1. Pakadali pano mitundu yopitilira 1 miliyoni ya tizilombo imadziwika.
2. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti kuyambira 2 mpaka 8 miliyoni mitundu ya nyama padziko lapansi.
3. Chaka chilichonse, asayansi amatulukira mitundu yoposa 7,000 ya tizilombo.
4. Oimira mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo tosowa tolowa m'manja mwa ofufuza kamodzi kokha.
5. Tizilombo tinaoneka zaka 400 miliyoni zapitazo ndipo sitinapulumutse ma dinosaurs okha, komanso zovuta zingapo zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Nyerere
6. Mu chilengedwe, nyerere zimakhala ndi nthawi yopanda chaka. Koma mu labotale, tizilombo timeneti timakhala ngakhale zaka 4, kapena zaka 7 zonse, amuna ndi zaka 20 - zazikazi.
7. Tizilombo tiribe mafupa - kunja kwa chitin kumatenga gawo ili.
8. Ku Thailand, tizilombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuphika.
9. Suluza waukali kwambiri, malinga ndi omwe amaphatikiza ndi njira yotchuka ya Guinness Book of Record, ndiye "woyendayenda waku Brazil." Tizilombo tomwe timakhala ndi dzina loti tichite ntchito yambiri.
10. M'malire a Thailand ndi Malaysia, mbuto idagwidwa, kutalika kwake kunali masentimita 25,5. Tizilombo timeneti tinadumphira mita 4.6 kutalika.
Cricket wanyumba
11. Matikiti ndi tizilombo zachilendo kwambiri. Makutu awo ali pamiyendo yakutsogolo.
12. Malinga ndi kapangidwe kazinthuzi, ma sumu a njuchi ndi acid, ndipo mavu ndi alkali.
13. Chimodzi mwazilombo zakale kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi nyerere. Zaka zawo ndi zaka 100-130 miliyoni. Ndizosangalatsa kuti, popeza anali ndi moyo mpaka masiku athu ano, sanasinthe kwenikweni. Cholinga cha kusinthaku, malinga ndi asayansi, chagona pamachitidwe azikhalidwe.
14. Cholengedwa chosangalatsa chimakhala m'chipululu cha Africa Namib - kangaude wotambalala wotchedwa Carparachneaureoflava. Kuti ateteze kwa adani ake akuluakulu - mavu amumsewu - amakumba mabowo akuya, pamalo otsetsereka pomwe amagunthika, ngati gudumu, osagwa. Kuthamanga pamilandu iyi ndi mita imodzi ndi sekondi imodzi, yomwe ikufanana ndikusintha kwa 44.
15. Tizilombo wamphamvu kwambiri ndi nyerere, ndipo imatha kukweza zinthu zazitali kwambiri kuposa zake.
Udzudzu wamba
16. Chimodzi mwazifukwa zakufalikira kwa udzudzu m'chilengedwe ndi kuthekera kwambiri kwa mazira awo. Mavuto azotsatira za tizilombo si kanthu. Dzira la udzudzu limatha kukhala m'malo ozizira komanso owuma kwa zaka zitatu, kenako nkukhalanso ndi nthawi yotentha dziko likanyowa.
17. Udzudzu umadya pazomera ndi timadzi tokoma. Koma ena a iwo amayamwa magazi osati chifukwa cha njala, koma kuti apeze mapuloteni ofunika kuti abereke ana, chifukwa chake akazi ndi okhawo omwe amakonda magazi, ndipo amuna ndiwozonse zamasamba.
18. Mukulumpha kamodzi nyambo imatha kudumpha masentimita 33. Mukasinthitsa zoterezi kwa ife, munthu akhoza kudumpha pafupifupi 213 metres.
19. Chitsanzo chodabwitsa cha umunthu wamphamvu ndi chisoso. Mutu wake utadulidwa, amatha kukhala ndi milungu yambiri. Poyankha kukhudza ndikusuntha, kachilombo sikufuna bongo. M'malo mwake, ntchito zoyambira za Reflex zimachitika ndi kudziunjikira kwamisempha ya m'thupi.
20. Pang'onopang'ono musafikire mutu wa "agulugufe ochepa kwambiri" rediculosis, okhala ku Canary Islands.
Dzombe
21. Tizilombo tosangalatsa kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi dzombe la chipululu. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kameneka, komwe timakhala ku Asia ndi Africa, timadya tsiku lililonse monga momwe timadzilemerera.
22. Pali agulugufe omwe amakwanitsa kubadwa, siyani ana ndikumwalira tsiku limodzi. Agulugufe oterowo safunikira kufunafuna chakudya, popeza ziwalo zawo zam'mimba zimadzazidwa ndi mpweya.
Weevil
23. Zovala mu zovala sizidadyedwa ndi njenjete wamkulu, koma ndi mphutsi zake.
24. Ena mwa nyerere samangosaka, komanso amachita zoweta ng'ombe. Tizilombo touluka “timadyera” nyongolotsi, ma cicadas, nsabwe za m'masamba, ndipo muli nyama zokhala ndi mapiko apadera mu "malo". Mphotho ya ovutikayo ndi kutulutsa kokoma kwa "ziweto" zomwe zimapita mu chakudya.
25. Gulu la dzombe lingaphatikizepo anthu opitilira mabiliyoni makumi asanu.
Tambala tothawa
26. Asayansi samamvetsetsa momwe nsikidzi zimawulukira, popeza ndi malamulo onse a fiziki ndi aerodynamics sayenera kuuluka.
27. Mapiko a mamilimita awiri okha ali ndi gulugufe wocheperako - Acetosa. Mutha kuwawona ana osowa usiku ku UK.
28. Kangaude wamkulu padziko lapansi ndi goliath tarantula (blond teraphosis). Tizilombo timeneti timakhala ku Latin America, timadya njoka zazing'ono, mbewa, achule ndi abuluzi. Kukula kwa thupi la kangaude wokhala ndi miyendo kufalikira ndi masentimita 25 mpaka 28.
29. Mbale zimatha kudumphira mtunda wofanana ndi kutalika kwa 120-130 m'thupi lawo.
30. Udindo waukulu wa nyerere za ku Amazon ndi nkhondo, pomwe amatenga mlendo wakunja. Pambuyo pake, akaidi amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati akapolo. Nyerere zokhala ngati nkhondo sizimatha kudzidyetsa zokha, popeza sizingachite bwino kukhala ndi moyo.
Khothi - Gulugufe wa Magulugufe - Lonomia
31. Osati akangaude okha, komanso mbozi ndizoopsa. Mphutsi zoopsa kwambiri za gulugufe ndi zachuma zomwe zimakhala m'nkhalango zamvula zaku America. Amakhala wodekha komanso wowoneka bwino, koma ma spikes m'thupi la mboziyo amakhala ndi poizoni wamphamvu kwambiri, yemwe amakhala ngati mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
32. Nsembe ya udzudzu wachikazi imatsimikiziridwa ndi kununkhira: amakonda anthu onenepa, othamanga, amayi apakati, eni magawo achiwiri ndi achitatu.
Chikumbu Vodolyub
33. Ngakhale kuti udzudzu wachikazi umakakamizidwa kugwiritsa ntchito magazi, iye amasankha "mbale" mwatsatanetsatane. Akazi amaluma azimayi nthawi zambiri kuposa amuna, ndipo amakonda brunette kuti ama blondes.
34. Ngakhale kuli kukula kwake, kuthamanga kwa ntchentche kumatha kufika ma kilomita 22.4 pa ola limodzi. Tizilombo timeneti timasunga thunzi touluka tomwe timagwira chifukwa timakonzekera bwino.
35. Gulugufe walawa mothandizidwa ndi ma paw - apa ndi pomwe amakhala ndi masamba omauma.
Chinjoka
36. Chilombo chofulumira kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi chinjoka, chimatha kuthamanga pafupifupi makilomita 60 pa ola limodzi.
