Sizokayikitsa kuti padziko lapansi pano pali munthu amene sakanadziwa mbewa. Ngakhale maonekedwe okongola, oseketsa, amachititsa kuti anthu ambiri padziko lapansi azimvera chisoni. Ndipo komabe, pali anthu omwe angafune kudziwa zochulukirapo za mbewa.
Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala
Nyama ya mbewa zinyama, makoswe ndi makina oyenda pansi. Makoswe, njira, ali ofanana kwambiri ndi mbewa ndipo ali mgulu lomwelo. Gulu la makoswe ndi amodzi mwa ambiri. Palibe malo padziko lapansi omwe nyama zazing'onozi sizikadamvetsetsa. Dera lililonse lachilengedwe ndilovuta kwambiri kwa iwo, kapena malo ouma kapena malo okutidwa ndi chipale chofewe sawawopsa.
Amasinthasintha mwachangu kukhala moyo watsopano mwakuti satha kuchita mantha ndi zovuta zilizonse. Nthawi zambiri, makoswe amakhala m'maenje, koma amapeza chakudya padziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, mbewa, zimangokhala ndi moyo wapadziko lapansi, ngakhale ali ndi zoluma zawo.
Mbewa mbewa mu udzu
Kukula kwa thupi la mbewa wamba kuli kocheperako - kutalika kwake sikupita 10 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 30 g, kupukutira ndizochepa, koma makutu akulu ndi maso. Izi ndizomveka - mbewa zimangofunika kumvetsera ndikuyang'anitsitsa ngati pali ngozi. Mchira suli gawo lokongola kwambiri la thupi la nyama iyi.
Chovala chomwe chili pamenepo ndichoperewera kwambiri, ndipo kutalika kumafikira theka kutalika kwa thupi. Komanso, ngati mutayang'anitsitsa, mutha kuwona miyeso. Koma mbewa yokha siyidandaula kwambiri ndi kukongola kwake, chifukwa thupi lake lonse limasinthidwa kuti lizikhala mulimonse, ndipo ndizofunikira kwambiri.
Mafupa ndi olimba, odalirika komanso otanuka, mtundu wake ndi imvi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndiye kuti, yomwe imabisa chinyama kuti chisawonekere mwachangu, mayendedwe amathamanga, mwachangu, mwakachetechete, gawo lililonse la thupi limalemekezedwa bwino ndi nthawi chifukwa cha ntchito zake zachindunji ndikuchita nawo bwino bwino apo ayi nyamayi sikhala ndi moyo mpaka masiku athu ano.
Chosangalatsa kwambiri m'thupi la makoswewo ndi kapangidwe ka mano. Makoswe ali ndi ma molars ndi awiri awiri akulu azinthu zopanda mizu, ndipo chifukwa cha izi amakula ndi 1 mm patsiku. Kuti mano otere asakukula kukula kwambiri ndipo, mophweka, mkamwa, makoswe amakakamizidwa kuti azikukuta nthawi zonse.
Masomphenya ndi osangalatsa kwambiri mbewa. Imakhazikika bwino, chifukwa amafunika kuwona zoopsa ali patali. Koma mbewa zoyerandiye kuti, iwo omwe amakhala ngati chiweto monga chiweto amakhala ndi vuto lofooka pang'ono pazifukwa zosavuta zomwe sayenera kubisala pachiwopsezo.
Ndizodabwitsa kuti mbewa zambiri zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe amtundu, koma sizimazindikira mtundu wonse wautoto. Mwachitsanzo, makoko awa amawona bwino mitundu yachikaso ndi yofiyira, koma wabuluu ndi wobiriwira samasiyanitsa.
Chithunzicho ndi mbewa yoyera
Mawonekedwe ake ndi kapangidwe ka makoswe
Makoswe ambiri ndi ochepa komanso osalemera pafupifupi 100 magalamu. Pali mitundu yayikulu yocheperako, pakati pomwe capybara imadziwika: kuchuluka kwake kumatha kufika 66 kg (zochulukirapo za capybara pano).
Chachikulu pakati pa makoswe ndi capybara. Imalemera kuchulukitsa ka 10,000 kuposa mbewa.
Ndipo tinthu tating'onoting'ono kwambiri ndi jerboa wocheperako, yemwe kulemera kwake ndi magalamu atatu okha.
Makoswe ambiri ndiwotopa, zolengedwa zowonda ndi miyendo yochepa komanso mchira. Ku South America, mitundu ina ili ndi miyendo yayitali, yoyenera kukhalanso ndi malo okhala maudzu (agouti ndi paki).
Agouti (Dasyprocta leporine)
Dzinalo la sayansi la makoswe limachokera ku liwu lachi Latin loti rodere, lotanthauza "kuluma".
Zomwe zimasiyanitsa makoswe ndi awiri apamwamba komanso otsika kwambiri omwe amakhala opanga kwambiri, owala kwambiri, omwe amakula mosaphula kanthu. Ndi chithandizo chawo, nyamayo imatha kumangoyang'ana mu peel kapena chipolopolo kuti ikafike ku chakudya chobisalira mkati. Alibe ma fang, koma pali makina olimba, omwe amatha kutafuna chakudya chilichonse mosamala. Pakati pa zitsulo ndi ma molars pamakhala malo akulu - diastema: milomo imatha kutulutsidwa kuti iteteze pakamwa kuti isamalowetse zidutswa zosalekanitsidwa ndi zofunikira.
Kwa ambiri, mano athunthu samapitirira 22. Chosiyana ndi chokha chomwe amakhala ku Central ndi East Africa yemwe ali ndi mano 28 ali ndi mano.
Popeza makoswe amadya roughage, ma incisors awo ali ndi mizu yotseguka ndipo amakula moyo wonse. Amachotsedwa nthawi zonse pazinthu zoyipa zam'munsi.
Kapangidwe ka minofu ya nsagwada ndi makoswe ndi kosangalatsa. Chachikulu cha minofu iyi ndi kutafuna, osati kungoyendetsa nsagwada yam'munsi kupita kumtunda, komanso kuyitsogolera patsogolo kuti chitha kutafuna kutafuna. M'mapikowo onenepa ndi Paleocene, minofu ya mastic inali yaying'ono ndipo pang'onopang'ono idalowa kutsogolo kwa chigaza. M'mitundu yokhala ndi mapuloteni, gawo lakunja la minofu yolumikizira imafikira kutsogolo kwa chigaza kutsogolo kwa orbit, pomwe gawo lamkati ndilifupi ndipo limangotenga kubweretsa m'nsagwada yam'munsi. Makoswe, mbali zonse ziwiri za minofu ya masticatrate (kunja ndi mkati) ndizotsogola, kupereka mphamvu kwambiri pakuyenda kwa gnawing.
Pafupifupi ndodo zonse zimayima-ndikuyenda ndikuyenda, kupumula pamtunda wonse wamiyendo ndi manja. Zala zawo zimathera pazovala, zomwe zimatha kutalika mu mitundu ina ya burrow (Cape digger). Mitundu ina ya ku South America (agouti) imasinthidwa kuti izithamanga ndikuyenda chala - ikamayenda imangodalira nsonga za zala zawo. Zovala zawo zimafanana ndi ziboda. Mwa ena, atazolowera moyo wamadzi wam'madzi (ma beavers), ma paws amatha. Ngakhale mamembala ambiri a gululi sathamanga kwenikweni, ojambulira ndi ojambulira okhala m'zipululu amatha kuthamangitsidwa mchenga mwachangu pafupifupi 50 km / h!
