Zakale zakale za Karachai zimayanjanitsidwa ndi moyo wamtchire ku tawuni ya Karachay kudera la North Caucasus. Malo opingasa, miyala, ma gorges, kusintha kwa kutentha kwa usana ndi usiku, malo ovuta adayesedwa mphamvu kwa okhala m'deralo omwe amafunikira othandizira, magalimoto.
Hatchi ya Karachaevskaya, wopezeka chifukwa chodola mahatchi am'deralo ndi akum'mawa, tsopano ndi amtundu wina womwe ukupitilira. Ma Connoisseurs sakhala ochepera ngati mawonekedwe akuthupi omwe amawona kukhulupirika, kukongola, komanso kuzindikira msanga kwa akavalo.
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Kusankhidwa kwa akavalo a Karachai kunachitika chifukwa chogwira ntchito, kusuntha pamiyala, motero poyambirira kavalo anali wotopa, wamiyendo yochepa. Kuuma kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe kunachitika m'dera lamapiri, momwe muli madera ochepa. Akavalo anali kuwadyetsa zakudya zosavuta, anali m'malo ovuta a kumapiri ndi kumapiri.
Pazaka zana zapitazi, chifukwa cha ntchito ya obereketsa, mtunduwo wasintha, wakula, koma wokhala ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri. Mahatchi amadziwika ndi kuyenda komanso kupirira, kumvera komanso kulimba mtima. Nyama sizimawopa zopinga, kuzisintha kuti zikhale zankhanza mwankhanza, kugwira ntchito kumapiri.
Lamulo lamphamvu, squatting imakulolani kuti musinthe nthawi yayitali masana ndi usiku, kuyenda pamiyala, panjira, kuti mupirire kuzizira kwambiri ndi kutentha kwa chilimwe. A Highlanders amafunikira anthu odalirika ogwira nawo ntchito, osati munthu wowonetsa.
Nyama zimapirira mwamphamvu kusintha kwa kutentha, kusintha kwa chinyezi, kusakhazikika komanso kudyetsa pang'ono m'malo ovuta. Mahatchi osadzikuza sadziwa konse mbola zofunda, chakudya cha tirigu. Nyamazo zinkadya msipu, zinkagona usiku wonse m'malo achilengedwe.
Mahatchi amakhala ndi thupi lalikulu, loyenda. Maonekedwe ake onse ndiogwirizana. Makamaka tsitsi lowoneka bwino, mchira wautali pamahatchi othinana. Mbiri yopanda chidwi, makutu ang'ono, kumbuyo kwakasalala, khosi lalitali lalitali limapereka mawonekedwe ahatchi. Mitundu yakuda imadziwika ndi mtundu. M'magulu azaka za Circassian munthu aliyense wa mtundu wazitsamba ankapangidwa.
Makhalidwe apamwamba amtunduwu amadziwika kuti ndi ntchito zabwino zamagalimoto, chitetezo chamatenda, matenda osazindikira zambiri. Kuphatikiza kwa kulimba mtima, ulemu, kumvera kumapangitsa mahatchi kukhala othandizira othandizira mnyumbamo. Kukonda, kudzipereka kwa nyama kwatsimikiziridwa kwazaka zonse zakale.
Karachaevskaya mtundu wa akavalo Ili ndi luntha lophunzitsidwa bwino, choncho eni nyama amayenera kuthera nthawi yayitali pa kakulidwe ndi kulankhulana. Mwiniwake akuyenera kuwonetsa kulimbikira ndi kuchita, kuti kavalo azindikire mutu womwe ulimo. Nyamazo zimakhala ndi chikhalidwe cholimba, chomwe ndi chonyadira chomwe eni akavalo amafunikira kuwerengedwa kuti asawononge tandem yolimba.
Chifukwa cha ntchito yosankhayo, nthumwi zoyimira kavalo wamtundu wa harness zimawonekera, ndizodabwitsa zogwira ntchito, zomwe zimatha kusintha magawo osiyanasiyana. Mikhalidwe yambiri idawumitsa nyamazo, kuwaphunzitsa kuyenda pamavuto, pangozi, ndikukhala aluso.
Mahatchi aku Caucasi ndi otsika liwiro kuthamanga ma stallion, chifukwa pakusankhidwa, choyambirira, kupilira ndi mphamvu zoyeseza kunayamikiridwa. Makhalidwe okwera pamahatchi a Karachai ndiwofatsa, zomwe sizimachepetsa mtengo wake. Kavalo wamtundu wa Karachai wakhala mphatso yamtengo wapatali, chuma m'mabanja aku Caucasus, komwe kulimba, kupirira, kulimbikira, kukhulupirika kumalemekezedwa nthawi zonse.
Ku Karachay-Cherkessia pakadali pano, akavalo amakono amasungidwa mwachilengedwe kuti asunge machitidwe ofunikira kwambiri amtunduwu - kupirira ndi kusagonja.Opanga mahatchi amadziwa kuti kukonza nyumba kumakhudza kwambiri mahatchi.
Miyezo yobadwira
Mtundu wakale wa akavalo umasiyanitsidwa ndi kakulidwe kakang'ono, kowoneka bwino. Nyamayo imapangidwira kuti ikhale maulendo ataliatali m'misewu yopapatiza yamapiri, yonyamula katundu wolemera. Malinga ndi miyezo yamakono, kutalika kwa kufinya kwa kavalo wa Karachai ndi 1, 48-1,55 m, kulemera - mpaka 1 t. Kunja kumaphatikizapo zofunikira:
- sing'anga wamkulu
- chifuwa chachikulu
- mphuno zowonda
- makutu okhazikika a mawonekedwe owongoka,
- olimba ndi mzere wowongoka,
- lonse croup.
Zowonongera zosiyanitsidwa ndi zina, ndizovala pang'ono. Miyendo yakumbuyo imakhala, yopanda chiwonetsero chofooka, ngakhale imakonda kubereketsa ku Caucasus. Ziboda za mahatchi amphamvu yapadera, mawonekedwe olondola. Mng'oma ndi mchira wake ndi ubweya wakuda ndi wavy. Khwangwala ndi karaka zimayeneretsedwa; bay, bay bay
Utoto wamahatchi a Karachai unawonjezeredwa ndi mtundu wa Chingerezi. Mwathunthu, pali mithunzi pafupifupi 40, iliyonse ili ndi dzina lake. Nthawi zambiri kulibe mahatchi okhala ndi mawanga oyera, anthu oterewa siwofanana ndi akavalo amtundu wa Karachai.
Mitundu yayikulu ya akavalo a Karachai amadziwika:
- mtundu - nyama yokhala ndi thupi lonse loyenera kukwera pansi pachishalo, ngolo yokokedwa ndi akavalo,
- mitundu yayikulu - mahatchi ndi otakataka ndipo ali ndi mphamvu, okhala ndi mfundo zazikulu, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito zoyendera, zoyendetsa katundu pansi pamatumba,
- mtundu wokwera - akavalo ali okwera, osangalatsa mtundu wawo. Nyama zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamipikisano yofananirana, yamtengo wapatali ngati mahatchi oyenda mu zokopa alendo. M'mitsempha yamahatchi okwera pamahatchi a Karachai, 1/8 yamagazi ndi amtundu waku England.
Kusamalira ndi kukonza
Ku Karachay-Cherkessia nyama zimasungidwa kuti zizisamalidwa mwachilengedwe. Panthawi ya msipu waulere, mahatchi eni ake amapanga gawo lalikulu la chakudya, amalandira zovala zapamwamba zokha:
Ngati akavalo a mtundu wa Karachay kusungidwa m'khola, imodzi mwazinthu zofunikira zaweta ndi kukonza zakudya moyenera. Menyu yazinyama ili ndi izi:
- 60% - udzu udzu,
- 10% - chakudya chochulukitsira, chakudya china chokhazikika,
- 30% - masamba atsopano.
Popewa kugaya m'mimba mahatchi, kudula udzu kumasakanizidwa ndi zakudya zosaneneka, masamba amasambitsidwa ndikudula pakati.
Mahatchi oyenda maulendo ataliatali ndi kuchititsa zolimbitsa thupi amadyetsedwa 50% ya msipu, 40% ya zinthu zambiri komanso 10% ya masamba osiyanasiyana (mbatata, kaloti, beets). Kulimbitsa mafupa ndi minofu kumapereka zakudya zopatsa thanzi - chakudya cham'mafupa, mafuta a nsomba, mafuta amafuta, mavitamini, mchere.
Kuchuluka kwa zowonjezera kumawerengeredwa kutengera kulemera ndi msinkhu wa nyama. Ndikofunikira kuti mahatchi azitha kupeza madzi akumwa. Nyama zimatha mafuta okwanira malita 50 patsiku. Mares pa nthawi ya mkaka wa m`mawere kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa masamba azakudya zawo, zomwe kuchuluka kwa mkaka kumatengera.
Pansi imakutidwa ndi utuchi, udzu, womwe umayenera kusinthidwa tsiku ndi tsiku. Ndikokwanira kukonza chipinda chimodzi kamodzi pa sabata. Kuthana ndi ukhondo ndi gawo lofunikira paumoyo wa nyama. Mahatchi sakonda kununkhira kwa fungo lamkati, kusanja, kusintha kwa kutentha, chinyezi mchipindacho.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Kuswana kwa mahatchi a Karachai mpaka m'zaka za zana la 20 kunali kogwira ntchito kwambiri kotero kuti kunapereka zosowa za Russia m'zonyamula katundu, zosowa zankhondo. Koma zochitika zosintha zinayambitsa kutsika kwa ziweto. Zinthu zinakonzedwa ndikukhazikitsidwa kwa famu ya Stud pafupi ndi Kislovodsk.
Mtundu waku North Caucasian umadziwika ndi chonde - nthawi yayitali yobereka, yoposa zaka 20. Mbiriyi idakhazikitsidwa ndi mayi wazaka 24 yemwe adabereka mwana wamkazi wa 21.Malinga ndi ziwerengero zamafamu a Stud, mpaka 90% ya ma carcha aku Karachai amatha kupita mmwamba nthawi zonse.
Pakati pa Epulo ndi Seputembala, abulu amaloledwa kukwatirana ndi mares. Akavalo amabereka popanda thandizo la obereketsa. Mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, ankhandwe amakhala osagwirizana ndi amayi awo, ndiye kuti amatumizidwa kumalo abusa.
Kulera modutsa ndi kubereka kwa mahatchi oyera kumabala ana momwe mikhalidwe yapadera ya mahatchi a Karachai amasungidwa, pomwe kunja kwapamwamba kumawonekera. Kupanga mikhalidwe yabwino kumapereka nyama ndi moyo wautali wa pafupifupi zaka 30 kapena kupitirira.
Pa msika wamahatchi, mutha kugula kavalo wamtunda wa Karachai kuchokera kwa obereketsa pamahatchi apadera, ku mafamu a akavalo aku Russia. Mtengo wake umatengera zinthu zambiri:
- nyama zoyenera
- zaka
- jenda
- zambiri zakuthupi
- thanzi
- mzeru
- magulu, cholinga.
