Sviyaz bakha yaying'ono, wogawidwa makamaka kumpoto kwa dziko lathu. Nthawi yakukhwima, ndulu imakhala ndi utoto wokongola wokhala ndi mawonekedwe. Mutu ndi khosi ndi zofiirira zofiirira komanso zobiriwira. Mbali yakumwambako ndi yoyera, chotengera chake ndi vinyo wopepuka. Kunja kwa thupi kumakhala kopepuka.
Chachikazi chimakhala chofiirira komanso cheza chakuda. Drakeyo ali ndi mawanga oyera pamapiko ndipo amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi kuuluka kwawo. Amasiyana ndi wamkazi kalirole wowoneka bwino wobiriwira, yemwe amasungidwa madiresi onse. Mlomo ndi miyendo imvi. Drakeyo amaliza mluzu waukulu, wachikazi - wokuwa kwambiri.
Sayizi: Drake mapiko 255-270, akazi 232-268 mm. Kulemera kwa yamphongo mu kasupe ndi 400-800, ndipo yaikazi ndi 450-780 g.Chopanda malire ake, nkhuku imagawidwa mosagawanika. Zisa za Sviyaz pa Murman, mu Timan tundra, pakamwa pa Pechora ndi mitsinje yayikulu ya Siberi Lena, Kolyma ndi Anadyr, zimapezekanso ku Kamchatka. Pakati penipeni pa Europe, gawo la Mgwirizano, ndizosowa, zochulukirapo zimasowa mumtsinje. Ural ndi Semipalatinsk, ku Baikal ndi Transbaikalia komanso kum'mawa kupita ku Northern Sakhalin.
Kubwera kwa masika kumachitika nthawi ya kuwoneka kwa mitundu ina ya bakha mu Epulo ndi Meyi, komanso kumadera akutali a Kolyma mu June. Pakuwuluka kwamizeremizere, wina amatha kuzindikira ndi likhweru. Mu nyengo yakukhwima, madontho, kusamalira zazikazi, kutuluka. Zikatero, champhongo chimakweza nthenga pamutu ndi m'mbali, chimakhazikika pakhosi ndimakuwa.
Kusenda ngati abakha ena kawiri. Zambiri zazikulu, mpaka nyama 300-400, zidawonedwa pamadzi a Naurzum mu Julayi, komanso m'madzi a Baraba steppe, pamtsinje. Ob ndi Anadyr.
Mukugwa, kugwirira kukhosi ku Europe kwa Russia ndi Urals kuuluka nyengo yozizira kupita ku Denmark, Holland, ndi British Isles, komwe abakha ena amatsikira kumwera. Svziwa ochokera ku Western Siberia, dera la Irkutsk ndi nthawi yozizira kumpoto kwa Kazakhstan mu Nyanja ya Caspian, Nyanja ya Azov ndi Mediterranean. Gawo lina la abakha aku Siberiya limawulukira molowera kumwera ku India.
Svayazi amadya masamba ndi mphukira zamadzi am'madzi kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina ya bakha. Komanso pintail, amapita kukaona zipatso za mabulosi - ma buliberries, etc. mu malo achisanu nthawi yachisanu amadya nthangala ndikuyendera minda ya mpunga.
Kodi bakha ndi chiani?
Malinga ndi gulu la nyama, Carl Linnaeus ndi wa banja la abakha (Anatidae) la Anseriformes. Pamodzi ndi mallard, pintail, bakha imvi, teal, tangerines, svayazi amapatsidwa abakha a mitsinje (Anas).
Akatswiri a zoologists amatanthauzira wig mu gawo lopatula. Chomwe chimapangitsa ichi ndi mulomo wafupipafupi wa bakha. Dzinalo Lachilatini sviyazi Anas penelope limatanthawuza "bakha wokhulupirika." Alenje ali ndi mayina ogwirizana ndi mawu omwe mbalame zimapanga - fistula, whistler, scum.
Zofunika! Pazilumba zam'mphepete mwa Komandorsky ndi ku Chukotka, panthawi yosamukira, wand wa ku America sapezeka. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi kamtambo wobiriwira pamtunda wamakoma ndi nthenga zoyera za chipale chofewa.
Kufotokozera za mtundu ndi zithunzi za abakha
Svayazi zing'onozing'ono mallards, koma zokulirapo kuposa tali yaying'ono. Mbalame yolimba kwambiri, yodonthekedwayo imalemera kuyambira 500 mpaka 1100 g.Ilitali lamapiko olimba, owongoka, amtali limafikira masentimita 75-86. Kutalika kwa thupi lolumikizidwa kuti lisinthidwe mwachangu ndi masentimita 45-51. Mutu uli ndi mutu wawung'ono wokhala ndi mphumi yayitali khosi loonda, lalifupi lokwezekeka, lalitali kutalikirana mpaka kumapeto, tating'onoting'ono.