Chingwe chofiyira chimapangidwa modabwitsa. Chifukwa chake, kwa beaver, ndichopendekera komanso chosalala ndipo chimapangidwa kuti chizisambira mwachangu pansi pa madzi. Pa muskrat, imakakamizidwa pambuyo pake ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida. Makoswe a Kangaroo, akalumphira a saccome ndi jerboas amakhala ndi mchira wautali, nthawi zina wokhala ndi burashi ya tsitsi kumapeto, ndikugwiritsa ntchito ngati balancer. M'mitundu yochepa (mbewa-mwana), mchirawo ukugwira ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nthambi yachisanu. Mu mitundu yakukonzekera nkhalangoyi (agalu akummwera akuuluka), mchira wake ndiwofewetsa ndipo umapereka chithandizo chonse komanso chowonjezera. M'mafayilo ena, mchirawo ndi waufupi kwambiri, wosaoneka, ndipo mitundu yambiri yamatenda a nkhumba ilibe konse.
Zovala zonunkhira zimakhala ndi cecum (appendix) yochulukirapo yomwe ili ndi maluwa ochulukitsa a bacteria, omwe amathandizira kuwonongeka kwa mapadi.
Oimira mabanja osachepera atatu (hamsters, gophers ndi sacculent) ali ndi matumba. Makatani a khungu lopingasa khungu amapita mkati kuchokera pakona pakamwa, nthawi zina amafika pamapewa. Nyama zitha kuzitulutsira kunja kuti zizitsuka. Zikwama zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula chakudya ndikulola nyama kuti zipange malo osangalatsa. Mwachitsanzo, nyundo wamba nthawi zina imatha kusunga mpaka makilogalamu 90 pazakudya zake!
Zodzikongoletsera ndizanzeru ndipo zimatha kuthana ndi ntchito zosavuta kupeza chakudya. Amaphunzitsidwa mosavuta kupewa nyambo zapoizoni mwachangu.
Amatha kumva fungo komanso kumva. Mitundu yausiku imakhala ndi maso akulu. Kuphatikiza pa izi, makoswe onse amakhala ndi ndevu zazitali zazitali (vibrissa).
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Popeza mbewa zimakhala m'malo okhala nyengo zosiyana, zimayenera kuzolowera moyo wosiyana, ndipo mbewa zilibe njira imodzi, koma njira zingapo zosinthira:
- Zochita pachaka chonse. Nyama izi zimakhala tsiku la "mvula" chaka chonse.
- Koma angathe kuchita popanda masheya, ngati malo awo okhala ndi masitolo, nyumba kapena malo ogulitsira,
- Kusamuka kwakanthawi - pafupi ndi dzinja, mbewa zimasamukira kumalo awo achilengedwe kupita kumalo omwe amakhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, ndipo kasupe amabwerera,
- Pofuna kukhalabe ndi kutentha kwakanthawi kokwanira munthawi yotentha kapena yozizira, mbewa imayenera kusuntha kwambiri, ndipo chifukwa cha ichi imamwa chakudya chambiri.
Kuzungulira kwamoyo konse kwamkati kumadalira kutentha kwa thupi. Ngati mbewa singasunthe nthawi yozizira, imazizira, ndipo ngati singasunthe nthawi yotentha, nthawi yotentha, thupi limatulutsa kutentha kwambiri komwe kumatha kuwononga nyamayo.
Chifukwa chake, moyo wonse wa mbewa umakhala ndi momwe umasunthira - umapeza chakudya, umadya, umachita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndikumakula. Kusuntha kwakukulu mu mbewa kumayamba ndikayamba kwamdima. Ndipamene amayamba kufunafuna chakudya, kukonza nyumba yawo, ndiye kuti, kukumba mabowo, ndikuteteza malowo kwa anzawo.
Musaganize zocheperako mbewa - cholengedwa chamantha. Poyang'anira nyumba yake, amatha kuukira nyama yomwe ndi yayikulupo kuposa mbewa yomwe. Ngati mbewa imakhala m'malo omwe kuli tchuthi nthawi zonse, ndiye kuti imagwira ntchito kwambiri, ndipo imayenera kupuma pang'ono komanso nthawi.
Koma ngati anthu amakonda kukhala mbewa, mbewa sizikhala "zamanyazi" - chipindacho chikakhala chete, amatha kupita kukafunafuna chakudya masana. Komabe, ngati mbewa imasungidwa ngati chiweto, ndiye kuti iyenera kuzolowera momwe mwini wake aliri. Nyama izi zimakhala m'magulu, chifukwa munthu wosungulumwa sangathe kupanga zinthu zambiri zokwanira, kupeza chakudya ndikuwona nthawi.
Zowona, moyo wa banja la mbewa sichikhala wopanda mitambo - mikangano yayikulu imakhalanso, yomwe, monga lamulo, imayamba chifukwa chosowa chakudya. Akazi ndiwofatsa kuposa abambo, nthawi zambiri amatha kubereka pamodzi ndikugwirira ntchito limodzi kuti alere.
Mbewa ndi nyama yakuthengo ndipo amatsatira malamulo a banja lake. Kuchokera pamalo omwe chiweto china chimakhala m'banjamo, zochitika zake zimadaliranso. Ndi mtsogoleri yemwe amasankha nthawi yazodzuka ndikupumula ndi omvera ake. Kuphatikiza apo, mbewa zofooka zimayesa kukumba mabowo ndikupeza chakudya chawo panthawi yomwe mutu wabanja ukupuma, kuti asadzachitenso diso lake.
Kusinthika kwa Rodent
Kuchokera pamalingaliro osinthika, makoswe ndi gulu laling'ono lomwe limasunga mayendedwe ambiri amitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Zotsalira zakale kwambiri ndizotsala kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Paleocene (zaka 57 miliyoni zapitazo), ndipo pofika nthawi ino zinthu zonse zazikuluzikulu zopangidwa kale zinali zitapangidwa kale.
Mitundu yakale kwambiri yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi ya banja losowa kwambiri la proteinaceous (Paramyidae).
Panthawi ya Eocene epoch (zaka 55 miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo), mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makoswe idakula mwachangu, ndipo pomaliza pake, kudumpha, kukumba, ndi mitundu yoyendera mwina kuwonekera.
M'malire a Eocene ndi Oligocene (zaka 34 miliyoni zapitazo), mabanja ambiri odziwika kale amakhala ku North America, Europe ndi Asia, komanso mu Miocene (pafupifupi miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo) ambiri mwa mabanja omwe akukhala lero.
Mwinanso chochitika chofunikira kwambiri pakusintha makoswe chinali chophukira kumapeto kwa Miocene (pafupifupi miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo) ku Europe kwa banja la Muridae. Ku Pliocene, mwina adadutsa pachilumba cha Timor kupita ku Australia, komwe adasintha mwachangu chisinthiko. Nthawi yomweyo, mbewa idadzaza South America, idalowera kumeneko kuchokera kumpoto kudutsa nawo mbali yolumikizanitsa ndi North America, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti Hamsters yaku America ichitike ku South America.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Nthawi zambiri nyama zomwe zimakhala m'malo achilengedwe zimadyapo njere, mapesi a mbewu, mbewu. Amakonda chakudya chilichonse chomera - zipatso za mitengo, mbewu za zitsamba ndi zonse zomwe zingapezeke pamtengowo. Ngati makoswewa amakhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, ndiye kuti menyu ake ndi osiyanasiyana.
Pano, buledi, ndiwo zamasamba, ndi soseji zadyedwa kale - mbewa sizothandiza posankha. Zimachitikanso kuti mbewa zimadya anzawo osalimba, koma izi zimachitika ngati mbewa zitatsekedwa limodzi m'khola ndipo mulibenso chakudya. Makoswe amachitanso chimodzimodzi.