Mutha kugula chosinthika cha mtundu wa Karachay chaulimi kwa ma ruble 50-75 masauzande. Oimira mtundu wa ziwonetserozo, mpikisano umawononga ndalama zokwana ma 150,000 - 300,000 ma ruble. Mukamagula nkhandwe pafamu yovomerezeka, ndikofunikira kupatsa nyamayo dzina loyenerera malinga ndi malamulo apadera omwe amawonetsa unzake. Nthawi zina mahatchi amasewera amawonetsedwa ndikuwonetsa za gulu. Zotchuka dzina la mahatchi a Karachai: Borey, Arsenal, Absinthe, Phulusa, Pereka, Bingu, Turquoise, ndi zina.
Mbiri yakale yakuyambira kavalo wa Karachay
Amakhulupirira kuti mtundu wakale wakale wamapiriwu udapezeka m'dera la Elbrus m'zaka za m'ma 14 mpaka 1400. Zoyambirira zomwe zikunena za mahatchi afupi ndi okhwimawa, oyenerera bwino mapiri, ndi zaka 17-18 zapitazo.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19 Karachay adasamukira ku Ufumu wa Russia, kufunikira kwa akavalo kudakulirakulira. Pamenepa, chiwerengero chawo pafupi kwambiri ndi kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 zidachulukanso kuposa pamenepo. Amadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha zosowa za nkhondo.
Nthawi zambiri, mahatchi anali ofunikira kwa Kuban Cossacks, chifukwa chake oweta mahatchi a Karachai adayamba kukulitsa mtundu wa kavalo, womwe amawutcha "Cossack", wokulirapo ma arshins awiri ndi utali wawiri. Kukwaniritsa magawo omwe amafunikira, mitundu ina idaphatikizidwa.
Mu 1938, akuluakulu aboma adasinthanitsa amtunduwu, zomwe zidapangitsa kupezeka kwa nazale yamahatchi a Karachay. Kulera kudapitilira m'njira ziwiri:
- zolengedwa,
- ndi kulowetsedwa kwa magazi a chingerezi.
Mu 1998 ndi 1999, pofuna kutchukitsa mtundu wa Karachay, awiri oyamba m'mbiri ya okwera pansi amafika mpaka ku Europe - phiri la Elucus la Caucasi - lidapangidwa.
Tsopano mtundu uwu umalekedwa ndi minda yamahatchi ya Karachay-Cherkess Republic, komanso mafamu ena ku Russia ndi akunja.
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa kavalo wa Kabardian ndi kavalo wa Karachai?
Mbiri ya vuto la kusiyana kwa kubereka imabwerera m'mbuyo kwambiri, pomwe mizu wamba yamahatchi imawululidwa. Kusankhidwa kwa akavalo a Karachai kunachitika kumapiri kwamapiri kuti apangidwe mikhalidwe ina. Pa chigwa cha Kabarda, kuswana kwa mahatchi aku Caucasian kunali kwofanananso.
Mu 1935, nthawi idayamba, pazifukwa zandale, pazifukwa zodana ndi anthu a Karachai, mtundu wamahatchi am'derali amatchedwa Kabardian. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 kumene dzina lokhalo lidabwezedwa, koma pofuna kukonza kubwezeretsa kwathunthu izo zidatenga zaka zina khumi. Ngati tingayerekeze mahatchi amakono, ndiye Karachai akavalo zithunzi zimawoneka zazikulu kwambiri kuposa a Kabardian.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Nthawi zambiri, mitundu ya Bay, yakuda ndi yakuda imapezeka. Mahatchi a Karachay amathanso kukhala a karakova, bay oyendayenda komanso mtundu wopepuka wa bay. Pakati pa mares (koma osati ma stallion), nthawi zina mutha kupeza imvi kapena mtundu wofiira. Zizindikiro pakhungu lawo sizikupezeka.
Mwachilengedwe, mahatchiwa amasinthasintha komanso amakhala oleza mtima; Amakonda kwambiri mbuye wawo. Nthawi zambiri kubereka kwawo ndi kuwasamalira sizibweretsa mavuto. Kupirira kwambiri, kugwira ntchito ndi kutsitsa kwa mndende kumapangitsa mtundu uwu kukhala wokongola kwambiri.
Maonekedwe akunja a omwe akuimira mtundu wa Karachai ndi awa:
- Kukula kufota 150155 cm,
- kumanga kwakukulu, thupi lalitali,
- chifuwa chachikulu
- kakulidwe kakang'ono, kowuma mutu. Pa mphuno yopyapyala mutha kuwona phokoso looneka pang'ono. Makutu okhazikika ndi apakati komanso akuthwa,
- kachulukidwe kokwanira ka mane ndi mchira. Nthawi zina amakhala ndi nkhawa,
- khosi lamtundu ulinso lalitali kukula. Nthawi zina pamakhala chipatso chodziwika bwino cha Adamu,
- kufota kwakutali, msana wowongoka ndi kupendekera kwakanthawi pang'ono,
- miyendo ndiyotsika ndi ziboda zamphamvu zosazolowereka. Mbali yakutsogolo ili ndi makulidwe pang'ono ndipo nthawi zina pamakhala chovala chamlubino. Miyendo yakumbuyo imatha kukhala yotupa.
Zojambula zambiri za Kabardinians ndiz
- manyazi
- ziboda zamphamvu kwambiri
- kukhazikika kwa miyendo
- chifuwa chachikulu
- Nthawi zambiri pamakhala utoto wamdima wakuda,
- pang'ono adatsitsa.
Zosangalatsa
Mu 1936, akavalo amtundu wa Karachai adachita nawo mpikisano wotsatira njira yovuta kwambiri kuzungulira mapiri ku Caucasus. Nthawi ya mpikisano inali masiku 47. Mahatchi khumi ndi angapo a Karachai adabwera koyamba, kuthyola madutsa onse, zotsika, matumba, popanda chizindikiro cha kutopa.
Chifukwa cha ntchito yawo yodabwitsa, machitidwe, akavalo adatenga nawo gawo pamakonzedwe a oyenda pamahatchi aku Russia pa nkhondo ya Russo-Japan. Mahatchi a Karachay ndi anthu mu 1996 adagonjetsa Elbrus. Akavalo Ginger, Khurzuk, Daur anakwera pamwamba pa chipale chofutali kupita pamwamba pa phirilo ndi katundu wambiri.
Nyama zinawonetsa kuthekera kwakukulu kwa kuswana, kudzipereka potumikira anthu. Iliyonse chiwonetsero cha akavalo a Karachai amatenga olumikizana enieni a mtunduwo kuti amuwonetse oyimira bwino kwambiri obereka, miyambo yoswana yamahatchi.
Kuyika mahatchi
Mtunduwu umatchedwanso mawonekedwe, popeza umayandikira kwambiri muyezo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zingwe zamahatchi komanso zingwe zamavalo, ndipo amapezeka kawirikawiri.
Ili ndi magawo monga:
- kutalika kufota - 150 cm,
- kutalika kwa thupi - 156 cm
- kupindika kwa chifuwa - 183 cm
- metacarpal zone - 19 cm.
Akavalo
Mtunduwu umaphatikizapo anthu omwe ali ndi mitundu yosakanikirana yamagazi yamahatchi achingerezi oyera (pafupifupi 1/8). Mtunduwu umakhala kunja kwambiri pakati pa Kabardian. Kukula kwawo kumakhala kwakukulu (152 cm), ndipo kuphatikiza kwake ndi kouma komanso chowala. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kavalo ndipo satchuka osati zokopa alendo zokha, komanso masewera a equestrian.
Akavalo ang'onoang'ono
Ili ndiye mtundu wamtali kwambiri (148 cm), womwe umasiyanitsidwa ndi bulu wake komanso thupi lalikulu. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kunyamula komanso kunyamula nyama. Zosakhazikika kwambiri ndipo sizichedwa kulemera nthawi iliyonse, ngakhale m'mapiri atali, pomwe nyama zina zimataya zipatso. Chifukwa chake, m'dera lomwe limakhala kumtunda kwa nyanja, mtundu uwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya.
Mizere yamafuko
Akavalo a Karachai anali ndi mndandanda wa mibadwo isanu ndi iwiri yodziwika bwino.Kubereka mafuko kumachitika m'mizere isanu ndi itatu yaimuna.
Ganizirani mizere yayikulu yoswana:
- nyumba yamalonda. Ichi ndiye mzere wofala kwambiri. Anthu ake amadziwika ndi mphamvu ya kapangidwe kazinthu, kupatsa chidwi kwambiri, komanso kupirira kwambiri akagwiritsidwa ntchito kumapiri. Mahatchi oterowo nthawi zambiri amapezeka ndendende mu suti yakuda. Amayamikiridwa kwambiri, chifukwa chake amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza Kabardinians. M'masiku amakono, mbadwa za Dausuz zakhala ndi magulu ambiri ogwirizana. Chomwe chingalimbikitse kwambiri ndikufunika ndi mzere wa Dubochka wokhazikika. China chomwe chikufunika kudziwa ndi Dara, mbadwa ya Dausuz, yemwenso adakhala kholo la mzere watsopano.
- stallion tugan. Kuwongolera uku sikukukula chifukwa cha kusowa kwa olandirira abwino. Magulu ena amitundu yosiyanasiyana (Shaman, East, Abrek-Zaur) sanalandire chitukuko pachifukwa chomwecho,
Akavalo amtundu wa Anglo-Karachai amasiyanitsidwa ndi maubwino abwinopo, maonekedwe okongola kwambiri, amasuntha bwino, koma ndi zonsezi, malamulo wamba ndi miyendo yolimba amasungidwa. Matanthwe oterewa sakukwanira kumangidwa komwe amakhala. Ali ofunikira kwambiri mu zochitika za equestrian zomwe zimafuna kupirira - pampikisano, pochitika komanso mozungulira.
Zinthu zake
M'malo obereketsa mahatchi amenewa amasungidwa m'malo ovuta, kupitilirabe kupilira komanso kuvutikira kale. Komabe, mikhalidwe ya phula, amayankha bwino kwambiri pakusintha kukonza kwawo komanso zakudya.
Ngakhale kuti zochitika zina zam'mbuyomu zidapangitsa kusokoneza mtundu wa Karachai, sizinasiyidwe.
Zowonadi, ndi zomwe zilipo, zimakhala ndi zabwino zambiri:
- njira zosungiramo ng'ombe, momwe zimadyetsa chakudya kapena zina zapadera sizofunikira. Kuthandizira kwa anthu kumachepetsedwa. Ndizothandiza
- ziboda zolimba sizikufuna kavalo
- wosavomerezeka poyenda,
- kuthekera kwa kulekerera kwakanthawi kochepetsedwa,
- kukana ndi nyengo zoyipa (nyengo, nyengo, kukonza, zakudya, ndi zina),
- kuchuluka kwa ziweto zabwino.