37. Pachaka, pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mbewu padziko lapansi amadyedwa ndi tizilombo.
38. Udzudzu umatha kumwa magazi onse kuchokera kwa munthu. Chinanso ndi chakuti payenera kukhala udzudzu wambiri, chifukwa nthawi zambiri sizichitika nthawi yomweyo.
39. Mitundu ina ya chinjoka imakhala pafupifupi tsiku limodzi.
40. Diso lililonse la chinjoka limakhala ndi timiyala tating'ono tokwana 3,000.
Wamba mantis
41. Chilombo chokhacho chomwe chimatha kutembenuzira mutu wake kumbali ndi mutu.
42. Njira yosangalatsa yosaka imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kangaude amene amakhala ku Australia. Amaluka ukonde wofanana ndi lalikulu, wokhala ndi malekezero ake pakati pa miyendo yakutsogolo. Wovutitsidwa akangolowa mu netiweki, kangaudeyo amakutira ndi tsamba limodzi mwachangu.
ladybug
43. Chaka chilichonse, anthu ambiri amafa ndi kuluma njuchi kuposa kulumidwa ndi njoka.
44. Nyerere za genus Dorylus zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu achilengedwe ku Africa kuchitira mabala komanso kuchita opereshoni. Ndi mbola zawo amachiritsa mabala.
45. Gulu la dzombe la mchipululu mamiliyoni 50 patsiku likuwononga chakudya, chomwe chitha kukwana anthu chikwi chimodzi kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.
Njuchi
46. Khungubwe la njuchi yapangidwa chifukwa cha kufinya kwamphamvu kwamapiko - pafupifupi 11,400 mikwingwirima imodzi.
47. Patsiku limodzi, dzombe lonse la anthu mabiliyoni 50 amadya chakudya chochuluka kanayi kuposa anthu a ku New York.
48. Tizilombo ta nyali kapena choyala timakhala ku Central America. Ili ndi dzina lake chifukwa cha mawonekedwe achilendo a mutu.
49. Kutentha kwa thupi kwa cickets kumatha kuwezedwa madigiri Celsius ndi kulira kwawo. Kuti muchite izi, werengani kuchuluka kwa mawu omwe amapanga mphindi imodzi, gawani manambala awiri, kenako onjezani zisanu ndi zinayi ndikugawikanso awiri.
50. Monga mukudziwa, akangaude amadya tizilombo tina. Ndipo kulemera kwa omwe amawazunza pachaka chimodzi ndi kwakukulu kuposa kulemera kwa anthu onse okhala padziko lapansi.
1. Tizilombo amagwiritsa ntchito kakulidwe kawo kuti apindule nako
Zingawonekere kuti m'dziko lalikulu ndizovuta kwambiri kupulumuka kamoyo kakang'ono. Koma kukula kocheperako kumakhala ndi zopindulitsa. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda titagwera, kulemera kwake kumaloleza kuti itsike popanda kuwonongeka kwambiri. Amatha kuyenda pamadzi, padenga ndikuchita zanzeru zina zambiri, zosatheka ndi nyama ndi anthu.
2. Mwa zolengedwa zonse, tizilombo padziko lapansi
Tizilombo tambiri timayang'anira dziko lathuli. Malinga ndi asayansi, pali mitundu pafupifupi 30 miliyoni ya tizilombo. Ndipo ambiri aiwo sanaphunzire. Mwina adzasowa pamaso pa Dziko lapansi, tisanawapeze.
Makamaka tizilombo tambiri m'mayiko otentha. Gulu la okonda kuchita zoyeserera, adaphunzira tizilombo m'dera lawo. Ena apeza mazana kapena masauzande amitundu. Ndipo izi zili pabwalo lake lokhalo.
Momwe mungachotsere Mafunso Chongani?
Chifukwa chake, amatha kudziwa komwe kuli dzuwa, ngakhale kubisika kuseri kwa mitambo ndikuwalola kuti lizitha kuyenda. Kupanda kutero, ndi mitundu ina. Mitundu yoposa chikwi ya ntchentche tafotokozeredwa. Chingwe chimatha kupereka kudumpha zingapo ndi kutalika kwa masentimita khumi ndi kupitilira makumi atatu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuti mupeze kukula kwa dontho lamadzi ndi malovu anu, mufunika utitiri wopitilira miliyoni imodzi ndi theka. Choyipa chopanda mutu chimatha kukhala miyezi yambiri ndikufika zaka zambiri kuposa akulu ake. Khola lomwe limatha kunyamula miyendo yake yakutsogolo kwa mphindi imodzi, kulemera kofanana ndi kwake kumachulukitsidwa ndi zikwi ziwiri. Amakhala ngati zolengedwa, ndipo adasala kudya kupezeka, atatha milungu ingapo, mpaka atamwalira chifukwa chosowa mphamvu. Amuna akamanjenjemera mosangalala, zazikazizo siziloledwa kuuluka ndipo zimakonda kukhala zobisidwa m'mizere ndi mphaka. Ndizimodzi mwa tizilombo takale kwambiri tomwe timakhala lero komanso pakati pa zolengedwa zakale kwambiri Padziko lapansi. Zonse zomwe zimabadwa ndi azimayi omwe amachulukana ndi ma partogenetics, mazira amapangidwanso m'mimba la mayi popanda umuna, ndipo popanda kufunika kwa amuna ndi amayi amatha kubereka ma aphid omwe amapangidwa kale ndi mawonekedwe awo omaliza. Pokhapokha kusintha kwa kutentha kumachitika, amuna amawoneka pomwe azimayi amaika mazira okhathamiritsa omwe amatha kupirira nthawi yozizira. Kenako msuzi umadzuka wokha kudzera mwa chopukusira, chifukwa umapanikizika. Mochuluka kwambiri kuti ngati tidula thupi la nsabwe za m'masamba, kudya msuzi, kulumikizidwa ndi mulomo, kumachoka m'mutu kwa masiku awiri mpaka anayi. Magulu awo amayambira ku ena omwe sapitilira anthu khumi ndi awiri, ena omwe amapitilira mamiliyoni khumi. Unyinji waukulu wa nyerere zimapangidwa ndi akazi omwe ali ndi ziwalo zoberekera. Ngati tiphwanya imodzi mwazo, sikelo zimamatira ku zala zathu, ngati fumbi losalala. Kuthengo, tizilombo tina tomwe timakhala thunzi timakhala, tokhala ngati nsomba zazing'ono zamkuwa kapena tinsomba tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala ndi nyerere timene timakhala nawo timalandira chakudya pakamwa pawo. Spider si tizilombo, amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake, koma ndi magulu awiri a nyama omwe amasiyanitsidwa momveka bwino kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake. Tizilombo touluka, akangaude, ma myriapod ndi crustaceans amapanga mbali inayi ya arthropod. Kangaudeyu amagwiritsa ntchito nsalu yake nthawi yomweyo ndi nyumba komanso msampha. Zovalazi zimakhala ndi mitundu iwiri ya ulusi, maulonda apakatikati ndi ma radii omwe amatuluka ulusi wouma komanso chosangalatsa, ulusi wamaso owoneka bwino womwe umakhala ndi singano yolumikizana ndipo umapangidwa ndi ma gic apadera a sericenic. Amazindikira kachilombo akagwera minofu chifukwa cha kunjenjemera. Akasokoneza nyama, amaluma mikwingwirima zingapo ndi cheliceur yolimba, komwe amakhala ndi zotupa zakupha. Kangaude amakula timadziti tam'mimba, mwachitsanzo, ndi ntchentche, ndikumaluma, kenako amatenga zomwe zasungunuka kale pamodzi ndi timadziti tam'mimba. chifukwa chake pang'onopang'ono imasungunula minofu yonse ndi kapangidwe ka womenyedwayo. Zosafikirika zimawataya zikamalizidwa. M'madera ena a China, silika wopangidwa ndi akangaude amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ulusi wosoka. Kangaude wa Madagascar yemwe amatha kupindika amafikira mainchesi awiri. Mkazi amatha kuwonjezera kulemera kwake koyamba ka 200 m'masiku ochepa. Nkhupakupa zazing'ono zimatha kukhala mpaka chaka popanda chakudya. Pali nkhupakupa omwe akhala popanda chakudya kwa zaka 4. Nkhupakupa zilibe maso, zimanunkhiza komanso zimakhala ndi kutentha.
