi ofunikira kusankha:
- Kuumba njira kuyeretsa kwamadzi, kapena njira yaying'ono , imaphatikizanso kugwiritsa ntchito kaboni yodziyambitsa kapena ina yokhala ndi porous sorbent. Zosefera zanyumba ndizomwe zimatulutsa mamolekyulu amadzimadzi kuchokera kumadzi, ma cell a colloidal ndi ma suspensions omwe ali ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri to 100 to 0.1 microns (ma microns). Mukatha kugwiritsa ntchito kaboni yodziyambitsa, kuwonongeka kwa mamolekyulu a chlorine yogwira ndi ozoni omwe amapezeka m'madzi apopi kumathandizidwanso.
- Njira yosinthira ili ndi gawo la madzi kudzera mummuna wokhala ndi kukula kwa pore yochokera ku 0,1 mpaka 0,01 μm, womwe umakulolani kuti muchotse zinthu zachilengedwe, kuchuluka kwamankhwala osokoneza bongo, mabakiteriya ena ndi ma virus m'madzi. Chifukwa chake, ndi membrane pore m'mimba mwake wa maikolofoni 0,02, madzi adzayeretsedwa kuchokera m'matumbo giardia (8-15 μm), cryptosporidia (4-6 μm), E. coli (0.5-11.5 μm), ndi mabakiteriya okhala ndi ndodo (0,3 μm) ndi coliphages (0.25 μm).
- Membrane nanofiltration kuyeretsa - "mlongo wachichepere" wa osmosis yosinthika - imakuthandizani kuti mupeze zodetsa zazikuluzikulu, kuphatikiza ma virus ndi mchere wovuta, kungodutsa ma pion ooneka bwino komanso mitundu yaying'ono ya organic. Komabe, zimafunikira kukhalabe wopanikizika m'madzi opezeka pa mulingo wa 3 mpaka 10 bar, kutengera kapangidwe ka fungulolo. Njira yoyeretsera imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku France, Netherlands ndi USA.
Yobu sinthani mtundu wa Osmosis iyenera kuyang'aniridwa pafupipafupi, chifukwa magwiridwe antchito a dongosololi ali ndi zofunikira. Aganizire pa chitsanzo cha fayilo yodutsa banja Madzi anzeru osmos .
Wopangayo akuti zida izi moyenera zimachotsa tinthu tosiyidwa (dzimbiri, mchenga, silika), ma nitrate, ma nitrites ndi mchere wa ammonium, fluorides, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ... Chosefera chimasunganso ma virus ndi mabakiteriya, zimachepetsa kuuma kwa madzi, kuchuluka kwa chitsulo ndi chlorine yogwira kusungunuka mkati mwake.
Ili ndi dongosolo lovuta lomwe lili ndi magawo angapo a mankhwala ndi kuyeretsa:
- Makatoni ochita kupanga omwe amapereka koyamba kuyeretsa kosakhudzana ndi zosafunika.
- Sorption cartridge fyuluta yokhala ndi zopanikizira kaboni, yopangidwa kuti ichotse mankhwala enaake oteteza khungu lathu ku zotsatira zake.
- Carbon block - monolithic mbamuikha malasha chipika chofukizira zonunkhira ndi zomanga thupi.
- DOW nembanemba - mwachindunji imasinthira osmosis chinthu, kupereka kuyeretsa kuchokera ku mankhwala ndi organic.
- Mineralizer - makatiriji apadera mu mitundu ya WWOS5M ndi WWOS5PM yamadzi odzaza ndi zinthu zofunikira zokutsatira.
- Postcarbon ndi cartridge yowonjezera yoyeretsera yomwe imathandizira kusintha kwamchere wamadzi, ndikuchotsanso fungo linzake.
Chifukwa chiyani kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito awa kuli kofunikira? Zosefera zomwe zimasambitsa kuyeretsa madzi isanalowe membrane wosasamala wa osmosis zimapangidwa kuti zichotse mitundu yomweyi yomwe ingavulaze, njirazi ndizovomerezeka.
Kukhalapo kwa mineralizer kumafunika kuti mutsetse madzi osadetsedwa ndi mchere wofunikira, chifukwa njira yosinthira ya osmosis imachotsa pafupifupi zinthu zonse m'madzi, kutsitsa mawonekedwe ake. M'mitundu ina, mineralizer sanaikidwe. Bokosi la post-kaboni limakupatsani mwayi wobweretsa madzi kuti azikhala abwino malinga ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito.
Tanki yosungirako imaphatikizidwanso, chifukwa kusefedwa ndi njira yosinthira ya osmosis kumachitika pang'onopang'ono, kupezeka kwa thankiyo kumakupatsani mwayi wokhala ndi madzi oyera akumwa.
Nthawi zina, mwachitsanzo mwachitsanzo WiseWater Osmos WWOS5PM , pali otchedwa othandizira pampu ofunika kuwonetsetsa kuti anzawo akugwira ntchito. Pazogulitsa zonse, amachepetsa ngalande, zomwe zimachepetsa kutulutsa madzi osasankhidwa mu chimbudzi. Ngati mugula mtundu kuchokera kwa wopanga odziwika, mutha kutsimikiza kuti chipangizochi chidzachepetsa kwambiri madzi.
Chifukwa chake, posankha njira yoyenera yothandizira madzi ndi kusefera, simungosamalira thanzi la banja lanu komanso kupereka madzi apamwamba kwambiri pazofunikira zaukadaulo, komanso mudzateteza zida zam'nyumba ndi zida zotumizira kutentha zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuuma kwanyazi chifukwa cha kuvala msanga komanso kusweka.
- 1 https://www.britannica.com/topic/water-purification
- 2 https://clck.ru/EZ38L
- 3 https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_25896187_28964822.pdf
- 4,5 https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_20178530_93674294.pdf
- 6 http://masters.donntu.org/2008/ggeo/rudokvas/library/7.htm
Kusankhidwa kwa njira yosakanikirana yamadzi ndi kusefera kwa umwini wanyumba ndi gawo limodzi lankhondo; ndikofunikira kupaka kuyika kwake ndikulamula kwa akatswiri. Pachifukwa ichi, onetsetsani kuti simunapezeke kokha magwero a zikalata zakuyeretsa komanso zaukhondo ndi zodwala pazinthu zonse zomwe zagulidwa kuchokera kwa ogulitsa, komanso ma satifiketi olembetsa ku mitundu ina ya ntchito ndi mamembala mumakampani opanga ma SRO pamakampani oyika.
