Dzina lachi Latin: | Aquila clanga |
Gulu: | Falconiformes |
Banja: | Hawk |
Maonekedwe ndi machitidwe. Chiwombankhanga chaching'ono, chofanana kwambiri ndi steppe, koma chocheperako kuposa icho. Kutalika kwa thupi 60-74 masentimita, mapiko a 153-182 cm, kulemera kwa makilogalamu 1.53.2. Yaikazi ndi yayikulu poyerekeza yaimuna; Nyama zokhala ndi miyendo yayitali kwambiri, "thalauza" m'miyendo zimapangidwa bwino. Mapeto a mapiko opindidwa a mbalame yokhalamo nthawi zambiri imafika m'mphepete mwa mchira kapena kutuluka pang'ono. Gawo la pakamwa ndilotakata, monga mu chiwombankhanga chopondera, ngodya zachikasu zamakona amkamwa zimapita patali kwambiri.
Kufotokozera. Mphuno ndizazungulira, monga chiwombankhanga chaching'ono, chosiyana ndi mphuno za mphungu zina. Utawaleza wakuda, mosiyana ndi chiwombankhanga chowoneka. Povala zovala zachikulire, kumakhala kwakuda pang'ono kuposa chiwombankhanga chokhacho, koma chopendekera ndi malo oyambira nthenga zoyambirira. Bokosi lamkati ndilopanda pake kapena lachikasu, lopepuka kuposa mimba. Mbalame yaing'onoyo ilinso yotuwa, koma yokhala ndi mizere ya timiyala tambiri tofiirira kumbuyo ndi mapiko, yokhala ndi mawonekedwe oyera pamunsi pa suphicle ndi malo owala m'munsi mwa nthenga pamapiko omwe ali pansipa. Pansi ndi khosi yokhala ndi mawu osafunikira. Zimasiyana ndi chiwombankhanga chaching'ono chowoneka bwino ndi kakulidwe kakang'ono ka mivi yoyala yoyera, komanso kusapezeka kwa malo ofiira kumbuyo kwa mutu. Mu chiwombankhanga chachikulu chowuluka, poyerekeza ndi chiwombankhanga chopepuka ndi chiwombankhanga chaching'ono, mapiko akuwoneka otalika ndipo adzafupikika, ali ndi mbali yozungulira yozungulira, ndipo mchirawo ndi waufupi komanso wozungulira. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa kuphimba ndi nthenga zouluka pansi pa mapiko sikuti kumatchulidwa konse, kapena kuphimba kumakhala kwakuda kuposa nthenga zouluka. Mu chiwombankhanga chocheperako ndi chiwombankhanga chopondera, mmalo mwake, zophimba za mapiko ndizopepuka kuposa nthenga za mapiko.
Amasiyana ndi buzzard pakuuluka osati ndi mapiko ake otukulidwa pamwamba pa thupi (ndipo nthawi zambiri imatsitsidwa pang'ono) ndikuwonjezeranso "makina" ofotokozedwa bwino, komanso mchira wofupikika, wamtambo wakuda. Mu mbalame yaying'ono youluka, mizera yazidutswa pamwamba pa mapiko imalumikizana ndi mikwendo yoyera, m'mphepete mwa mapiko ndi m'mphepete mwa mchirayo pali chingwe chopepuka. Mbalame yaing'onoting'ono ya mawonekedwe osowa "fulvescens" ndiyofanana ndi chiwombankhanga chaching'ono, koma chowala kwambiri komanso chosiyanitsa - udzu-wovuta ndi chiwongolero chamdima, mapiko akuuluka ndi mapiko akuluakulu. Mu madiresi azaka zapakatikati, mitsinje yowala imachedwa pang'ono, kwa nthawi yayitali malo owala okha ndi omwe amakhalabe pakatikati kumbuyo. M'malo okhala ndi chiwombankhanga chokulirapo ndi chocheperako, mbalame za maonekedwe apakati nthawi zina zimapezeka.
Voterani. Sonorous kufuula "mwachangu, mwachangu. "Ndipo"kyuk, kyuk. ", Mluzu wapamwamba, ndili ndi nkhawa"ki-wik-ki-wik, ki-ki-ki. "(Chifukwa chake dzina lachiwiri - chiwombankhanga chofuula).
Mkhalidwe Wogawa. Pafupifupi kufalikira ku Russia, malo osungirako ziweto amatenga gawo la nkhalango ku Eurasia kuchokera ku Poland kupita ku Amur ndi Primorye komanso kuchokera kumpoto kwa taiga kupita ku nkhalango-steppe. Nyengo nyengo zam'madera otentha za Asia, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa. Mtundu wachilendo, wotetezedwa, wofalikira ponseponse. Chiwerengerochi chatsika kwambiri pazaka 50 zapitazi chifukwa cha kukokoloka kwa nthaka, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, komanso nkhawa. Chiwerengero cha anthu aku Europe awiri opitilira 1,000 adalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia.
Moyo. M'nkhalangoyi muli nkhalango zamadzi osefukira, nyanja, mitengo yayikulu. Samakhala chakudya chofunikira kwambiri - amagwira makoswe ang'ono (makamaka ma bulu am'madzi), achule, mbalame, abuluzi, njoka, nthawi zina amathira nsomba m'madzi osaya, ndikudya nyama. Kutsika pansi, nthawi zambiri kuposa chiwombankhanga china, nthawi zambiri kumasaka ndende kapena pamapazi. Imafika kumapeto kwa Marichi kapena Epulo. Monga chiwombankhanga china, chimadziwika ndi mafunde amlengalenga.
Imakhala chisa pamitengo, yomwe imakhala yayikulu kukula kukula kwa mbalameyo, nthawi zambiri chisa chamunthu chokhala ndi mawonekedwe atsopano obiriwira bwino imabisala korona, pafupi nayo mbalame zimachita zobisika. Mu clutch nthawi zambiri mumakhala mazira oyera awiri okhala ndi mawanga ofiira komanso amtundu wakuda, omwe akazi amakhala ndi masiku 42-44. Chovala choyambirira cha anapiye ndi bulauni, chachiwiri ndi choyera. Chingwe chimachoka chisa ndili ndi milungu isanu ndi umodzi. Ntchentche za nyengo yozizira mu Seputembala kapena Okutobala.
Kodi amakhala kuti?
Chiwombankhanga chachikulu chowoneka chimapezeka m'nkhalango komanso nkhalango zowirira. Ku Russia, imakhala m'chigawo cha ku Europe, m'chigwa cha Volga, ku Urals, zigwa za Ob ndi Yenisei, Prebaikalia, Transbaikalia, m'chigwa cha Amur ndi Primorye. Kunja kwa Russian Federation, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kumafikira kumadzulo ku Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia ndi Finland, komanso kummawa mpaka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China.