Ngati munakwanitsa kugula mbewa ngati chiweto, ndiye kuti mutha kumudyetsa ndi chimanga, buledi, tchizi, masamba komanso chakudya chilichonse chomera, koma ndibwino kuti muzitsatira zakudya zomwe zili pafupi ndi zachilengedwe zomwe zimadya. Dyetsani chiweto chanu kamodzi patsiku, kuphatikiza zinyenyeswazi kumakhala ndi matenda.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Kuswana kwa mbewa kumachitika popanda kutalika kwakutali komanso kotalika. Monga lamulo, wamwamuna amakanunkhira mkazi ndi fungo, amapeza iye ndi akazi. Pakapita kanthawi, zazikazi zimabweretsa mbewa zitatu mpaka 10. Minofu imabadwa yakhungu ndi amaliseche, koma imakula mwachangu kwambiri. Pakangotha masiku 30, wamkazi amakhala wachikulire, ndipo wamwamuna amakula masiku 45.
Izi zikufotokozedwa mosavuta chifukwa chakuti moyo wothira penentyi sukutali konse, zaka 2-3 zokha. Koma, popeza chachikazi chimatha kubereka ana katatu pachaka, chiwerengerochi chimabwezeretsedwa mopitirira muyeso.
Suborder Makoswe ngati (Myomorpha)
Zili ndi mabanja asanu ndi atatu:
- mbewa
- mbewa,
- jerboa,
- makoswe,
- molankhula,
- hamsters
- kalulu wa bunny,
- mbeera.
Pafupifupi 2/3 amitundu yonse yazokongoletsa ndi a banja limodzi Murine (Muridae). Banja ili ndi mitundu 1303 yodziwika bwino, ndipo chiwerengerochi chikuchulukirachulukira chifukwa chatsopano. Makoswe amagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza Australia ndi New Guinea, komwe ndi nyama zokhazokha zapadziko lapansi (osawerengera akalulu omwe abwera kumene). Amayimira banja la mbewa ndi makoswe.
Mbewa kumunda (Apodemus agranius)
Oyimira makoswe a mabanja (Spalacidae) amasinthidwa kwambiri kukhala ndi moyo pansi. Maso awo abisika kwathunthu pansi pakhungu, ndipo auricles ndi mchira zikusowa.
Makoswe wamba (Spalax microphthalmus)
Kukula kwakukulu kapena kocheperako, mamembala onse am'banja la jerboa (Dipodidae) amasinthidwa kudumpha kapena kutembenuka.
Long-Eared Jerboa (Euchoreutes seph)
Suborder Proteinaceous (Sciuromorpha)
Zili ndi mabanja atatu:
Banja la agologolo (Sciuridae) ndi banja lachiwiri losiyana kwambiri banja la mbewa (limaphatikizapo mitundu 273). Zoyimira agologolo ndizofala ku Europe, Africa, North ndi South America. Gologolo wamba ndi woimira wake wotchuka kwambiri. Gophers, chipmunks ndi marmot aphatikizidwanso.
Squirrel wamba (Sciurus vulgaris)
Sonya (Gliridae) mawonekedwe ake ndi mtanda pakati pa mbewa ndi agologolo. Awa ndi makoswe okhawo omwe alibe cecum, omwe amawonetsa kuchuluka kwa mapadi azakudya zawo.
Mitundu yokhayo ya banja lachi Aplodontiidae ndi chisangalalo (chokomera mapiri).
Suborder Beaver (Castorimorpha)
Zoyimiriridwa ndi mabanja atatu:
Beavers (Castoridae) - makoko akuluakulu okhala ndi matumba andaya ndi miyendo yamphamvu. Odziwika kwambiri, abwino, okongoletsa. Ndiwotchuka chifukwa choti amatha kusintha malo omwe akukhala. Mothandizidwa ndi ma incisors amphamvu, amadzala mitengo, ndikupanga madamu ndi ma huts pazinthuzi (zambiri za mikanda m'nkhaniyi).
Oimira banja la gopher (Geomyidae) amakhala moyo wawo wonse mobisa. Kunja, zikuwoneka ngati timadontho.
Plain gopher (Geomys bursarius)
Makoswe a Hapatopods (Heteromyidae) ndi mabowo obwera usiku wokhala kumadera osiyanasiyana a America.
Suborder Porcupine (Hystricomorpha)
Chigawochi chimagwirizanitsa mitundu 300 m'mabanja 18 (agoutium, porcupine, pig pig, digger, chinchilla, rock rat, etc.).
Kwambiri, awa ndi makoswe akuluakulu omwe amakhala mkati mwa South ndi Central America. Pakati pawo, porcupines, nkhumba za Guinea, digger, nutria, chinchillas, ndi zina zotchuka kwambiri.
North American Porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum)
Suborder Thorn-Anomaluromorpha)
Mulinso mabanja awiri:
Banja loyamba (Pedetidae) limayimilidwa ndi mtundu umodzi - wokhazikika yemwe amakhala kumapeto a ku Africa. Nyama iyi imawoneka ngati kangaroo kakang'ono.
Dolphin (Pedetes capensis)
Mchira waminga (Anomaluridae) ochokera ku nkhalango zamvula za ku Africa ali kunja kwambiri ofanana ndi agologolo, koma ali ndi mgwirizano kwambiri ndi iwo.
squirrel thorntail (Zenkerella insignis)
Makhalidwe abwino
Makoswe ambiri amakhala m'mabanja kapena m'malire, nthawi zambiri amakhala akulu kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa madera agalu ofikira kumatha kufikira anthu 5,000. Njira yokhayo imakhala yodziwika bwino yamitundu yomwe imatha kuteteza chakudya chawo kwa omwe akupikisana nawo. Pakati pawo, okhala mapiri owuma ndi zipululu - hamsters ndi mbewa zam'chipululu.
Pokhala ndi ziwalo zankhondo lakuthwa, makoko amalumikizana pogwiritsa ntchito kumva, kupenya ndi kununkhira. Ntchito yofunika yolumikizirana imasewera ndi mawu. Mwachitsanzo, ma chipmunks ndi ojambula aku North America amagwiritsa ntchito mfuwu yayikulu kudziwitsa anzawo za kukhalapo kwawo komanso kuteteza gawo lawo. Pali ma alarm apadera mu repertoire awo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakagwidwa ndi chilombo. M'makola ena ambiri, phokoso lamawu omwe amatulutsidwalo satha kuzindikira kwa anthu (pafupifupi 45 kHz). Kuphatikiza apo, amalankhulana pogwiritsa ntchito fungo labwino lopangidwa ndi tiziwala tosiyanasiyana. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi fungo lamphamvu kuposa zazikazi.
Makoswe omwe ali pachiwopsezo
Kutha kwa makoswe kubereka mwachangu ndi kukhazikitsa mitundu yonse ya malo okhala kumapangitsa kuti zolengedwa izi ndizofunika kwambiri muzinthu zachilengedwe. Amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamoyo wa munthu.
Koma sikuti mitundu yonse ya makoswe imakula. Pafupifupi mitundu 50 yasowa m'zaka mazana awiri apitawa, ndipo mitundu yopitilira 350 posachedwa iwonso itha.
Omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndi mitundu 78 yoyimiriridwa ndi ochepa, omwe ali okhaokha omwe akupitilirabe kuchepa. Kwa ena a iwo, monga Margarita kangaroo jumper ndi hamster ya ku Brazil, kuteteza malo awo kumawapatsa chiyembekezo chodzapulumuka. Kwa ena, monga khola la reef mosaic, kulibenso chiyembekezo - mu 2016, bungwe lomwe lidapangidwa ndi mamembala a Unduna wa Zachitetezo cha Maziko ku Queensland ndi Heritage adaganiza kuti nyamayo idafa chifukwa chamadzi osefukira pachilumba chamchenga chomwe amakhala.
Pafupifupi mitundu 100 ya makoswe omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha chiwonongeko ali pachiwopsezo chochepa. Kuchulukana kwa anthu mpaka 2500 kaŵirikaŵiri kumagawika m'magawo angapo pachiwopsezo. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu iwiri ya agouti waku Central America ndi mitundu 6 ya nkhono zam'madzi zaku Mexico zalowa mgululi.