Karachay ndi dera lamapiri.Chifukwa chake, sikoyenera kuyankhula za masamba obiriwira komanso kudyetsa ndi furu. Akavalo a Karachay amasungidwa ngati gulu. M'nyengo yotentha, akavalo amadya kumapiri am'mapiri, nthawi yozizira amayenda kumapiri.
M'masiku amakono, chisamaliro sichinasinthe. Chifukwa chake, mtunduwu umatha kukhalabe ndi zabwino zake - kupirira ndi kusalemekezeka.
Kudyetsa
Mahatchi a Karachaevsky samadzimvera chisoni pankhani ya zakudya. Zakudya za akavalo zilizonse ndizoyenera: udzu, udzu, mbewu. Zambiri zazitsamba zimathetsa vuto la kudyetsa bwino. Chakudya cha mahatchi chimapezeka ngati mawonekedwe a msipu pamalo odyetserako ziweto. M'nyengo yozizira, mbewu zam'mapiri zomwe zimapezeka kumapeto kwake, udzu umadyedwa. Pachifukwa ichi, nazale zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa pamatumba kuti zizitha kusunthika mosavuta pamene gulu likuyenda.
Kubala ndi kubereka chonde
Iyenera kudziwika kwambiri kuchuluka kwa chonde cha ma Karachay mares. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zamafamu akufamu ndi ma famu osamalira mahatchi, chonde chokwanira 89%, ndipo kupulumuka kwa anyani anali 85%.
Oimira mtundu wamtunduwu wa mahatchi omwe ali ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri amatha kutha nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo pamtunduwo kuli mpaka zaka 25 kapena kupitirira.
Ziyembekezero zobereketsa kavalo wa Karachai
Mahatchi am'mapiri tsopano akufunika ku North Caucasus. Misewu m'midzi yamapiri ndiyovuta kuvuta magalimoto. Chifukwa chake, akavalo a Karachai, monga kale kale, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira zoyendera, komanso kunyamula katundu m'misewu yamapiri pakati pa malo okhala. Pankhani yogwira ntchito komanso kutopa, amaposa mitundu yambiri. Adadziwonetsa bwino mumayendedwe ovuta komanso kusintha m'mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri, adadzipatula pakati pa Nkhondo Yazikulu za Patriotic.
Chifukwa cha kupirira kwakukulu, akavalo a Karachai adapeza malo awo m'masewera a equestrian. Zimasanjika kwambiri kumapiri ndipo zimatha kuyenda m'njira zowoneka bwino zamapiri. M'mayiko aku Central Asia, makamaka mayiko omwe kale anali Soviet Union, alonda a m'malire nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mtunduwu poyenda m'mapiri.
Mphamvu zoyesera zomwe mahatchi amenewa amapita zimathandiza wokwera kuti asatope nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazokopa alendo. Kwa alendo omwe akufuna kusangalatsa zokongola za m'mapiri, kukwera pamahatchi pamahatchi ndi chisankho chabwino kwambiri. Kupatula apo, kavalo wotere amakhala ndi mawonekedwe osinthika komanso ochezeka.
Zofooka za Karachais sizinthu zabwino kwambiri komanso zokopa. Pankhani ya ukalamba, ndi otsika pamtundu wodziwika bwino wamasewera. Ngakhale amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ngati kukwera pamahatchi ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'masewera a equestrian.
Koma amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzochita zopirira, chifukwa mtunda waufupi mwachangu sakhala woyenera. Amakhala ndi mawonekedwe osasinthika, osasiyanitsidwa ndi kukongola kwapadera ndi ulemu wa mizere, ngakhale mulibe zolakwika. Tsopano pali anthu opitilira 20,000 a mtundu uwu. Palibe zovuta pakubereka mtundu wa Karachai - amadziwika chifukwa chonde komanso kusabereka.
Mitundu ya kubadwa
Mitundu ya Karachaevskaya saopa mtunda wautali. Akavalo amatha kukwera mosavuta malo okwera komanso kuyenda m'njira zopapatiza. Zamoyo zamahatchi zimasinthidwa bwino ndi ziphuphu, mpweya wochotsa m'mapiri ndi madontho oponderezedwa. Otsala osankhika a Elite sakanachitira mwina koma kuthokoza akavalo, chifukwa ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera komanso thupi lopangidwa bwino.
Kuswana kumawonedwa ponseponse, kumamveka bwino ndi njira yazoweta. Kunyumba, mahatchi amakhala zaka 35. Koma osati kukongola ndi kukongola zokha zomwe zakhala zokopa kwambiri kwa obereketsa - mtundu wa Karachai umadziwika chifukwa chonde.Pamaso pa gulu lalikulu la ziweto, pafupifupi 92% ya zoweta zomwe zimaswankhidwa nthawi zonse, zomwe zimapulumuka 89%. Mahatchiwa amatha kubweretsa ana amphongo athanzi mpaka zaka 21 ndi kupitirira, zomwe zimawasiyanitsa ndi nthumwi za mitundu ina. Mwakuchita, mlanduwu umadziwika kuti hatchi yotere imabereka ali ndi zaka 24.
Mtundu wa Karachai sufuna chisamaliro chapadera, nyamazi ndizochulukirapo ndipo zimasinthika kukhala zatsopano.
Mwachilengedwe, m'mitundu yawo mumakhala kusagwirizana ndi zovuta komanso thanzi labwino. Mitundu idasankhidwa ndi njira yachilengedwe kuti ikwaniritse kupirira komweku kuchokera pamenepo. Kuphatikiza apo, mahatchi amenewa sangatengeke ndi matenda ambiri - m'malo omwe muli msipu wambiri nthawi yotentha, nyama zimakhala pa msipu waulere nthawi zonse, osadwala.
Mahatchi a Karachaevsky amawonetsa bwino. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyendetsa mtunda wautali m'malo okhala m'mapiri, pomwe amatha kunyamula katundu wambiri ndipo satopa kwa nthawi yayitali. Kuthamanga kwakukulu komwe kavalo amakula ndi 12 km / h.
Mitundu ya Anglo-Karachai imadziwika kuti ndi yabwino, akuwonetsa kukakamira komweko, koma mosiyana ndi njira yocheperako ya Karachay. Mahatchi awa amawonetsa nzeru zapamwamba - ngati muwapangitse zovuta komanso zowuma kwa iwo, amapeza njira nthawi zonse ndikuwonetsa kuganiza mwanzeru. Ngakhale pamavuto, akavalo awa satayika, koma pezani njira yoyenera mkatikati.
Nkhani
Olemba mbiri masiku ano satha kudziwa tsiku lenileni lomwe mtundu wa Karachai udabadwa, komanso sizinawathandize, chifukwa mahatchi amtunduwu adawonekera kale kwambiri kotero kuti sizingatheke kutsatira mzere wawo. Pali kungoganiza chabe, popeza kutchulidwa koyamba kwa iwo kunayamba m'zaka za zana la 3 AD. Amakhulupirira kuti mahatchi anali obisalidwa nthawi yomwe ma Alans, ma nomads, adakhazikika kudera la North Caucasus.
Mahatchi amtunduwu anali ofanana kwambiri ndi mahatchi aku Arabia, kokha anali ndi thupi lamphamvu kwambiri. Popita nthawi, pogwirizana ndi maresi atchire omwe amakhala kale ku Caucasus, makolo oyambira akavalo a Karachai adawonekera. Koma sindiye mtundu wokha wokha womwe mtunduwo ukadawonekera.
Malinga ndi mtundu wina, mtunduwu si wakale kwambiri komanso wocheperako pofika zaka 1000. Inadziwitsidwa panthawi yomwe Turkmens, Nogais ndi mafuko ena adayendera madera a Adyghe. Inali nthawi ya Silk Road, pomwe amayenda mapiri atakwera pamahatchi. Kusakaniza pakati pa mitundu yosiyana sikungapeweke, kuyambira apa pankapezeka mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana omwe amafotokozedwawo amtundu wina wochokera kwa ena.
Pali mitundu ingapo ya mtundu wa Karachai.
- Shooloh. Mahatchi omwe sangapezeke ofanana mukamayenda pamatanthwe.
- Bechkan. Chinyama choyenera kuyenda maulendo ataliatali chifukwa chinali ndi chipiriro chosaneneka.
- Zheresti. Mahatchi okongola kwambiri, omwe ndinapereka ngati mphatso yamtengo wapatali.
- Shagdy. Akavalo ankhondo.
Adygs, omwe amakhala kudera lonse la North Caucasus, anali nkhondo zabwino, koma amakonda ulimi.
Pachifukwa ichi, amafunikira mahatchi omwe sangathandize ndi ntchito zapakhomo, komanso nkhondo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kavalo amayenera kukhala ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana monga:
Awa anali mahatchi a Karachai omwe anali ndi ziboda zolimba. Panthawiyo, zinali zofunika kwambiri kwa wokwerayo, popeza zinali zofunikira kuyendayenda m'mapiri, momwe panali miyala yambiri komanso phompho, ndipo si aliyense amene amatha kugula mahatchi azitsulo.
Chachiwiri, chosafunanso kwenikweni cha mbiri yakubadwa kwa maberekawa chidayamba kuchitika mu nthawi ya Soviet, pafupifupi mu 1929, pomwe zidaganiziridwa kuti zitsegule Goslemkhoz, yomwe idayang'anira osati kubereka kokha, komanso kusamalira anthu omwe akuwaswana komanso kusintha kwa mtundu wawo. Patatha chaka chimodzi, pafamu yopanga ma Stud inapangidwa, yomwe inapanga mahatchi a Karachai ankhondo aku Soviet Union, popeza mtundu uwu unkadziwika kwambiri.Ndizoyenera kunena kuti anali akavalo omwe adagwira nawo mbali pazankhondo za Caucasus.
Famu ya Kabardino-Balkarian Stud yakwanitsa kukonzanso zowonjezera mahatchi kokha chifukwa maresi oponderezedwa adasinthidwanso. Apa, ntchito idachitika kuti anthu azisamalira bwino; nyama zidawolokedwa ndi akavalo okwera aku England.
Kuyenda kwa mbiri yakale
Mitundu ya Karachaevskaya idapangidwa pafupifupi theka la zaka zapitazo. Dziko lakwawo ndi gawo kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Elbrus. Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa mtundu wa mbeuyo kunayamba m'zaka za zana la 17. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi mtunduwu zidayamba kulembedwa ndi Germany P.S. Pallas akuyenda ku Caucasus mu 1793
Ku Caucasus, ma studio oswana mahatchi anakhalapo kuyambira kalekale. Kuyambira nthawi ya tsarist, famu ya Malkinsky Stud yakhala ikugwira ntchito kuno - iyi ili ku Kabardino-Balkaria, ndipo pambuyo pake anamanga minda ina iwiri, koma ku Karachay - Cherkessia. Pakati pa obereketsa panali mpikisano, womwe sunali wachilendo mu nthawi za Soviet.
Kukula kwa ntchito
Mahatchi amtunduwu sagwiritsidwa ntchito osati ngati kubereka, komanso masewera. Nyama zolimba izi zimakhala othandizira abwino kwambiri pakasaka.