Kuti zisamange chisa, chiwombankhanga chachikulucho chimasankha nkhalango zazitali zomwe zili m'mapiri a mitsinje kapena m'malo onyowa. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti kufupi ndi malo omwe pali zisalemo pali malo okuta mitsinje, madambo, malo owuma, madambo kapena malo owuma. Apa ndipamene chiwombankhanga chowala chitha kupeza chakudya chochuluka. Popeza chimakonda kukhala ndi mabulangete okongola, chimatha kupezekanso m'mapiri pamalo okwera mpaka mamita 1000 pamwamba pa nyanja.
Zizindikiro zakunja
Chiwombankhanga chachikulu chowoneka chimayimira mtundu wina. Uwu ndi chiwombankhanga chapakatikati, chomwe sichikhala chotsika mphamvu ndi kupsinjika kwa abale ake ena. Amayang'anitsitsa nyama, thupi lamphamvu, nsapato zakuthwa komanso zotuluka. Kutalika kwake, mbalamezi zimatha kufika masentimita 75, ndipo zolemera zake zimachokera ku 1.6 mpaka 3.2 kg. Kuwala kwamatsenga kumawonetsedwa pokhapokha kuti akazi nthawi zambiri amakula komanso amakula kuposa amuna. Zambiri zofiirira za mbalame zazing'ono zakumtunda zakumaso zimakutidwa ndi mawanga ngati kuwala. Atafika paunyamata, chiwombankhanga chachikulu chimavala zovala zofiirira zokhazokha, kumbuyo kwenikweni kwa khosi ndi msipu wake ndi kopepuka. Nthawi zina pamakhala mbalame osati zofiirira, koma zamtundu wowoneka bwino. Phula ndi utoto wachikaso, koma mulomo ndi miyendo yake ndi yakuda, yokutira ndi zala zakumiyendo.
Habitat ndi Kufotokozera
- Mbalame za mbanja zomwe zikukambitsidwazo ndi zazing'ono. Komabe, asayansi ena amawaika ngati anthu otchuka chifukwa cha kukula kwawo kwakukulu. Apanso, zonse zimatengera yemwe angafanane ndi. Chifukwa chake, chiwombankhanga chowona chimakula mpaka 75 cm, kutalika kwa thupi la munthu kumasintha mosiyanasiyana makilogalamu 1.53.
- Mitundu ya kugonana imawoneka bwino, akazi ndi akulu kuposa amuna kapena akazi. Pali chiwombankhanga chaching'ono chowoneka, m'bale wake wamkulu ndi wamkulu, monga dzinalo likunenera. Koma mukakumana ndi mbalame kumunda, mutha kuzisokoneza. Diso lokha ndi lomwe lingazindikire gululo.
- Ndi mtundu wa nthenga, anthu amakhala achikuda. Ndi zofiirira, zakuda. Komabe, dera lomwe lili pansi mchira, gawo la occipital, sternum ndiyopepuka. Nthenga zakuda kapena zofiirira zimawoneka. Ndizosowa kwambiri kupeza mbalame zomwe, kuzungulira mthunzi wa bulauni, ndizachikaso kapena zowonda.
- Mu nyama zazing'ono, maula ndi opepuka, pali mawanga mu mawonekedwe a madontho kumtunda kwa thupi. Mutha kupezanso anthu omwe mthunzi wawo ndi mchenga wachikasu kapena ocher. Malamba ndi mulomo ndi wakuda bii, dera la mphuno ndi mapapo ake ndi achikasu. Nthenga zimafalikira m'miyendo mpaka manja.
- Pankhani yogawa, mbalamezi zimatha kupezeka m'malo ozizira ku Europe, akhale Poland kapena Finland. Amakhalanso ku Mongolia, Hungary, Pakistan, China. Mukukula kwathu, chiwombankhanga chowona chidawonedwa m'chigawo cha Kaliningrad mpaka Primorye.
- Kukazizira nyengo yachisanu, mbalame zimasonkhana ndikunyamula kupita ku Indochina, India, Iran. Popeza munthu aliyense ndi wadyera, amapezeka m'malo otetezeka, m'malo otsetsereka, pafupi ndi mitsinje, malo osungira ndi nyanja. Ndili m'dera lino komwe chiwombankhanga chowoneka chimayang'ana ndikuyendetsa nyama yake.
Moyo
- Oimira banja limodzi, kuti akwaniritse kukhwima, amadikirira zaka 4. Anthu ena okhwima kale, kenako azaka 3 akhoza kubereka.
- Pangani nyumba yodzaberekera ana mtsogolo. Kenako amafika chaka chilichonse chifukwa cha mazira ndi kuwaswa. Popeza kuswana kwathamanga kwambiri, posachedwa makolo amabwerera ndi anapiye awo kumalo otentha.
- Ndi mawonekedwe awo achilengedwe, mbalame zimatha kudziwika kuti ndi zamatsenga. Ndiye kuti, mayiyo akaikira mazira ake, amasaka nthawi yayitali, ndiye kuti kulimbana pakati pa anapiye kumayamba. Mkuluyo amangodya zocheperako.
- Ngati kumanga kukuchitika mu Meyi, ndiye kuti mu nthawi ya kugwa banja la mbalame ndi kukonzanso kwawo lingapite ku chisanu. Monga kotentha kotentha, Africa, Europe, Asia amasankhidwa.
Zosangalatsa
- Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti anthu omwe amafunsidwa ali ndi malo okhala ambiri. Ngati mukuyang'ana kumbali ina, chidwi chosangalatsa chikutsalira kuti mbalame zomwe zimayimilidwa sizikhala ndi mitundu.
- Kafukufuku wambiri watsimikizira kuti anthu amitundu iwiri yogwirizana kwambiri amatha kubereka (mphukira zazing'ono ndi zazikulu). Zotsatira zake ndizothandiza poyerekeza.
- Tsoka ilo, mitunduyi ikuchepa padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa chake, mbalame zalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira. Anthu oterewa amatha mofulumira m'malo awo okhala. Anthu Aku Far East ndi Europe atetezedwa mdera la Russian Federation.
Chiwombankhanga ndi anthu apadera amtundu wawo. Tsoka ilo, alibe ma subspecies. Chiwerengero chawo chikucheperachepera chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Mphungu zimalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira. Chiwerengero cha mbalame ndi chochepa kwambiri, ngakhale malo ake okhala ambiri.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
Kutengera kusanthula kwamtondo wopezeka wa chiwombankhanga chachikulu ku Estonia mu 1997-2001, ofufuzawo adapeza mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yamtunduwu kuposa zitsanzo zazikulu za chiwombankhanga.