Mtundu
Katswiri wotchuka wa ornithologist wa ku Russia komanso katswiri waosaka Sergey Alexandrovich Buturlin m'mabuku ake adasiya kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane kwa bakha sviyaz.
Malinga ndi malongosoledwe ake a ma drake munthawi ya mating:
- chifuwa mutu ndi mmero,
- chofiira mpaka korona yoyera
- kofiyira kofiyira ndi tchire tambiri,
- chifuwa ndi m'mimba mwayera ngati chipale,
- thupi lalikulu limakhala loyera,
- kalirole wowoneka bwino wobiriwira, wokhala ndi buluu wofiirira ndi malire wakuda,
- Pamaso pagalasi pali chizindikiro chachikulu choyera.
- mchira, nthenga zophimba zakuda kuyambira kunja, zoyera mkati ndi mkanda wamdima wakuda m'mphepete,
- mafupa a pansi pa buluu ndi akuda buluu,
- mchira ndi imvi,
- Mapiko ndi abuluu ndi imvi, opindika kubiriwira ndi utoto,
- zovala zazikulu zoyera m'mapewa.
Popeza kuti m'malo mwa matayala, matayala amaloza, matayala ake ndi osiyana ndi bakha. Msana wake umakhala wonyezimira, wokongoletsedwa ndi ma Jets. Throat ndi mutu ndi zofiirira. Zolocha zazikulu zaimuna zimasungidwa - galasi la emerald.
Mwa akazi, kusiyanasiyana ndi kunjenjemera, maula onenepa kwambiri amtundu wakuda wokhala ndi zidutswa zakuda chaka chonse. M'mimba mwayera, kalirole ndi wakuda. Tizilombo ta m'mapiko timeneti timakhala tofanana ndi amayi awo. Amatha kudziwika ndi "unyamata" wawo, kachidutswa kakuda pamimba pawo komanso mtundu wocheperako wa kalilore.
Bakha tsitsi limavala molemekeza kwambiri.
Miyendo ndi mlomo wotsogolera ndi phulusa. Malipilo ake ndi amtambo wamtambo wokhala ndi chimpira chakuda, pafupi ndi kumaso. Iris ndi yofiirira.
Voterani
Kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa mawu a gululi kumasintha kutengera nthawi ya chaka. Nthawi zambiri ma whake amayimba mokweza "vhii-u", "vii-u", "pii-u", ndipo abakha amakunthwa.
Pamasewera akukhwima, amuna ndi akazi amafuula "kerr". Mlengalenga, mbalame zikuimba muluzi "Sviyi-Sviyi", "Sviyirra", "Friryrra".
Makhalidwe
Sviyazey imadziwika ndi kuuluka mwachangu, pafupifupi ngati buluzi, kuyendetsa bwino zinthu, pafupifupi kuchoka pamadzi, ndikuthanso kupanga maulendo ataliatali.
Abakha ndi ochezeka kwambiri, panthawi yosamukira amasonkhana pagulu lalikulu la anthu masauzande angapo. Amakhala ndi chakudya kumakampani, ngati abakha anzeru a mandarin.
Zofunika! Svayazi amazolowera anthu, amakhala otupa. Ku Europe, nthawi zambiri amasungidwa kukongoletsa maiwe okongoletsera.
Mtundu ndi malo abakha
Malo okhala m'chipululu amafikira madera akumpoto a Europe ndi Asia. Ku Russia kuli:
- ku Chukotka, Anadyr, mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Okhotsk,
- m'dera la Volga,
- mkati mwa Russia,
- ku Siberia,
- Chigawo cha Ussuri
- pa ndege, abakha amasiya ku gombe la Baltic ndi North Sea.
Kwa nkhalango zokhala nesting, taiga, bush-tundra ndi tundra amasankhidwa. Amakondedwa ndi nyanja zazing'ono, malo okuta madzi osefukira okhala ndi maluwa ambiri am'madzi, matope a mitsinje yopanda miyala, malo okhala ndi mitsinje, komanso malo amadzi pakati pa zisumbu.
Ndikofunika kuti chapafupi pali minda yobzalidwa ndi mbewu, nkhalango kapena mitengo yokhayokha. Madzi akuya, nyanja zamdima, malo akulu otseguka, abakha awa amayesa kupewa.