- Amatha kugwira chida chofalitsa kuwala kwa polar.
- Kukula kwa ntchentche sichizindikiro cha ubwana wake.
- Ntchentche zimabadwa ndipo zimafa ndi kukula komweko.
- Chifukwa chake, musaganize kuti zazing'ono ndizochepa.
- Udzudzu wokha womwe umayamwa magazi ndi akazi.
- Ndi kugwa uku, titha kupangitsa khungu kukhala lokongola la anthu 2 miliyoni.
- Utoto wa Amber udapezeka wofanana ndi omwe anali zaka 60 miliyoni zapitazo.
- Mitundu yoposa chikwi imadziwika.
- Vutoli limatha kupitilira zaka 4 popanda chakudya.
- Moths samapanga mabowo mu zovala; ali lepidopteran, ngati agulugufe.
- Iwo amene amavala ndi mayendedwe awo.
- Zovala zamisamba zilibe chakudya.
- Izi ndi tizilombo tomwe timagwirizana kwambiri ndi ziwala ndi ma crickets.
- Zinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi zomwe zimapezeka zaka 300 miliyoni zapitazo.
- Zimafika kuthamanga mpaka 1 kilomita pa ola limodzi.
- Ma aphid oyamba amabadwa kuchokera mazira omwe anayikidwa nthawi yozizira.
- Aphid ali ndi singano zopyapyala mkati mwa ma phenoscis omwe amalowa mu mbewu.
- Mitundu yomwe ilipo kale zaka sikisite miliyoni zapitazo.
- Pali mitundu yakale yomwe imabadwa zaka 100 miliyoni.
- Mitundu yoposa zikwi zisanu ndi chimodzi yafotokozedwa.
- Shuga amawerengedwa pakati pa zakudya zomwe mumakonda.
- Amaikira mazira ming'alu ndi miyala, ndikuisiya komwe akupita.
- Komwe kuli kokha komwe kali ndi mapiko, kuli tizilombo.
- Mitundu yoposa chikwi yosiyanasiyana ya akangaude afotokozedwa.
- Tizilomboti tili ndi miyendo 6, ndipo kangaudeyu ndi miyendo 8.
- Aranuelo ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino kwambiri yomwe imakhala ku Europe.
- Amakhala m'gulu la arachnid, komwe amakhala nkhupakupa.
- Alinso ndi miyendo 8.
- Zachikazi zimasiyana ndi zazimuna pazambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi thupi.
- Akazi okhaokha amasintha mipira yaying'ono yamiyendo yodzaza ndi magazi.
Magulu ofunikira kwambiri mkalasi
Moyo wa tizilombo timene timakhala padziko lapansi umayang'aniridwa ndi asayansi yachilengedwe. Kuti zitheke kuphunzira nyama, adagawika m'magulu awiri.
Gululi lidatengera izi:
- machitidwe a chitukuko ndi achindunji (popanda metamorphosis), osalunjika (ndi metamorphosis),
- magawo a zida zam'kamwa - kuyamwa, kukukuta, kutchera, kuyamwa
- kukhalapo ndi kapangidwe ka mapiko.
Hymenoptera
Oyimira bwino gulu lino ndi njuchi, njuchi, mavu, nyerere. Amadziwika ndi kuzungulira kwampangidwe wathunthu, kupezeka kwa awiriawiri a mapiko opaka, chida choyamwa komanso chogonthezera pakamwa. Nyama izi zidakhala ndi dzina lina - tizilombo tanthu.
Ngati Mafunso sakutupa, titha kumamatira chidutswa chomata ndikuchisiya kwa maola 24, tikachichotsa, chimatulutsa zibowo m'thupi lathu. Ngati tili ndi tincture wa ayodini, timufinya ndi mowa ndi dontho lokwanira kuti tisiyanitse, ndipo nthawi yomweyo tidzaphera bala. Ngati ndiokhazikika kale, muyenera kuyika jekete yokutidwa mu turpentine, wokhala ndi bandeji. Itha kugwiranso ntchito ndi mafuta. . Pambuyo pochotsa, ndizovuta kwambiri kuphwanya; ndibwino kuwotcha, mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito machesi.
Ndi banja la tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tomwe timakhala ngati njuchi ndi njuchi, amtundu wa Hymenoptera. Amakhala m'mipanda yolingana ndi anthu ochulukirapo omwe amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono achilengedwe kupita kumizere yolinganizidwa bwino yomwe imakhala m'malo akuluakulu okhala ndi mamiliyoni a anthu. Madera akuluakuluwa amakhala ndi akazi osabereka opanda mapiko, omwe amapanga "antchito", "asitikali" ndi magulu ena otchuka.
Moyo wawo wakhala wokondweretsa kwa anthu.Masiku ano, pali mitundu 20,000 ya njuchi yomwe imadziwika kuti ilipo, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo amapangidwa ndi anthu kuti apange chinthu chofunikira ngati uchi.
Koma sikuti aliyense amadziwa kuti tizilombo timeneti timayenera kugwira ntchito molimbika pamoyo wawo wonse. Kuti uchi magalamu 500 apange zisa, njuchi imodzi imayenera kupanga ndege mamiliyoni 10 kuchokera mng'oma kupita ku duwa ndi mosemphanitsa. Nthawi yomweyo, kulira kwamphamvu kumamveka. Zikuwoneka chifukwa chakuti tizilombo timadula mlengalenga, ndikupangitsa mapiko pafupipafupi. Nthawi zina mafayilo awo amakhala mpaka 11500 pamphindi. Koma ichi si mbiri. Tizilombo tokhazikika timadziwika kuti timatha kuchita zoposa mapiko 62,000 a mapiko mphindi imodzi.
Munthu, ataphunzira zizolowezi za njuchi, adaphunzira kupanga njira zabwino kuti alandire njuchi zabwino zapamwamba komanso zazikulu.
Mavu ndi ma bumblebe ndiwonso mbozi za pagulu. Mabanja awo sakhala nthawi yayitali - chilimwe chokha. Chiberekero chokha chimangotsalira nthawi yozizira, chakale chimafa. Pamodzi ndi iye, kumapeto kwa chilimwe, amuna ndi tizilombo akugwira ntchito amwalira.
Omwe akuyimira dongosolo la hymenoptera ndi opukutira bwino kwambiri.
M'madera ena, nyerere zimakhala ndi zazimuna zazikazi zazikazi ndi imodzi kapena zingapo zachonde zomwe zimatchedwa "mfumukazi". Zigawozi nthawi zina zimafotokozedwa ngati zolengedwa zapamwamba, momwe nyerere zimawoneka ngati gawo, zikugwira ntchito limodzi kuthandiza gulu.
Kuphatikiza pa ife, nyama zokhazokha zomwe zimapezeka pafupifupi konseku padziko lapansi ndi nyerere. Osati zokhazo, koma monga munthu, nthawi zambiri zimayenda bwino munthawi zonse zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa. Amakhala masauzande mabiliyoni padziko lonse lapansi, akuti mwina 15 mpaka 25 peresenti ya nyama zomwe zimakutidwa ndi nyerere, zofanana ndendende ndi ife anthu. Akuchita bwino chifukwa chomwechi ife, chifukwa chogwirizana ndi anzawo komanso kuthekera kwawo pakusintha zachilengedwe momwe akukhalamo.