Adanenanso kuti koloneli wakumpoto kwa Europe adachitikapo kale pamtunduwu kuposa mphungu, yomwe imakhala kum'mawa kwa chiwombankhanga chachikulucho. Amaganiziranso za momwe angakonde kuti azisakapo tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ngati mitengo yolumikizira mitengo, yomwe imapitilira kumpoto, osati mitengo yowuma, monga zimakhalira ndi chiwombankhanga chaching'ono.
Kanema: Podorlik
Kutalika kwambiri kwa chiwombankhanga chautali kwambiri kuyambira zaka 20 mpaka 25. Ziwopsezo zimaphatikizapo malo okhala kwanuko, nyama zambiri zodyedwa, poyizoni mwadala komanso kusaka. Chiwerengero chapakati chaimfa chaka ndi 35% pachaka kwa achinyamata, 20% kwa mbalame zosapsa ndi 5% kwa akuluakulu. Chifukwa cha ziwopsezozi, nthawi yayitali yomwe amakhala ndi moyo nthawi zambiri amakhala zaka zapakati pa 8 ndi 10.
Mphungu ndizomwe zimayang'anira zachilengedwe mwachilengedwe. Amathandizira kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa zolengedwa zazing'ono zazikazi ndi zina zazing'ono zapakhomo. Mphungu zimatha kukhala zopindulitsa kwa alimi chifukwa zimadya kalulu ndi makoswe ena, mbalame zazing'ono, tizilombo touluka komanso zowopsa zomwe zimawopseza mbewu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Kodi chiwombankhanga chawoneka bwanji?
Pali mitundu yotere ya chiwombankhanga:
- Chiwombankhanga chachikulu
- Chiwombankhanga chochepera.
Mphungu zazikuru komanso zazing'ono zimawoneka chimodzimodzi. Mapiko awo ndi masentimita 130-180. Zambiri mwa anthu akuluakulu zimakhala zofiirira kwathunthu, pomwe mbalame zazing'ono zimakutidwa ndi mawanga owala pamlingo wina kapena wina. Kunja, chiwombankhanga chowoneka chofanana ndi khungubwe wamba, ndipo kuchokera kutali mutha kusiyanitsa mitundu kokha ndi ma silhouette awo pakuuluka: pomwe chiwombankhanga chowona nthawi zambiri chimatsitsa nsonga za mapiko ake pamene ikuuluka, khungubwe wamba imakonda kugwira.
Kuyang'ana mbalame patali kwambiri, munthu angaone kuti kambuku wamba nthawi zambiri amapanga zoyera zambiri, pomwe chiwombankhanga chowoneka nthawi zambiri chimakhala chofiirira ndipo chimangokhala ndi malo oyera ochepa okha nthenga. Pofufuza mozama kwambiri, wopenyerera adzaona kuti chiwombankhanga chowoneka chidakutidwa ndi nthenga kuminwe, pomwe miyendo ya buzzard wamba ilibe nthenga.
Kutengera zisonyezo zamapulogalamu, kuphatikizapo kuletsa kwa mapiko, titha kupatula mosavuta chiwombankhanga, chomwe chimakhala ndi mikwingwirima zochepa pa nthenga iliyonse poyerekeza ndi chiwombankhanga chowoneka.
Chiwombankhanga chocheperako chimakhala ndi mutu wopepuka komanso mapiko kuyerekeza ndi chiwombankhanga chachikulu chomwe chimada kwambiri. Imakhala ndi yunifolomu komanso yolimba m'litali mwa utoto wake woyamba, pomwe chiwombankhanga chachikulucho chimakhala ndi mzere wowonda kwambiri, chomwe chimangokhala pakati pa mitundu yoyambira, ndipo nsonga ndi maziko a nthengazo sizimadziwika. Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi chiwombankhanga chachikulu china, ndizotheka kudziwa zaka za mbalameyi kutengera zolemba zambiri (mwachitsanzo, ndi achinyamata okha omwe ali ndi malo oyera omwe adawupatsa dzina).
Ndizovuta kudziwa kusiyana pakati pa mitundu iwiri ya chiwombankhanga. Nthawi zambiri, chiwombankhanga chokulirapo chimakhala chamdima, chokulirapo, komanso champhamvu kuposa chiwombankhanga chaching'ono. Komanso ndizosavuta kusiyanitsa pakati pawo, chifukwa amapanga magulu awiri osakanikirana omwe amaberekawo.
Kodi chiwombankhanga chowoneka chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mphatso Yaikulu Yaikidwa
Ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi zisa zazikulu m'nkhalango zazikulu zowuma zokhala m'mphepete mwa mitengo yopanda, mpaka madambo pafupifupi 1000 m. Ku Asia, zimapezeka m'nkhalango zamtchire, m'nkhalango zowirira ndi madambo, m'malo onyowa ndi malo olima. Zomera ndizoyenera kwa dzinja. Mbalame zosamukira komanso nthawi yozizira nthawi zina zimapezeka m'malo otseguka komanso nthawi zambiri zouma.
Pamalo awo osungira nyengo yachisanu ku Malaysia, chiwombankhanga chimakhala chokha kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Ngakhale amapanga chakudya payokha, anthu angapo amatha kudikirira mwamtendere pagulu laulere lomwe thirakitala limagwira. Mtunduwu umakonda kuyendera zowonongeka.
Ku Bangladesh, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'mitsinje yayikulu ndi m'mitsinje, momwe mumatha kuziwona zikuuluka pamwamba pamitu pawo kapena kugona usiku m'mphepete mwa mitsinje kapena zilumba zamtsinje. Ku Israel, nthawi yozizira, nyengo yochepa ya Mediterranean, mbalame zimatha kupezeka m'malo a chigwa, m'malo otentha kwambiri, makamaka m'minda yolimidwa ndi dziwe la nsomba pafupi ndi malo amitengo, makamaka bulugamu.
Ku Russia, amapezeka m'nkhalango, m'nkhalango, m'mapiri a mitsinje, m'nkhalango za paini, m'nkhalango zazing'ono momwe muli chinyontho komanso m'malo owopsa. Ku Kazakhstan - m'nkhalango zam'mphepete mwa mapiri, nkhomaliro.
Kodi chiwombankhanga chowala chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Chiwombankhanga Chochepera
Chiwombankhanga nthawi zambiri chimasaka nyama zawo kubusa zomwe sizitetezedwa, komanso m'madambo, m'minda ndi malo ena otseguka, ndipo nthawi zambiri ngakhale m'nkhalango. Malo awo osakira nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi zisa zomwe zili pamtunda wamtunda wa 1-2 km kuchokera pamalo odyera.