Zothandiza: Maamamoni: Full Illustrated Encyclopedia / Translator. Kuchokera ku Chingerezi / Buku. II. Makoko, osayenda, makoswe, zopondera, njovu zodumphadumpha, osatetemera, mileme, zosafunikira, amisanja, kudutsa kamodzi. / Mkonzi. D. MacDonald. - M: "Omega", - 2007.
Maonekedwe a mbewa yamtchire
Pakuwerenga mwatsatanetsatane, zikuwonekeratu kuti kukula kwa mbewa ya m'nkhalango ndikokulirapo pang'ono kuposa zotsala zina - kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu kumafika 12 cm.
Mbedza yamtchire (Apodemus uralensis).
Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi mchira wautali, womwe ndi wofanana ndi kutalika kwa thupi kapenanso kupitirira. Maso ndi akulu, otambalala - akufanana ndi mikanda yosalala. Makutu ndi akulu, oimirira - mbewa zimakhala ndi khutu labwino, zomwe zimawathandiza kupuma pantchito kuchokera ku ngozi yomwe ikubwera.
Mtundu wa chovala mu mbewa zamtchire nthawi zambiri umakhala wofiyira, wokhala ndi malo otuwa kwambiri kumbuyo kwake. M'mimba, m'malo mwake, mumakhala oyera, nthawi zina amakhala ndimatumbo achikasu. Pakati pa forelegs, malo owoneka bwino a ubweya nthawi zambiri amapezeka, omwe amapezeka onse ngati mawonekedwe ozungulira komanso mawonekedwe a mzere wawung'ono.
Malo okhala mbewa
Malo okhalamo, monga momwe dzinalo limanenera, ndi nkhalango zowuma komanso zosakanikirana zomwe zili ku Eastern Europe, Caucasus, ndi Turkey.
Makoswe a nkhalango amakhala makamaka m'nkhalango zowirira ndi zosakanikirana za Kum'mawa kwa Europe.
Komanso mbewa zimakhala ku Altai, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Kazakhstan ndi China. Komanso, mbewa za m'nkhalangoyi zimapezeka kwambiri kumapiri akum'mwera, komwe kulibe nkhalango. Ndodo izi zimakonda kwambiri malo olimapo, makamaka - mbewu za tirigu.
Pali umboni wa kuchuluka kwa anthu kuzilumba za Mediterranean, komanso kumapiri a North Africa.
Monga malo okhalamo, mbewa ya m'nkhalangoyi imakonda nkhalango zakale, zokhala ndi zitsamba zowirira komanso zobiriwira. Amadzipangira mabowo mizu yamitengo, komanso udzu wouma ndi masamba agwa. Amakonda kukhazikika m'malo obisika achilengedwe, ngati apezeka.
Mtundu wa mbewa yamtchire
Kwa moyo wake wonse, mbewa ya m'nkhalangoyi imakhala mugodi momwe imakumbamo dothi lotayirira pafupi ndi mitengo ndi matchire. Nora ndi njira yoyendera ndi zipinda, iliyonse ili ndi cholinga chapadera. Pamakhala chipinda chovomerezeka, ndi zokumbiramo zingapo momwe makoswe amasungira m'matangadza ake nthawi yachisanu.
Kapangidwe kakang'ono kameneka kamakhala moyo wachisangalalo, nthawi zina kumachoka dzenje masana.
Momwe mungapeze zakudya zambiri zopatsa thanzi - mbewa imodzi imakolola kuyambira ma kilogalamu atatu mpaka asanu a malo osungiramo nyengo yachisanu.
Chifukwa cha kukula kwawo kakang'ono komanso kusuntha kwakukulu, nyamazi ndizabwino kwambiri, chifukwa chake kuyang'ana ndizopambana. Nthawi zambiri, pakakungika kopepuka, mbewa yamtchire imabisala pobisalira pafupi, ndikuzizira, kuyesera kuti isapereke kukhalapo kwayo.
Onani mafotokozedwe
Makoswe a kuthengo ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa abale awo. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa matupi awo ndi masentimita 7-10, koma anthu ochulukirapo amapezekanso (12-15 cm). Mchira womwe uli mum mbewa umakhala ndi kutalika kofanana ndi kutalika kwa thupi. Kulemera kwa makoswe sikuposa 25-30 g.
Kufotokozera kokwanira kwa anthu:
- Mutuwu ndi wokulirapo wokhala ndi chopindika.
- Maso amawoneka ngati mikanda yayikulu yakuda
- Makoko ake amakhala ndi makutu aatali kwambiri, omwe amatha kukula masentimita 2. Makutu otere ndi othandiza kwambiri m'nkhalango zowopsa za m'nkhalango,
- Nthawi zambiri pamakhala nyama zofiirira, zochepa zofiirira komanso zachikasu,
- Mimba ndi yoyera, anthu ena amakhala ndi chingwe chachikasu.
- Makoswe okhala kumapiri amakhala ndi malo owoneka bwino pachifuwa pawo. Palinso malo ofiira kapena achikasu pakati pa mbewa zamitchi,
- Mtundu wa nyama zazing'ono ndi wowala pang'ono kuposa mbewa zachikulire.
Makoswe:
Kodi kubereka kumachitika bwanji?
Kubalana kumachitika mwachangu mu nyengo yotentha: kuyambira kumapeto kwa Marichi mpaka Seputembara. Kodi mbewa zamtchire zimabereka bwanji:
- Wamkazi amatha kubala ana 3-4 pachaka chimodzi, koma madera omwe kutentha kumawonjezeka,
- Kubereka kumatenga masiku 20-25,
- Yaikazi imatsogolera kuchokera ku mbewa zitatu mpaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, zomwe zimabadwa khungu, ugonthi komanso zopanda tsitsi.
Kubala mbewa zamtchire
Kubalanso nyama yaying'ono imeneyi kumachitika kokha munthawi yotentha - kuyambira kumapeto kwa Marichi mpaka Seputembala, mbewa imatha kubereka ana 3-4, iliyonse yomwe imakhala ndi mbewa za 3-6. Ana amakula mwachangu kwambiri - pafupifupi mwezi umodzi akakhala kuti akudya kwawo kokwanira, kosiyana ndi akulu okha kukula.
Akafika miyezi itatu, mbewa zamtchire zakonzeka kubala ana awo. Chifukwa cha kuswana mwachangu chotere, mbewa za m'nkhalango zimatha kukhala mwachangu malo okhala ngati kulibe adani achilengedwe okwanira pamenepo. Zikho ndi zabuluzi, komanso nkhandwe, ndizowopsa kwambiri kumakoko awa - amazindikira mosavuta mabowo a mbewa pansi, ndipo, pokuzikumba, amapeza olondera.
Mbewa zamtchire ndizonyamula encephalitis yoyipa, brucellosis, tularemia, anthrax ndi matenda ena.
Tanthauzo la mbewa yamtchire kwa anthu
Monga makoswe ena aliwonse, mbewa ya m'nkhalangozi ndi mbewu ya mbewu zonse pamodzi ndi mitengo yaying'ono ndi zitsamba. Kudya mphukira zazing'onoting'ono, mbewa imachotsa mbewuyo kufa. Ndiye chifukwa chake ulimi ukulimbana konsekonse ndi vuto la mbewa, ndipo olima nkhalango akuyesera kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zimadya kuti zichepetse mzere wa makoswe amtendere osatha.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Mbewa - kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe akunja
Kudutsa dziko lonselo, kupatula zigawo zakumpoto kwambiri komanso zamapiri, makoko ang'onoang'onowa ndiofala. Achibale apafupi kwambiri a mbewa ndi ma jerboas, makoswe, ma hamsters ndi mnyumba yogona. Ndipo muubwenzi wakutali kwambiri ndi makoswe, chinchillas, porcupines, beavers, nkhumba za Guinea. Mwathunthu, Mouse subfamily imagwirizanitsa mitundu ya 121 ndi mitundu yopitilira 300.