Mpheto
Amaphukusi ofiira ndi akuda ndiwo oimira gulu lalikulu. Amakhala m'malo amenewo momwe munthu amasiya kusamalira nyumba yake. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timatha kupangitsa kuti matenda ena opatsirana afalikire. Mapeto amalowa m'malo omwe chakudya cha anthu chimasungidwa, ndikumayipitsa ndi zinyalala.
Ndipo kupitiliza kuwonjezera, nyerere zimasinthanso mitundu ina kuti iwathandize pantchito yawo. Nyerere zimatha kulumikizana pogwiritsa ntchito ma pheromones, omwe ndi ma sign a mankhwala omwe amatha kutulutsa ndi matupi awo. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri zimawasiya pansi, kuti nyerere zina zimanunkhiza mauthengawo. Amatha kujambulanso mafungo amitundu yonse ndi tinyanga tawo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala tosangalatsa kwambiri, mpaka timawadziwitsa kukula kwake ndi komwe kununkhira kumafunsidwa.
Cholinga chomwe akuwoneka kuti ndi amatsenga ndi pomwe munthu amathira shuga patebulo. Nyerere zimadziteteza ndikuluma ndipo, m'njira zambiri, kuluma, nthawi zambiri kumabayidwa kapena kupopera mankhwala, monga formic acid. Pali mamiliyoni a nyerere mu supercolony iyi yomwe imakhala mamiliyoni a anthill. Nyerere imatha kukweza 50 nthawi yakulemera kwake komanso katatu makilidwe a thupi. Zatsimikiziridwa kuti nyama yomwe ili ndi ubongo waukulu kwambiri molingana ndi kukula kwake ndi nyerere. Ngakhale nyerere zimadziwika kuti zimagwira ntchito m'magulu ndipo zimakumana ndi zomwe zimafanana, kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti magulu awo ndiwodzikonda komanso achinyengo omwe amawapangitsa kuwoneka ngati anthu. Nyerere zimakhalapo kwa zaka pafupifupi 100 miliyoni ndipo zimapezeka pafupifupi m'malo aliwonse apadziko lapansi. Kugwirizana pakati pa nyerere. Nyerere ikamafuna kukopa chidwi ndi munthu wina, imakhazikitsa mutu wa satellite ndi tinyanga tawo. Nyerere imalumikizana kudzera pa chemistry, kukhudza, mawu, kununkhiza komanso masomphenya. Iliyonse, miyandamiyanda ya antchito ankhondo amayamba kusamuka, zomwe zimawononga chilichonse chomwe chimalepheretsa. Paulendowu, amanyamula mazira, ndipo ikaimapo, amadzimbira pamodzi kuti apange chisa chamoyo chopangidwa ndi matupi awo. Nyererezi zimalandira madzi okoma omwe amatengedwa ndi anzawo ndikuwasunga m'mimba mwawo, omwe amatupa mpaka osakwanira kwathunthu. Panthawi yovuta, amathira chakudya ndikubwezeretsa mawonekedwe awo abwinobwino. Nyerere zina zimaphunzira kuyendayenda padenga lopangidwa ndi tsamba ndikamatha kupanga mlatho wa "nyerere." kugwirana wina ndi mnzake kuti ena adutsemo. Ngati uwu ndi mtundu wa mbozi wa mbozi kwa iwo, amakukulunga ngati "thumba." Akapeza chakudya, amasiya kununkhira kuti ena atsatire njirayo ndikufika pachimake. Nyama zambiri zimatha kuphunzila mwakutsanzira, koma ndizotheka kuti nyerere ndi gulu lokhalo kupatula zinyama zomwe zimathandizira pophunzitsira. Onse mphunzitsi ndi wophunzirayo adzaphunzirapo momwe kupita patsogolo kwa wokondedwa wawo kukuyendera, kukakamiza wophunzitsayo kuti azichita pang'onopang'ono wophunzirayo akangosiyidwa, ndikuthamangira pamene wophunzirayo ali wokwanira. Ku South Africa, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandiza kutola ziphuphu, zitsamba zomwe zimakhala ndi nthanga zing'onozing'ono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala azitsamba. Nyerere zimatengera mbewu izi ndi zina ndikuzisunga mu anthill, komwe anthu amatha kuzisonkhanitsa pamodzi.
- Nyerere imatha kukhala ndi moyo milungu iwiri.
- Dera lalikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi lapezeka.
- Akuti nyerere zimapanga 10% ya kulemera kwa thupi la nyama.
- Nthawi zonse nyerere imagwera kumanja ikaledzera.
- Nyerere zilibe mapapo.
- Amapuma kudzera pazitseko zazing'ono kumbali, zotchedwa spir Springs.
- Pakadali pano, pali mitundu 500 ya nyerere yomwe yapezeka ndikupanga mayina.
- Mkango wa nyerere umatengera dzinali chifukwa amadya anzawo.
- Mkati mwake, mfumukazi ili mtulo.
- Pali nyerere zomwe zimatha kulimidwa.
- Amatenga mizu ndi nthanga kukamwa kwake.
- Akapeza chamoyo chamoyo, chinthu choyamba chomwe amachita ndikuwakwaniritsa.
- Ena ali ndi vuto lodula miyendo.
- Chomera chimachulukitsa mbewu zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kukolola mwamanja kukhale kovuta.
- Pa tsamba lililonse mutha kupeza magalamu 200 a mbewu.
Tambala wamkazi amatha kuikira mazira pafupifupi mamiliyoni awiri pachaka. Mwa izi, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tofanana ndi akulu timawoneka. Pakapita kanthawi, zimasungunuka, ndikupeza utoto wa achikulire.
Lepidoptera
Zamoyo zamtundu uliwonse ndizotsatira, nthawi zonse zimakhudza moyo wa gulu la oimira anyaniwa. Gulugufe amasiyana mitundu ya mapiko ndi kukula kwake. Mwachitsanzo, pali tizilombo zomwe nthawi zina zimakhala zolakwika kwa mbalame - momwemonso mapiko a agulugufewa.
Mitundu ina imangokhala usiku. Amadziwika kuti agulugufe amakoma chakudya mosazolowereka - ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo. Kapangidwe ka mapiko awo tsopano kwakhala nkhani yophunzirira zasayansi yoposa imodzi.
Orthoptera
Dzombe, cickets ndi ziwala zili m'gulu la gululi zimasiyana mosasintha (popanda kusintha), kukhalapo kwa zida zogwirira pakamwa, awiriawiri a mapiko apadera, omwe asayansi amatcha elytra.
Tizilombo tosaopsa kwambiri ndikuchita izi ndi dzombe. Mitundu imatha kubereka. Mukusonkhana magulu akulu (chiwerengerochi chitha kufikira anthu 50 biliyoni), dzombe limayenda maulendo ataliatali. Zomera zonse panjira ya magulu azirombo zimawonongeka. Gulu la dzombe limadya chakudya chofanana patsiku lomwe mzinda wambirimbiri, monga New York, ungafunenso nthawi yomweyo. Mavuto obwera chifukwa cha dzombe satha kusintha nthawi zina.
Gulu limakhala ndi dzina lina - kachikumbu. Omwe ali ndi makhalidwewa amaphatikizapo kachilomboka, kachikumbu ka Meyi, kachilomboka, kachilomboka, kachikumbu ndi ena ambiri. Moyo wachilengedwe wa gululi uli ndi zinsinsi, zinsinsi komanso nthano. Pafupifupi 400,000 amadziwika padziko lapansi. Woyimira wamkulu kwambiri padzikoli - kachilomboka - amatalika masentimita khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri. Mitundu yodziwika, kutalika kwake ndi mamilimita angapo.
Zatsopano zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi tizilombo ta gululi zimapezeka pafupipafupi m'mabuku. Chifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, kachilomboka kamtunda kamakula mpaka masentimita eyiti. Mphutsi zake zimayamba kupindika mitengo yaziphuphu kwa zaka zisanu. Munthawi imeneyi amafikira zazikulu - pafupifupi masentimita 14.