Njira zakumwa zoyeretsera madzi kutengera mtundu wa uve
Ngati tikulankhula za kuyeretsa kwakumwa kwa madzi akumwa, ziyenera kumvetsedwa kuti njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosefera zakunyumba ndizosiyana ndi tekinoloji yoyeretsa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale akuluakulu. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuwonekera kwa njira zopangira, chifukwa chamadzi amadzidetsa ndi zinthu zomwe sizipezeka kawirikawiri mumadzi a borehole kapena tap.
Mukuwunikaku, tikambirana zosefera nyumba zakumwa zoyeretsera zamadzi ndikungofotokoza njira zazikulu zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito, potengera kuipitsa madzi ampopi ndi madzi abwino.
Njira zonse zosefera zimatha kugawidwa mawotchi (kuphatikizapo kusalala), kutulutsa (kuperewera ndi ultraviolet, kuwira, kusinthira osmosis, ndi zina zotere), mankhwala (chlorination, fluoridation, ozonation, ndi zina), kwachilengedwe (kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ma microorganisms), ndi mankhwala a physico (electrolysis, siliva ionization, ndi zina). Zonsezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamlingo wina kapena wina munjira zotsuka zamadzi ndipo zimakhudza mitundu ingapo ya kuipitsidwa.
Mwachitsanzo, mawotchi oyenda amachotsedwa ndi kusoka kwa madzi, kuphatikiza (kusinja kwa tinthu pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana zosefera. Chitsulo chowonjezera Monga madzi apampopi a ku Russia amachotsedwa chifukwa cha kuthandizira (kukulitsa kwa ma okosijeni a mapaipi), chithandizo ndi othandizira okhudzana ndi okosijeni - ozone, fluorine, sodium hypochlorite, ndi zina.
Zoyipa zaz Microbiological , monga ma virus, mabakiteriya, ma tizilombo tina, amathetsedwa mchikakamizo, mwachitsanzo, amagetsi odziwika a chlorine ndi ma radiation a ultraviolet. Ozone imasokoneza ma virus ndi mitundu ya spore (kuphatikiza iwo omwe amalimbana ndi chlorine) ndipo samapanga ma carcinogens, mosiyana ndi chlorine. Komabe, asanamwe madzi, iyenera kukhala ndi nthawi yodzipatula, popeza ndi poizoni wamphamvu kwambiri, monga chlorine ndi fluorine. Chifukwa chake, pazosowa zapakhomo, njira zotere sizili zovomerezeka.
Liti acidity yayikulu granular calcium carbonate kapena semi-calcined dolomite yomwe ili ndi magnesium imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ponena za kukhwimitsa, imapangidwa chifukwa cha mchere wambiri wa calcium ndi magnesium ndipo imathetsedwa ndikuwiritsa, cationization (mayamwidwe a calcium ndi ion ya magnesium pogwiritsa ntchito chinthu chapadera), electrodialysis (kugwedeza kwa magetsi) ndi kusinthanitsa ndi osmosis. Njira yotsiriza yoyeretsera madzi akumwa imagwiritsidwanso ntchito popukutira ndi ma organic mankhwala, ma microorganisms ndi mchere.
Njira zapanyumba zam'madzi zanyumba
M'nyumba ndi m'matumba, zosefera zazikulu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimapangidwa mu mapaipi ndikuyeretsa kuchuluka konse kwa madzi. Zosefera zazikulu, ngati zosefera zapakhomo, zimasiyana pacholinga ndi mtundu wa zosefera - kutengera mitundu ya zinthu zoyipitsidwa zochotsedwa komanso kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amwedwa. Zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati makina ochapira kuchokera ku tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kuyeretsa mankhwala kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana zamafuta, kuyeretsa kwachilengedwe kuchokera ku tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, komanso kuchotsa zitsulo, kufewetsa madzi, ndi zina zambiri. Monga lamulo, kachitidwe kameneka kamakhala ndi kapangidwe kakang'ono komwe kamakupatsani mwayi woyika nambala yoyenera ya zosefera zamtundu winawake. Koma choyamba, ndikofunikira kusanthula madzi omwe amalowa mdziko lanu. Izi zikuthandizani kusankha njira yoyenera yoyeserera madzi ndi kuyeretsa.
Kutengera ndi zotsatira zomwe mukufuna, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito makina poyeretsa kapena kuyeretsa bwino. Poyamba, zotulutsa ndi madzi ogwiritsira ntchito ukadaulo, chachiwiri - chakumwa. Ndikofunika kukhazikitsa zosefera pambuyo pazida zowola, kotero kuti fyuluta imayamba kuipitsidwa pang'onopang'ono.
Zopopera zimapangidwa kuti zizitsuka makina osayenera, ndipo zosefera zama cartridge ndizoyenera kukonza pakompyuta, ngakhale zitha kupezeka kuchokera kwa wopanga kupita kwa wopanga. Zosefera zofewa ndi zamitundu iwiri - zodzazidwa ndi michere ya polyphosphate kapena kusinthika, ndi utali wa ion-exchange. Ngati michere ya polyphosphate imangoletsa mapangidwe, omwe amasunga zida zapanyumba, koma osapanga madzi abwino kumwa, ndiye kuti zosefera zimayeretsedwanso ndikusintha madziwo mozama. Komabe, mtengo wawo ndiwokwera kwambiri - pafupifupi madola 500-1200.
Njira yosinthira yosmosis, yomwe takambirana pamwambapa, itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito munjira zakumwa zoyeretsera madzi zakunyumba. Nthawi yomweyo, madzi osungunuka pafupifupi amapezeka pamalo ogulitsira. Komabe, uku ndikubwezera kwadongosolo lino, chifukwa thupi la munthu limalandira kuchokera kumadzi akumwa mpaka 60% ya kudya tsiku ndi tsiku calcium, magnesium ndi potaziyamu. Chifukwa chake, njira yosinthira ya osmosis imatibera gawo lalikulu la zinthu zofunika kusaka (makamaka ngati madzi samagwiritsidwa ntchito pongomwa, komanso kuphika), omwe angayambitse kuchepa kwa zinthu zofunika. Kuphatikiza apo, kukhazikitsa kosinthika kwa osmosis kumafuna kuthamanga kwambiri pakompyuta yamagetsi.
Pomaliza, zosefera zazikulu zimasiyana mu kuchuluka kwa magawo oyeretsera. Njira zochulukirapo (ma module) zomwe zidanenedwa pamwambapa, zochuluka za zodetsa nkhawa zimachotsedwa chifukwa chodutsa. Mwachitsanzo, fayilo yoyamba ndi yoyeretsa mwaukadaulo, kenako wachiwiri kuyeretsa bwino, kuchotsa chlorine, zosafunikira zamafuta ndi fungo losasangalatsa; gawo lachitatu, madzi amasungunuka ndipo chitsulo chosasungunuka chimachotsedwa. Kutengera mtundu womwe wasankhidwa, kapangidwe kake kamatha kukhala ndi zosefera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana - maginito, ma ion-exchange, ndi zina zambiri. Chifukwa chake, popanga mfundo zingapo zoyimbira zomwe zimapangidwa mu ma module osiyanasiyana, madzi akumwa apamwamba amatha kupezeka pazotulutsa.