M mbewa ndi nyama yaying'ono yokhala ndi buluku komanso yolunjika mbali, makutu akulu ozunguliridwa ndi mikanda yoluka. Mchira wautali, wa dazi kapena wowoneka pang'ono ndi chizindikiro cha nyamayo. Malingaliro, osakhala ofanana kutalika, amasinthidwa kuti azikumba, kusunthira mbali zopingasa komanso zopingasa. Kutalika kwa makoswe kumatha kusintha 3 mpaka 20 cm, kulemera - 15 mpaka 50 g.
Nyama zochokera kubanja la Mouse zimasiyanitsidwa ndi masomphenya abwino ndipo zimatha kusiyanitsa pakati pazithunzi zofiirira ndi zachikaso. Kutentha kokhazikika kwa thupi m'makola awa kumachokera pa 37,5 mpaka 39 ° C. Kutalika kwambiri kwa mbewa ndi zaka 4.
Momwe mbewa zimakhalira chilengedwe
Kuti makoswe azikhala ndi kutentha kosasintha kwa thupi, amafunika kukhala otakataka nthawi yozizira ndi chilimwe, usana ndi usiku. Kususuka ndi kutetemera kwa mbewa ndizinthu zomwe zimathandizira kupulumuka ndikusiya ana.
Mu nthawi yophukira, nyama zimayamba kusonkha zakudya mink kapena pamwamba pa dothi, pomwe "nyumba yosungiramo "yo imakhazikika pansi. Ndipo ngati m'nthawi yakunyanja makoswe ali tulo usiku, ndikugona masana, ndiye kuti nthawi yozizira imakhalabe ndi nthawi yotentha. Mu nthawi ya masika ndi yophukira, kusowa kwa chakudya komanso kusinthasintha kwa kutentha, mbewa zimachulukana.
Makoswe amakhala m'mabanja akuluakulu, chifukwa ndiosavuta kudziteteza, kupeza chakudya, kumanga nyumba, kulera ana. Pazenera la mbewa pali mtsogoleri yemwe amasunga dongosolo mu gulu. Makoswe achikazi ndi amtendere. Koma amuna achichepere samayanjananso nthawi zonse ndi malo awo ocheperako. Manja a miyendo yakumbuyo ndi mikwingwirima yolusa ikuwonetsa cholinga cha nyamayo kuti igonjetse "mpando wachifumuwo". Kusamvana pabanja kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa gulu.
Kodi mbewa zimakhala kuti kuthengo?
Akakumba, mbewa zimatha nthawi yayitali ndikubereka ana, kuthawa zoopsa, kusungitsa chakudya, kapena kupuma zikatha kudya. Kuzama kwambiri kwa dzenje ndi masentimita 70, ndipo kutalika kwa mabowowo kumatha kufika mamilimita 20. Mitundu ina ya mbewa imamanga zisa m'matumba a udzu wawutali (mbewa ya ana) kapena imakhala pamizu yamitengo ndi mbola zakale (mbewa).
Ma mbewa ndi osakhalitsa komanso osatha, ndipo omaliza amatha kukhala nthawi yachilimwe komanso nthawi yozizira. Nyumba zakanthawi zanyama zimangokonzekera. Dzenje losatha la mbewa lili ndi chipinda chocheperako ndi zolowa zingapo. Mu zotchinga za chilimwe, pomwe makoswe amabereka ana, zinyalala zimapangidwa kuchokera pansi, masamba a udzu, zokutira ndi nthenga. Ndipo nthawi yozizira - malo ogulitsa chakudya amakonzedwa.
Kodi mbewa imadya chiyani ngati chilengedwe?
M'nyengo yotentha ndi yophukira, nthawi yokolola ikacha, mbewa zimayamba kukonzekera nkhokwe zachisanu. Chakudya chachikulu cha nyama ndi chimanga, komanso mbewu za mbewu zosiyanasiyana. Makoswe am'munda ngati tirigu, barele, oats, buckwheat.
Zovala zokhala m'nkhalango zimadya mtedza wa mkungudza, hazel, mapulo, beech, acorn, ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Ndipo nyama zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi amakonda kudya masamba, mizu ndi zimayambira za mbewu, zipatso, ziwala, mbozi, mphutsi, akangaude ndi zina zam'madzi. Makoswe a m'nyumba, okhala pafupi ndi anthu, amalolera kuzolowera zakudya za anthu ndikudya mkate, nyama, mkaka, maswiti.
Nyama zomwe zimakhala kuthengo zimamwa pang'ono. Chamoyo cha mbewa chimadzitulutsa chokha ndimadzi, ndikuphwanya chakudya. Zowonjezera zanyontho ndi masamba amchere a mbewu, zipatso, masamba.
Adani a mbewa
Mbewa ndi cholumikizira chofunikira mu chakudya chamitundu yambiri. Nyama zambiri zakutchire zimadalira kukhalapo kwa makoswe ochepa. Kwa mbewa zomwe zimakhala m'nkhalangoyi, adani awo ndi nkhandwe, mbewa, nkhandwe, nkhandwe, nkhwangwa, ming'alu, lynxes, ngakhale mimbulu. Zoyang'anira zimabowola mosavuta mabowo ndipo zimatha kudya nyama zazing'ono 30 patsiku.
Makoswe ndiye chakudya chachikulu cha njoka ndi abuluzi akuluakulu. Zobwezeretsanso monga boa constrimor, chimboni, zowonjezera, njoka yowala kumeza wozunzidwayo. Popita kusaka, njokayo imazizirira, kenako imazunza mwadzidzidzi, ikuluma ndi mano owopsa, kenako kuyembekezera kuti nyamayo isasunthike.
Pamwamba pa mbewa, zoopsa zimabisalira. Pakati pa mbalamezi pali nyama zomwe zimakonda kudya, zomwe zimadziwika ndi mphamvu ya mulomo, luso loonera komanso kumva. Izi ndi kadzidzi, nsikidzi, akambuku, chiwombankhanga, kadzidzi, kites. Amasaka masana kapena usiku, ndikupanga msanga kuchokera mumlengalenga.
Kodi mbewa zingati zimakhala?
Kutalika kwa ndodo kumadalira mwachindunji chilengedwe. Chiwerengero wamba ndi zaka 2-3. Zambiri monga nyengo, zakudya, matenda opatsirana, ndi kugwidwa kwa nyama zamtchire zimakhudza kwambiri moyo waminyama.
Kwa mbewa, zonse komanso chisanu, nyengo yotentha imatha kupha. Kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha kumawononga magulu ambiri amitundu. Nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi nyengo komanso kuthekera kudya bwino. Chakudya chosakwanira chimafupikitsa moyo wa mbewa.
Mitundu yambiri ya mbewa zomwe zimakhala kutali ndi anthu zimakhala zochepa kapena zopitilira chaka. Ndipo nyamayo, yosamalidwa ndi munthu, kulandira zakudya zoyenera ndi chisamaliro, imatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka 6.
Kubalana mu mbewa
Khoswe ndi nyama yamitala. Mwachilengedwe, wamwamuna mmodzi amaphatikiza pakati pa akazi awiri ndi awiri. Kupitilira miyezi 12, ana atatu mpaka 8 amapezeka mbewa. Yaikazi imafika pa kutha kwa milungu 10 itabadwa. Pakadali pano, amayamba estrus, yemwe amakhala masiku 5 ndipo akuwonetsedwa mwapadera.