Chiwombankhanga chowona nthawi zambiri chimasaka nyama yake kuti chiziuluka kapena kuthamangitsa iwo m'mitengo yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa nkhalangoyi ndi malo ena okwezeka (mitengo yokhayokha, malo obisalirako, mitengo yamagetsi). Nthawi zina mbalame imalanda nyama yomwe imagwera pansi. The Podorlik imafunafuna mosaka nyama yake, kuuluka kapena kupita kukasowa kwa chakudya, koma pankhani yachuma imasankha kutsatira kulanda.
Zakudya zawo zazikulu zimakhala:
- zazikazi zazing'ono zazikulu zazing'ono, monga ma voles,
- amphibians monga achule,
- mbalame (kuphatikizapo madzi am'madzi),
- zokwawa, monga njoka, abuluzi,
- nsomba zazing'ono
- tizilombo tambiri.
M'malo ambiri, chiwombankhanga chomwe chili ndi mawanga ndi nkhokwe yam'madzi ya kumpoto (Arvicola terrestris). Mbalame nthawi yozizira ku Malaysia idadya zovalazo, makamaka makoswe akufa omwe anali ndi poyizoni m'malo olima. Mtunduwu umakhudzidwa ndi kleptoparasitism kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzake komanso kuchokera ku mitundu ina yazinyama zomwe zimadyedwa.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Walauluka Mbalame ya Mphungu
Mphungu ndi mbalame zosamukira. Iwo nthawi yozizira ku Middle East, Southern Europe, Central ndi South Africa. Kusamukira kumayiko ena kuchokera ku Africa kumachitika makamaka kudzera ku Bosphorus Strait, Middle East komanso chigwa cha Nile. Chiwombankhanga chachikulu chija chimabwerako kuyambira nthawi yachisanu kumapeto kwa March, pomwe chiwombankhanga chaching'ono chimatha kuwonedwa pang'ono pambuyo pake - koyambirira kwa Epulo. Mitundu yonseyi imawuluka mu Seputembara, koma mbalame zimatha kuwonedwa mu Okutobala.
Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: Monga lamulo, ma Podorliks amatha kupezeka okha kapena awiriawiri, koma amasonkhana pafupi ndi malo akuluakulu ogulitsira zakudya ndikuyenda m'matumba.
Chiwombankhanga chimakhala malo okongola momwe nkhalango zimasinthanirana ndi madambo, malo odyetserako ziweto, minda, zigwa ndi mitsinje. Amasamukira kumayiko olima kuposa abale awo akuluakulu. Mbalame nthawi zambiri zimamanga zisa zawo ndikukhalamo nthawi yayitali, makamaka ngati sizisokonekera. Nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito zisa zakale za mbalame zina zodya nyama (wamba buzzard, hawk wakumpoto) kapena dokowe wakuda. Nthawi zina chiwombankhanga chowala chimakhala ndi zisa zingapo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana zaka zingapo.
Chosangalatsa: Chiwombankhanga chimakhala chachikulu kwambiri. Amenya nkhondo ndi mbalame zina zomwe zili pafupi kwambiri ndi zisa zawo. Amuna amakhala ankhanza kwambiri kuposa akazi, ndipo, monga lamulo, amawonetsa mkhalidwe wokhawokha pokhapokha pa amuna ena. Akazi nthawi zambiri amayendera zisa za akazi ena nthawi yakubzala.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya chiwombankhanga chachikulu
Chiwombankhanga chimayamba kumanga kapena kukonza chisa nthawi yomweyo. Pakutha kwa Epulo kapena kumayambiliro a Meyi, mazira amodzi kapena awiri (osowa kwambiri) amakhala mokhazikika. Yaikazi imayamba kuwatchingira iwo ikangoyikira dzira loyamba, ndichifukwa chake anapiye amawaswa nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Njira yokhonya imatenga masiku 37-41. Nkhuku zimatha kuuluka masabata 8-9, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana ndi theka loyamba la Ogasiti. Mwa anapiye, amodzi, kapena kawiri kwambiri, amaphunzira kuwuluka.
Kupambana koswana kwa chiwombankhanga kwamtunda kumakhala nako kuzungulira kwa zaka zitatu, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa ma voles, nyama zomwe zimakonda chiwombankhanga. M'zaka zabwino kwambiri, zokolola zimatha kupitirira mbalame zazing'ono zopitilira 0.8 zomwe zimatenthedwa, koma munthawi yazoyenda pang'ono nambalayi imatsikira mpaka 0.3. Ziwombankhanga zazikuluzikulu zimazindikira nkhawa ndipo sizigwira bwino ntchito. Ngakhale amaikira mazira awiri, nthawi zambiri kamwana kamodzi kokha kamasungidwa.
Chidwi chochititsa chidwi: Kumene kumaona ziwombankhanga zikakumana ndi zovuta, zokolola zake zitha kuchulukitsidwa mwakuwonetsetsa kuti nkhuku zonse ziwirizo zikula nthawi yanthawi yowerengeka. Mu vivo, imodzi imakhala yotayika nthawi zonse chifukwa cha fratricide, yomwe imadziwika kuti cainism.
Adani Achilengedwe Achilengedwe
Chithunzi: Walauluka Mbalame ya Mphungu
Nyama zaku America komanso nyama zina zodya nyama zimatha kudyera ana ndi mazira a chiwombankhanga chachikulu. Ming'alu ikhoza kukhala chandamale cha adani ena kapena kadzidzi. Kupanda kutero, ziwombankhanga zazikuluzikulu ndizomwe zimadya kwambiri, ndipo anthu akuluakulu nthawi zambiri sakhala ozunzidwa ndi adani ena akuluakulu.
Ziwombankhanga zochepa zomwe zilibe zowononga zachilengedwe ndipo sizisonyeza kuti sizitha kuzisintha. Choopsa chachikulu kwa iwo ndi anthu. Zimakhala pachiwopsezo cha chiwombankhanga chifukwa chakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala monga azodrine, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a organophosphate omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa ziweto zazing'ono kudya chakudya. Mbawala, kuphatikizapo ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zazikazi, nthawi zambiri zimafa chifukwa chodyetsedwa ndi nyama zapoizoni. Mphamvu ina ya munthu pamtunduwu ndi kusaka.
Chochititsa china cha kufa kwa chiwombankhanga chaching'ono chowoneka ndi fratricide. Ngati pakhala mazira awiri kapena atatu mchisa, nthawi zambiri ana amene amayamba kusaka, amapha ena powaponya pachisa, kuwaukira, kapena kudya chakudya abale ndi alongo asanadye. Zotsatira zake, ziwombankhanga zambiri zowala bwino zimakula bwino mwana m'modzi kapena awiri.
