Relic Gull (Larus relictus) - mtundu wamtundu wamtundu wa Ichthyaetus wam'banja la gull (Laridae).
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timakhala ngati masentimita 44 mpaka 45. Amuna ndi akazi ndi ofanana. Mutu komanso pafupifupi khosi lonse ndi lakuda, kupatula malo a bulauni owala pakati pakamwa ndi maso. Pamwamba komanso pansi pamaso akuda ofiira mumatha kuzindikira malo oyera. Pamwamba pali imvi. Mchira Woyera. Mapiko ndi imvi yopepuka ndi malire akuda pa nthenga zouluka. Pansi ndi mchira wake ndi zoyera. M'nyengo yozizira, mutu umayera. Mphete mozungulira maso, mulomo ndi miyendo imakhala yofiyira. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mutu woyera wokhala ndi madontho a bulauni. Mlomo wake ndi wofiirira wakuda pachiyambi, ndipo maziko omwe ali pansi pa mulomo ndi opepuka ndipo pambuyo pake amakhala ofiira ofiira. Miyendo ndi imvi. Mphete mozungulira maso ndi yakuda.
Habitat
Magawo a Nesting amagawidwa kwambiri m'malo ambiri. Chiwerengero cha malo okhala nesting chimasiyana chaka ndi chaka, ndipo zimadalira kwambiri malo okhala nesting. Mpaka posachedwapa, madera atatu okha okhazikika omwe adadziwika ku Kazakhstan, Russia ndi China, makilomita masauzande kutali, ndipo m'modzi mwa iwo (ku Russia) kulibe. Mbalame zosabereka zimasamukira nthawi yozizira kupita ku Japan, South Korea ndi Vietnam.
Zingwe zokongoletsa za nkhokwe zam'madzi zimapezeka pamalo ocheperapo 1,500 m mapiri, komanso kumapeto kwa mchenga, m'mphepete mwa nyanja yamchere yopanda madzi osasunthika. Kuti muchotse bwino tinthu tating'onoting'ono, nyengo yonyowa ndi yotentha ndiyofunikira, komanso madera ambiri.
Zopatsa Thanzi ndi Kubereka
Zomera zobiriwira m'miyala, nthawi zambiri pazilumba zazing'ono zazing'ono. Nthawi yoyambitsirana imatha kuyambira koyambirira kwa Meyi mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Julayi. Chiwerengero cha mazira mu clutch chimachokera ku 1 mpaka 4. Tambala tating'onoting'ono timaikira mazira koyamba pazaka zitatu. Amadya ma invertebrates, pomwe 90% ndi mphutsi za udzudzu, mwachangu nsomba ndi mbewu. Ku Mongolia, sikusaka kaamba ka udindo wa Brandt.
Zowopsa zakupezeka
Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi nkhawa zathandizira kufa kwa anapiye ku Russia, Kazakhstan ndi China ndipo zapangitsa kuti nyengo zoyipa, kuzunzidwa komanso kusiyidwa kwa zisa ziwopseze madera akumidzi. Kuvutitsidwa ndi mpikisano ndi mitundu ina ya anyani am'madzi, komanso mkuntho wa matalala ndi kusefukira kwamadzi, kumabweretsa kufa kwamwana pakati pa anapiye ndikuchepetsa kupindulitsa kwa mitunduyi.
Kodi amakhala kuti?
Kupatula ku Russia, nkhalangozi zimakhala m'gawo la mayiko ena atatu: Mongolia, China ndi Kazakhstan. Ku Russian Federation, zigawo za mbalamezi zimapezeka ku Trans-Baikal Territory kunyanja ya Barun-Torey, komanso ku Primorsky Territory pachilumba cha False. Zigawo zonse zodziwika bwino zapezeka pamalo okwera mpaka 1,500 m pamwamba pamadzi paphiri. Nthawi zambiri mbalame zimakhala pachilumba chozunguliridwa ndi nyanja zamchere kapena zazitali, m'malo omwe madzi amasintha mosalekeza. Ndizachilendo kuti palibe malo okhalamo mbalame zazing'onoting'ono zomwe zimapezeka kuti nyanja zikauma, zilumbazi zimalumikizana ndi gombe kapena zimakhala zazing'ono kwambiri ndikukula ndi zomerazo.