Dera lina komwe mtundu wa Karachay udapeza pomwe uli zokopa alendoinakhazikika m'mapiri a North Caucasus. Mahatchi amakongoleredwa kuti akwere mahatchi.
Akavalo amakhala othandiza kwambiri mnyumbamo, amatha kunyamula zinthu, nthawi zina kumangodzimangirira pamagalimoto.
Pamalo ozungulira kuphunzira ndi kudandaula kwa chikhalidwe cha mahatchiwa adathanso kuyamikiridwa. Kuphatikiza apo, amasankhidwa ku Unduna wa Zapakatikati. Akavalo amenewa amakhala ankhondo apamwamba kwambiri kumalire amalire.
Makhalidwe obadwa
Pozolowera zodabwitsa za m'mapiri, mwala udapanga biomechanics yapadera ya thupi. Chifukwa chake, miyendo yakutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwa Karachais ndiyosiyana - yoyamba ili yowongoka, ngati mahatchi wamba, ndipo yachiwiri ndi yokhota. Chifukwa cha miyendo yake, mahatchiwo amayenda mwamphamvu m'matanthwe. Mtunduwo ndi wokongola mawonekedwe.
Phindu
Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina, mahatchi a Karachai ali ndi zabwino zotere:
- Zoyenera kukhala m'malo okwera kwambiri, makamaka kwa mpweya wosowa.
- Kupirira kwapadera - amatha kulekerera mosavuta zinthu zazitali komanso zosinthika zazitali pamtunda wamapiri.
- Kupulumuka kwodabwitsa. Mitundu mobwerezabwereza idayandikira pafupi kuti iwonongeke, koma, ngakhale zinali zofunikira kuti ziwonongeke, zidabwezeretseka kangapo.
- Kutsika pamikhalidwe yomwe ilipo. Mahatchiwa, omwe anali kuyenda m'misewu yamapiri, sanakhalepo m'mapanga ndipo sanalandire chakudya. Koma amazolowera nthawi zina usiku pansi pa nyenyezi ndikukhala pabusa.
- Kusintha mapiri. Kapangidwe kapadera ka thupi ndi ma biomechanics a thupi amapangitsa kuti mtunduwu ukhale wabwino kwambiri m'mapiri.
- Ziboda zamphamvu za Karachais sizifunikira akavalo.
Kupirira kodabwitsa kwa mtundu wa Karachai kumatsimikiziridwa ndi liwiro lotchuka la 1936. Njirayo idadutsa mbali ya Caucasus. Ochita nawo mpikisanowu - Mahatchi a Karachai, samangowonetsa kupirira kopitilira muyeso, komanso amatumizidwa ngati mtundu wa "obalaza" pamahatchi amitundu ina. Ma Karachays nthawi zonse anali kutsogolo, akuyenda nsewu mu chisanu kwa iwo omwe amayenda kumbuyo.
Zosiyana kuchokera ku Kabardian
Mahatchi a Karachaev ndi Kabardian kwenikweni ndi chinthu chomwecho, ndiye kuti, ali ndi mizu yomweyo. Mu 1943, anthu a ku Karachai adadziwika kuti ndi apolisi a Nazi ndipo adakhazikitsidwanso ku Asia, kuswana kwatha. Pazifukwa zandale, mahatchi awa adalembedwa kuti Karachai, monga momwe ziliri lamulo la 1935. Mwa ma 90s pomwe dzina la mtunduwo lidabwezeretsedwera ku dzina lakale, komabe, lidatha kufotokoza zakukonzanso kwathunthu pofika chaka cha 2009.
Ngati tizingolankhula za mawonekedwe, ndiye kuti a Karachais ndi akulu, amakhala apamwamba, koma nthawi yomweyo amayenda mwachangu kuposa akavalo aku Kabardian.
Kufotokozera
Ngati tithana ndi zofotokozera zamtunduwu, ndiye kuti a Karachais adapereka malamulo apaphiri.Nthawi zambiri, kutalika kwa mahatchiwo kumafika mpaka masentimita 150, pomwe amasiyana thupi lalikulu komanso kumbuyo.
Mchiuno amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a minofu opangidwa mwangwiro, khosi silitali kwambiri, koma lamphamvu. Zonsezi, limodzi ndi khwangwala pang'ono komanso kufota pang'ono, zimapangitsa thupi la kavalo kukhala lokongola. Mphuno yake imakhala yotupa pang'ono, ndipo makutu ake amakhala otseguka.
Kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo miyendo yakuonda, koma yayitali, ziboda zolimba. Maonekedwe okongola a nyamayo imakwaniritsidwa ndi chingwe chachingwe ndi mchira wautali.
Kapangidwe ka thupi
Pali mitundu ingapo ya kapangidwe ka thupi kavalo kwa mtundu wina wopatsidwa. Ndikofunika kuiganizira ndili ndi zaka ziwiri, nyama ikalengedwa kale:
- Khalidwe. Mtundu wosiyanasiyana, woyenera kukwera mahatchi kapena kuwedza. Ndi kukula kwa masentimita 150, mahatchi oterowo adatenga zabwino kwambiri pathanthwe.
- Zachikulu. Pakufota, nyamayo imafika masentimita 148, pomwe ili ndi thupi lalitali lolimba, lokhatira bwino komanso mafupa akulu. Anthu awa ndi oyenera kuyendetsa katundu wolemera.
- Akavalo. Mtundu wamtunduwu adapangidwa chifukwa cha kusankha kowawa kwambiri pamene akudutsa mahatchi achingelezi okwera ndi mtundu wakale wa Karachais. Mahatchi ndi maara amafika kutalika kwa 155 cm, pomwe ali ndi zoonda zochepa, motero amawoneka okoma, opepuka. Munda womwe ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mahatchi awa ndi masewera, pomwe mphamvu zawo ndizothandiza.
Woweta mahatchi odziwa ntchito amatha kudziwa mpaka 40 mitundu ya mahatchi a Karachai. Tikuyenera kunena kuti maula awa nthawi zonse amakhala amdima, koma nthawi zina anthu omwe ali ndi masinthidwe amabadwa.
Maso athunthu amatha kukhala opanda kapena akuda, nthawi zina pamakhala mawonekedwe ake pamutu kapena miyendo. Mutha kumakumana, koma kangapo, Mtundu wa Karak kapena wofiira kwambiri. Zosiyanasiyana zoterezi zidachitika kale, pamene gulu lililonse limayesera kutulutsa gulu lowoneka bwino.
Khalidwe
Mtundu wa Karachaevskaya uli ndi zodabwitsa kwambiri motero nkofunika kutchulira padera. Mahatchi amenewa ndi amtengo wapatali chifukwa cha kudzichepetsa komanso kumvera, amadzipereka kwambiri kwa mbuye wawo ndipo amasiyanitsidwa ndi kulimba mtima. Nyama imasankha munthu m'modzi yemwe adzakondedwa mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo, nthawi zambiri amadziphatika ndi amene amawasamalira.
Nthawi yomweyo, monga aliyense wokhala ku Caucasus, m'mwazi wa nyama iyi ndi kusachita bwino komanso kunyada. Nthawi zambiri, potengera izi, zochitika zosasangalatsa zimatha kubadwa pakavalo akavulaza wokwera.
Mukamuchitira limodzi miyendo, musamukhumudwitse, ndiye kuti woimirani khalani mnzake wabwino.
Mahatchi, monga anthu, amatha kumva zambiri, kuphatikizapo zomwe zingasunge mkwiyo. Luso lokwera pa kavalo wa Karachai limamuwuza ngati kuli bwino kulanga mwiniwakeyo chifukwa cha malingaliro oyipa. Ichi ndi nyama yomwe ingafune kufooka mu mawonekedwe a wokwerayo ndikuyesetsa kuyigwiritsa ntchito, musapeputse. Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuwonetsa motsimikiza, koma popanda chiwawa, amene akuwongolera. Kulumikizana mwamphamvu kumadza ngati munthu akufuna kukhala osachepera maola 10 pa sabata akulankhula ndi kavalo.
Akavalo atasweka poyenda, osadandaula ndi izi, apeza njira yolowera mnyumba. M'mbuyomu, anthu amachita njira yankhanza yosankhira mafani abwino kwambiri amtundu, amangowabweretsa kutali ndi kwawo ndikuponyera. Iwo omwe adapeza njira adakwanitsa kupeza ma mares. Maluso awa adatsitsidwa kale ndi mibadwo ndi akavalo amakono, kotero ali ndi kampasi yamkati mwapadera ndipo amatha kukumbukira mseu.
Kusamalira ndi Kudyetsa
Ku Karachay-Cherkessia kulibe malo okwanira kudyetsa akavalo, ndichifukwa chake udzu nthawi zambiri umakhala chakudya chawo. M'mbiri yakudziko, mahatchi amasungidwa ndi zoweta, chifukwa chake kupilira kwawo ndi kusakhazikika kwawo zidawonekera. Ndi msipu waulere, akavalo amadzipezera okha zakudya zambiri, pokhapokha nthawi zina amapatsidwa zovala zapamwamba kwambiri monga:
Ngati chiweto chimasungidwa m'khola, woweta amafunika kulinganiza bwino zakudya zake. Mwa zolowa zatsiku ndi tsiku, 60% azikhala mu udzu, 10% mu chakudya chambiri komanso zina zofunikira, ndi 30% m'masamba atsopano.
Kuti kavalo alibe vuto ndi kukometsa chakudya, ndibwino kuti akupera chimanga kaye, kenako ndikusakaniza ndi udzu. Onetsetsani kuti mwatsuka masamba, kudula mutizidutswa tating'ono, chifukwa chake chikhala chofunikira kuti nyamayi ichite kutafuna.
Maama omwe amakhala ndi nthawi yotsekemera amayenera kulandira beets yophika ndi mbatata kuti achulukitse mkaka.
Mahatchi, omwe amayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mumipikisano kapena kunyamula katundu, amafunika kudyetsedwa ndi chakudya chokhazikika mu kuchuluka kwa 40% ya chakudya cha tsiku ndi tsiku, 50% - forbs ndi 10% - mbatata, kaloti. Kuti minofu ndi mafupa apangidwe bwino, chakudyacho chizikhala ndi:
Ma mineral ndi mavitamini zovuta kupereka malinga ndi zaka komanso kulemera kwa nyamayo. Akavalo ayenera kukhala ndi madzi akumwa oyera nthawi zonse. Wodwala wathanzi amatha kumwa mpaka malita 50 patsiku.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mtundu wa chakudya umakhudza kwambiri thanzi la nyama. Nsipu siyenera kukhala yonyowa kapena yokhala parasitic.
Ngati kavalo amasungidwa m'khola, ndiye kuti mita 4 lalikulu ndiokwanira iye. m, yoyenera kuphimbidwa ndi udzu. Zinyalala zimasintha kamodzi patsiku, chipinda chonsecho chimatsukidwa kamodzi pa sabata. Ukhondo ndi kutsatira zofunikira zaukhondo zimathandiza kupanga zofunikira pakusunga kavalo. Chipindacho chizikhala ndi matenda osachiritsika.