Ngati wamkazi sanachite bwino atatenga pathupi, tinthu timene timayamba kulowa mkati mwa sabata limodzi. Pankhani ya umuna wopambana, pambuyo pa masiku 17-24, nyama yaikazi imayenera kubereka. Mu litala limodzi pali ana atatu kapena 9. Akazi achikazi amabala usiku. Ana, atabadwa, sangathe kusuntha, kumva ndi kuwona. Alibe tsitsi, ndipo kukula kwake kumayambira 2 mpaka 3 cm. Mbewa zimakula mwachangu:
- Masiku atatu - chimfine chikuwonekera m'thupi, masiku 5 - ana ake amayamba kumva, masiku 7 - kulemera kwa chinyama kuwirikiza kawiri, masiku 14 - zimbudzi zimadulidwa, masiku 19 - mbewa zimayamba kudya zokha, masiku 25 - kutalika kwa thupi kumafika 500 mm (mchirawo ndi wafupikisano 15-20mm) ndipo mbewa ndiwokhwima kale.
Mouse Shrew kapena Shrew (Myosorex)
Nyama zochokera kubanja la Shrews zimagawidwa mitundu 14 yokha. Mbewa yokhala ndi mphuno yayitali imakhala ndi kukula kwake (6-10 cm). Ana obadwa okha amalemera osakwana 1 g Nyama yokhota kumapeto kwa mphuno imatchedwa proboscis. Tsitsi la nyama ndi lofiirira, lolemera, lopindika, limatha kukhala laimvi, lotiwirira, lofiirira.
Mbewa yokhala ndi mphuno yayitali, yokongola imayang'ana m'malo chifukwa cha kununkhira kwake. Ndi nyama yopatsa chidwi, koma imakonda kudya tizilombo, komanso tinyama tating'onoting'ono (achule, tiana tating'ono, tambirimbiri). Popanda chakudya, nyama imeneyi imatha kukhala ndi moyo kuposa maola 10.
Kuzungulira kwakukulu kwa shrews kumakhala ku South America, Africa, Australia. Mbewa yaying'ono iyi yomwe ili ndi mphuno yayitali imakhala pafupi ndi dziwe, m'nkhalango zachinyezi komanso m'nkhalango zowirira.
Mbewa yaku Japan (Sylvaemus siriacinus)
Mbewa yokhala ndi makutu akulu ozungulira ndi mphuno yayitali. Amatchulidwanso kuti Asia Minor. Amakhala kuzilumba za Japan, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Georgia, komanso zilumba za Kuril ku Russia. Imakonda malo okwera kumapiri, nkhalango zosakanikirana, zobiriwira pansi.
Mbewa zaku Japan sizikumba mabowo, kukhazikitsa zomangira m'mitengo ndi nyumba, masango amiyala ndi zitsamba zowota. Kutalika kwa thunthu ndi mchira wake ndi pafupifupi ofanana (mpaka 13 cm). Miyezi 6 yofunda yokha pachaka, mu nthawi imeneyi amapatsa malita awiri atatu a ana 6-6.
Mbedza yamtchire (Sylvaemus sylvaticus)
Mbali yodziwika bwino ya nyamayo ndi malo achikasu pachifuwa. Kutalika kwa ndodo ndi masentimita 12, mchirawo ndi 8-10 cm. Makoswewa amatha kukhala ndi zotchinga, zokhala zowola, zokhala pansi pamiyala ndi m'malo ena obisalamo. Khoswe wamtchire ndiofala kwambiri ku Siberia, Western Asia, Altai, nkhalango zabwino za ku Ukraine, Belarus, ndi Moldova. Amadyetsa njere, mbewu, mtedza, tizilombo.
Mbewa ya Gerbil (Gerbillidae)
Mu banja la mbewa za mbewa, zimasiyanitsidwa ndimitundu ina, zoposa mitundu 100 ya zinyama. Mitundu yachilengedwe ya nyamazi ndi malo owuma a kum'mawa kwa Europe, zipululu za Africa ndi Asia ndi zipululu. Amakhala otakataka masana, nthawi yozizira sachita hibernate, koma moyo wawo umayamba kukhala waulesi.
Kunja, mbewa wa gerbil uli ngati khoswe. Kutalika kwa nyamayo kumatha kufika 20 cm, ndipo kulemera 250 g. Mtundu wa nyamayo ndi wamchenga wopanda nsana kumbuyo, komanso wopepuka pachifuwa. Mchira wautali wopendekeka bwino umasowa pakavulaza; watsopano sukula. Mbewa ya gerbil imatha kuyenda pamiyendo yakumbuyo kwake ndikulumpha mtunda wautali (mpaka 4 m). Amadyapo tirigu, barele, chimanga, mapira, komanso zipatso ndi mtedza.
Mwana mbewa (Micromys minutus)
Dzinalo limaphatikizidwa ndi kukula kwa nyamayi. Kutalika kwa thupi la nyama ndi 7 cm, ndipo mchirawo ndi masentimita 5. Nyamayi imakonda kukhala pamalo opondera m'nkhalango, paminda ya tirigu, pamalo opezekapo madzi osefukira. Pakati pa udzu, mutha kupeza nyumba zopendekera izi, zopangidwa ndi masamba ndi masamba owuma.
Khoswe wamwana amadziwika ndi mtundu wofiirira wakhungu womwe umawonekera pambuyo pa molt woyamba. Amadyanso ma invertebrates, masamba obiriwira, ndi phala. Mbewa yaying'ono ndiyamtendere, imasinthana mwachangu ndi chilengedwe chatsopano, kotero imatha kusinthidwa ndi anthu.
White mbewa (Mus musculus)
Amatchedwanso mbewa yakunyumba kapena nyumba, chifukwa nyamayo yasintha kukhala pafupi ndi munthu. Makapulo, ma sheti, ma pantries, makoswewo sadetsedwa zovuta zina, njira zingapo, momwe amakhala m'malo akulu. Pafupifupi ndi mabowo amakonzera zosungirako: chakudya, mtedza, zopaka, magawo a masamba.
Mbewa yoyera si nyama yayikulu, kutalika kwake kumafika masentimita 8 mpaka 11. Mchira wautali wokutidwa ndi tsitsi locheperako, mphete zowoneka zimawoneka bwino pamenepo. Mtundu wa khungu la nyama umatengera mitundu, koma mulu kumbuyo kwawo ndi wakuda kuposa pamimba. Mbewa yakunyumba imakhala kumakontinenti onse, m'malo onse achikhalidwe ndipo ndiwokhulupirika ndi mnzake.
Makoswe a Grass (Arvicanthis)
Kutalika kwa thupi limodzi ndi mchira kumatha kupitirira masentimita 30. Tsitsi lakhungu kapena la bulauni limakhala ndi tsitsi lalitali komanso lalitali, komanso tsitsi lolimba la mtundu umodzi. Mitundu ya moyo wawo ndi yofanana ndi ya munthu - amakhala maso masana ndipo amagona usiku.
Kumene kunabadwa mbewa za udzu ndi Southeast Africa. Ndodozi zimakonda chinyontho, ndipo zimakonda kukhala m'madzi osefukira, m'malo otentha otentha. Amatha kukumba maenje ndikukhala m'nyumba za anthu ena.
Mbewa kumunda (Apodemus agrarius)
Mbewa yamtchire siyofanana ndi makoswe ena a banja la Mouse. Nyamayo imakhala ndi chingwe chowoneka bwino komanso chosiyanitsa pakhungu lomwe limayendayenda pamsana wonse, kuyambira pakapukutira ndi kumbuyo kwa mchira. Kukula kwa nyamayi kumasiyanasiyana kuyambira 8 mpaka 12 cm popanda mchira. Utoto kutengera mtundu wamtunduwu umatha kusiyanasiyana kutuwa ndi mtundu wa bulauni ndi wakuda. M mbewa kumunda imamanga nyumba yakeyake, kapena imagwiritsa ntchito malo oyenera.
Mbewa kumunda zokhala kumadera akumadzulo ndi kumpoto kwa Europe, komanso gawo la Asia: China, Sakhalin, Taiwan. Nyamayi imakonda ma mead ndi minda, m'nkhalango zowoneka bwino, komanso zimapezeka mumzinda. Mbewa kumunda imadyera tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, chimanga, chomera ndi zipatso.