Zizindikiro zakunja
M'chaka choyamba cha moyo, mukuwoneka ngati cholembera, mutha kuwona zofananira zambiri ndi ma buluu (Larus canus). Kutalika kwamtundu wa mbalame ndi masentimita 44-45. Matchulidwe amtunduwo ndi zoyera, ndipo imvi yotuwa imatha kumaso kwake. Mlomo ndi miyendo ya mbalame zazing'ono zakuda. M'chaka chachiwiri cha moyo, mawanga amdima amayamba kuwoneka pamutu ndi m'khosi, ndipo pofika kutha msinkhu mutu umayamba kuda bii (mtundu wa manambala ungasiyane ndi khofi mpaka wakuda kwathunthu). Tsopano mbalameyo yayamba kutalika kwambiri ngati mbewa ya mutu wakuda (Larus melanocephalus). M'miyala ing'onoing'ono yovala matching, mulomo utapakidwa utoto wofiirira, miyendo ndi lalanje, ndipo maso ali ndi mphete zoyera zoyera.
Mbiri yopezeka pamtunduwu
Mtundu wa nyama wotchedwa relic gull womwe udalandira kuchokera ku a Lushberg waku Sweden zojambulidwa mu 1931. Mpaka 1971, mbalameyi idawonedwa kuti ndi mtundu wa achikuda, koma mu 2005, kafukufuku atawona kuti tax of the gulls, International Ornithological Committee yasintha mtundu kuti Ichthyaetus. Pa Madzi a Torey ku Transbaikalia mu 1965, gulu la zigamba, zofananirana pafupifupi zana, zidapangidwanso.
Pewani nkhokwe (Larus relictus).
Mu 1968, malo okhala malo okhala adawonedwa pa Nyanja ya Alakol ku Kazakhstan kuchuluka kwa anthu 120. Mtundu wachilendo wa ziphuphu udapangidwanso mu 1969 ndi katswiri wazamaphunziro a Kazakh a E. M. Auezov pa Nyanja ya Alakol. Izi zisanachitike, fanizo lokha la mbalameyi ya ku Central Asia limadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wa nkhanu zomwe asayansi amadziwika nazo.
Kufalikira Kosiyanasiyana
Futi gull amapezeka ku Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, China. Zimakhala pa Nyanja ya Barun-Torei ya Transbaikal Territory, pa Nyanja Taatzin-Tsagan-Nur ku Chigwa cha Madzi ku Mongolia, mapiri a Balkhash ndi Alakol ku Kazakhstan, pachilumba cha False ku Primorsky Territory, pa Ordos Plateau ku Inner Mongolia ku China.
Zojambula Zachikoka Zosiyanasiyana
Zithunzi zongowoneka bwino zimakhala m'malo otentha komanso otentha. Mbalame yachilendo imapezeka pazilumba zamchere zomwe zili m'mphepete mwa mapiri ndi m'chipululu. Pakusamukira amakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi madzi akunyanja; nthawi yozizira imakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Zingwe zaudzu zobiriwira zimapezeka m'malo owuma, pakati pa ndulu za mchenga, m'mphepete mwa mchere wopanda madzi osasunthika. Zithunzi zongowoneka bwino zimakhala m'malo otentha komanso otentha.
Kuswana kwa nkhanu zazingwe
Pewani kubala msinkhu wazaka 2-3. Mu zaka zina, sizimakhala chisa konse. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi moyo wabwino sizikudziwika. Kamodzi pa nyengo, wamkazi amaikira mazira 1-4 koyambirira - pakati pa Meyi.
Mbalame zimakhala m'mizere yolimba kwambiri, momwe mumakhala zisa mazana angapo, nthawi zina ochepa okha amapangidwa pafupi ndi iwo.