Ngati pali zolemba mmenemo, ziyenera kuthetsedwa. Komanso yang'anani kuchuluka kwa chinyezi. Chizindikiro chokwera kwambiri chimatsogolera ku mawonekedwe a kupuma kwamatenda a nyama. Malo odyetserako nyengo yachisanu ndi chilimwe amayenera kusunga mahatchi amtunduwu kunyumba.
Kuyambira Epulo mpaka Seputembala, abuluku amaloledwa kuti azikhalapo, kenako m'modzi yekha ndi amene amakhala kuti azichita zinthu mwadongosolo. Nthawi zambiri, mahatchi amabereka popanda gawo la obereketsa, abulu amakhalabe ndi amayi awo kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, kenako amaponyedwa kubusa wamasika.
Kuti mumve zambiri za mtundu wa mahatchi a Karachai, onani vidiyo yotsatira.
Mphepo yatsopano yamavuto ndi kubadwanso
Pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse ndi Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni, malo obereketsa adachepera katatu. Magulu ankhondo omwe ali m'munsi mwa Caucasus, amafunikira mahatchi olimba, koma akavalo anali osakwanira. Akuluakulu aboma adaganiza zobwezeretsa mtunduwu m'ma 20s. Kenako ma famu angapo opanga adapangidwa ndipo State Pedigree Famu ya Karachai Horses idakhazikitsidwa.
Pambuyo pazaka 10, kuchuluka kwa ziweto kudakulirakulira. Mahatchi a Karachai adathandizira magawo a mapiri ankhondo ku Caucasus. Posakhalitsa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse idayamba. Panthawiyo, gawo la nyama linatayika pa nkhondo zoopsa.
Yang'anani! Zotsatira za kubwereza kwa Stalinist komwe anthu aku Karachai adachita, osati anthu okha, komanso akavalo adavutika. Mitunduyi idasiya kubereka dzina lake, idangoperekedwa kwa Kabardian.
Nzika za North Caucasus zidapitilabe kubereka akavalo, ngakhale panali zovuta. Mtunduwu udadziwika kale kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Kuswana kwa akavalo kunachepa chifukwa cha kugwa kwa Soviet Union, koma akavalo a Karachai adapulumutsidwa. Masiku ano mtundu uwu ndiwotchuka osati pakati pa nzika za Karachay-Cherkessia zokha, komanso kunja kwa dziko.
Zinthu Zapanja
Omwe akuyimira mtunduwo amasiyanitsidwa ndi lamulo lowuma komanso kukula kochepa mpaka 1.5 m. Ganizirani mawonekedwe awo akunja:
- mutu wopindika wokhala ndi mbiri yaying'ono yolumikizana komanso ma point auricles
- trapezoidal khosi lalitali kutalika, kukulitsidwa pansi,
- chifuwa chachikulu, chotulutsa 1.83 m,
- thupi lolimba
- mzere wowongoka,
- cholimba m'mimba
- miyendo yofupika,
- Mtundu wa chovalacho umapangidwa mumithunzi yakuda, ndizofala kwambiri - zakuda, zonyamula, bay.
Yang'anani! Mahatchi a Karachay ali ndi nyanga yosagwirizana yomwe singagonjetse kuwonongeka, yomwe imawalola kusintha patali pathanthwe. Malinga ndi wasayansi wa ku Soviet Witt, ziboda zamtunduwu ndizolimba kuposa chitsulo.
Zambiri zakale
Ofufuzawo amakhulupirira kuti mtundu woyamba wa mahatchi a Karachai unaonekera m'zaka za m'ma 1500. Zotheka kuti adayamba ndi mahatchi omvera a nomads, omwe magazi ake amasakanikirana ndi magazi a mahatchi aku Arabia pakapita nthawi, motero mtundu wa Karachai ndi nyama yamphamvu, yokalamba, yothandiza komanso yosasamala. Chowonjezera chachikulu pamikhalidwe yomwe ili pamwambapa ndi kubereka kwawo.
Ubwino wa mtundu watsopano wa Karachai anali akavalo odabwitsika, kupilira kwawo kosazolowereka, kulimba mtima kwabwino komanso kukana magwiridwe akunja akunja. Kukhazikika kwa mikhalidwe imeneyi kunakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zinthu zachilengedwe: msipu wa msipu wamapiri, womwe umadziwika ndi malo abwino kwambiri komanso kutentha mosinthasintha.
Pofika m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, Afalansa adanena kuti mtundu wa Karachay unangobadwira kumapiri, asayansi aku Russia adawatcha molimba mtima kuti Caucasus. Zizindikiro zapamwamba zidaperekedwa kwa akavalo a Karachai omwe akuchita nawo nkhondo ya ku Russia-Turkey. Kuswana kwa mahatchi kunayamba kuwonongeka pambuyo pa kusinthaku, nkhondo yapachiweniweni komanso kuphatikiza - munthawi izi zambiri mahatchi anafa.
Kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane za mtunduwu
Mitundu yamahatchi a Karachai imadziwika ndi kusagwira ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino, kugwirizanitsa mwachitsanzo, kulimbitsa thupi, kutsutsana kwabwino ndi matenda ndi matenda, kulimba, komanso kuuma. Oimira mtundu wamtunduwu wa mahatchi amatha kulekerera zovuta zakunja, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popyola mitunda yayitali, mosasamala nthawi yatsiku, amatha kuyenda pamiyala ndi kunjenjemera, saopa kuzizira kwambiri komanso kutentha kwambiri. Ziboda zawo ndi zamphamvu mosadabwitsa ndipo sizitopa ngakhale zitakhala kuti sizingalole nsapato zopangidwa ndi chitsulo.
Oimira mtundu wamtundu wa Karachay amakhala ndi gawo losalala komanso labwino kwambiri. Ambiri aiwo amayenda mumtundu wa git, kukumbukira zakale, pomwe amakwanitsa kuthamanga mpaka 12 km pa ola limodzi.
Chonde a Karachai Mares
Ma karachay mares ndi ochulukirapo, zomwe ndi mwayi wosakayikitsa wa mtundu uwu. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, kuchuluka kwa mahatchi otere kumachitika mu 86-92% ya milandu, ndipo mwa 83-89% ya anyani amabadwa mosatekeseka. Kutalika kwakutali kwa akavalo awa kumawalola kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito pobereka mpaka zaka 22-25 komanso zochulukirapo. Mwachitsanzo, mayi womvetsa chisoni adabereka mwana wake wamwamuna 21 ali ndi zaka 24.
Mitundu ya mtundu wa Karachay imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pozungulira pamodzi ndi opanga ma stallion opanga ma purebred. Ana amasiyana ndi manipulopu chifukwa cha ukalamba, kukula kwakukulu, kumveka bwino panjira, kwinaku akukhalabe wolimba thupi komanso kudziyerekezera ndi kudzikuza.
Kulima ndi kugwiritsa ntchito
Zoyambira za mtundu wa mahatchi a Karachai zimabwereranso m'zaka za XIV - XV. Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa mahatchi oterewa m'mbiri kumapezeka zaka za XVII ndi XVIII. Anawafotokozera m'mabuku awo olembedwa ndi Peter-Simon Pallas, wofufuza zokhudzana ndi geology ndi zoology. Mwachizolowezi, kukhalapo kwa mtunduwu kudalembedwa m'buku la S. M. Bronevsky pa anthu aku Caucasus (koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XIX).
Mu Ufumu wa Russia
Karachay adadzakhala mbali ya Ufumu wa Russia mu 1828.Ophunzira osiyanasiyana, olemba komanso oyendayenda nthawi zambiri amatchula m'maphunziro awo kuswana kwamahatchi omwe anthu a Karachai adachita, ndi zotsatira zabwino zomwe adapeza m'gululi. Maumboni otere amapezeka m'mabuku a Jean Charles de Bess, P.P. Zubov ndi ena.
Miyambo yakale yoweta mahatchi imawonekera muchilankhulo cha Karachai, momwe mumakhala mawu a pafupifupi ma suti okwera pamahatchi 40.
Katundu wa akavalo a Karachai anali ambiri. Adagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu m'magulu ankhondo a Cossack, omwe amapanga mafupa apamwamba kwambiri a akavalo ankhondo. Popeza kunali makamaka asitikali a Cossack ku Kuban, oweta mahatchi a Karachai anasinthana ndi kulima mtundu wapadera wa akavalo omenyera, makamaka a Cossacks - "pansi pa chisa cha Cossack". Mahatchiwa anali odziwika bwino chifukwa cha kutalika kwakukulu (pafupifupi 151 cm). Mahatchi nawonso anagulitsidwa kwa asitikali a dera la Terek. Momwe mahatchi a Karachai amadziwika, kufunikira kwa iwo kumawonjezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azikhala okwera mtengo. Chifukwa chake, mtengo wa stallions ukhoza kukhala ma ruble 150.
Mahatchi onyamula mapiri anali otchuka, omwe anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyenda, kunyamula katundu m'misewu yamapiri komanso m'malo ankhondo.
Chifukwa cha kuchepetsedwa kwa malo odyetserako ziweto, kuweta mahatchi pang'ono pang'ono pang'ono kunayamba kufa. M'malo mwake anasinthanitsa ndi kusaka mahatchi. Pakutha kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, gulu la Tinibek Baichorov, woweta mahatchi akulu kwambiri ku Karachai, adakhala pafupifupi mitu chikwi chimodzi. Akavalo ake anali opanda matupi, anali odzikweza ndipo anali otchuka pakati pa Cossacks chifukwa cha kulimba kwa ziboda zawo.
Mwa ena okhala ndi akavalo, ndikofunikira kutchula a Dzharashtievs, omwe akavalo ofiira adadziwika m'dziko lonselo chifukwa cha chisomo ndi ukulu wawo. Ambiri amafuna kutenga kavalo ngati mphatso.
Kuswana mahatchi inali bizinesi yayikulu ya Karachais mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, kubweretsa phindu lodabwitsa.
Ku Soviet Union
Zotsatira za Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ya kuweta pamahatchi a Karachai zinali zovutitsa. Panthawi ya nkhondo ku North Caucasus, akavalo ambiri anaphedwa. Pakati pa 1907 mpaka 1925-1926, kuchuluka kwa akavalo ku Karachai kunachepetsedwa katatu. Mtengo wapamwamba wa mtunduwo unakhala maziko wowusungira ndi kuwongolera. Mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, anthu a Karachai sanagwiritse ntchito akavalo awo ngati akavalo okonzekerera, kuwasamalira bwino komanso kuwateteza.
Chifukwa cha zomwe zidatengedwa kuti zikhale zoweta, ma famu aofesi, famu yochezera, komanso khola la boma zidakhazikitsidwa. Mahatchi a Karachayev adagulitsidwa kuma famu ogwirizana, komwe amagwira ntchito m'minda ndikugulitsa katundu, ndipo posakhalitsa adafalikira kudera lonselo.
Mu 1930, famu ya Karachaevsky Stud inayambanso kubzala, ndipo mu 1938 nazale yoyambira inayamba kugwira ntchito. Ntchito yake yayikulu inali kukonza mtundu.