Zosefera zamadzi apampopi
M'malo opezeka pakatikati pamadzi, sipafunikira zosefera zazikulu, popeza madzi kulowa m'nyumba zathu, zilizonse zomwe anganene, ndi otetezeka. Mutha kumwa pomulola kuti ayime kwakanthawi (kutulutsa mankhwala otsalira a chlorine). Komabe, kuyeretsa kowonjezereka ndi kufewetsa madzi apampopi kumadziwika pakati pa anthu aku Russia. Pachifukwa ichi, njira zingapo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito - zosefera ndi zosefera, zomwe zimayikidwa pansi pa kumira kapena kuti zimangiriridwa mwachindunji pa faucet kapena shawa shafa.
Zosefera za Pitcher ndizabwino kwambiri ngati sipakufunika madzi ambiri akumwa. Madzi amathiridwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha pakufunika, zomwe kwa anthu ambiri ku Russia ndi njira yovomerezeka. Zosefera zoterezi zimakhala ndi madzi oyera bwino, ndipo mtengo wake umakhala wotsika - pafupifupi 400-500 rubles. Omwe amafunika kuyeretsa madzi onse obwera akhoza kuthana ndi madzi otaya. Amabwera m'mitundu itatu - pansi pa kumira, desktop (yoyikidwapo pafupi ndi kumira) ndi zosefera pa faucet. Mtengo woyenerera wa fyuluta, kutengera kuchuluka kwa masitepe, kupanga ndi mtundu wa kusefera kwake, ndi pafupifupi ma ruble 3,000 mpaka 3,000, zosefera zoyenera kutsata ndi ma ruble 800- 900, zosefera pafupi ndi kumira ndi ma ruble 4,000-7,000. Zosefera za Portside reverse osmosis zingawononge ma ruble 10,000-,000,000 (kutengera kuchuluka kwa masitepe ndi magwiridwe ake).
Chifukwa chake, kusankha kwa fyuluta pakuthandizira madzi akumwa kuyenera kutengera makamaka kukhazikika kwake mnyumba mwanu. Kuti mupeze zambiri zodalirika pazomwe zimapangidwa, tikulimbikitsidwa kuyitanitsa kusanthula koyambirira mu labotale yovomerezeka. Ngati palibe chikhumbo chofuna kupatula nthawi ndi ndalama, osafunikira kwenikweni, pofufuza, mutha kugula njira yosanja komanso yochepetsera, yopangidwira nyengo yabwino kwambiri. Koma pankhaniyi, ndalama posunga madzi akumwa zizipangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri zothandizira kuyeretsa kwakanthawi, ngakhale ena mwa iwo akanatha kuperekedwa.
Mukamasankha mfundo za kusefera, komanso, kachitidwe ka madzi akumwa pakokha, njira zotsatirazi ziyenera kutsatiridwa. Choyamba, ikani zitsanzo zamadzi zoyeserera ku labotale yovomerezeka kuti izi zitheke. Kachiwiri, pakatha masiku 2-7 mudzalandira malingaliro okhathamira pakapangidwe ka madzi. Chachitatu, sankhani njira yomwe ikukuyenererani malinga ndi malingaliro omwe ali mu labotale. Imwani madzi abwino omwe amasefa pamtengo wokwanira!
Ion amasinthanitsa kuyeretsa kwamadzi akumwa nyumbayo
Zinthu zosungunuka sizisungidwa ndi zosefera zamagetsi, zomwe zimamwa pang'ono pang'ono zimachotsa. Kuti muthane ndi zodetsa, muyenera njira zovuta kwambiri zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito bwino ma resin a ion-exchange. Misa ikamadutsa, madzi amaphatikizidwa ndi ma sodium ion, madzi amatsukidwa, ndipo ma resini amawabwezeretsa pogwiritsa ntchito yankho wamba la sodium chloride.
Kuyeretsa Ion kusinthanitsa ndi njira yodalirika yomwe imakupatsani mwayi kuti muchotse zinthu zonse zoyipa m'madzi. Ma Resine okha ndi otetezeka ku chilengedwe komanso thanzi la anthu, motero machitidwe awa ndi achilengedwe. Zoyipa zamakonzedwe akutsuka ndizokwera mtengo kwa mbewu. Ma Resins amakhalanso ndi moyo wogwira ntchito nthawi yayitali ndipo amafunika kuti abwezeretse m'malo mwake.
Njira ya kuyeretsa kwamadzi pogwiritsa ntchito zida ndi zida zapadera: chithandizo cha maginito
Kukonza magnetic ndiyo njira yabwino yochotsera mchere wowuma womwe umapanga kukula ndipo ungawononge zida zapanyumba. Kudziwonetsa pafupipafupi ndi maginito kumachotsa zinthu zochuluka. Kusintha kumeneku kumafewetsa madzi osatentha. Moyo wautumiki wazida ulibe malire, komabe, ndipo mitengo yake imakuluma. Zipangizo zamagetsi zimaphatikizidwanso ndi msampha wamakina, womwe umayenera kutsukidwa nthawi ndi nthawi.
Kusintha kwa osmosis
Fayilo yosinthira osmosis imachotsa bwino mitundu yonse yovomerezeka yazovomerezeka. Imakhala ndi membrane wapadera kudzera mu ma pores omwe ma molekyulu ochepa kwambiri amalowera, ndipo tinthu tonse tomwe timayipitsa timakhala pazosefera. Madzi amayenda mopanikizika, kapena kupanikizika kwa hydrostatic. Njira yothetsera vutoli yomwe imakhala kutsogolo kwa membraneyo, ndiye kuti imakokedwa. Njira zosinthira za osmosis zimachedwa ngakhale ma virus. Makina ali ndi zovuta ziwiri - ndizodula ndikuchotsa mchere wonse m'madzi, kuphatikiza wofunikira. Vuto lachiwiri limatha kuthetseka ndikukhazikitsa mineralizer.
Njira yotsimikizika wowerengeka yotsuka madzi akumwa kunyumba imayatsidwa kuyeretsa kaboni
Kutsukidwa kwa kaboni ndi njira yosavuta komanso yotsika mtengo. Malasha amakankhira fungo losasangalatsa ndikuchotsa zinthu zoipa m'madzi a mpopi. Njira yoyeretsera kunyumba ndikosavuta - kukulunga mapiritsi ofunikira mu cheesecloth (piritsi pa lita imodzi yamadzi) ndikuyika chidebe chamadzi. Kuyeretsa nthawi - 8 maola.