Masamba okongoletsa amasintha chaka ndi chaka, ngakhale atapezeka mkati mwebusayiti yomweyo. Pewani zisa zobiriwira.
Kashiyi yopaka mazira imapakidwa utoto wosazolowereka - loyera ndi maolivi woyeretsa komanso wokutidwa ndi malo akuda komanso owala.
Mikwingwirima imawonekera pakatha masiku 24-26. Amakutetezani ndi burashi yoyera yoyera.
Zingwe zokhala ndi mapisi okongoletsedwa zimakhala pamalo ocheperapo 1,500 m mapiri.
Zakudya Zam'madzi Zosiyanasiyana
M'nyengo yoswana, anyaniwa amapeza chakudya m'mphepete mwa matupi amadzi ndi m'madzi osaya, komanso pansanja ndi m'minda. Chakudya chachikulu chimakhala ndi tizilombo, mbewu za chimanga cholimidwa, komanso ma invertebrates am'madzi, nsomba, komanso makoswe ang'onoang'ono. Ku Mongolia, zokolola zazing'ono nthawi zina zimabera m'manja ma Brandt.
Chiwerengero cha zotsalira zazing'onoting'ono
Mitundu ya seagull malinga ndi bird Life International imatchulidwa ngati mitundu yosavutikira. Chiwerengero padziko lonse lapansi cha mbalame zokhwima pakati pa anthu 2,500 mpaka 10,000, pomwe 12,000.
Chiwerengero cha zisa zobiriwira zomwe zimasiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana pazaka zambiri, mpaka kufika pakutha kwa magulu awo m'malo okhala munthawi zovuta. Zikatero, mbalamezi zimasunthira kumadzi ena, kapena sizikapeza chisa konse. Ku Russia, kuchuluka kwa mitundu pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi kwachulukirapo ndipo pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 90s adafika pa 1200 awiriawiri oswana. Kusintha kwa manambala kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndikusintha kwa madzi mumadzi am'madzi am'madzi opondera.
Pewani malo okhala nzika zangozi chifukwa cha nyengo yoipa, kuzunzidwa, ndi kusiya zisa.
Zifukwa zakuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha nkhokwe
Chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu zakuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa magulu obiriwira aziona kuchepa kwa madzi m'madzi am'malo mwa chisa cha mitunduyo ndi nyengo yovuta nyengo ya chisa.
Nyengo yozizira ndi yamvula imadzetsa anapiye ambiri ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ana, ndipo chimphepo chamkuntho nthawi zambiri chimawononga nyumbayo madzi akamachotsa zisa.
Tizilombo touluka tamadya mazira amtundu wawo, makamaka ngati nkhawayo imakulirakulira ikamaswa.
Mazira ndi anapiye amawonongeka, zaka zina pafupifupi ndi ma siliva. Taolimiao-Alashan Nur, imodzi mwazigawo zazikuluzikulu zodzikongoletsa ku China, ali pachiwopsezo chakutha chifukwa choyambitsa ntchito zokopa alendo.
Mbalame zosowa izi sikuletsedwa kuwombera, kugwira ndi kunyamula kuchokera kumayiko ena.
Kuteteza nkhokwe
Chidacho chikulembedwera mu CITES Appendix 1, IUCN-96 Red orodha, Bonn Convention Appendix 1, Zowonjezera za mgwirizano zomwe zatheka pakati pa Russia ndi Republic of Korea poteteza mbalame zosamukira. Mtundu wachilendo wamtchire umatetezedwa kumalo otetezedwa a Daursky.