Tizilombo tambiri ndi tizirombo. Amawononga kubzala mbewu zobzalidwa, nkhalango, chakudya, zinthu zamatabwa, zikopa ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe.
Dziko lapansi limadziwika kuti ndi chinjoka. Amatha kuyenda mofulumira kwambiri makilomita makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu asanu ndi awiri pa ola limodzi.
Pali maiko omwe tizakudya tating'onoting'ono timakhala tokoma kwambiri. Zakudya zochokera ku ma crickets okazinga ndi dzombe zili ndi mapuloteni ambiri, zakudya zamafuta ndi zinthu zina zopindulitsa.
Ma grasshopper amatha kudumpha mtunda wopitilira makumi anayi kutalika kwa thupi lawo.
Ntchentche zambiri panyumba zimakhala m'dera lomwe zidabadwira, koma nthawi zina zimakhala kuti kachilombo katachotsedwa m'malo omwe amakhala kwawo kwa makilomita oposa 40. Ndikusintha kuti ntchentche sizingathe kupirira kwa mphepo ndikungoyenda ndi mafunde.
Asayansi apeza kuti pafupifupi pafupifupi biliyoni 26 bizinesi yosiyanasiyana imakhala m'dera lofanana kilomita lalikulu, yosiyana wina ndi mzake momwe akukhalira, amakonda chakudya, njira zachitukuko,
Sayansi yamakono sitha kudziwa zonse za tizilombo chifukwa choti pakadali mitundu yachilendo. Koma ngakhale omwe afotokozedwa ndi asayansi samamvetsetsa bwino. Dziko la tizilombo ndi gawo lachilendo kwambiri komanso lophunziridwa pang'ono pazinyama zamtchire.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za tizilombo, chidziwitso chake chimaphunzitsa munthu kuti azigwirizana ndi chilengedwe, kumvetsetsa malamulo ake, komanso osavulaza dziko lomwe lazungulira.
tizilombo zomwe akangaude onse padziko lapansi amadya pachaka chimodzi, kuposa kulemera konse kwa anthu onse okhala padziko lapansi.
Udzudzu umakopeka ndi fungo la anthu omwe adya nthochi kale.
Chinjoka chimakhala maola 24.
Ma Cruites amawaza nkhuni kawiri.
Scorpions amatha kudya pafupifupi zaka ziwiri, ndipo nkhupakupa - mpaka zaka 10.
Gulugufe amalawa chakudya ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo. Mtundu wa mapiko awo umapangidwa ndi milingo yaying'ono yopingasa yomwe imawalitsa kuwala.
Nyerere samagona. Pali mitundu yambiri ya nyerere (8800) padziko lapansi monga mitundu ya mbalame (9000).
Anjoka ndi tizilombo touluka kwambiri. Kuthamanga kwawo kumafikira 57 km / h.
Aphid amakula ngati kachilombo wamkulu kuchokera pa dzira m'masiku 6 ndipo amakhala masiku enanso 4-5.
Magazi a chiwala ndi oyera, nkhanu zamtchire ndi zabuluu.
Tizilombo ndi zolengedwa zoyambirira zolengedwa padziko lapansi, zaka zoposa 400 miliyoni zapitazo. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyi, apulumuka masoka akuluakulu asanu ndipo atsimikizira kuti ali osamala kuposa ankhanza.
Chaka chilichonse anthu ambiri amafa ndi kuluma njuchi kuposa kulumidwa ndi njoka.
Tizilombo chaka chilichonse chimatha 25-30% ya mbeu padziko lapansi.
Pamaso pa chinjoka pali mitundu ingapo yamagalasi 20,000 yomwe imapangika, ngati zidutswa zautoto, wokhala ndi mbali zambiri.
Pomwe kusanthula kwam'mimba kwa udzudzu wachikazi wogwidwa mozungulira kukuwonetsa, 80% yazilombozi zimadya magazi a nyama zapakhomo.
Banja limodzi la njuchi limakolola uchi pafupifupi 150kg nthawi yachilimwe.
Njuchi imakhala ndi m'mimba ziwiri - umodzi ndi uchi, wina ndi chakudya.
Akangaude anu amadya ukonde m'mawa uliwonse, kenako ndikumanganso.
Kwa moyo wonse, njuchi imatulutsa supuni 1 ya uchi.
Tambala wamkazi amatha kuikira mazira opitilira mamiliyoni awiri pachaka. Kuphatikiza apo, tambala amatha kukhala wopanda mutu kwa masiku asanu ndi anayi.
Pali mitundu pafupifupi 35,000 ya kangaude ndi yatsopano yomwe ikutsegula nthawi zonse.
Ndizakudya zomwe zimakhala ndi mapuloteni, chakudya, mavitamini ndi michere yambiri. Ku Thailand, amaonedwa kuti ndi chakudya chamtengo wapatali;
Chizimphona chachikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi - Attacus Altas. Ndikakhala ndi mapiko a 30 cm, nthawi zambiri imakhala yolakwika ngati mbalame.
Zitsamba zinkatchedwa ziwala ku Russia.
Tsiku lililonse, njuchi za dziko lathuli zimatulutsa maluwa atatu matrilioni ndikupanga uchi 3000 uchi.
Tizilombo ndi zolengedwa zoyambirira zolengedwa padziko lapansi zaka zoposa 400 miliyoni zapitazo. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyi, apulumuka masoka akuluakulu asanu ndipo atsimikizira kuti ali osamala kuposa ankhanza.
Tsopano padziko lapansi pali mitundu pafupifupi 20,000 ya njuchi. Ndipo kupanga uchi wa 500 g, njuchi imodzi imafunikira kuwuluka nthawi mamiliyoni 10 kuchokera mng'oma kupita ku duwa ndi mosemphanitsa.
Tambala wamkazi amatha kuikira mazira opitilira mamiliyoni awiri pachaka. Kuphatikiza apo, tambala amatha kukhala wopanda mutu kwa masiku asanu ndi anayi.
Kulemera kwa tizilombo zomwe akangaude onse padziko lapansi amadya pachaka chimodzi ndizoposa kulemera kwathunthu kwa anthu onse okhala padziko lapansi.
Pali mitundu pafupifupi 35,000 ya kangaude ndi yatsopano yomwe ikutsegula nthawi zonse.
Mwazi wa chisanu chofewa umakhala ndi chopinga, kuti athe kupirira mpaka kutentha mpaka madigiri 6 Celsius. Komabe, ngati utenga chinkhanira chotere m'dzanja lako, chifa.
Khutu lamphongo limakhala ndi mivi iwiri, iliyonse yomwe imakhala yayitali kuposa khutu kutalika. Ziwalozi zimakhala zosalimba komanso zosweka mosavuta, ndichifukwa chake chomera chimabadwa ndi sapota.
Nyerere samagona. Pali mitundu yambiri ya nyerere (8800) padziko lapansi monga mitundu ya mbalame (9000).
Gulugufe amalawa chakudya ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo. Mtundu wa mapiko awo umapangidwa ndi milingo yaying'ono yopingasa yomwe imawalitsa kuwala.
Ma Aborigine amapanga mphutsi zamatabwa a Vitchetti mwa kuwapaka phulusa lotentha. Chifukwa chake, amakomeka ngati mafinya.
Njuchi zokhala ndi maso asanu. Atatu pamwamba pamutu ndi awiri kutsogolo. Njuchi yodumphapo mapiko ake kuthamanga kwambiri ma 11,400 pamphindi, ndikupanga phokoso.
Pali mitundu pafupifupi 400,000 ya kachilomboka. Miyeso ya kachilomboka kakakulu, titaniyamu, imatha kufika 17 cm.
Anjoka ndi tizilombo touluka kwambiri. Kuthamanga kwawo kumafikira 57 km / h.