Poyamba, mtundu wa mahatchi a Karachay sunali wokongola kwambiri: oimilira anali afupipafupi komanso otopa, koma anali ndi zabwino zina zambiri. Hatchi ya Karachai lero ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe ake akale.
Mahatchi a Karachaevsky adachita nawo ziwonetsero zomwe zikuwonetsa kuyendetsa bwino ntchito yolima nyama, komanso amatchedwa imodzi mwazomera zobereketsa kwambiri.
Pa Nkhondo Yaikulu Ya Patriotic, a Karachais adachitidwa chipongwe ndipo adathamangitsidwa ku Central Asia, zomwe zidakhudza kusinthika kwina kwa mtunduwu: adayamba kumuwona ngati mtundu wa Kabardian. Nthawi yomweyo, kuweta mahatchi amenewa kunapitilira. Zidagwiritsidwira ntchito mu mitundu, pazionetsero, pobereketsa zatsopano. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 zokha pomwe kavalo wa Karachai adabereka mwalamulo dzina lawo ndi kudziyimira pawokha.
Mu boma la Russia
Soviet Union itagwa, dzikolo linakumana ndi mavuto, ndipo kubereka mahatchi kunali chimodzimodzi ndi zomwe zinali zofala.Chifukwa chokha chifukwa cha zoyesayesa za okonda ndi oweta mahatchi okonda ntchito yawo, mtundu wa Karachai udasungidwa.
Stallion Karagez, chiwonetsero cha 2005
Masiku ano, oimira mtunduwu ndi amtengo wapatali ngati akavalo oyenera, omwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito maulendo ataliatali komanso kusaka. Mahatchi amenewa ndi otchuka pakati pa olondera pamalire. Mwa mitundu yonse yamahatchi, ndi omwe ali oyenera kwambiri kugwirira ntchito m'malire a mapiri.
Zoyipa
Mtunduwu umakhala ndi zovuta zochepa, ndipo ngakhale ndiye kuti sizowunikira malo okwera.
- Kutaya mwachangu kwa akavalo. Koma cholinga chachikulu cha Karachais ndikuwoloka mapiri, motero, kopanda tanthauzo ndi zomveka.
- Zodzikongoletsa. Izi ndizowonjezeranso - mahatchi a Karachai alibe zolakwika pakuwoneka, alibe kalikonse kodabwitsa, kopanda chisomo chapadera, palibe ulemu kwa mizere.
Mikhalidwe yachilengedwe ku Karachay-Cherkessia ndi vuto losiyana. Kudera lomwe mahatchi amakhala, nyengo yabwino, yopanda mpweya komanso madzi oyera, kuti, kamodzi mu mzindawu, chitukuko, akavalo awa amayamba kuvulala. Thupi lawo silingazolowere mpweya wodetsedwa - matenda oyamba kupuma amayamba.
Kunja kwa akavalo a Karachaevsky
Zambiri zakunja kwa mtundu wa Karachay:
- squat ndi thupi lopendekera,
- minofu yolimba,
- sing'anga wamkulu mutu, wowonjezera pang'ono
- mbiri - mawonekedwe achinyumba,
- makutu ndi ang'ono, owongoka,
- motalika - nthawi zambiri amabwera
- chachikulu ndi chifuwa cholimba
- Mitundu nthawi zambiri imakhala yakuda komanso yofiirira, koma pali ena - mtundu wa Karachai uli ndi mithunzi 40, ndipo iliyonse ili ndi dzina lake,
- kutalika kufota - 142 cm,
- wotchedwa bony fronto-nkhope lobe,
- khosi lalitali komanso lapakati
- khosi lolunjika limapita kumzere wowongoka wammbuyo,
- kumbuyo kumakhala kolimba, ndipo phokoso lalikulu limatsitsidwa pang'ono,
- miyendo yotalika pang'ono, ndikakonzedwa koyenera, nthawi zina pamakhala cholakwika pang'ono,
- mane ndi mchira ndizabwino.
M'masiku akale, pamene oweta mahatchi anali amitundu yosiyanasiyana, mabanja angapo adadziwika mu mtundu, omwe amatsimikizika ndi utoto:
- Kuban - ofiira
- Boycharovsky - bay
- bayramukovskie - imvi.
Mitunduyi imadziwika ku Caucasus kokha, komanso ku Europe. Amadulidwa makamaka kuma famu aku Czech ndi Germany.
Mizere yamafuko amtundu wina
Mizere yaimuna isanu ndi itatu imasiyanitsidwa mu mtunduwu, zisanu ndi imodzi mwa izo zomwe zimadulidwa ndi obereketsa mahatchi apadera. Kuyika kwa mzere wobadwira kunachitika kumapeto kwa zaka za 20s. zaka zana zapitazo. Chodziwika kwambiri ndi mzere wa Dausus. Uwu ndi wakuda wakuda, pomwe zotsatirazi ndi malingaliro ake zidaperekedwa kwa mbadwa:
- thupi lalikulu
- lamulo lalikulu
- chonde,
- ntchito.
Pamaziko a mzere wa Dausuz, nthambi yosiyana idatulukira, yoyambitsidwa ndi Karachai stallion Dar, ndipo pambuyo pake baton idatengedwa ndi Dubochok, pambuyo pake mahatchi adayamba kukhala ataliatali ndikukwera mawonekedwe. Mzere wina wotchuka unakhazikitsidwa ndi Karachai Borei - oimilira anali ochulukirapo. Mahatchi okhala pamzere wa Kobchik ndi owuma komanso ouma, amagwira ntchito bwino pansi pa chishalo.
Ma starion a Karachayev amawonetsa bwino machitidwe awo pamzere, kotero mbadwa za Orlik zimakhala ndi thupi lamphamvu komanso kupirira. Argamak wamtunduwu adatsogolera mzere wake zazikulu zahatchi - kukula kwakukulu ndi miyendo yayitali. Chimodzi mwazida zofunikira kwambiri za mtundu wa Karachai zidachokera kwa wojambula wotchedwa Louvre. Mzerewu - wawukulu, wogwira ntchito komanso wowonjezera, adatsiriza mzere wobadwira.
Mahatchi a Karachaev ndi zida zabwino kwambiri za kubereka. Amachulukana, ndipo ana awo amadziwika ndi kupulumuka kwabwino. Zina zamizere zandalama zili pagome 1.
- mangani zolimba
- chonde,
- kupirira.
Mtundu wofala kwambiri ndi wakuda.
- wamtali kuposa mahatchi amizere ina,
- luso lokwera
- zofewa.
Otsitsa amatengera mawonekedwe a mzerewo mosavuta.
- kusewera
- zomanga
- kuthekera kwakukwera.
- thupi lalikulu
- mangani zolimba
- kupirira.
- kukula kwakukulu,
- mikhalidwe yabwino
- khazikitsani miyendo.
Mtundu wodziwika bwino ndi Bay. Ali ndi mphoto zambiri zamasewera.
- kukula kwakukulu,
- mitundu yabwino kwambiri.
Mtundu wa bay ndi wofala kwambiri.
Kuchulukitsa kwa mizere yobereketsa mu chiweto chonse cha 1993 kuli patebulo 2.
Oimira mizere yosiyanasiyana amatenga nawo mbali pafupipafupi komanso okometsa pazowonetsa zosiyanasiyana. Ntchito yobereketsa ikupitilira - obereketsa mahatchi amayesetsa kupeza mahatchi ochitira masewera ndi ntchito zaulimi.
Anthu aku Karachay amayenda bwino kwambiri pamagulu. Amakhala ndi moyo wautali ndipo pafupifupi samadwala. Matendawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu pantchito yankhondo, pakusaka ndi kukacheza, paulimi ndi masewera.
Mitundu ya mtundu wa Intra
M'masiku akale, mahatchi a Karachai anali ochepa ,oponda, amayenda kwambiri komanso osasimbika. Popita nthawi - ataswana kwa nthawi yayitali, nthumwi zobereketsa zidakula ndikuwonjezereka, ndikusunga mawonekedwe onse ofunikira pamahatchi am'mapiri. Mu mtundu wa Karachay muli mitundu itatu ya mtundu wamkati, mawonekedwe awo akuwonetsedwa pagome 3.
Mtundu | Kutalika kufota | Kutalika kwa thupi | Metacarpal zone | Chotupa chakumaso |
Akavalo | 152 | 154 | 19 | 180 |
Zachikulu | 148 | 154 | 19 | 185 |
Khalidwe | 150 | 156 | 19,1 | 183 |
Zolemba zamtundu wa intra:
- Makhalidwe okhala ndi mahatchi. Ali ndi nyumba yosungiramo mahatchi. Malingaliro oterowo kuposa ena amagwirizana ndi mtundu wamba. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa chishalo ndi zingwe.
- Akavalo. Mwachizolowezi, anthu oterewa ali ndi 1/1% yokha yama magazi okwera pamahatchi oyera. Okwera pamahatchi a Karachay amasiyanitsidwa ndi kutalika komanso malamulo owuma. Amakhala ndi mtengo wapaulendo ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazokopa alendo, komanso pamipikisano yamasewera.
- Zachikulu. Amadziwika ndi gawo lalifupi. Anthu awa ali ndi thupi lonse, lotambalala komanso lonyika. Nthawi zambiri zimayendetsedwa mu gulu - paulendo. Ndi mahatchi apaketi abwino, ndipo abusa amakonda kuwagwiritsa ntchito. Wosazindikira kwambiri komanso kugonjetsedwa ndi nyengo iliyonse.
Masuti otchuka
Chovala chachikulu cha mtundu wa Karachai ndi chakuda. Mahatchi ofala kwambiri ndi mitundu yakuda ndi bay, omalizira amakhala ndi mitundu yambiri. Pocheperako nthawi zambiri pamakhala zonena za imvi, zofiira ndi za bulan. Palibe lingaliro loyera ku Karachais. Gawo la masuti otchuka pakati pa akavalo amtundu wa Karachay ali pagome 4.
Chokwanira | Khola | Mares | ||
angapo zolinga | % | angapo zolinga | % | |
Grey | — | — | 4 | 0,8 |
Redhead | — | — | 3 | 0,6 |
Khwangwala | 36 | 27,7 | 141 | 28,5 |
Karakova | 4 | 3,1 | 16 | 3,2 |
Bay-roan | 1 | 0,8 | 11 | 2,2 |
Bay bay | 35 | 26,9 | 94 | 19 |
Bay bay | 1 | 0,8 | 9 | 1,8 |
Bay | 53 | 40,8 | 217 | 43,9 |
Zonse: | 130 | 100 | 495 | 100 |
Katemera
Karachaevtsy amafunika msipu wa dzinja ndi chilimwe, womwe uyenera kukhala pafupi ndi midzi, m'malo otetezedwa ndi mphepo. Woyang'anira zinyama amayendera ndi kutemera nyama kawiri pachaka:
- Pambuyo pobwerera ku msipu wa chilimwe.
- Asanapite kukasambitsa msipu.