Mungayesenso bwanji kuyeretsa madzi kunyumba, ndikupangitsa kuti akhale osavuta?
- Kuphika ndiyo njira yosavuta yochotsera zodetsa. Zimakuthandizani kuti muchepetse mabakiteriya, ma virus, zosakhudzana ndi chilengedwe, chlorine, mipweya ndi zina. Koma njira yowotchera ilinso ndi zovuta zake, zomwe muyenera kudziwa. Pakati pake, madzi amasuluka, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mchere kumachulukanso, kapangidwe kamadziyo kamakhala "kofayo". Nthawi yomweyo, kuwira sikowopsa kwa ma virus ambiri - amafa ndi kutentha kwambiri. Ngati tizingolankhula za chlorine, ndiye kuti ndiye kuti m'magazi okha ndiye amachotsedwa.
- Njira yotsatira ndikusunga. Amachotsa bwino chlorine. Poyeretsa, ingotsanulira madzi mumtsuko ndi kupita kwa maola 12. Mchere wamchere wachitsulo udzakhazikika pansi. Njira ndi yosavuta, koma kugwira ntchito kwake ndi kwapakati. Chifukwa chake, atakhazikika, madzi nthawi zambiri amawiritsa.
- Kuzizira - njira iyi idakhazikitsidwa ndi mfundo yobwereza. Ndiwothandiza kwambiri kuposa kupatsa mphamvu komanso kuwira, monga kuwala pang'ono pang'onopang'ono, phenols amachotsedwa limodzi ndi nthunzi. Koma kumbukirani kuti kungozizira komanso kusungunula madzi sikungakuthandizeni - muyenera kutsatira malamulowo. Ikani chidebe mu mufiriji, ndipo madziwo akakuwuluka ndi theka, tsanulirani mbali yake yopanda kanthu, ndikusungunula mbali yachisanu, gwiritsani ntchito kuphika kapena kumwa. Madzi osungunuka bwino amakhala oyera ndipo ndi othandiza kwa thupi.
- Njira yotsatira ndi mchere. Dzazani chidebe cha ma lita awiri ndi madzi apampopi ndikunyowetsa bedi lamchere mkati mwake. Pakatha mphindi 30, madzi oyera adzakhala okonzeka, omwe amangokhalidwa. Choyipa chake chachikulu ndikuti nthawi zambiri ndizosatheka kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yomweyo kumwa komanso kuphika.
- Silicon amachotsanso zosafunika kumadzi a mpopi. Njirayi imaphatikiza kusala ndi kuyeretsa ndi silicon.M'mbuyomu, mwalawo umatsukidwa m'madzi, kenako umayikidwa mumtsuko wama lita awiri, wodzazidwa ndi madzi ozizira, wokutidwa ndi gauze ndikutsukidwa kutali ndi dzuwa. Pakatha masiku 2-3, madziwo amakhala okonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito. Iyenera kukokedwa mchidetse china popanda kusuntha (matope amakhala ndi zinthu zapoizoni).
- Shungite - miyala yayikulu imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa. Pa lita iliyonse yamadzi, mumafunikira chidutswa china cha mchere wolemera g 100. Madzi amathiridwa mumchombo choyera kwa masiku atatu, atatha kuchotseredwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito ngati silicon. Ndi kuchuluka kwam'mimba kwam'mimba, chizolowezi chopanga magazi ndi kukhalapo khansa, njira yoyeretsera imeneyi singagwiritsidwe ntchito.
- Siliva - chinthu ichi chimachotsa mankhwala oopsa, ma tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi ma virus. Mwa zochita zake za bactericidal, chitsulo chamtengo wapatalicho chimapyola bleach ndi carbolic acid. Kuti muyeretse madzi motere, ikani ndalama yasiliva, supuni, kapena chinthu chilichonse mu thanki yamadzi kwa maola 10-12.
Njira zina zachikhalidwe:
- phulusa lamapiri - limagwera m'madzi kwa maola 2-3,
- makungwa a msondodzi, nthambi za juniper, masamba a chitumbuwa cha mbalame, anyezi wokomedwa - Pankhaniyi, kuyeretsa kumatenga maola 12,
- vinyo, viniga, ayodini - kapena 300 g wa mafuta oyera owuma, kapena madontho atatu a ayodini, kapena supuni ya viniga pa lita imodzi yamadzi.
Zosefera zanyumba zakumwa madzi ndi mitundu yawo
Pakadali pano, zosefera zambiri panyumba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa madzi. Ndiwazipangiri komanso zopangika, zokhazikika komanso zosavuta kunyamula. Zosankha zosavuta komanso zotsika mtengo ndizopanda khunira, nkhanu. Koma zindikirani kuti magwiridwe antchito ngati amenewa ndi ochepa, ndipo kuti muzigwiritsidwa ntchito kwina m'banja lalikulu sikungakhale kokwanira. Mayankho ena othandiza ndi zida zamtengo ndi zosefera (koma zimawononga zochulukirapo).
Zosefera Zamtundu Wathunthu
Filipo loyenda ndi mtundu woyenera wanyumba womwe umayikidwa pansi pa kumira. Pocheperako nthawi zambiri, koma zida zimatha kuyikidwira pafupi ndi kumira, koma zitsanzo zotere sizikhala zopanda phindu. Zomwe zimapangidwa zosefera zimaphatikizapo gawo lonse la zinthu, kotero madziwo amadutsa pakuyeretsedwa kosiyanasiyana. Choyamba, zodetsa zazikulu zimachotsedwa mu iyo (mechanically1 njira), kenako ma inclusions ang'ono (zosefera zabwino), zinthu zosungunuka (kusinthanitsa osmosis kapena ion kusinthanitsa) zimachotsedwa.
Zosefera zamagetsi
Zosefera Zomangidwa zimayikidwa pa riser. Otsuka kwambiri amadzidutsitsa okha kuchuluka konse kwamadzi kulowa mu nyumba, komwe kumaloleza kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito pakumwa komanso zosowa zapakhomo (mwachitsanzo, kuchapa, kusamba kwa mwana, ndi zina). Ndizabwino kwambiri ngati madzi ndi ovuta, ali ndi chitsulo chambiri, dzimbiri - izi sizoyipa pakumwa komanso kuphika, komanso pazogwirira ntchito zam'nyumba. Fayilo yayikulu imachotsa zodetsa zamagetsi, ngakhale zazing'ono kwambiri.