M'malo osamalira mitunduyi, ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse zosokoneza m'maguluwa ngakhale ndi antchito oteteza zachilengedwe, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowonera patali ngati kuli kotheka panthawi yakuswana. Ngati malo atsopano okhathamiritsa apezeka, ayenera kutetezedwa kwakanthawi.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Moyo
Pewani zokolola zomwe zimakhala moyo wachikoloni. Amakonda kugula chakudya, kupitiriza mpikisano, komanso kudziteteza kwa adani omwe amakhala pagulu la abale awo. Malo osakanikirana, okhala ndi mitundu ingapo, pafupifupi sizichitika. Mbalame zimayamba kubereka pazaka pafupifupi zitatu. Amasankha mosamala malo okonzera chisa ndikuyesetsa kuti asamange pafupi ndi 40 cm kuchokera kwa oyandikana nawo. Chidacho ndichisokonezo chaching'ono mumchenga wokhala ndi udzu. Yaikazi imayikira mazira amodzi mpaka anayi, omwe makolo onse amadzatsekereza kwa masiku 26. Anapiye ang'onoang'ono amapakidwa utoto woyera ndipo amasunga ng'ombe zazing'ono kumtunda mpaka masabata atatu azaka. Pakadali pano, makolo amawadyetsa chakudya chokhazikika m'milomo yawo. Tizilombo ta nkhanu tating'onoting'ono timadyera mitundu yambiri yam'madzi, makamaka mphutsi zaudzu, komanso mwachangu nsomba ndi mbewu. M'nyengo yozizira, nkhanu zazing'ono zimasakidwa.
Chochititsa chidwi
Chingwe chowoneka ndi chidutswa cha nthawi ya Tertiary, ndizomwe zimasankha dzina lake. Amakhulupirira kuti ndiamene amakhala mu Nyanja yakale ya Tethys, yomwe idalipo ku Mesozoic pakati pa mayiko akale a Gondwana ndi Laurasia. Mu 1929, mtundu wa chifanizo udafotokozedwa kuchokera kudera la Gobi lomwe lili kum'mawa kwa Mongolia. Kwa nthawi yayitali, anali iye yekhayo amene adatsimikizira chokha chitsimikiziro cha sayansi cha kupezeka kwa zinthu zakale, zomwe mpaka 1971 zimawonedwa ngati masamba am'mutu wakuda (Larus melanocephalus). Mu 1965, pafupifupi magulu 100 oswana atapezeka ku Nyanja za Torean ku Transbaikalia, ndipo patatha zaka zitatu pafupifupi awiriawiri pachilumba cha Alakol ku Kazakhstan. Mu 2010–2011, anthu ambiri opezeka zisa mpaka 7,000 adapezeka ku Ordos Plateau ku Central Asia.
Mu Buku Lofiira la Russia
Chingwe cha nkhonozi chimakhala ndi zovuta m'malo mwake, ndipo ngakhale m'nthawi yathu ino, mtunduwu ukadzatetezedwa, umakhalabe pangozi. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera koyipa kwa asayansi, kuchuluka kwa mitengo padziko lonse lapansi kungakhale kuchokera pa anthu 15 mpaka 30,000. Kumbali ya anthu, chowopsa chachikulu ndichinthu chosokoneza, chomwe mbalame zimakonda kwambiri. M'malo osakazidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mantha amadzuka nthawi yomweyo. Monga kuti chifukwa cha maunyolo, makeke ndi ma jekete amawonongeka, ndipo ana ambiri amafa. Mbalame zowopsa zimayang'aniridwa ndi zovulaza za nyengo zoyipa: mvula yambiri ndi mphepo. Kupsinjika kwa olusa kukuchulukirachulukira, komanso mpikisano ndi mitundu ina ya nkhanu. Mbalame zimavutika ndi kuipitsidwa kwa mafakitala malo awo achilengedwe omwe amachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mafuta a rigs, kapangidwe ka mayendedwe, mafakitole ndi mafakitole. Chiwerengero cha nkhambala zing'onozing'ono ndizosawerengeka ndizofunikira, kotero, dziko lililonse lomwe amakhala. Ku Russia, akuletsa kuwombera kwa mbalame, ndipo zigawo zokhazikika pazokha ndizotetezedwa kumalo osungira a Tsasucheysko-Toreysky. Ku Kazakhstan, kunyanja ya Alakol, komwe kumapezeka zisa, malo osungirako zachilengedwe amakonzedwa. Kutetezedwa ndi malamulo kuli zigawo zina zamitundu ku Mongolia.