Anatinso kuti mazira ena a chiwombankhanga amatha kudyedwa ndi nyama zina, makamaka njoka. Komabe, izi sizinalembedwe bwino. Mazira akuluakulu a chiwombankhanga akuluakulu amadyedwa ndi mink aku America. Chifukwa chake, ndizotheka kuti mbewa zimathanso kusaka mazira a chiwombankhanga chaching'ono.
Zowopsa zazikuluzikulu zamtunduwu ndi kutayika kwa malo okhala (makamaka, kutaya kwa nkhalango zonyowa ndi mitengo ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa) ndi kusaka. Kuopseza komaliziraku ndizofala makamaka pakusamuka: mbalame zikwizikwi zimawomberedwa pachaka ku Syria ndi Lebanon. Amati zochitika zoyang'anira nkhalango zili ndi vuto lililonse pazamoyo. Amatetezedwa kwambiri pazovuta zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha mphamvu yamagetsi. Ngozi yomwe idawonedwe ku mphamvu yaku nyukiliya ku Chernobyl mwina idakhudza mtunduwu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Kodi chiwombankhanga chawoneka bwanji?
Chiwombankhanga chachikulu chowonekera chimalembedwa monga mitundu yomwe ili pangozi padziko lonse lapansi. Chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi chikufotokozedwa kuchokera pakati pa anthu 100,000 mpaka 10,000, koma pali malingaliro oti munthu wokwezeka sawoneka. Malinga ndi birdLife International (2009), kuchuluka kwa mbalame zazikulu kumachokera ku 5,000 mpaka 13,200. Malinga ndi mbalame ya birdLife International / European Council for bird Census (2000), anthu aku Europe akuyerekezeredwa magulu awiriawiri a 890-1100, kenako adasinthidwa kukhala magulu awiriawiri a 810-1100.
Chiwombankhanga chocheperako chimawerengedwa ngati mitundu yambiri ya chiwombankhanga ku Europe. M'mbuyomu, mtunduwu sunali wofala ngati masiku ano, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kunachepa kwambiri m'zaka zoyambira za m'ma 1900 chifukwa cha "nkhondo ya hawk". Pambuyo pake, kuchuluka kwa anthu pang'onopang'ono kunayamba. Mu 1960 ndi 1970s, kusintha kwachilengedwe kunachitika: ziwombankhanga zinayamba kukhala pafupi ndi malo achikhalidwe. Pambuyo pa izi, mkati mwa 1980s, kuchuluka kwa chiwombankhanga chaching'ono chowoneka mwina chinakula mwachangu. Tsopano malo akuluakulu kwambiri a chiwombankhanga chamawangamawanga ali ku Belarus, Latvia, ndi Poland.
Chiwombankhanga chocheperako chimakhala ndi malo okulirapo kwambiri, motero, sichikuyandikira njira zoperewera chifukwa cha kukula kwa mtunduwo (digirii yomwe imachitika 30% kwa zaka khumi kapena mibadwo itatu).
Kukula kwa chiwerengero kumatha kukhala kocheperako mpaka kukukulu, koma akukhulupirira kuti sikumayandikira njira zomwe zingayambike pachiwopsezo cha kuchuluka kwa anthu (10% kwa zaka khumi kapena mibadwo itatu). Pazifukwa izi, nyamayi imawerengedwa kuti ndiyoopseza pang'ono.
Chitetezo cha Mphungu
Chithunzi: Podorlik kuchokera ku Red Book
Ngakhale chiwombankhanga chachikulucho ndi chachikulu kwambiri kuposa chaching'ono, chili ndi anthu ochepa padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo chiwerengero chake chikucheperachepera kumadzulo kwa mzere. Zomwe zimachititsa izi ndi kusintha kwa malo omwe kunayambika nkhalango ndi madambo, kuwonongedwa kwa malo omwe kale anali olimidwa, kuswana nesting, kuwombera, poyizoni mwangozi komanso mwangozi, makamaka phosphide.
Zovuta za mtundu wa hybridization ndi chiwombankhanga chaching'ono chomwe sichinadziwikebe bwinobwino, koma mawonekedwe amtundu wotsirizawa akuyenda kummawa chifukwa cha chiwombankhanga chachikulu chowala. Njira yakuchitikira zamtunduwu zakonzedwa ku Europe. Chiwombankhanga chachikulu chowonekera chimagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi kukhala chosatetezeka. Koma zidakalipobe ku Western Siberian Lowland kuchokera ku Urals kupita ku Middle Ob ndikupitilira mpaka ku Siberia Yakuomba, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti anthu ake akupitilira 10,000, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mndandanda wa omwe ali pachiwopsezo.
Njira zoyesera zotetezera chiwombankhanga chowona zatengedwa ndi mayiko ambiri aku Eastern Europe, makamaka Belarus. Chiwombankhanga chachikulu chokulirapo chimatetezedwa ndi lamulo la Belarus pankhani yosamalira zachilengedwe, koma lamuloli limawerengedwa kuti ndi lovuta kulitsatira. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo adziko lino akunena kuti kuchokera ku "malo oyang'anira" kupita ku "malo otetezedwa" okhawo omwe angathe kusinthidwa omwe adasungitsa mbalame zomwe zidawunikidwa moyenera komanso zolembedwa mokwanira zivomerezo zonse zamabungwe ndi mabungwe aku Belarus. ” Zitha kutenga miyezi isanu ndi inayi kuti mumalize njirayi.
Ku Germany, pulogalamu ya Deutche Wildtier Stiftung imayesa kuwonjezera kubala bwino pochotsa chiwombankhanga chachiwiri (chomwe nthawi zambiri chimaphedwa ndi mwana woyamba kubadwa) pachisa atangochimanga ndi kuchikweza pamanja. Pakupita milungu ingapo, mbalameyo amaikidwanso m'chisa. Pakadali pano, woyamba kubadwa salinso wankhanza, ndipo mphungu ziwiri zimatha kukhalira limodzi. Mukupita kwa nthawi, kusunga malo abwino ndizofunikira kupulumuka kwa chiwombankhanga chowona ku Germany.
Podorlik - Iyi ndi chiwombankhanga chaching'ono chomwe chimakhala m'malo amtchire, nthawi zambiri pamadambo komanso pafupi ndi madambo, kuphatikiza ndi madambo onyowa, matumba abata ndi ma swamp. Panthawi yobereketsa, imachokera ku Eastern Europe kupita ku China, ndipo anthu ambiri ku Europe ndi osowa (awiri osakwana 1000), ogawidwa ku Russia ndi Belarus.