Momwe mungasankhire fyuluta yamadzi oyeretsera
Pamaso pakupezeka pakatikati pamadzi, sikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mitengo yamtengo wapatali (ngakhale ndiyofunikira). Musanapange chisankho chomaliza, sankhani ndalama zotsika mtengo - zonse, zida zamagetsi ndizothandiza komanso zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito kuposa juluta, koma kuyika kwake kumalumikizidwa ndi ndalama zambiri.
Kodi kuchuluka kwa madzi akumwa ndi njira zamadzi zakumwa kumayenderana bwanji?
Tekinoloje yoyeretsa madzi musanamwe ndi njira yokonzera madzi achilengedwe, omwe amaphatikiza njira zosiyanasiyana zochotsera tinthu tosafunikira, mchere, michere ndi mpweya, zomwe zimachitika ndikupeza madzi abwino akumwa.
Musanasankhe njira yoyeretsera madzi akumwa, muyenera kudziwa zoyeretsera madzi. Kuipitsa kwakukulu kwa madzi oyera (tap, chitsime, kasupe, bwino) akuphatikiza:
- zosafunikira zamakina - mchenga, silika, dongo, dzimbiri,
- tizilombo, ma bacteria, ma virus ndi ma organic,
- chitsulo, manganese ndi zitsulo zolemera,
- ma bicarbonate, sulfates, chloride, mankhwala a nayitrogeni ndi ENT yaulere,
- mchere wosungunuka ndi mpweya.
Njira zamakono zoyeretsera madzi musanamwe ndizosiyana ndipo zimasankhidwa kutengera mtundu wamadzi omwe amapezeka, omwe amakafufuzidwa ndi kafukufuku wa zasayansi.
Njira zoyeretsera madzi ndi ziti?
Akatswiri azachilengedwe amasiyanitsa mitundu inayi yakuipitsidwa kwamadzi, yomwe iliyonse imakhudza chilengedwe, imakhala ndi zoopsa zina:
- Zakuthupi
Potere, zosakonzeka zopanda kanthu zimalowa m'matupi amadzi, omwe amadzisonkhanitsa mwa kuyimitsidwa. - Zamapangidwe.
Zimayambitsidwa ndimayendedwe amakanidwe oyipa amadzi mu magwero amadzi, omwe, atakhazikika, amachititsa kufa kwa zamoyo zonse. - Zachilengedwe.
Pazinthu zina, mwachitsanzo, kuphwanya kwachilengedwe, kumapangidwanso mwachangu kwa anthu okhala m'malo osungirako. Mlandu wofala kwambiri ndikukumana kwa nyanja ndi matziwe okhala ndi matchire ndi matope, ndikusintha kukhala madambo. - Paphiri.
Zimayambitsidwa ndi ntchito zamagulu a anthu, chifukwa chake kutentha kwa matupi amadzi kumakwera. Izi zimabweretsa kusokonezeka kwa zachilengedwe, kuchepa kwa mitundu yambiri yomwe imakhalamo ndi "pachimake" chamadzi.
Masiku ano pali njira zamakono zotsatirazi, zopangidwa ndi magulu:
- Zachilengedwe.
- Zakuthupi.
- Zamapangidwe.
- Zachikhalidwe.
Mitundu yonseyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutengera mtundu wa zovundazo, kuchuluka kwamadzimadzi, luso laukadaulo. Izi ndichifukwa chakusiyana kwa ndondomekoyi komanso mawonekedwe amomwe amachititsa magulu ena akudetsa nkhawa.
Muzochitika zingapo, kuti mukwaniritse zambiri, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito njira yophatikizira, yophatikiza njira zingapo ndi njira zamankhwala amadzi nthawi imodzi. Nthawi zambiri, kufunikira kotere kumachitika kuti zisasokoneze zotulutsa zanyanjayi zochokera ku mabizinesi akulu akulu amizinda kapena njira zamatauni. Onani njira zonsezi mwatsatanetsatane.
Zachilengedwe
Nthawi zambiri, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabakiteriya yomwe imatha kuwola ndikugwiritsa ntchito poipitsa mankhwala ndi mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati "oyeretsa amoyo". Nthawi zina algae ndi oimira microscopic bowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazolinga izi.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zabwino zakugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyeretsera iyi ndikuthekera kusankha kuyeretsa tizilombo kuchokera kutengera mawonekedwe ndi zinthu zomwe zimachotsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, nitrophying tizilombo titha kuganiziridwa.
Pakukonzekera moyo wawo, amawola ndikusokoneza ma protein okhala ndi ma nitrogen. Mabakiteriya ena amatha kudya zomwe zimakhala ndi phosphorous.
Zikufalikira m'malo osungira, zokhala ndi zinthu zabwino zotere zomwe zimasefa madzi m'magawo onse. Nthawi zambiri amadziunjikira pansi, monga kansalu kapena kama. Mabakiteriya onse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza madzi am'magazi amagawidwa m'magulu awiri:
1. Aerobic, yomwe mkati mwa moyo wawo imafunikira mpweya.
2. Anaerobic. Izi tizilombo sitifunikira mpweya kuti zikule komanso kubereka.
Iliyonse mwa mitunduyi imafunikira zake zamakono. Itha kukhala:
- Tsegulani maiwe.
- Minda yosanja.
- Zipangizo za Biofilter.
- Sewer aerotanks.
- Methantanks.
Dziwe lamapampu ndi minda yosefera ndi malo osungiramo zinthu kapena ndi gawo lomwe kutaya zinyalala. Mwa iwo, njira yoyeretsera madzi omwe amalowamo imachitika mothandizidwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokhala pansi (thupi lamadzi) kapena dothi (kumunda).
Zowonongeka zawo ndi njira yayitali yotsuka, komanso yotsika mtengo pogwira ntchito ndi mafuta oopsa. Ubwino wazida zotere ndi mtengo wotsika wa magwiridwe awo ndi kukonza.
Mu biofilters, madzi amachilo amathandizidwa ndi kusefera kudzera mu tinthu tachilengedwe. Lili ndi mabakiteriya aerobic, chifukwa, kuyeretsa kwabwino kumafunika kupezeka kwa mpweya wabwino.
Aerotank ndi chipangizo chovuta kupangira chomwe kusefa kumachitika ndi zinthu zamagetsi. Solo yomwe imayatsidwa mkati mwake imangokhala ndi mpweya wambiri. Aeration imathandizira kwambiri pakuthandizira kwamadzi ochotsa zinyalala.
Mabakiteriya a Anaerobic, omwe safuna kuti mpweya ukhale ndi moyo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzida zomwe zimatchedwa methanthanks. Chifukwa cha chopangidwa kuchokera kuwonongeka kwa zinyalala, amapanga methane - mpweya woyaka womwe ungagwiritsidwe ntchito pazosowa zapakhomo.