Mphutsi za Vitchetti zimadyedwa ndi moyo. Mphutsi khumi zikuluzikulu zimapatsa munthu wamkulu mapuloteni onse, chakudya ndi mafuta.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zakudya zomwe zimakhala ndi mapuloteni, zakudya, mavitamini ndi michere yambiri. Ku Thailand, amaonedwa kuti ndi chakudya chamtengo wapatali;
Ana a kangaude Amarobia amadya amayi awo pambuyo pobadwa. Akazi ena amayamba kudya amuna nthawi yomwe akukalamba. Chifukwa chake, bambo womaliza amakhala chakudya cha ana ake.
M'makhola, makutu ali pamiyendo yakutsogolo, kuwonjezera, kutentha kumatha kutsimikiziridwa ndi crickets: chifukwa cha izi muyenera kuwerengera cha chirps pamphindi, gawanani ndi awiri, kenako onjezere zisanu ndi zinayi komanso mobwerezabwereza awiri. Zotsatira zake ndi kutentha madigiri Celsius.
Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a tizilombo tonse ndi carnivores ndipo timasaka kwambiri chakudya, m'malo momangodya mafuta ndi zinyalala.
Zovala zodumphadumpha zimatha kudumpha mtunda woposa maulendo 40 kutalika kwa thupi lawo, ndipo utoto umatha kudumpha mtunda maulendo 130 kutalika.
Pa pulaneti pano, tizilombo topitilira 26 biliyoni timakhala pamilimita iliyonse m'malo okhala. Malinga ndi asayansi, palinso mitundu ina mamiliyoni 5 mpaka 10 osadziwika ndi sayansi.
Tizilombo touluka tating'onoting'ono, tambiri timene timalumikizira mapiko awo kuthamanga kwambiri nthawi 62,760 pamphindi.
Ntchentche zakunyumba nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupi ndi malo komwe zidasungirako, koma zidachitika kuti mothandizidwa ndi mphepo zimatha kuyenda mpaka ma 45 km.
Chizimphona chachikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi - Attacus Altas. Ndikakhala ndi mapiko a 30 cm, nthawi zambiri imakhala yolakwika ngati mbalame.
Dzombe lambiri m'chipululu limatha kukhala ndi tizilombo tokwana 50 biliyoni. Popeza dzombe lililonse limatha kudya chakudya chofanana ndi kulemera kwake, izi zimadya chakudya chambiri kanayi patsiku ngati nzika zonse za ku New York.
Chilichonse chopezeka ndi zachilengedwe ndizodabwitsa - komanso kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu, ndi kuchuluka kwa mitundu, ndi njira yamoyo, komanso kusamveka bwino pakuphatikizika kwa kapangidwe kazinthu, komanso nthawi zina zovuta zosagwirizana ndi munthu payekha, mabanja, madera. Tizilombo timagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazolumikizira zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana komanso pazingwe zabwino kwambiri, zosawoneka bwino.
Ndiwo gulu lolemera kwambiri la nyama. Ili ndi mitundu pafupifupi miliyoni miliyoni yafotokozeredwa, ndipo zomwe akupeza zikupitirirabe. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti padziko lapansi pali mitundu pafupifupi 3,000 kapena itatu ya tizilombo. Izi ndizochulukirapo kuposa zinyama zonse ndi zomera zonse zomwe zimaphatikizidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, mtundu uliwonse wa tizilombo tili ndi mawonekedwe ake, njira zofunika komanso machitidwe. Malinga ndi katswiri wina wodziwika bwino kwambiri, akuti kuchokera ku mtundu wina wa tizilombo kupita kwina sikhala pafupi ndi njovu kupita ku njovu. Ndipo popeza mtunduwo ndi wamtundu wokhala ndi moyo, onse oimilira amapanga ana. Nthawi yomweyo, mitanda yolumikizana sidzabereka ana athunthu otha kubereka komanso kusinthitsa zilembo za "mitundu". Apa, dongosolo la majini loteteza kuyeretsa kwamtundu uliwonse, wophatikizidwa mwa zinthu, limayambitsa.
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timapanga magulu 29. Zina mwa izo ndi: Orthoptera - ziwala, dzombe, cickets, zimbalangondo, maphemwe, mawu opemphera, chimbudzi, ankhandwe, mayina, mbewa, Lepidoptera (arthropods) - cicadas, mphutsi, nsabwe, Hemoptera (kapena nsikidzi), Rugged (kapena kafadala) kapena agulugufe), ma dipterans - ntchentche, udzudzu, udzudzu, midges, utitiri, hymenopterans - njuchi, mavu, nyerere, okwera, ndi ena.
Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ndi chozizwitsa chamitundu yambiri, tili ndi cholinga chapadera padziko lapansi, chomwe sichingafanane ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu. Ndizabwino kwambiri polima, olima dothi, makonzedwe achilengedwe, ndi chofunikira kwa anthu - tizilombo timakonza chonde, tiletse kufalikira kwa tizirombo tambiri, kutulutsa uchi ndi mankhwala, utoto wamitundu yambiri, silika. Oposa theka la zakudya zathu ndizakudya zam'mera. Ndipo 15% yake imakhala chifukwa cha mungu wopezeka mungu. Amapereka mungu pazomera zambiri zanyama. Kuphatikiza apo, zimatipatsa chisangalalo pochita chidwi ndi mawonekedwe okongola, mawonekedwe ndi mitundu ya thupi, komanso mayendedwe okoma. Gawo laling'ono lokha (pafupifupi 1%) la tizilombo lomwe limapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa zochita za anthu mwakufuna kwawo. Koma izi sizili kalikonse poyerekeza ndi gawo lofunikira lomwe amakhala nawo m'miyoyo ya anthu ndikusunga chilengedwe mwachilengedwe.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tili ndi mphatso zambiri ndi chilichonse chofunikira kuti tikwaniritse ntchito yathu padziko lapansi. Ali ndi ziwalo komanso machitidwe angwiro, komanso ubongo ndi mtundu wa mtima. Machitidwe amanjenje ndi amanjenje (ogwirizana ndi ziwalo zam'maganizo) amalola kuti tizilombo tizitha kuzindikira komanso kuzungulira dziko lozungulira, ziwalo zoyenda - zimayenda m'malo ndikuchita zonse zokhudzana ndi moyo, komanso kogwirizanitsa ndi kayendetsedwe kake zimawongolera mwadongosolo machitidwe ndi ziwalo zonse za thupi, komanso machitidwe a tizilombo .
Ndi kuchulukana konse kwa mitundu ndi mitundu, ungwiro wa kapangidwe ka thupi, zida za munthu payekha, machitidwe ake ndi njira zina zogwirizanirana, zochita za tizilombo sizosiyana motere. Makhalidwe onse abadwa nawo mwachilengedwe komanso zomwe akumana nazo payokha zikuwoneka modabwitsa komanso mosiyanasiyana. Palibe mitundu iwiri ya tizilombo timene timakhala chimodzimodzi. Woyimira mitundu iliyonse amadziwika ndi njira yodziwika bwino yopangira chakudya, ntchito yomanga, mwa zosankha, zomveka, zotulutsa zamagetsi zomwe zimapangidwira mu chakudya, kubereka, chitetezo, chikhalidwe ndi mitundu ina yamakhalidwe.
Kuphatikizika kosamvetseka kwamakhalidwe ndi kapangidwe kazinthu zopanga tizilombo - nyerere, njuchi, mavu, chimbudzi. Kuyambira kale, zochita zawo zambiri zimapangitsa kuti azikhala ndi chidwi. Ngakhale St. Augustine adalemba kuti: "Timachita chidwi kwambiri ndi zochita za nyerere zazing'ono ndi njuchi kuposa matupi akuluakulu a anamgumi." Mwa zina mwa alimi pali alimi omwe amadya, kuteteza ndi "mkaka" nyama zomwe ndizothandiza kwa iwo, komanso maudzu atsekwe, osatha kukolola okha, komanso kukulitsa, atakonza kale nthaka ndikubzala mbewu. Zilombo zonse zachikhalidwe ndi zomanga zabwino kwambiri, zomwe zimamanga, kutengera mitundu yawo, nyumba zazing'ono zazing'ono, nyumba zazikulu za anthu, ndi mizinda yonse yokhala ndi njira yolankhulirana mwamphamvu. Chilichonse chimakumbukiridwa mwa iwo ngati moyo wabwinobwino wa munthu ndi banja, mpaka pakapangidwe kachilengedwe kofunikira, komanso moyo wa magulu ndi magulu akulu akulu azinyama zachikhalidwe.