Kuchulukitsa
Chiwombankhanga chochepera kale chidalowa mumtundu umodzi ndi chiwombankhanga chachikulu. Kunja, ndizovuta kwambiri kuwasiyanitsa, ngakhale kwakhala kwatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi mbalame zosiyana. Onsewa ndi a banja la chiwombankhanga ndi banja la akambuku. Chiwombankhanga chachikulu ndi chachikulu kuposa "wachibale" wawo; ali ndi malo osiyanasiyana oswana, zachilengedwe, komanso machitidwe. Kusiyana pakati pa mbalame kumapezeka ngakhale mu mtundu wa DNA.
Akuluakulu awo akale amati amakhala m'dera la Afghanistan yamakono. Pafupifupi zaka mamiliyoni awiri zapitazo, adagawikana kumadzulo (akhungu losaoneka bwino) ndi nthambi zakum'mawa (chiwombankhanga chokulirapo). Masiku ano, magulu awo amadutsa kumpoto kwa Hindustan komanso ku Eastern Europe. Zogwirizana ndi chiwombankhanga chaching'ono, palinso manda a Spain ndi chiwombankhanga chotsala.
Kufotokozera kwa Chiwombankhanga Chochepera
Chiwombankhanga chowoneka ndi chiwombankhanga chokulirapo. Thupi lake limafikira masentimita 60 kutalika, ndipo mapikowo amakhala mpaka mamita 1.4-1.6. Akazi ndi okulirapo kuposa amphongo, koma mitundu yawo siyisiyana. Akazi amalemera mpaka 3 makilogalamu, amuna amalemera mpaka 2 kg. Mchira wa mbalame ndi waufupi komanso wozungulira, mutu wake ndiung'ono. Mlomo kumapeto kwake ndi wakuda, wachikasu pamunsi, wamphamvu komanso wokhotakhota, ngati mamembala onse am'banja.
Mbalameyi imakhala ndi maonekedwe owoneka a bulauni, nthawi zina ngakhale osalala. Monga lamulo, ndichopepuka kuposa chiwombankhanga chachikulu chowala. Pansi pa mchira pali mzere woyera, mbalame zina sizikupezeka. Nthenga zopambanitsa za mchira ndi mapiko zimakhala zofiirira kapena zakuda. Achichepere amakhala ndi zikopa zagolide ndi zoyera m'mitundu, ndipo pali chowala kumbuyo kwa mutu.
Kuuluka kwa chiwombankhanga chocheperako kumakhala kosalala; mapiko amasinthidwa ndikukonzekera. Nthawi zambiri amayenda panja pofunafuna chakudya. Pakati pa mitengo ndi zopinga zina zachilengedwe, kuthawa kumathamanga kwambiri komanso mwachangu.
Habitat
Mbalame yowoneka ndi chiwombankhanga imapezeka ku Asia Minor ndi Central ndi Eastern Europe. Nyengo yachisanu imawulukira ku Africa. Pamenepo, mndandanda wake umayamba ndi Sudani ndipo umamaliza ndi Namibia, Botswana komanso kum'mawa kwa South Africa.
Ku Russia, kumakhala madera pafupi ndi Novgorod ndi St. Petersburg, ena a madera a Moscow ndi Tula, komanso Krasnodar Territory. Ku Ukraine, mbalameyi imapezeka kumadera akumadzulo komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo. Chiwombankhanga chowoneka chimakhala ku India, Balkan, Turkey, Hungary, Romania ndi Macedonia.
Amakhala m'nkhalango zowuma kapena zowuma pafupi ndi malo otseguka, zigwa zamtsinje. Imakhala m'malo opezeka nkhalango pafupi ndi malo ogwirira ntchito molakwika, komanso m'malo omwe nkhalango zimagwirizananso ndi mitengo. Mu Carpathians ndi Balkan amatha kukhala m'mapiri pamtunda wa 1800, nthawi zina - mpaka 2200 metres.
M'madera ambiri, mbalameyi imakhala "malo osatetezeka" kapena "mitundu yocheperako yopanda mitundu". Zomwe zimapangitsa mbalame posachedwa kukhala zachilengedwe kutheratu ndi kudula mitengo, komwe kumawononga malo okhala chisa. Mu Tawuni ya Krasnodar, chiwombankhanga chowoneka chimayikidwa kale ngati mtundu wosowa. Ku Ukraine, amatetezedwa m'mapaki a Carpathian, Polessky ndi Shatsky.
Nthawi yokongoletsa
Chiwombankhanga chowonekera chikuwuluka kupita ku malo odyera kumapeto kwa Epulo; pomwepo chimatha mpaka kumapeto kwa Meyi. Izi ndi mbalame zowopsa ndipo zimangodzisankhira kamodzi. Pa mwambo wokwatirana, amayendayenda limodzi mlengalenga, amuna amadyetsa akazi kuchokera ku mulomo. Nthawi zina mbalame imodzi imangokhala ikusuntha nthawi yayitali pang'onopang'ono mpaka kukafika pa kilomita ina.
Zisa zamtambo zimayikidwa panthambi zazikulu za mitengo, kuonetsetsa kuti malowa atha kuwuluka mosavuta. Pawiri, amachokera ku 50 mpaka 100 cm. Ndodo ndi nthambi zanthete zimakhala zakuthupi, mkati mwake, monga lamulo, masamba, udzu wouma ndi makungwa. Mphungu zimagwiritsa ntchito chisa chimodzi kangapo. Kwa zaka ngakhale makumi, amatha kuwuluka kupita kumalo ena omwe amakhala ndi zida zokwanira.
Nthawi yakuswa, mbalame zimatanthauzira bwino malo awo ndikuzitchinjiriza. Samavomereza osati chiwombankhanga chowoneka, komanso mitundu ina. Pa nthawi yozizira, iwo, m'malo mwake, amakhala mwamtendere kwambiri ndikugwirizana bwino ndi chiwombankhanga china.
M'malo mwa mbalame pali mazira awiri okha, ndipo amodzi mwa anawo nthawi zambiri amakhala ovutitsidwa ndi wachiwiri. Kwa masiku 45, makolo amasinthasintha masinthidwe. Mazira oyera okhala ndi madontho a bulauni. Nthochi zimadyetsedwa pafupifupi miyezi iwiri, pambuyo pake zimachoka "mnyumbamo". Amakhala okhwima pofika zaka 3-4. Pazonse, chiwombankhanga zazing'ono zazing'ono zimakhala zaka 15-20.
Mu Buku Lofiira la Russia
Kuchulukitsa kwa chiwombankhanga chachikulucho kuli konsepa, ndipo kumazimiririka malo okhala. Magulu awiri amtunduwu akutetezedwa ku Russia: European and Far Eastern. Onsewa akuphatikizidwa mu Red Book of Russia ali ndi chitetezo chachiwiri. Zina mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zingachepetse munthu, atchule kudula kwa mitengo yoyenera nesting, kukhetsa madambo, kulima madamu amvula, ndi nkhawa za anthu.