Kwa nthawi yachisanu, abakha amapita kunyanja kapena kumayiko otentha.
Pakusala nyengo yozizira, mbalame zimakhazikika m'malo obisika chifukwa chamkuntho, m'malo otentha. Nyengo yachisanu nyengo ya Caspian, Black Sea ndi Mediterranean, Middle East, Northeast Africa, Indochina, Western Europe.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Menyu ya Svijaz imangokhala zamasamba. Tizilomboti timalowa m'mimba mwamwayi, tisonkhanitsidwa pamodzi ndi zina mwa mbeu zomwe zimadya. M'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'madzi, mizu imakumbidwa, ndikudina mbali zam'madzi zamadzi ndi zam'madzi zam'madzi, ngati abakha a nyama.
Mbalame zimakhamukira bwino ndikuyesera kudyetsa pafupi ndi gulu la abakha, kusambira, kunyamula chakudya chomwe akukulitsa pansi. Makampani amatsitsi nthawi zambiri amasankhidwa pamiyala ndi udzu. Kumeneko amadya ngati atsekwe, akudya mbewu ndi mbewu za mbewu.
Amphaka amadya m'miyala ndi m'miyendo ngati atsekwe.
Mabwana a Soviet ornithology Georgy Petrovich Dementyev ndi Nikolai Alekseevich Gladkov m'bukhu la "birds of the Soviet Union", ofotokoza gawo la mitolo, Adatchulanso izi zotsatirazi zakudya:
- Wallisneria (chomera cham'madzi chokhala ndi mizu italiitali komanso masamba omizidwa m'madzi),
- duwa louma kapena nymphaeum (chomera cham'madzi chokhala ndi maluwa ofanana ndi maluwa amadzi),
- kanthu kakang'ono,
- elodea kapena vuto lamadzi,
- rdest (kabichi yamadzi),
- mutu,
- polevole (phala wamchere),
- maambulera grouse (chomera cham'madzi cham'madzi chokhala ndi mizu yowutsa mudyo),
- nyanja (udzu wanyanja, womwe umadyetsedwa nthawi yachisanu),
- malawi alofitovye,
- enteromorph (algae wobiriwira).
Zofunika! Chimodzi mwa mitundu ya zakudya zam'madzi ku England zimatchedwa "svziwa udzu." Bakha omwe afika nthawi yozizira amadya mbewuyi mambiri, akusambira m'madzi osaya m'mbali mwa nyanja.
Mwambo waukwati
Panthawi yamasewera, kuvina kumakhala pafupi ndi osankhidwa. Zosangalatsa komanso phokoso lalikulu limawonetsa amuna ena kuti bakha ndi "wotanganidwa" ndipo sayenera kufikiridwa.
Palibe zosokoneza ndende. Amuna amangofotokozera zozungulira pafupi ndi zazikazi, kuponda nthenga ndikukweza mitu yawo yakufa kumwamba. Nthawi zina kudekha kumasokonezedwa ndi madalaivala osakwatiwa omwe akuyesera kuwononga banja lomwe liripo. Pankhaniyi, zitha kumenya nkhondo.
Nti, mazira ndi anapiye
Chisa ndi makonzedwe oyipa a nthambi ndi udzu, kapena kungokhala kupsinjika pakati pazomera. Ili pafupi ndi madzi pamalo obisika, m'malo otetezeka: pansi pa nthambi zamtchire, pansi penipeni pa nkhokwe zam'madzi, mu udzu wambiri, m'mizu yokhazikika. Danga la chisa ndi 5-8 cm.
Poyamba, chisa chimakonzedwa mwanjira inayake kapena chimamangidwa kwathunthu popanda zofunda. Nthenga zazing'onoting'ono ndi zokugudubuza m'mphepete zimayika pang'onopang'ono kale mazira. Bakha amayikira mazira awo kumapeto kwa Meyi - koyambirira kwa Juni. Nthawi zambiri, mumagawo oyera a 6-12 (nthawi zambiri 9) kapena mazira achikaso opepuka popanda kujambula pa chipolopolo, kutalika kwa 4-5 cm.
Makulitsidwe kumatenga masiku 22-25. Drake amathandizira abwenzi m'masiku oyamba kuwaswa, patapita masiku angapo amasokera m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ndikumapita kukanyumba.
Bakha mu kugwa ndi anapiye okhwima akusonkhana m'masukulu.
Malo okondweretsa kusintha kwa maula a Russia ndi Nyanja Za Kumadzulo Zaku Siberia, mapiri kumtunda kwa Mtsinje wa Pechora, madera otsika ndi malo obisika a Ob, Urals, Volga, Baltic, Scandinavia, Iceland.