Panya Kwanyumba: Kusankha kwa Zinyama
Makoswe okongoletsera ndi ochezeka, osati ankhanza, oyera, amazolowera eni ake, ndipo kuwayang'anira ndikosavuta. Mukamasankha nyama, muyenera kulabadira zizolowezi ndi mawonekedwe a pentalo. Nyama yokhala ndi thanzi labwino imawoneka motere:
- Tsitsi silituluka, palibe matamba a dazi, mano ndi oyera, ngakhale, nyamayo imakhala yonyowa komanso yonyezimira, nyamayo ilibe kutulutsa kwa mucous m'mphuno ndi m'maso, mbewa imayenda ndikudyanso.
Musaiwale kuti zaka zingati mbewa zimakhala. Nthawi yayitali kwambiri yazinyamazi ndi zaka 3-4, choncho ndibwino kusankha chiweto chosakwana miyezi isanu ndi iwiri. Ndikofunika kulabadira zogonana zamtunduwu, popeza amuna ambiri samakhala m'nyumba imodzi.
M mbewa yoweta ndi nyama yokhazikika, motero ndikwabwino kupeza anthu angapo. Ngati kuswana kwanyama kwakonzedweratu, ndiye kuti asanakwatire, amuna ndi akazi azisungidwa payokha.
Makoswe Akuyang'anira Nyumba
Chifukwa cha kusankhidwa kwamakono, mbewa zokongoletsera zimakhala ndi mitundu mazana ambiri, yomwe mkati mwake mumayimba, ndi "waltzing", ndi nyama zomwe zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana (makoswe a albino, mbewa zakuda zakuda, phulusa ndi nyama zonona).
Mitundu ina ya mbewa ndizodziwika kwambiri:
- Makoswe amtundu waku Japan ndi ochepa kwambiri, mpaka 5 cm. khungu loyera limakongoletsedwa ndi mawanga akuda komanso a bulauni. Waubwenzi, oyera komanso amphamvu. Amakhala ndi moyo wamadzulo. Mu zinyalala 5-7 mbewa. Mbewa ya singano kapena akomis ndi mbewa yokongoletsera yayikulu ndi singano zambiri zopezeka kumbuyo konse. Mtunduwu ndi wofiirira kapena wofiirira. Khosi limazunguliridwa ndi chiphuphu chambiri champhamvu. Mphuno ndi yodutsa, maso ndi opindika, makutu ndi okulirapo, owumbika. Mbewa ndi yotakataka, imazolowera anthu. Mbewa yokongoletsera yaku Africa imakhala ndi mtundu wosangalatsa: mikwingwirima yopepuka komanso yakuda palimodzi m'thupi. Nyama sizitulutsa fungo losasangalatsa. Imakwera bwino pamalo opindika. M mbewa yoluka - nyamayi ndi yamanyazi kwambiri. Pakakhala ngozi, imatha kunamizira kuti ndi yakufa kapena yodumphadumpha mpaka 2,5. Kutalika kwa thupi sikumapitirira 10 cm.
Kusamalira ndi kukonza mbewa kunyumba
Nyumba yomwe mbewa zokongoletsera zimakhalamo ingakhale khola, aquarium, bokosi la pulasitiki lowonekera. Kwa nyama zochepa chabe, malo okhala 25 * 45 * 22 cm.Munsi pansi pa tchire limakutidwa ndi utuchi kuchokera kumitengo yazipatso kapena ndi woyeretsa zouma kuchokera ku chimanga, mapepala, udzu. Sinthani zinyalala za makongoletsedwe osachepera 1 pa sabata, koma ndi bwino masiku atatu aliwonse. Kuchokera pamwamba pamtunda pali chivundikiro ndi mipata ya mpweya.
Mkati mwanyumbayo, malo okhala ndi zida zingapo, makamaka m'malo okwera osiyanasiyana. Mitundu yonse ya mbewa imagwira ntchito kwambiri ndipo imayenda mwanjira yachilengedwe mpaka makilomita 40 patsiku, kotero payenera kukhala magudumu othamanga ku terarium. Zodzikongoletsera zimathiridwa madzi kudzera mu mbale yomwera kapena kuthira mumbale wochepa.
Kodi mbewa zokongoletsera zimadya chiyani?
Nyama zonse zochokera ku banja la Mouse zimakonda kunenepa kwambiri, chifukwa chake muyenera kudziwa zomwe mbewa yokongoletsa imadya. Maziko a nyamayo ndi zakudya: balere, tirigu, chimanga, manyuchi. Njere siyenera kukhala pansi. Nthawi zambiri mbewa zopanga ndi zochepa kwambiri ndipo zimadya mpaka 1 tsp patsiku. wolimba.
Mafuta omwe mumakonda ndi mpendadzuwa, dzungu, mbewu zonyamula, walnuts, mtedza ndi hazelnuts. Masamba ndi zipatso ndizofunikira pakudya kwa nyama. Ndikwabwino ngati masamba ali obiriwira: kolifulawa, letesi, nkhaka, zukini, broccoli, parsley. Ndipo zipatso sizokoma kwambiri komanso zowutsa mudyo: apulo, nthochi, quince, peyala, maula. Nthawi zina, mkate ndi zoyera zimatha kuperekedwa.
Zomwe mbewa sizidya: zipatso za malalanje, nyama zosuta, nyama, chakudya champhaka ndi agalu.
Chonde: maubwino ndi zopweteketsa
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makoswe amtunduwu akuti ndi adani a anthu. Mouse vole kuvulaza kubzala mbewu. M mbewa ya m'nyumba imadetsa katundu ndi ndowe ndi mkodzo, imapangitsa mabuku, zovala, ndi zokongoletsera zapakhomo kukhala zosagwira. Mitundu yambiri ya mbewa imakhala ndi matenda opatsirana: salmonellosis, hepatitis, encephalitis, toxoplasmosis, TB yabodza komanso ena.
Koma mbewa zimabweretsanso zabwino kwa anthu. Beauticians ndi madokotala akhala akugwiritsa ntchito mbewa kwazaka zopitilira zakafukufuku wina. Izi ndichifukwa cha kuchulukana kwapadera kwa makoswe ndi kufanana kwa matupi a anthu ndi mbewa.
Zoologists amalima mbewa zapakudya zabwino za ma pythons, agam, boas, geckos, njoka, zonyansa, owol ndi amphaka. Nthawi zina chifukwa cha izi makongoletsedwe ogwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe amaperekedwa ku malo ogulitsa ziweto.
Makoswe A Mbiri Komanso Chikhalidwe
Ku Greece wakale, mbewa yoyera inkawonedwa kuti ndi nyama yopatulika. Nyama zikwizikwi za nyama zinkakhala m'makachisi. Iwo anali ngwazi za nthano ndi nthano. Amaganiza kuti mbewa yoyera imathandizira anawo kuwona zamtsogolo, ndipo kubereka kwachangu kwa nyama kumalonjeza kutukuka ndi kututa bwino. Mbewa yakuda idawonedwa ngati chinthu chadothi ndipo inkayenera kufafaniza.
Ku Japan, amakhulupirira kuti mbewa yoyera imabweretsa chisangalalo. Kuwona malo omwe kholalo limakhala ndi chizindikiro chabwino, ndipo mbewa yakufa imatanthawuza chisoni. Wachichaina adawona nyamayi kukhala chizindikiro cha nzeru ndi kuwona mtima. Ndipo pakati pa Persia wakale ndi Aiguputo, m'malo mwake, mbewa zoyera ndi zakuda zidapatsidwa mphamvu zowononga, zoyipa. Adalumikiza zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi makoswe ndi machenjerero a mulungu woopsa Ahriman.