Chiwombankhanga Chochepera
p, blockquote 6.0,0,0,0,0 ->
Woimira uyu ali ndi kutalika kwa thupi pamtunda kuchokera pa 55 mpaka 65 sentimita. Kulemera kwa thupi kumachokera ku 1.5 mpaka 2 kilogalamu. Mtundu wa maula ndi woderapo. Nyama zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mawanga owoneka kumbuyo kwawo.
p, blockquote 7,0,0,0,0 ->
Malo okhala ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zokhala ndi mawanga afalikira kumadera awiri: kumadzulo ndi kummawa. Kumadzulo, amatha kupezeka kuchokera ku Elbe ndi Hungary kupita ku St. Petersburg, Novgorod ndi madera. Kudera lakummawa kuli ku Hindustan.
p, blockquote 8,0,0,0,0 ->
Mphungu ya India
p, blockquote 9,0,0,0,0 ->
Magulu angapo adalemba nkhalango zaku India, Bangladesh, Cambodia ndi Nepal. Kutalika kwa thupi lamtunduwu ndi masentimita 65. Physique ndiyotangwanika: mutu ndi wokulirapo, mapiko ndi akulu ndi afupikitsa. Ziwombankhanga zazikulu zomwe ndi zofiirira.
p, blockquote 10,1,0,0,0 ->
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Popeza chiwombankhanga chowona ndi mbalame za nyama zodyedwa, chakudya chake chimakhala ndi mbalame zazing'ono zosiyanasiyana komanso zolengedwa. Makamaka amasaka mbewa, agalu, akalulu, agulu, achule ndi zinziri. Mphungu zimasiyanitsidwa ndi luso lawo losaka. Amasankha kwambiri ndipo sadzadya zovalazo. Izi ndi mbalame zochepa zomwe zimamva bwino m'madzi.
p, blockquote 11,0,0,0,0 ->
Oimira ntchentche zazikulu zowala amatha kusaka masewera akulu, mwachitsanzo, nkhuku, nkhuku ndi grouse wakuda. Koma nyumba zam'chilimwe zimayendera pokhapokha nthawi zina.
p, blockquote 12,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 13,0,0,0,0 ->
Kuswana
Mitundu ya chiwombankhanga chowoneka mwamtundu umodzi ndi mbalame zocheza. Amakhala awiriawiri olimba. Amagwiritsa ntchito zisa za abulu kapena agulu, ndipo amathanso kumanga zawo. Monga lamulo, gwiritsani ntchito chisa chimodzi nthawi zonse.
Nthawi yochezera imayamba mu Marichi. Nthawi imeneyi imayamba ndi kukonzanso kwachangu kwa chisa chomera chatsopano. Akazi agona chiyambireni Meyi. Nthawi zambiri, dzira limodzi limakhala m'manja. Nthawi zina, kuchuluka kumatha kufikira atatu. Zachikazi ndizomwe zimayambitsa makulidwe, nthawi ino yamphongo imafunafuna nyama ya onse awiri. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga masiku 40. Mphungu zowala zili ndi amayi awo. Pazaka 7 masabata akuyamba kuphunzira kuuluka, kenako kusaka.
p, blockquote 15,0,0,1,0 ->
Chakudya Chazikulu Zaza
Adani Akutchire
Chiwombankhanga chimatha kusaka ndi nyama zina zoyamwitsa. Mwa mbalame, kadzidzi okha ndi omwe amatha kupita ku zisa za chiwombankhanga. Nthawi zambiri, mitundu ya chiwombankhanga chachikulu chowala ndi mbalame zazikulu zomwe zimadya.
p, blockquote 16,0,0,0,0 ->
Mitundu ya chiwombankhanga chaching'ono sichikhala ndi zowopsa zachilengedwe motero. Anthu amawavulaza. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuphipha komwe kwa zinthu zoyipa monga azodrine, komanso mankhwala osiyanasiyana ophera tizilombo. Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zambiri zamtunduwu zimafa chifukwa chodya nyama zapoizoni. Kusaka kosaloledwa kumakhudzanso kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi.Chochititsa china chofunikira kwambiri cha kufa pakati pa mbalamezi ndi kusuta. Ngati pakhala mazira awiri ndi atatu mchisa, mwana wankhuku yoyamba kuswedwa akhoza kupha ena. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, nthawi zambiri chimodzi chokha mwana wankhuku moyo.
p, blockquote 17,0,0,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 18,0,0,0,0 ->
Makhalidwe ndi malo a chiwombankhanga wamawangamawanga
Chowoneka cha amuna okongola akuwonekera kuthambo ndichogawika m'mitundu iwiri:
Kusiyana pakati pa mitundu ndi kukula kwa osaka omwe ali ndi mbewa. Chiwombankhanga chachikulu kufika wingspan cm 170-190, akulemera kuchokera 2 kg 4 ndi kukula kwa kutalika masentimita 65-75. Mtundu wa nthenga ndi zambiri mdima, ndi inclusions kuwala. Koma nthawi zina pamakhala mbalame zowala, zomwe ndizosowa kwambiri.
Mitambo yoyera, yamchenga kapena zonona ya utoto, chiwombankhanga chachikulu m'mitundu ina inkawonedwa kuti ndi yopatulika, kubweretsa chifuniro cha milungu. Mu mochedwa Ages Middle ku Ulaya ankaona yapamwamba kwambiri imeneyi mbalame mbalame izidzawetedwa; ati kusaka ndi madziwa kupambana amphumphu anatsindika udindo ndi chuma.
Mu chithunzi, chiwombankhanga chachikulu chowala
King of Prussia Friedrich, yemwe adamenya nkhondo mwachangu ndi onse, kuphatikiza Russia, anali ndi chiwombankhanga chofewa kwambiri. Chiwombankhanga Chochepera Ndi buku lalikulu, ndi wingspan pa zikuuluka malire 100-130 masentimita, chotero "ting'onoting'ono" mbalame akulemera ku imodzi ndi theka makilogalamu awiri, ndipo thupi lake kutalika ukufika 55-65 cm.
Mbalamezi ndi abwenzi akale a Don Cossacks. Ngakhale m'zaka zana zapitazo, kunali kosatheka kuyang'ana kumwamba pamwamba pa Don, osazindikira mphungu zikuwuluka. Komanso, mtundu wa mbalame yolusa mwazunguliza pa Volga, ndi pa Neva, ndipo pa nkhalango pafupi Moscow. Pafupifupi dera lonse la Europe la Russia komanso osati kokha.