Chifukwa chake, chipangizocho chimagwira osati kutsuka zinyalala zokha, komanso kupanga mafuta abwino mwachilengedwe. Kuti muchepetse ntchito yoyeretsa, akasinja a methane amakhala ndi zida zotenthetsera. Kutentha kolondola kwa ntchito yogaya mphamvu mkati mwa chipangizocho kukuchokera +30 mpaka + 50 ° C.
Zakuthupi
Njira zakuyeretsera kwakuthupi zimaphatikizapo kuchotsedwa kwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimasungunuka mkati mwake mwa njira yoyeserera komanso kuyimitsidwa koyenera kuchokera kumadzi oyipa.
Njira zotere ndizomwe zimaphatikizidwa mu njira zovuta, ngati gawo loyambirira la ntchito yosefa. Njira zakuthupi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochiritsa madzi ambiri amadzimadzi.
Njira zina zamakono zochotsera zodetsa zolimbitsa thupi zimaloleza kuyeretsa kochuluka, koma magwiridwe awo ndi osakwanira kugwira ntchito ndi madzi ambiri. Chitsanzo cha kuyeretsa kwabwino kwakuthupi ndizosefera zomwe zimatha kukoka ngakhale tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, mamolekyulu azitsulo zolemera, mchere ndi oxide.
Njira zonse zoyeretsera thupi zimagawika m'mitundu ingapo:
- Zowawa.
Pankhaniyi, madzi akuda amadutsidwa kudzera pazida zomwe zimakhala ndi masentimita ena - okonda, sieves. Mukasefa, zigawo zikuluzikulu zopanda mafuta zimachotsedwa. Pambuyo pake, madziwo amatumizidwa kuti ayeretsedwe bwino. - Kulimbikitsa.
Chomwe chimapangitsa kukhazikitsa ndikuwonetsa zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera kumadzi mpaka pansi. Njira sifunikira kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinthu zakunja ndi mphamvu zamagetsi. Ntchito yonseyi imachitika mwachilengedwe, mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu yokoka. Kenako zigawo zapamwamba zamadzi, zopanda zonyansa zamagetsi, zimachotsedwera ziwiya zina, ndipo matope amachotsedwa. Njirayi imagwidwa pokonza akasinja. - Kusefedwa.
Njira zamakono zosefera madzi zimapangitsa kuti zikwaniritse kuyeretsa kokwanira, mpaka kuchotsedwa kwa zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mankhwala zosungunuka mkati mwake. Zimapangidwa ndikudutsa madzi kudzera pazosefera, kapena mu centrifuge. Potsirizira pake, mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu ya centrifugal, kusiyanitsa kwa mamolekyulu amadzi ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimakhalamo. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosowa zapakhomo komanso pamakampani ambiri. - [info-bokosi mtundu = "kulimba mtima]] Kuthanso kwa UV. [/ info-bokosi]
Cholinga cha kuwonongedwa kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe tingayambitse matenda osiyanasiyana opatsirana. Kuwala kwa Ultraviolet sikuloleza kuyeretsedwa kwamadzi kuchokera pazowipitsa mawotchi, chifukwa chake chimayimira njira zakuthupi moyenera. Kuwonongeka kwa ma virus ndi mabakiteriya kumachitika ndikuwononga kapangidwe ka DNA yawo ndi mafunde a UV omwe ali ndi radiation yama 400 nanometers.
Zamapangidwe
Malinga ndi mtundu wowonekera kwa ma reagents, njira zoyeretsera zamankhwala ndi amitundu:
- Kusalolera.
Zimachitika chifukwa cha kulumikizana kwa ma acid ndi ma alkali, ena omwe ndi zinyalala, ndipo ena - ma reagents. Zotsatira zake, kusinthasintha kwawo m'madzi ndi mchere kumachitika, ndipo mulingo wa asidi-bwino umakhala wolondola. Zinyalala zomwe zimakhala ndi asidi sizimasinthidwa ndimayankho ammonia, phulusa la sopo, potaziyamu kapena sodium hydroxides. Zotulutsa zoyipitsidwa ndi ma alkali zimatsukidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi asidi - oxides, mpweya wama asidi. - Oxidation.
Mosiyana ndi kusaloletsa, zinthu zambiri zamphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu makutidwe a zinthu zakuda. Mwanjira imeneyi, mankhwala oopsa omwe amabweretsa chiopsezo ku thanzi la munthu akalowa m'thupi amatsukidwa. Pankhaniyi, ndikofunikira kuyeretsa kwathunthu, komwe sikumapereka njira zandale.
Njira ya oxidation imakupatsaninso mwayi woti muyeretse madzi akumwa kuchokera kuma tizilombo oyipa. Kuti muchite izi, gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala ena a chlorine, potaziyamu, komanso zinthu zina zokhala ndi mpweya. Njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso yopangidwa bwino kuyeretsa madzi akumwa ndi chlorination, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ambiri akumwa madzi. Mukatha kugwiritsa ntchito michere yamphamvu acidic, njira yobwezeretsa madzi oyeretsedwa imachitidwa. Amapangidwira kuti iwapatse mtengo wabwino wa Ph omwe amafanana ndi madzi wamba.
Zachikhalidwe
Pali njira zambiri zoyeretsera ndi mankhwala a physico. Ganizirani njira zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani ndi m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku:
- Chingwe.
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa zinthu zakunja zopanda kanthu podutsa mpweya kudzera m'madzi. Zotsatira zake, zonyansa zamakina zimakwera pamwamba pamadzi, zimangoyang'ana ngati thovu. Kenako gawo lam'mwamba lamadzi lothira thovu limachotsedwa, ndipo madziwo amawatumizira kuti akapitirizebe, kuyeretsa kwambiri. - Kucha.
Zimatanthawuza kusankha mayamwidwe ndikumangirira kwa zinyalala pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya thupi kapena mankhwala mogwirizana ndi reagent. Chifukwa chakuchita bwino kwambiri komanso kuthekera kochotsa ma microelements, ngakhale atasungunuka pang'ono, matsenga nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto kwa chithandizo cha madzi.
Makatoni opangidwa ndi kaboni, zeolite, silrate ndi aluminium amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati sorbents. Ndi chithandizo chawo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi herbicides, ma nitrate, othandizira, mankhwala opangira phenyl amachotsedwa. - Kusinthana kwa Ion.