Ma entomology amakono sawona zifukwa zoyambirira zotsutsira zochita za tizilombo komanso zomwe zimatchedwa "apamwamba" vertebrates. Zowonadi, mwa mitundu ya mitundu mitundu, malingaliro ovuta monga kulingalira, kuganiza kosawoneka bwino, chizindikiro, kukumbukira, kuthekera kuphunzira ndi kukulitsa mawonekedwe, "chilankhulo" chamunthu, komanso zochitika zoyambira zimachita nawo machitidwe. Dziko la tizilombo, lomwe limaphatikizapo zolengedwa zodabwitsa ndi zabwinozi, ndizosalimba komanso ndizopadera pazowonekera zake zosiyanasiyana. Sayenera kukondedwa kokha, komanso iyenera kutetezedwa.
Mwayi wopatsa chidwi
Tizilombo - gulu lalikulu kwambiri laling'onoli, lodziwika bwino chifukwa limatha kukhala bwino komanso kubereka pafupifupi kulikonse - kuyambira ku Arctic kupita ku zipululu zomwe zikuvutika ndi kutentha, ndipo sizimapezeka munyanja yakuya. Dothi ladzala ndi tizilombo. Mitengo yawo imanyamulidwa mlengalenga, ndipo ngakhale pamtunda wa 2 km, zolengedwa izi zimakhala gulu lalikulu la plankton, yomwe imakhala chakudya cha mbalame.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamthupi ndi malo okhala ndi tizilombo
Tizilombo timitundu iliyonse timakhala m'deralo zokha ndipo timatha kupirira ndi malo omwe chilengedwe chimapangidwira; zomwe zimachitika mkati mwa moyo ndi machitidwe "zimasinthidwa". Chifukwa cha izi, tizilombo timatha kukhala m'malo ovuta kwambiri, ngakhale kumadera ozizira a Arctic tundra komanso mapiri atalala kwambiri, kumapiri ndi zipululu, m'nkhalango zachilengedwe zotentha komanso m'nkhwawa, m'malo okhala anthu ndi nyama. Mwachitsanzo, agulugufe, zimawoneka ngati, zolengedwa zosalimba kwambiri zomwe zimakhala padziko lapansi pafupifupi kulikonse. Moyo wawo wogwira ntchito umatheka chifukwa chakuthamanga kwapadera kwamtundu wazinthu zomwe zimatha kutchedwa "kumwera", "kumpoto", "kotentha", "konsekonse". Chifukwa chake, chilengedwe cha agulugufe amtundu wina chimatsimikizira kufalikira kwawo m'malo ambiri okhala ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana. Ndipo chamoyo cha ena chimangokhala malo okhawo, monga, mwachitsanzo, mwa agulugufe okhala ku Alps, pamwamba pa mzere wa chipale chofewa pamtunda wa kutentha kwa-100 ° C. Kapena, mwachitsanzo, m'modzi mwa anthu okhala m'chipululu - kachilomboka chakuda zamtundu winawake, kapangidwe kakepi ka thupi kamatsimikizira moyo wakhama munthawi imeneyi. Tizilombo timaloleza kutentha ndi kuthetsa ludzu, kupatsa mphamvu chinyezi chopatsa moyo usiku.
Mawonekedwe a chamoyo cha mitundu ina ya tizilombo timakulolani: kupulumutsa moyo pambuyo pa kuzizira ndi kusungunuka, kukhala pamasamba otentha otentha ndi 500 500, kukhala nthawi yayitali popanda madzi chifukwa cha oxidation wa michere yosungidwa, kupulumuka pakanthawi kokwanira ndikukhala maola ambiri mu mpweya wabwino wa kaboni brine, mafuta osakhazikika, etc.
Inde, m'malo ozizira komanso owuma, komanso m'malo ovuta kwambiri moyo, nthumwi za mitundu yochepa ya tizilombo timakhala. Komabe, ndi omwe amawonetsera bwino ndi zitsanzo zawo zomwe zolengedwa zopanda chitetezo zopanda chilungamo zomwe zimapatsidwa mphamvu zenizeni. Kuphatikiza apo, monga nyama zina zambiri, tizilombo sizimakhalabe ndi moyo m'malo ovuta kwambiri, koma timakhala m'moyo womwewo, womwe timakhala nawo. Ganizirani izi ndi zitsanzo zina.
Tizilombo tina ndi tomwe timapambana ndipo tikukhala m'mapiri ataliatali. Pa chishalo cha Elbrus pamtunda wa 5300 m mumatha kuwona zidzu ndi urticaria. Ndipo ntchentche za amoyo, nsikidzi, nsabwe za m'madzi, agulugufe, dzombe zidapezeka zikukhazikika ku Himalaya ngakhale pamalo okwera 6000 m pamwamba pamadzi. Amadyera mungu wazomera komanso zotsalira zomwe zimabweretsa kamphepo kayaziyazi. Tizilombo timakhala pansi pamiyala, m'nthaka, m'malo osowa kwambiri pamakalata a mapiri a alpine kapenanso matalala. Koma pali ambiri a iwo pamphepete mwa ayezi akusungunuka, komwe kumakhala chinyezi chambiri ndipo ndikosavuta kupeza chakudya chomwe chimabwera ndi madzi osungunuka. Kuti mukhale ndi moyo wabwinobwino komanso kubereka, ma cickets amtundu amodzi amokhazikika m'dera lamapiri lomwe limakutidwa ndi chipale chofewa, chifukwa chipangizocho chimapangidwa kuti chizikhala malo otentha kwambiri. Ndipo jaundice, yemwe amakhala kumpoto chakum'mwera komanso kumapiri, amakhala ndi mwayi wodabwitsa, womwe umasokoneza kwambiri nthawi imodzi, popeza izi sizachilendo kwa agulugufe. Amaganiziridwa kuti kubadwa kwamoyo kumathandizira ana ake kumaliza kukula nthawi yachilimwe yochepa ya malo awa.
Tizilombo thunzi timene timakhala thunzi tating'onoting'ono tokha. Usiku uliwonse, thupi la kachilombo kakang'ono kameneka limakumana ndi mayesero owopsa, koma kachilombo kameneka kamawonetseranso kuthekera kwakukulu kokhala m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Imayamba kuzizira dzuwa likangolowa, koma chifukwa cha mtundu wake wakuda imathothanso mwachangu mlengalenga. Pokhala ndi moyo, utoto wa isotome ukupitilizabe kuthana ndi zovuta zonse za moyo, kukhazikitsa dongosolo lobadwa nalo, lomwe lidzapatsira mbadwa. Posachedwa, akatswiri a zamagetsi apeza kuti mitundu ya udzudzu yamtundu wina imatha kukhalanso ndi moyo ndikupitilizabe mitundu yawo mikhalidwe yopitilira muyeso yomwe, imawoneka, sigwirizana ndi moyo. Amakhala muming'alu ndi m'ming'alu ya madzi oundana m'malo otsetsereka a Himalaya. Tizilombo timeneti tili ndi tinthu tabwino kwambiri kotero kuti timamva bwino komanso samasungunuka pa -160С. Udzudzu wachikazi umawonekeranso zochitika m'nyengo yozizira, chisanu chikakhala chambiri m'mapiri. Sizikudziwika panobe kwa asayansi momwe ma jerks amakhala ndi kupitiliza mtunduwo pamtunda wotsika chotere, komanso zomwe mawonekedwe a thupi lawo ndi udzudzu wa mtunduwu.