- kuchokera ku anthrax,
- Kuchokera ku dermatophytosis,
- motsutsana ndi chimfine
- motsutsana leptospirosis,
- kuchokera ku chiwewe
- kuchokera ku tetanus.
Kubereka mpaka m'zaka za zana la 20
Karachay adalowa mu ufumu wa Russia mu 1828. M'masiku amenewo, zoweta za Karachai zidali zochuluka. Akavalo anali okangalika ndi asitikali a Cossack - anali a Karachais omwe amapanga msana wa akavalo ankhondo.
Owetera kubalaza akavalo makamaka "pansi pa chishalo cha Cossack" - adapangira Kuban Cossacks. Mahatchi otere anali ndi kutalika kwa 151 cm - ichi chinali chinthu chawo chachikulu chosiyanitsa. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakukulu, akavalo a Karachai amatenga ma ruble 150. - kuchuluka kowerengera nthawi imeneyo.
Karachaevtsev adagwiritsanso ntchito ngati mahatchi onyamula mapiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi oyendayenda komanso asitikali kunyamula katundu m'misewu yamapiri.
Chifukwa cha kuchepetsedwa kwa malo odyetserako ziweto, kuswana mahatchi pang'onopang'ono kunatha.M'malo mwake, kuweta mahatchi amtundu wamtunduwo kunabwera - ng'ombezo zidagawika m'magulu ang'onoang'ono.
Kwa Karachais, kuweta mahatchi inali imodzi mwa ntchito zazikulu. Otsala am'deralo amagulitsa mahatchi kumadera osiyanasiyana, ndikuwapatsa ndi sera za Cossack. Chaka chilichonse, obereketsa Karachai amagulitsa akavalo pafupifupi 10,000.
Kuleredwa ku Soviet Union
Nkhondo yapachiweniweni itatha, kuweta mahatchi ku Karachai kunatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa. Mukumenyanako komwe mbali zotsutsana, mahatchi zikwizikwi anaphedwa. Kuyambira 1917 mpaka 1926 kuchuluka kwa akavalo m'derali kunatsika katatu.
Mitundu yamtengo wapatali inayenera kubwezeretsedwanso. Zomwe anthu akumaloko adachita. Kwa nthawi yayitali, a Karachais sanagwiritse ntchito maraya, ankakongoletsedwa ndikuyang'anira, kubwezeretsa ziweto. Pofuna kukulitsa kuweta mahatchi ku republic, mabizinesi angapo akuweta a Karachai adatsegulidwa pano - famu ya ma studio, famu yokhala ndi pedigree boma komanso khola la boma.
Pamene katundu akuchulukirachulukira, mahatchi adayamba kugulitsidwa kumafamu ophatikizira - apa adagwiritsidwa ntchito kumunda komanso kunyamula katundu. Ndipo posakhalitsa mtunduwu udagawidwa ku Soviet Union yonse.
Kuyambira 1930, pafamu ya Karachaevsky Stud, adayamba kubwezeretsa ndi kukonza mtunduwo. Maonekedwe oyamba a mtunduwo anali ndi zokongoletsa zina - mahatchi anali otsika komanso osadukiza. Chifukwa cha kusankha, Karachais amakono amawoneka bwino kwambiri kuposa makolo awo akale.
Bungwe la Karachayevsky GPR
GPR - nazale ya boma, idakonzedwa molingana ndi lamulo la 9/01/1937. Mitundu yomwe ikuphatikizidwa mu kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi chilengedwe cha Karachayevsky ikuwonetsedwa patsamba 5.
Kuswana | Khola | Mares | ||
mwamtheradi | % | mwamtheradi | % | |
Karachaevskaya | 132 | 66,4 | 2742 | 79,2 |
Adakweza Karachay | 28 | 14,1 | 367 | 10,6 |
Kabardian ndikuwongolera Kabardian | 17 | 8,5 | 69 | 1,9 |
Anglo-and Anglo-Arab-Karachai | 10 | 5 | 125 | 3,6 |
Zina | 12 | 6 | 161 | 4,7 |
Zonse: | 199 | 100 | 3464 | 100 |
GPR idayesetsa kukonza mawonekedwe a mwala m'njira ziwiri:
- Anawongolera mtunduwo mwa kusankha ma mages ndi ma boti okhala ndi mawonekedwe oyenera.
- Kuthamangitsa magazi amahatchi achingerezi mu mtundu. Pachifukwa ichi, ziwonetsero zamafuta osakanizidwa ndi theka.
Pakuyamba kwa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, panali mitu pafupifupi 20,000 kuma famu a mahatchi amderali. Monga kuswana, magawo okulira a akavalo anasintha. Chitsanzo cha kukonza kwa miyeso ya akavalo a Karachai kuyambira 1930 mpaka 1963 akuwonetsedwa pagome 6.
Zaka | Khola | Mares | ||||
kutalika kufota | kuzungulira kwazitsulo | chifuwa | kutalika kufota | kuzungulira kwazitsulo | chifuwa | |
1930 | 149 | 18,7 | 171,2 | 140,5 | 17,6 | 168,8 |
1946 | 157,6 | 20,2 | 188 | 152,4 | 18,4 | 183,4 |
1953 | 158,2 | 20,4 | 188,4 | 154 | 18,8 | 186 |
1963 | 158,5 | 20,3 | 185,4 | 153,3 | 19,3 | 185,6 |
Karachay GPR mu 30s. inakhala m'gulu la kutsogolo ku malo opangira ziweto ku USSR. Ziweto zomwe zinali m'dera la Karachay, lomwe ndi laling'ono nthawi zambiri kuposa Georgia, zinali zochulukirapo. Mahatchi a Karachai adasamutsidwira ku Georgia pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Kuchepa kunayamba mu 1943 - panthawi yopondera anthu a Karachai.
Kuchotseredwa kwa mtundu wa kubwezeretsa ndi kubwezeretsa mtundu
Nthawi ya WWII, mtunduwu udavutikanso kwambiri. Mu 1943, kuponderezana ndi anthu a Karachai adayamba - adaimbidwa mlandu wothandizira amtokalase. Mahatchi a Karachayevsky adathamangitsidwa ku Asia - izi zidasokoneza mtunduwo. Adayamba kusokoneza iye ndi Kabardian. Koma sanasiye kubzala. Mahatchi anapitilizabe kuchita masewera, pazionetsero komanso kuswana. Mtundu udapezekanso zovomerezeka mu 80s zokha. zaka zana zapitazo.
Anthu a Karachai akaponderezedwa, mtundu wa Karachai nawonso udazunzidwa. Iwo "adayiwala", ndikuti Kabardian. Okuva mu 1943 kyawandiikiddwa mu kitabo kyonna nga Kabardian.
Pambuyo pa chaka cha 90, pamene "pagawo lachifumu" lidayamba, anthu okhala m'mizindawu sanathenso kugawana - abambo ndi zoweta za mafamu oyandikana nawo adabereka bwino ndikubala. Palibe kusiyana kowoneka pakati pa mtundu wa Kabardian ndi Karachay. Kusiyanako kumangokhala papepala - pamndandanda "mtundu".
Komabe, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80.lingaliro la mtundu wa Karachai ndi Kabardian lidasiyidwa, ndipo mitundu yonseyi idayamba kukhalanso limodzi. Mitundu ya Karachaevsky idalowa mu voliyumu yachisanu ya bukhu loyang'anira mabungwe - mabatani okwana 130 ndi maresi 495 abweretsedwa kuno.
Kuti tisiye kutsutsana pamutuwu - omwe mtundu wawo ndi "wokhazikika bwino" - Karachai kapena Kabardian, akatswiri ena amalangiza kuti akavalo aku Caucasus abweretse dzina lawo loyambirira - "Adygea".
Masiku ano
Pakadali pano, mtundu wa Karachai wayamikiridwa ndi akatswiri ndi akatswiri azokwera pamahatchi. Mahatchiwa ndi abwino maulendo ataliatali, oyenda maulendo atali kapena osaka. Mtundu uwu ndiwofunikira kwambiri kuposa ena chifukwa chotumikira m'malire m'mapiri.
Kuyambira 2008, mtunduwu uli ndi akavalo pafupifupi 20,000. Zikwi zitatu - osankhika a mtunduwu, anthu omwe ali ndi chitsimikiziro chotsimikizika. Adasankha kuti azilamulira mokwanira pogwiritsira ntchito zizindikiro zapadera zakuzindikira chibadwa.
Mu 2009, Regulation pa bukhu la boma la mahatchi a Karachayev adavomerezedwa, ndipo onse adapambana regalia ndi mphotho adabwezeretsedwa ku mtunduwu.
Mu 2014, Russian Association of Horse Breeders and Okonda a mtundu wa Karachaevsky anawonekera, omwe onse omwe ali ndi mahatchi odabwitsa awa amatha kulumikizana nawo mosavuta. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa cha ntchito yamgwirizanowu, mtunduwu udayimiriridwa pazowonetsa zambiri ku Moscow, St. Petersburg, ndi Europe.
Pa chonde cha kubereka
Sichifukwa pachabe kuti ma ma Karachayevsky ma mavenda amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu kuswana - ali ochulukirapo. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, chonde chawo ndi pafupifupi 89%, ndipo kuchuluka kwa nyama pakati pa nyama zazing'ono ndi 86%. Mahatchi amtunduwu, osiyana mochedwa kutha, amawonedwa ngati obera. Zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pobereka mpaka zaka 25 kapena kupitirira. 92% ya azimayi nthawi zonse amabala ana.
Kuthamangira kukayenda kwa mares kumayamba kumapeto kwa Epulo ndipo kumatha mpaka Seputembara. Ndiye imodzi yokhazikika yokhayo yomwe imakhala ndi chiberekero - kukhazikitsa dongosolo. Khola limodzi wamkazi wamkulu limayang'anira gulu la mfumukazi 30; maresi a 10-15 amakhulupirira munthu wazaka zitatu.
Nthawi zambiri, nkhandweyo imabadwa popanda kuthandizidwa ndi anthu. Makanda obadwa kumene amakhalabe ndi chiberekero chawo kufikira atalowa msipu.
Munthu m'modzi wamkulu amatha kuphatikiza ma 30 30 pachaka. Kwa mating, ma maaka omwe afika zaka zitatu ndioyenera.
Makhalidwe
Maonekedwe, mahatchi a Karachai akuwoneka kuti ndi oopsa - mtundu wakuda, mawonekedwe a mutu wamiyendo, wopingasa. M'malo mwake, ali ndi mawonekedwe omwe ali okwanira mbadwa zakunyumba, zomwe zimapangidwa momwe munthu angakhalire popanda thandizo laumunthu. Iwonso amafuna chakudya, ndipo amasankha okha.
Komabe, m'mapiri mahatchi amasangalala kugwirira ntchito ndi munthu. Zowona, samamvetsetsa nthawi zonse chifukwa chake akuthamangitsa ng'ombe kapena akungoyenda pabowo. Koma chifukwa chake muyenera kuyenda m'misewu yamapiri ndi wokwerapo, hatchiyo imamvetsetsa - kupita kubusa kapena kumudzi wamapiri.