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kuti muchepetse madzi olimba kwambiri m'magawo omaliza a chithandizo cha madzi. Njira iyi yoyeretsera madzi imaphatikizapo kusinthana kwa ma ayoni pakati pa madzi akumwa ndikuchotsa reagent. Kutengera mtengo wotsukira + kapena -, ma reagents amatchedwa cations kapena anions. Zitha kukhala zinthu zachilengedwe, monga zeze, kapena zopangidwa mwaluso. Zosefera zotere, ndikamatsuka zakumwa zosasokoneza, ndizokwanira kwa nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chake, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, pakufefa madzi kuchokera pakatikati pamadzi. - Electrodialysis
Njira iyi ndi njira yovuta yozikidwa pa membala wa kusefukira ndi kulekanitsa kwa maelekitirikali. Imachitika mu chipangizo chapadera chokhala ndi zosungira zingapo zopatukana ndi nembanemba. Zina mwa izo ndi zovomerezeka kwa anions, ena kwa cations. Zida pazida zimayenda motsogozedwa ndi gawo lamagetsi mbali imodzi. Zotsatira zake, yankho lonyansa limakhazikika mu thanki imodzi, ndi madzi oyera enanso. - Kusintha kwa osmosis.
Njira ina yoyeretsera madzi akumwa, kutengera pakudutsa pamimba yopopera. Nthawi yomweyo, ma pores ake ndi ochepa kwambiri kotero kuti mamolekyu a H2O okha ndi omwe amatha kudutsamo, akuchedwa kuyimitsidwa koyenera, mchere, oxide, ndi tizilombo. Zosefera zamtunduwu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zosefera m'nyumba. Choyipa chokha cha njirayi ndikuchita kwake kotsika. Chifukwa chake, zosefera za nyumba zosinthika za osmosis zimatha kupanga zosaposa malita ochepa amadzi oyeretsedwa pa ola limodzi. - Kuyeretsa mafuta.
Zimapangidwa ndikuwonetsa kuti madzi amatsukidwa pamtunda wotsika kwambiri kapena kutentha kwambiri. Chochita chothandiza kwambiri, komanso chopatsa mphamvu kwambiri ndi evapation. Zotsatira zake zimatsukidwa kwambiri madzi osalala, opanda mankhwala osafunikira. Njira yozizira kozizira imakhazikika poti poyamba madzi osamba amayamba kusandulika madzi oundana, ndipo pokhapokha amasandulika uve. Njira yovuta ya makutidwe ndi okosijeni imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka kowopsa.
Njira zoyeretsera madzi kunyumba
Kunyumba, njira zingapo zoyeretsera madzi apampopi zilipo:
- Zowiritsa.
Ndi madzi otentha kwakanthawi (mphindi zoposa 10), 90% ya tizilombo tomwe timakhalamo timatha kuphedwa. Komabe, ndizosatheka kusiya zonyansa zamakina ndi mankhwala motere. - Kulimbikitsa.
Njira yake ndi yofanana ndi ya mafakitale: madzi amathiridwa mumtsuko, ndikusiyidwa kwa maola angapo kapena masiku. Zotsatira zake, zinthu zambiri zophatikiza zimakhazikika pansi. - Kuzizira
Kuti muchite izi, thirani madzi mu botolo la pulasitiki ndikuyika mufiriji. Pakapita kanthawi, gawo lina lamadzi limasandukanso madzi oundana, ndipo mbali ina imakhalabe yamadzi. Hafu yopanda mawonekedwe ili ndi zosayera ndipo ziyenera kuchotsedwa. - Silicon kuyeretsa.
Silicon amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa madzi apampopi, ndikuwapatsanso machiritso. Kuti muchite izi, silicon imathiridwa ndimadzi wamba ndikusiyidwa kwa masiku angapo. Madzi omwe adalowetsedwa aledzera m'magawo ochepa kwa masiku angapo kuti aletse matenda a ziwalo zamkati. - Yoyambitsa kaboni.
Chimodzi mwa zotsatsa zabwino kwambiri, chitha kuchotsa zodetsedwa zonse zabwino ndimadzi m'madzi. - Zosefera za Membrane
Njira imeneyi m'zaka zaposachedwa ikukula. Opanga padziko lonse lapansi amatulutsa mitundu yambiri yamakina ogwiritsira ntchito nyumba pogwiritsa ntchito timayipi ting'onoting'ono.
Tidziwa zonse za madzi akumwa komanso njira zakukonzekera kwake.
Njira zonse pakukonzekera madzi akumwa zili ndi zabwino ndi zovuta zawo, chifukwa chake, kusankha njira yoyenera, muyenera kutengera kuyenera kwa njirayo pamagawo onsewo. Mwachitsanzo, kusanthula madzi ndikukhazikitsa zoyipa ndi kuchuluka kwa zosayera, komanso kumvetsetsa kuchuluka kwa kuyeretsa kwamadzi pamalo omwe amafunikira, chifukwa zofunika zosiyanasiyana zimakumwa madzi akumwa, madzi apakhomo ndi madzi am'mafakitare. Njira yabwino ndiyo kugula unsembe wokwanira womwe umakuthandizani kuti muyeretse ndikukwaniritsa madzi ndi mchere wofunikira.
Mavuto apano akusowa kwa madzi akumwa. Zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsa
Madzi ndiye maziko a zonse zamoyo, popanda kuti kukhalapo kwa munthu kapena chitukuko cha anthu chonsecho sichingatheke. Kuphatikiza pa kufunikira kwakanthawi koti azisamalira ntchito zofunika kwambiri, munthu amamwa madzi abwino ochulukirachulukira pokonza zaulimi komanso popereka zosowa zingapo zapakhomo. Madzi amaphimba zoposa 70% ya dziko lapansi ndipo amapanga pafupifupi 1/4400 ya kuchuluka konse kwa dziko lapansi, koma madzi atsopano amakhala otsika 3% ya kuchuluka kwake. Nthawi yomweyo, pafupifupi 70% ya madzi onse abwino ali mu mawonekedwe a madzi oundana, omwe amasokoneza momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito.
Inde, ngakhale gawo lotsala la madzi abwino, lomwe limapezeka mosavuta, ndi mavoliyumu ambiri, omwe siosavuta kutopa. Komabe, pakali pano, vuto la kusowa kwa madzi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi chimodzi mwazofunikira, zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi zifukwa zingapo. Choyamba, limodzi ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi komanso chitukuko chofulumira cha mafakitale am'madzi komanso zachuma, zilakolako zamadzi zatsopano zikukulanso. Kachiwiri, masheya omwe alipo tsopano amachepetsedwa mosalekeza chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kochokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi zochita za anthu.