Malinga ndi zofotokozera zakale, zinali ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zomwe zinkayenda ndi Vladislav Tepes ndi Malyutu Skuratov. A mbalame ofanana inali kuperekedwa monga mphatso kwa Otrepiev pa phwando la ukwati atakwatirana lake ndi Akazi a Mnishek, kaya Wamng'ono wamawangamawanga mphungu a Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry kapena Komabe, munthu wamkulu, sakudziwika.
Pa chithunzichi, mbalame ya chiwombankhanga Yocheperako
Kukhazikika kwa mbalame zanzeru kwambiri komanso zokongola kwambiri ndizosiyanasiyana. Mungathe kukumana iwo, kuyambira Finland, kutsiriza ndi M'madera a zitunda la nyanja ya Azov. Chiwombankhanga chimakhalanso ku China ndipo china ku Mongolia.
Ku Mongolia, amaweta kwambiri ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusaka ndi kuteteza yurts ku mimbulu. Mu China, mphungu wamawangamawanga ndi khalidwe mu nkhani zambiri, ndi nthano amanena mbalame izi nawo kusakasaka nkhandwe werewolf ndiponso kuthandiza penyani pansanja ya Wall Wamkulu wa China.
Ziwombankhanga zozizira zimawulukira ku India, Africa, mayiko a Middle East - Pakistan, Iraq ndi Iran, kumwera kwa chilumba cha Indochina. Kuphatikiza pa kusamukasamuka, ofanana ndi amtundu uliwonse wa mbalamezi, ku India kuli mitundu yosiyana ya mbalamezi - Indian wamawangamawanga chiwombankhanga.
Ndiwocheperako kuposa "abale" ake, ali ndi miyendo yolimba, mtunda waukulu komanso wotetemera ndipo amakonda kusaka achule, njoka ndi mbalame zina. Wingspan samakonda kupitirira 90cm, ndi kutalika kwa thupi - 60 cm. Komabe, "India "yu amalemera kwambiri - kuchokera 2 mpaka 3 kg.
Iwo mophweka analamulira ndipo malinga ndi zolemba za ku Britain amene anaphunzira chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa India pa kulamulira, pa nthawi imeneyo panalibe umodzi Raja, Vizier, kapena monga munthu wachuma amene analibe izidzawetedwa wamawangamawanga mphungu m'malo mongooses m'nyumba olemera akukhala makamaka pakati pa Amwenye apakati ochita masewera apamwamba komanso olemera.
Polankhula za malo okhala chiwombankhanga chowoneka, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti sizikhala m'matanthwe, chifukwa zimakhalira pamitengo yayitali. Choncho, steppe izo Tingaone kokha pafupi mitsinje, pamene pali zinthu kukaikira mazira. M'madera ena akutali kwambiri kumpoto, mbalame zimasankha m'mbali mwa nkhalango ndi m'minda. Mphungu sizimasiyanso malo osambira.
Komabe, pali zambiri umboni kwa alenje ndi huntsmen kuti mphungu wamawangamawanga Tingaone pang'onopang'ono kuyenda njira, koma sadziwa zoona umboni izi.
Khalidwe ndi moyo wa chiwombankhanga chowala
Podorlik – mbalame chikhalidwe kwambiri ndi banja, pamene homely kwambiri. Awiri amapangidwira amoyo, ngati chisa. Mbalame za m'mabanja zimatha kudzimangira zokha, kapena zimatha kukhala ndi chisa zopanda kanthu, touluka, akambuku kapena mbalame zina zazikulu. Mulimonsemo, chaka ndi chaka iwo adzabwerera ku chisa ichi nthawi zonse kuwongolera izo yokonza n'kumawotha izo.
Kuti mbalame zizipanga malo okhalamo zatsopano ndikudzipangira "nyumba" zina, china chake chachilendo chimayenera kuchitika, mwachitsanzo, mkuntho ungawuluke, kapena munthu wowuma mitengo wokhala ndi thonje.
Zinali kuwonongedwa kwa mitengo kwa anthu, kukhazikitsidwa kwa misewu, kukulitsa mizinda, kukhazikitsidwa kwa mizere yamagetsi - zomwe zidapangitsa mbalamezi kugunda masamba Red buku, ndi chiwombankhanga chachikulu Iye anali pafupi kutha. Chiwombankhanga, osati mbalame zanzeru zokha, zilinso zochenjera kwambiri, zimatha kuzindikira zikhalidwe zatsopano ndikuzisinthira.
Izi zikuwonekera chifukwa chakuti, ngati kuli kotheka, osafunafuna chakudya, mwachitsanzo, mukakhala pafupi ndi gulu la agologolo pansi kapena maofesi amtchire, chiwombankhanga chowoneka sichikuuluka kutalika kwake ngati mita chikwi, koma chikuwukira pamalopo, kuchokera kwa obisalira.
Khalidwe la mbalame ndi mtendere, khalidwe ndi bata, ndipo maganizo lakuthwa ndi chidwi. Ndi mikhalidwe iyi yomwe idatheketsa kuphunzitsidwa kwa mbalamezi. ZOKHUDZA kuthetsa ndi imbani kunjachiwombankhanga chowala adalemba kwambiri mkati mwa zaka za m'ma 1800 mu zolembedwa zodziwika bwino "Natural and Hunting" ndi "Hunting Chale."
Komanso, ndondomeko izi, anaitana mtsogoleri, tsopano kuphunzitsa, ndipo kwenikweni, amene akukoka mbalame kukasaka, ndi kufanizira ndi galu, limafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane m'buku S. Levshin a "Buku Alenje", lofalitsidwa mu 1813 ndi tinalisindikizanso mpaka 1950s ndi Zaka zana, komanso zolembedwa za S. Aksakov, pagawo lotchedwa - "Kusaka ndi kaphikidwe kazizirala", koyamba kufalitsidwa mu 1886.
Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, palibe chomwe chasintha, kupatula kuti ndi Bangkirs ndi Mongol okha omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mbalamezi posaka masiku ano. Koma kuthetsa a chiwombankhanga wamawangamawanga, pali chenjezo limodzi lokha izo.
Munthu wotsatira wamtsogolo azikhala wachinyamata, wokhoza kuuluka komanso kudya yekha, koma osawuluka ndi gulu kupita kunyumba yozizira komanso wopanda awiri. Pali nkhani zomwe mbalame zovulala zidatengedwa, ndipo nditachira, ziombankhanga sizidawuluke.
Izi ndi zotheka, koma pokhapokha ngati ndege khalidwe sichinayambe anabwezeretsedwa kwathunthu, ndipo mbalame amamvera izo, akudziwa bwino kuti m'chilengedwe iye sangathe kupulumuka ngakhale mphungu wamawangamawanga ndi zinzake. Mbalame ya kubwererayi ibwerera kuchisa chake, nthawi yoyamba.