Makhalidwe oterowo amalola anthu ambiri kuganiza kuti akavalo a Karachai ndiuma. Ndipo nzoona. Sangafananenso ndikumvera mitundu yophunzitsidwa bwino yomwe imamvera munthu mosagwirizana.
Mahatchi a Karachay si oyipa, ndi anzeru ndipo amalumikizana ndi munthu. Connoisseurs amtunduwu akuti akavalo a Karachai amakonda, kusankha munthu m'modzi, kuti amvere. Koma sangakhale mnzake nthawi yomweyo - mahatchi achilengedwe ndi okayikira kwambiri, akuyenera kutsimikizira ufulu wawo pazofunikira zilizonse.
Zosangalatsa za moyo wamasewera
Oimira mtundu wa Anglo-Karachai adapambana nthawi zambiri pazochitika, zopinga, komanso pamipikisano yamayilo-chezu. Mtunduwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito pautali wamtunda wautali, koma pamtunda wamakilomita 100 kapena kupitilira apo, purebred Karachais (kupatula mtanda ndi kavalo, amakhala owala kwambiri) sangathe kupikisana ndi akavalo aku Arabia.
Malinga ndi malamulo a mpikisano, omwe akuchita nawo mpikisano sayenera kuthana mtunda wokha, komanso kuyambiranso kuthamanga mukathamanga. Gawo lililonse la liwiro limatha ndikuwunika nyama. Mitundu ya ku Caucasus singathe kupirira zomwe katundu wa mahatchi amatha. A Karachais atenga nthawi yayitali kwambiri, kotero sangathe kumenya oyimbawo. Komanso, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwambiri, akavalo a Karachai amatha kulemala.
Karachay, wokhala ndi kakulidwe kakang'ono komanso kuthamanga, amataya chiwonetsero. Ndipo chifukwa chachilendo pakupanga kwawo, sangathe kupikisana pamipikisano. Koma mahatchi a Karachai ndi abwino pamlingo wachisangalalo. Kuphatikiza apo, ndizotsika mtengo.
Zolemba zofunikira za akatswiri
Ofufuzawo, asayansi komanso omwe amangoyendayenda ku Caucasus, mosakayikira adalemba zomwe analemba pamahatchi am'deralo. Magawo ndi kuthekera kwa akavalo ku Karachai sakanakhoza koma kusilira.
Mu 1973, katswiri wodziwika za malo okhala ndi zoteteza zinyama P.S. Pallas, yemwe amafotokoza mahatchi a Karachay. Anazindikira makamaka kupirira kwawo ndi mphamvu zawo, ndikuwatcha iwo "otentha". Wofufuzayo adawona kuti akavalo am'deralo ali ndi luso "labwino" kwambiri.
Mu 20s. Zaka za zana la 19, wolemba S.M. Bronevsky adalongosola za North Caucasus, momwe adanenanso mahatchi apadera. Wolemba uja adafotokoza kuti anthu okhala kumtunda ali ndi mitundu yayikulu yolimba kwambiri ya mahatchi. Anali Bronevsky amene adayamba kutcha akavalo awa "Karachai."
Mu 1829, wochita kafukufuku wa ku Hungary J.S. de Bess adalongosola mahatchi amtchire, amawatcha "okongola." Anaona kuti nyamazo sizilingafanane poyenda kumapiri. Bess adanenanso za kupezeka kwapadera kwa mtundu uwu wa okwera pamahatchi.
Mitundu yokwera
Mahatchi, omwe tsopano amatchedwa Karachays, adawonekera ku North Caucasus m'zaka za 14-15. Ku Caucasus amati "kavalo ndi mapiko a munthu." Apa, mahatchi nthawi zonse anali kuchitiridwa chisangalalo chapadera ndi ulemu. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti mtundu womwe anthu opanga mapiriwo amakulitsa nawo amadziwika ndi mphamvu komanso chisomo chosaneneka. Iliyonse yamakhalidwe ake imakhala ndi zaka zambiri zakusankhidwa kwachilengedwe. Moyo wokhala m'malo ovuta unayamba kukhala woweta wabwino koposa, yemwe anakwanitsa kupanga mtundu wina wosinthika wamapiri.
Mosiyana ndi magalimoto, kavalo sanali galimoto wamba. Kwa okwera, kavalo ndi mnzake ndi wothandizira, wokhoza kuthandiza pakavuta kwambiri. Wokwera aliyense wachichepere amatenga mtundu wa "njira" yokwera pamahatchi. Masiku ano, mwambo wopanga mpikisano wokwera pamahatchi wasungidwa; okwera pamahatchi akuda ndiwokongola kwambiri.
Ma rekodi ndi okwera
Kuthamanga kwambiri komwe mahatchi a Karachai amatha kuthamangitsa ndi 50 km / h. Ku Caucasus mu 1936, mpikisano wa nyengo yachisanu unakonzedwa. Kutali - 300 km. Njira idadutsa m'mphepete mwa mapiri. Panjira zinali zovuta kwambiri - mahatchi amayenera kukwera, kutsika, kugonjetsa madutsa komanso matanthwe otota. Mahatchi a Karachaevsky adapambana mpikisano mwachidwi. Kumenya onse ochita nawo mpikisano, anali oyamba kubwera kumapeto, osatopa kwambiri.
Mitundu ya Karachai ilinso ndi mbiri yobereka. Mare Sad, mkati mwa zaka 24 za moyo wake adatha kubereka ana 21.
Mbiri yakufulumira ya mtundu wa Karachai idakhazikitsidwa mu 1974. Kenako chiwongolerocho chidatha kudutsa 3 km mumphindi 3 masekondi 44.
Mu 1996, akavalo a Karachai anakhazikitsa "mbiri" ina mwa kutenga nawo gawo pokwera phiri la Elbrus. Madera a Khurzuk, Daur ndi Ginger adatenga nawo gawo pokwera. Atatenga mahatchiwo, okwera anali otsimikizira kuti kuthekera kwa mtundu wa Karachai sikukutha. Akavalo anakwera nsonga ya kum'mawa kwa Elbrus, kuthana ndi malo otsetsereka ndi chipale chofewa. Nthawi yomweyo, nyamazo zinali zonyamula - kunyamula anthu ndi katundu.
Elbrus ndiwokwera kwambiri ku Europe. Kutalika kwake pamwamba pamlingo wa nyanja ndi 5642 m.
Mu 1999Mbiri yakukwera idapitilizidwa - mahatchi anakwera nsonga ya kumadzulo kwa Elbrus. Kapangidwe kake kanali kofanana, Khurzuk yekha ndi amene sanatenge nawo gawo - adasinthidwa ndi stilion Igilik.
Mahatchi a Karachaev ndi abwenzi enieni am'mapiri. Chifukwa cha luso lawo lapadera, munthu amatha kumva m'mapiri momasuka komanso otetezeka momwe angathere. Mitundu yolimba kwambiriyi ndi malo enieni osakira mahatchi ku Russia.
Chithunzi ndi kufotokoza kwa kavalo wa Karachay
Monga mukuwonera pachithunzichi, akavalo a Karachai ndi mawonekedwe a mwala wapamwamba, womwe umawonetsedwa osati machitidwe akuwoneka, komanso mawonekedwe a kavalo. Kutalika kwa kufota kumafika pafupifupi 1.5 mamilimita .. Zinyama zimakhala ndi thupi lonse "lakuya". Popeza Poyamba a Karachais sanafune kavalo wankhondo ngati kavalo wogwira ntchito, adakhala wamkulu komanso wolowera kwambiri kuposa miyala ina yomwe idachokera kumapiri.
Mitundu ya Karachai imakhala ndi mutu "wouma" wokhala ndi mbiri yokhala ndi makutu owonda. Khosi limakhala lalitali, lalitali. Kubwerera kumbuyo kumapita pakati pakutalika kumbuyo kenako ndikungokhala kokhotakhota koma kotalika.
Zowonongekera zimatambalala kwambiri komanso pang'ono pobowoleza, popanda zina zolakwika zazikulu. Miyendo yakumbuyo imakhala ndi makonzedwe oyenera ndipo nthawi zambiri imasuntha, ngati miyala yambiri. Maonekedwe a ziboda zake ndi zolondola, ndipo minyewa yaminyanga yake imakhala yolimba. Mng'oma ndi mchira wake zimakhala zazitali komanso zazingwe, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala. Pachifukwachi, mahatchi othamanga a mtundu wa Karachay pa vidiyo amawoneka odabwitsa.
Mitundu imadziwika makamaka ndi mitundu yakuda: yakuda ndi karaka zimapambana kuposa ena, mahatchi amtundu wakuda ndi mitundu ya bay ndizochepa pang'ono. Koma mawanga oyera ndi rarity.
Ponena za mawonekedwe, akavalo a Karachai amadziwika kuti ndi omvera, olimba mtima komanso odzipereka kwambiri kwa eni ake.
Pazaka zapitazi, mtunduwu wasintha kwambiri. Mwa zoyeserera za obereketsa, yakula kwambiri, komabe, ikusungabe mawonekedwe ake abwino. Nthawi yomweyo, mitundu itatu yobisika idawonekera.
Odziwika kwambiri masiku ano ndi mahatchi amtundu wina. Izi ndi nyama zoyendera mahatchi zaponseponse, zoyenera bwino kukongoletsa paracon komanso kukwera pansi pa chishalo.
Mahatchi othamanga amtundu wamtundu wamtali amtali komanso owuma, popeza pali magazi ambiri a azungu omwe akukwera m'mabala awo. Amachita bwino kwambiri pamahatchi okwera pamahatchi ndipo motero amafunidwa kwambiri pamasewera azoyenda komanso zokopa alendo.
Mtundu wobiriwira wachitatu ndi wokulirapo. Mulinso nyama zazifupi komanso zazitali zomwe ndizoyenera kukokedwa. Ndi mahatchi amenewa omwe amakhala oyenera kwambiri kukhala m'mapiri.
Malo ogwiritsira ntchito
Mahatchi a Karachaevsky akadali ofunika paulimi. Kunyumba, ndizofunikira kwambiri. Nyama zimanyamula katundu m'mathumba ndi ponyamula katundu, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zingwe za parokoni. Okwera othamanga, omwe aphunzitsidwa mwapadera, amatenga nawo mbali pamasewera, chifukwa amakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri.
Mahatchi osagonjera komanso omvera amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazokopa alendo komanso amachita mabwalo a masekondi. Amatenga nawo ziwonetsero zosiyanasiyana ndikuwonetsa zotsatira zabwino mu liwiro lalitali mtunda wamapiri, chifukwa izi ndi zomwe kwawo.
Akavalo amtundu wa Karachai adadutsa pamayeso ambiri, koma adatha kusunga chiyero cha magazi ndi mikhalidwe yawo. Anthu okhala ku North Caucasus amayamikira kwambiri othandizira awo okhulupilika ndipo amawanyadira. Chidwi ndi mtunduwo chimasonyezedwanso kunja kwa republic. Nthawi zambiri mahatchi amphamvu ndi olimbawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza mizere ina yoyenda.