Anapiye oswedwa amakhala chisa kwa tsiku limodzi. Popeza ziume bwino, zimatuluka m'chisa, amayi atapita kumadzi. Pambuyo pa masiku 40 mpaka 485, mwana wakhanda wam'madzi amapezekanso ndi nthenga zolimba ndi kukula kwa mapiko. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, abakha aang'ono amasamalira zakudya zawo. Mu Seputembala, pamodzi ndi abakha achikulire osungunuka, nyama zazing'ono zimasonkhana pagulu ndipo zimawulukira kumadera achisanu.
Mu kanemayo, msaki amagawana kanema wonena za munthu yemwe adamuwombera:
Maonekedwe Svwai
Sviyaz - bakha wotsika, ali ndi khosi lalifupi. Mlomo ndi waufupi, mphumi yake ndi yayitali, ndipo mchirawo wakhazikika. Mapiko ndi 75 - 86 cm, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi ndi 45-51 cm.
Kulemera kwa thupi la mkazi wamkulu ndi 500 - 1000 g, ndipo wamwamuna 600 - 1100 g.
Svayazi wakula mokwanira kugonana kwa anthu ogonana. Kuyambira kasupe mpaka kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, champhongo chimakhala ndi mtundu wamitundu mitundu. Khosi lake ndi mutu wake zinapakidwa utoto wamtundu-wankhono ndi maonekedwe akuda.
Msana, mmbali, khosi, mapewa ndi kutsika kumbuyo imakhala imvi ndi utoto wopendekera mbali ina. Mimba yake ndi yoyera, tinthu tating'ono timakhala tofiira. Mphepete mwa suprahicle ndi chovala chovala chovala chakuda, pomwe mchira womwewo ndi wa imvi. Kuchokera pa gawo lamatsenga mpaka mlomo, Mzere umadutsa korona. Mzerewu mu anthu osiyanasiyana ndi wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku chikasu cha golide mpaka choyera.
Squire (Anas penelope).
Malo okhala ndi mapiko oyera oyera okhala ndi mapiko otuwa amaonekera bwino akamauluka abakha komanso posambira pamadzi. M'mphepete mwa mapiko ake pali malo obiriwira okhala ndi utoto wofiirira, wotchedwa kalirole. Mlomo wopaka utoto wamtambo wabuluu, mawonekedwe amaso ndi abulauni, ndipo miyendo imachita imvi.
Svazi yachikazi imapakidwa utoto wamtundu wakofiira wokhala ndimtambo wakuda. Kuphatikiza pa mtundu wakapangidwewu, palinso winanso pomwe thupi lakumaso ndi utoto limapakidwa makamaka pamiyala yofiirira.
Chachikazi chimakhala ndi mlomo wamtunda wamtundu wamtambo wamtambo wamtambo wapadera komanso mutu wapadera, kalirole wamtambo wobiriwira komanso m'mimba yoyera. Mapeto a chilimwe atatha, svziwa wamwamuna mu utoto amakhala wofanana ndi wamkazi. Chowoneka mosiyanasiyanachi ndi nyengoyi ndizikhalidwe zoyera pamapiko.
Squire - Bakha wonenepa.
Svayazi nesting osiyanasiyana
Madera omwe akupangidwawo akuphatikizapo nkhalango zam'madzi tundra ndi nkhalango za Palearctic kuchokera ku Kamchatka, Anadyr ndi Nyanja ya Okhotsk kum'mawa kupita ku Iceland kumadzulo. Ku UK, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi ndizochepa kwambiri, pafupifupi 300 pawiri. M'madera ena a Germany ndi Netherlands, ndi zisa zochepa chabe za mbalamezi zomwe zawonedwa.
Ambiri mwa malo okhala Svayazi sapezeka mdera la Russian Federation, kumpoto kwa Kazakhstan, Finland ndi Scandinavia. M'madera ambiri ku Europe komwe kuli dera la Russia, mwanawankhosa amaberekana mosasamala. Komabe, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa dera la Leningrad, sviyaz ndi mitundu yambiri kale. Ku Siberia, kukonzanso kwa bakha kumeneku kumawonekera kumpoto mpaka kumalire a mitengo yamitengo. Mwa mitundu yonse ya abakha amtsinje omwe amakhala kumpoto kwa taiga, Sviyaz ndiye mitundu yodziwika bwino komanso yambiri. Kummwera kwa taiga, mbalameyi ndiyosowa kwambiri kapena siyikhala konse konse. Malo akuluakulu okhala ndi zisaonanso pa Peninsula ya Kanin, mu Bolshezemelskaya ndi Malozemelskaya tundra, m'chigawo cha Arkhangelsk.