Pafupifupi mitundu 40 ya tizilombo (udzudzu, njuchi, kachilomboka, agulugufe masana ndi usiku) zimakhala kupitilira kwa Arctic Circle - komwe kumakhala maluwa. Chifukwa cha mtundu wakumpoto wa chamoyo, udzudzu wa mitundu ina umagwira gawo lofunikira mu chipululu chozizira cha Arctic komanso dera la tundra. Amuna ndi akazi awo, akuuluka kuchokera pamaluwa kupita pamaluwa, amadya timadzi tokoma komanso nthawi imodzi mungu. Zowonadi, mu tundra ndi taiga mulibe njuchi. Ku Arctic, maluwa opukutira mungu ndi otakataka komanso tambiri. Matupi awo amakhala okonzeka kugwira ntchito m'malo ozizira. Ntchito yogwira minofu ndi chovala cha shaggy ofunda bumblebee imapereka kutentha kwa thupi lake kuti + 3700 pa kutentha kwampweya kwa kunja kwa 00 00. Kutentha kumeneku kumapangidwa nthawi ya kuthawa chifukwa cha mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imachitika m'minyewa.
Zamoyo zomwe sizokhala okhala kumapiri okha, komanso okhalamo mosses ndi lichens a zilumba za Antarctic, mwachitsanzo, kachilomboka ka mitundu ina, sikungawonongeke pozizira mwachangu mpaka pafupifupi - 400C. Dongosolo lawo la majini limayang'anira kupanga kwapadera kwa mini kwa mafuta a glycerin ndi zinthu zina zapadera, zomwe zochita zawo ndizofanana ndi zochita za antifreeze yamagalimoto odziwika bwino. Mitundu ina ya ma amphibians ndi ena oimira ozizira a chiweto amapatsidwa zofanana zopulumutsa. Ndipo nsikidzi ndi ntchentche zomwe zimakhala ku Alaska zimapatsidwa luso lotha kupirira ngakhale kutentha mpaka -600С. Tizilombo, tomwe timazizira, koma matupi awo amakonzedwa mwanjira yoti makristali amadzi oundana amapangika kunja kokha popanda kuwononga maselo, ziwalo ndi minyewa.
Kuchokera m'malo otentha okhala kumapululu opanda madzi
Kwa zilombo zambirimbiri, zachilengedwe zachilengedwe ndi nkhalango zotentha, zomwe zimapezeka mbali zambiri za dziko lapansi. Nthambi za mitengo, kuyambira kutalika pafupifupi mamita 15, ndizolumikizana kwambiri komanso zolimba kwambiri ndi mipesa kotero kuti palibe kuwala komwe kumadutsa korona. Kuwala kwa nkhalangoyi, nthawi zina kumakhala kutalika kwa 30 m, kumadzala ndi nyama monga anyani, mbalame, mbewa, achule, tizilombo komanso nyongolotsi za pansi (!). Anthu okhala komwe kuno amabadwa, amakula, amakhala moyo wokangalika ndi kufa. Ndipo ambiri a iwo m'miyoyo yawo yonse samakhudza lapansi. Ndipo tizilombo timakhala "pansi" m'nkhalangomo: pansi, zinyalala zamasamba, mitengo ikuluikulu, pansi penipeni pa malo otentha komanso padenga lalitali kwambiri la nkhalangoyi - panthambi ndi masamba a lotchedwa "denga la dziko lapansi".
Mwa tizilombo touluka mvula, agulugufe, nsikidzi, nyerere, chimbudzi, ndi cicadas predomine. Gulugufe ndi kafadala ndizokulira modabwitsa komanso mokongola. Anapatsidwa utoto wowoneka bwino kuti apeze nthenga zake ndi izo, chifukwa apo ayi ndizosatheka kuwona kapena kumva wina ndi mzake mu nthambi zofanana. Palinso agulugufe odabwitsa okhala ndi mapiko a mbalame, omwe mapiko ake akuluakulu (masentimita 30) amalola amuna ndi akazi kuuluka pamwamba pa korona wopitiliza wa mitengo yotentha panthawi yakukonzekera.
Tizilombo timeneti timapanga gawo lalikulu la anthu okhala m'chipululu. Kwambiri pali nyerere, udzudzu, udzudzu, kafadala wakuda ndi nsomba zokongola za golide, makamaka zakuda ndi golide. Onsewa amabisala kutentha kwa tsikulo m'makuni akuya, ndipo amasankhidwa kukasaka pokhapokha nthawi yamdima. Mphamvu zazikulu za thupi ndi machitidwe zimawonetsedwa ndi kafadala wakuda wamtundu wina yemwe amakhala m'malo otentha kwambiri komanso opanda madzi ambiri m'chipululu. Chifukwa cha machitidwe achizolowezi, amayenda usiku kupita kumapiri a mchenga kuti "amwe chinyezi cha zovuta." Atatsitsa mutu wake, kachilomboka kanakweza pamimba m'mwamba ndikutembenukira kumka kunyanja. Chinyezi, chinyemwerera kumbuyo kwa nthiti yake yapadera, chimatsikira kuchilombacho kupita kukamwa.
Kuyambira madzi amchere kupita kumafuta
Oyimira mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo amakhala pamtunda, koma ambiri a iwo amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana am'madzi, kuphatikizapo osakhala achikhalidwe. Chifukwa chake, mapangidwe apadera a chamoyo cha mphutsi za mitundu ina ya udzudzu zimawalola kukula bwino mumiyala yotentha, momwe mabakiteriya okha angakhalemo. Kufanizira komweku kukuwonetsedwa ndi majombo amtchire wobiriwira, achinyamata omwe amakhala m'matumba okhala ndi kutentha kwa + 400C. Unyinji wa udzudzu umatha kubereka m'madzi am'mbali mwa Nyanja ya Caspian. Ndipo tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, monga nsikidzi za mitundu ina, tili ndi kuthekera konse kwa moyo wabwinoko m'nyanja - Atlantic ndi Pacific.
Modabwitsa, pali ntchentche yamafuta aku California, malo okhalamo ndi zonse zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mafuta osalala okha. Malinga ndi dongosolo lobadwa nalo, limadyedwa ndi tizilombo tomwe timakhala komweko ndipo timatsatira kapenanso kubala ana ake m'mafuta. M'thupi lake, zonse “zimawonedweratu” chifukwa cha izi. M'matumbo a ntchentche mumakhala michere ya michere, yomwe imaphwanya parafini yamafuta ndikuyendetsa kuyamwa kwake. Ntchentche imatha kuthamanga miyendo yake yopyapyala mufilimu yamafuta osanamatira, koma kukhudza filimuyo ndi mbali ina iliyonse ya thupi kumapha ntchentche. Thupi la mphutsi za ntchentche izi, zomwe zimapanga mafuta osakhazikika ndikudya tizilombo tothandizirana, zimaperekanso chilichonse chofunikira.Chifukwa chake, dongosolo la chibadwidwe limapangitsa ana awa, ngati mphutsi zamadzi, kugwira zikhomo zamatupi opangidwa ndi matupi opumira thupi pamwamba pa mafuta kuti apumitse mpweya wa mpweya
5. Tizilombo toyamba tinaonekera padzikoli zaka 400 miliyoni zapitazo
Tizilombo tambiri timapezeka zakale zaka 400 miliyoni. Ndipo tsiku lokhala ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana titha kukhala pa nthawi ya Carboniferous.
Komabe, mosiyana ndi tizilombo tomwe tikuwona pano, matupi awo sanali ochepa. Mwachitsanzo, mapiko a Griffenfly, kholo la chinjoka, ali pafupifupi masentimita 7.
Mukufuna kuwona zina mwazinthuzi mumtsinje wanu? Dinani "Monga" (👍) ndikulembetsa pachinjiracho.