Pazifukwa zomveka, ndizosatheka kuyimitsa kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, kupatula kuyimitsa chitukuko cha anthu. Nthawi yomweyo, kuchepetsedwa kwa kuipitsidwa kwa madzi abwino ndi kukonzekera koyambirira sikungopezeka kotheka, komanso njira zabwino kwambiri zothetsera vuto la kuchuluka kwa madzi. Ndikofunikanso kutchulanso njira zina zomwe zingathandize kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito madzi, kapena,, pakupanga magwero atsopano a madzi abwino. Poyambirira, chifukwa cha kupangidwe kwamakono, luso la kugwiritsa ntchito madzi limakulitsidwa, kapena njira zikutengedwa ndikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi tsiku lililonse. Mlandu wachiwiri, kuyesayesa kumapangidwa kuti muthe kutulutsa madzi abwino kuchokera kwina: kukhazikitsidwa kwa madzi oundana, kupenyerera kwa chinyezi chamlengalenga, kusungunula kwa madzi am'nyanja, ndi zina zambiri. Komabe, chithandizo chamadzi ndi chithandizo chamadzi ndidakali malo oyenera kwambiri.
Zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsa chilengedwe komanso nthawi yomweyo ogula madzi osankhidwa ndi mafakitale, ulimi ndi nyumba. Nawonso mitundu ikuluikulu ya kuipitsa imaphatikizapo mankhwala akuthupi, a michere ndi mafuta.
Ndi kuipitsidwa kwakuthupi, zosafunika zosasunthika, monga mchenga, dongo, kapena zinyalala zosiyanasiyana, zimalowa m'matupi amadzi. Kuipitsa kwamafuta nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwayokha, chifukwa chinthu chachikulu choyipitsa ndi mphamvu yamafuta, yomwe imakhudza chilengedwe. Kutentha kowonjezerako kosungirako kungasinthe kwambiri njira zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhalamo, zomwe zingayambitse kufa kwa nsomba ndi zina zam'madzi, kapena mosinthanitsa kungayambitse kukula kwa algae kapena protozoa, kufunikira koyeretsa komwe kungapangitse kwambiri njira yotsatira yamadzi. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti kuwonongeka kwa mafuta kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino, chifukwa chake, mawu oti "kuwonongeka kwa mafuta" ndi ofunikira, ndipo mawonekedwe amomwe chilengedwe chimakhudzidwira ziyenera kuwunikiridwa padera pa milandu iliyonse.
Kuipitsa kwachembere ndiye kusakanikirana kwa mankhwala m'madzi am'magulu osiyanasiyana a mafakitale kapena mafakitale ndi ulimi. Makamaka, ndikuyenera kuwunikira kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zamafuta, mafuta azitsulo zolemera, zinthu zokhala panthaka (zogwiritsa ntchito) ndi ma nitrate, gwero lalikulu lomwe ndikulowetsa feteleza waulimi. Pankhani yakuwonongeka kwachilengedwe, tikulankhula za kubisalira zolengedwa ndi zinthu zazing'ono (kuphatikiza pathogenic ndi parasitic). Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala angapo okhala ndi nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous a biogenic choyambira ndi chophatikiza chopangira zinthu zina, ndipo kuipitsidwa kwa madzi osungidwa ndi zinthu zotere kumabweretsa kutsegulika kwake - pang'onopang'ono kupitilira ndikusintha kwina kukhala chithaphwi.
Kusankhidwa kwa njira ndi njira zoyeretsera madzi
Zosiyanasiyana zoipitsa zosiyanasiyana sizipanga njira zingapo zoyeretsera madzi kuchokera kwa iwo. Komabe, onse atha kugawidwa m'magulu molingana ndi mfundo zoyenera kuchitapo. Chifukwa chake, magawidwe ambiri a njira zotsukira ndi awa:
- Zakuthupi
- Zamapangidwe
- Zachikhalidwe
- Zachilengedwe.
Gulu lirilonse la njirazi limaphatikizapo zosankha zingapo zakukhazikitsa njira yoyeretsera ndi kapangidwe kazinthu zamagalimoto. Ndikofunikira kukumbukiranso kuti chithandizo chamadzi, monga lamulo, ndi ntchito yovuta yomwe imafuna kuphatikiza njira zosiyanasiyana kuti zitheke kuyesetsa kwake kwankho. Kuvuta kwa ntchito yoyeretsa kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mtundu wa kuipitsidwa - nthawi zambiri zinthu zingapo zomwe zimafuna njira ina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zosafunikira. Zomera zakuyeretsa zozikidwa pa njira imodzi zimakonda kupezeka nthawi zambiri pomwe madzi amadetsedwa ndi chinthu chimodzi kapena zingapo, kupatukana komwe kumatha kuchitika mwa dongosolo limodzi. Chitsanzo ndi madzi amtundu wa mafakitale osiyanasiyana, komwe kupanga kwamankhwala ndi kuchuluka kwa zodetsa zimadziwika pasadakhale ndipo sizimasiyana mu heterogeneity yayikulu.
Chiwembu chambiri cha bungwe la njira zowonongera madzi osamba
Asanaperekedwe mwachindunji kuti alandire chithandizo, madzi akumwa amayandikira pakati, pomwe amawungunulira ngati pakufunika ndi madzi oyera. Izi zimachitika kuti zifanane ndi kuchuluka kwa zodetsa m'madzi, kupewa kuchulukana pamlingo wamankhwala othandizira komanso kupewa kukula kwambiri kwa magwiridwe antchito. Kukhalapo kwa mitengo yapamwamba pazida zamankhwala kumachitika chifukwa cha kutayikira kwamadzi amchere kupita kuchipatalako. Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi gawo la kuyeretsa pamakina, omwe angaphatikizepo zinthu monga misampha ya mchenga, misampha yamafuta, mapampu ndi ma grid osonkhanitsa zinyalala zazikulu.
Madzi atatha kupereka chithandizo choyambirira, amawadyetsa ku chithandizo chachikulu. Nthawi zambiri, chithandizo chachilengedwe mu akasinja othandizira ogwiritsa ntchito sludge chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa izi. Njira yayikulu imatha kuphatikizidwa ndi kuyeretsa kwakuya, komwe zosefera, zomeranso za osmosis, etc. zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Nthawi zonse, zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimamasulidwa kuchokera kumadzi, ndikutulutsa mawonekedwe a sediment, omwe ayenera kutayidwa. Kuti muchite izi, amachitidwa maopareshoni zingapo (kupukutira, kuyanika, ndi zina), ndipo tsogolo lawo zimadalira phindu la omwe adakonzedwa kale. Zowonjezera zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa, zomwe zimachotsedwa kuzungulira thanki, pomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya chowonjezera, chimathandizidwanso. Madzi oyeretsedwa ku boma lofunikalo amachotsera mankhwala opha chlorine, ozonation, kapena UV.