Squire ndichinthu chofunikira kusaka.
Gawo la Kazakhstan, malire akum'mwera kwa malo osungirako ziweto ndi dera la Uralsk. Malirewo umadutsa m'munsi mwa Mtsinje wa Ilek kudzera pa Chigwa cha Khobda kudzera pa Pavlodar ndi Karaganda mpaka Nyanja ya Makoakol.
Svayazi nyengo yozizira
Pafupifupi dera lonse la masanjidwewo, nsombazi ndi mitundu yosamukira. Bakha uyu amakhala moyo wongokhala chabe mwa anthu ochepa omwe amakhala ku UK. Kugwirira nyengo yachisanu kwa anthu ambiri kumachitika kumwera kwa nyengo yotentha kuyambira Japan mpaka Spain.
Gawo laling'ono la anthu limawuluka kumwera - kummawa ndi kumpoto kwa Africa komanso ku Peninsula ya Arabia. Kuchokera ku Iceland, Sviyaz amawombera nyengo yachisanu kupita ku Ireland ndi Scotland.
Svayazi ndi mbalame zambiri zamtchire, chifukwa zimakonda kukhala chisa m'nkhalango ndi m'nkhalango.
Kuchokera kudera la Russia, lomwe lili kumadzulo kwa mapiri a kumtsinje wa Ob, komanso kuchokera ku Finland ndi Scandinavia, sviyaz imawulukira nthawi yozizira kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Europe. Kuchokera ku Kazakhstan, Central ndi Western Siberia, nyanjayi imasamukira m'mphepete mwa Nyanja za Caspian ndi Black, kupita ku North Africa ndi Southern Europe. Anthu omwe akukhala mbali yakum'mawa kwa nyanjayi amawuluka kukazizira kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa ndi Middle East.
M'nyengo yotentha, nkhandwe imakonda kukhala m'madzi opanda madzi akuya. Matupi amadzi oterowo, monga lamulo, ali ndi madanga ambiri osalala komanso otseguka, osakanikirana ndi malo okhala ndi madzi am'madzi ambiri. Sviyaz amakonda kukhazikika m'malo okhala ndi madzi osefukira m'mphepete mwa nyanja, pafupi ndi mbewu. Kupezeka kwa mitengo yamitengo yapafupi ndi njira ina yowonjezera yosangalatsa pamoyo wa bakha uyu. Sviyaz amakonda kukhala kutali ndi mapiri otseguka, malo otseguka a tundra, komanso madamu ang'onoang'ono amtundu.
Sviyazi idyani pamizu ndi algae.
Kubereka Sviyaz
Kumagawo akummwera kwa masanjidwewo, mwanawankhosa amawonekera pazisamba kuyambira zaka khumi zapitazi za Epulo. Pamalo odyera omwe ali kumpoto, bakha amawuluka theka lachiwiri la Meyi. Kapangidwe ka awiriawiri kumayamba kugwa ndikutha kumapeto kothawira kumalo osambira.
Masewera aukwati samasiyana kwenikweni. Amuna amayenda mozungulira mozungulira zazikazi, ndipo amatulutsa mluzu wovulaza, ndikukweza mlomo wawo mowongoka.
Chisa chimakonzedwa m'malo owuma pafupi ndi madzi m'malo obisika pakati pa udzu ndi zitsamba. Nthawi zina chisa chimapezeka m'nkhalango zachilengedwe. Ndiwokhala ndi nkhawa yaying'ono yokhala ndi masentimita 5 - 7. Chidacho chimakhala ndi masamba osiyanasiyana pansi.
Mazira oposa 12 amaikidwa mu chisa chopendekera bwino.
Kulakwitsa kumayambira mchaka chachitatu cha Meyi ndipo kumatha mpaka pakati pa Juni. Mu malo amodzi, monga lamulo, mazira 6 mpaka 12 alipo. Mtundu wa lophimba mazira ndi zoyera kapena zonona. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatha kupitilira milungu itatu. Pafupifupi kuyambira pachiyambipo, nduluyo imachoka pachisa ndikuchisungunula, kusiya mkaziyo kuti azikoloweka ana. Mikwingwirima imayamba kupita kumapeto patatha masiku 45 pambuyo pobadwa.
Pafupifupi zaka khumi za Seputembala, pomwe chisanu chikuyamba pa zisa ndikuwoneka chipale chofewa, chiwonetserochi chimayamba kuwuluka nthawi yachisanu.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.