Amphaka adawonekera mnyumba ya anthu chifukwa cholamulidwa ndi makoswe ovulaza. Ngakhale zaka 6,000 zapitazo, anthu adayamba kudyetsa amphaka amtchire, ndipo nawonso, adayamba kuteteza zakudya zawo. Koma ngakhale pakadali pano, mbewa zokhala pabanja zimakhalabe zosangalatsa. Kukondana kwamtaliwu ndiye maziko a nthano zambiri, nyimbo, zojambula, ndi miyambi. Munthawi ya intaneti, makanema apadera amphaka aonekera. Khoswe amene ali pachimake pa mphaka wapakhomo amakhala nthawi yoti akumbukire nzeru zake zosaka.
Zosangalatsa zokhudza mbewa
- Makoswe sakonda tchizi konse. M'malo mwake, nyama zimakonda mbewu kapena mbewu zonse. Mafuta osuta ndi mankhwala omwe amakonda kwambiri makoswe ang'ono awa. Nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyambo mu mbewa ya mbewa. Chaka chimodzi chokha ndi momwe nyambo yamphongo imakhalira. Kubereka nyama izi, chilengedwe chimangotenga masabata awiri okha. Pambuyo pa kukhwima, komwe kumatenga maola 10 mpaka 13, champhongo chimafa kupatsa ana awo moyo. Chofunika kwambiri pakulankhulana pakati pa mbewa ndi fungo. Mothandizidwa ndi "zofukiza" (zochokera ndowe, mkodzo, makungu kuchokera ku tiziwalo tosiyanasiyana), makoko amachotsa gawo, kudzipenda mlengalenga, kufalitsa uthenga wina ndi mzake. Banja lililonse la mbewa limakhala ndi fungo lake, losonyeza kuyenderana ndi chibadwa cha nyama. Khoswe wamaso osangalala, mwana wosakhazikika ndiye heroine yosasintha yamakono. Mapiritsi oseketsa ndi masewera a foni amapereka kuti agwire mbewa pa skrini, kwa mphaka wapakhomo izi zitha kukhala mankhwala enieni, ndipo kwa eni ake - nthawi yoseka ndi mtima wonse.
Makoswe ndi ndodo zazing'onoting'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi, zomwe zimabweretsa anthu pabwino komanso zovulaza. Amawononga nkhokwe za mbewu ndipo amanyamula matenda owopsa. Koma kugwiritsa ntchito mbewa pakufukufuku wa sayansi kumathandiza kupulumutsa miyoyo.
Pamaonekedwe osiyanasiyana ndi momwe moyo umakhalira, mbewa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosavuta kudya nyama zodyedwa, mbalame ndi zinyama. Chifukwa cha izi, nyama sizikhala nthawi yayitali. Kukula kwakang'ono, mawonekedwe abata komanso oseketsa amakulolani kuti musunge izi makoswe ngati ziweto. Nyama, zomwe zinali mwayi kuti zikondweretse anthu, zimakhala zaka zambiri kuposa zakutchire.
Zovala zaubweya ndi utoto
Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mbewa zautoto wofiirira, kumbuyo kwake komwe kumadutsa malo a bulauni omwe kulibe kuwonekera. Mtundu woyera umakhala pamimba, koma mthunziwo ungakhale wachikasu. Chochititsa chidwi pofotokozera mbewa yamtchire ndi kukhalapo pachifuwa cha malo owala achikaso, omwe amakhala ndi mawonekedwe, kapena kamtunda kakang'ono.
Zofunika! M'nyengo yozizira, makoko amakutidwa ndi chida chakuda, ndipo utoto umasintha.
Thunthu ndi miyendo
Kulemera kwa makoswe ndi pafupifupi 200 g. Anthu ena amakula mpaka 300 g. Poyerekeza thupi, mutu ndi waukulu. Chizindikiro chalongosoledwa. Ili ndi maso akulu akulu owoneka ngati tsabola.
Zofunika! Chofunikira kwambiri ndi kukula kwa makutu - amafikira 2.2 cm kutalika.
Habitat ndi moyo
Makoswe kuthengo amakhala moyo wakhama. Zodzikongoletsera zimakhala maso chaka chonse, osafunikira hibernation. Anthuwa amakhala okangalika usiku komanso m'mawa. Masana, mbewa zimayesetsa kuti zisachoke m'nyumba kuti zisagwere m'misempha ya omwe alibe nzeru kuwadyera. Pali adani ambiri munyama yankhalango:
Makoswe a nkhalango amapezeka ku Russia konse, kupatula Far North. Popeza makoswe amafera msanga popanda madzi, kupezeka kwamadziwe pafupi ndi kamakumba kumakakamizidwa. Amakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje, madambo, mapiri, nkhalango zosakanikirana. Nyama imadzipangira nyumba pamizu ya mitengo, m'maenje ndi mitengo yakugwa. Mink ili ndi mayendedwe ambiri oyenera kusunga masheya osiyanasiyana.
Zofunika! Nthawi zambiri, makoswewo amapanga ngongole zochepa, koma posachedwa ndi nyengo yozizira, mbewa zapamwamba zimadzaza.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Nthawi yabwino yakukhwima imatengedwa kuti ndi nyengo yotentha. Chifukwa chake, zigawo zomwe zimakhala ndi nyengo yofunda, kuchuluka kwa makoswe ndikochepa kwambiri. Nthawi yabwino, wamkazi amatha kutenga pakati mpaka kanayi pachaka, ndipo aliyense amakhala ndi pakati mpaka kubereka ana asanu ndi mmodzi (ndiwo kuchuluka kwa nsonga zam'mimba ndipo ana ambiri sanabadwe). Pokonzekera kubadwa kwa mwana, mkaziyo amakonza nyumba, amapanga chakudya, kuti asasiye ana kwa nthawi yayitali, ndikusiya chakudya kuchokera kudzenje.
Forest mbewa mimba kumatenga masiku 20-25. Makoswe amabadwa ali ogontha, akhungu komanso dazi. Mbeu zamera zikumakula mwachangu ndikukula. Pakatha milungu iwiri, mbewa zimayamba kuwona ndi kumva, ndipo zitakwanitsa mwezi umodzi zokha zimatha kupeza chakudya chawo. Achichepere amasiyana ndi makulidwe akuluakulu mu kukula kwawo kocheperako komanso mtundu wowala kwambiri.
Zofunika! Pakatha masiku 30 kubadwa, ana amachotsedwa mu chisa, koma ndikupitiliza khola limodzi. Zodzikongoletsera zimalowa moyo wodziyimira pawokha.
Anthu okhala m'nkhalango ali okonzeka kukwatirana kale m'miyezi itatu. M'chaka choyamba cha moyo, wamkazi amakhala wokhwima mwakugonana ndipo amatha kubereka. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa makoswe pamaso pa zinthu zabwino kumatha kuwonjezeka, komwe ndi kowopsa pa ulimi.
Zopeza
Makoswe ndi nyama zomwe zimakhala tizirombo. Amatha kuwononga mbewu, kuwononga mitengo ya m'munda ndi mbewu zina. Anthu ambiri okhala ndi makoswe amatha kudya zipatso zabwino, zomwe pamapeto pake zimabweretsa zovuta zachilengedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, makoswe ndi onyamula matenda owopsa.
Munthu amene walumidwa ndi mbewa ya m'nkhalango akhoza kukhala pachiwopsezo chotenga matenda otsatirawa:
Malo okhala kumene mbewa imakhala
Makoswe a m'nkhalango amasiyanitsidwa ndi malo okhala ambiri. Malo amodzi omwe nyama zimasankhira mabanja awo ndi malo otseguka m'nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi zowoneka bwino m'mipata. Chifukwa cha kutengera kwachilendolo makatani amatha kupezeka m'magawo angapo:
Osanyalanyaza mbewa ndi steppe. Nyama zimatha kudziwa bwino malo okhala Altai, China komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Kazakhstan. Minda yolimidwa tirigu imapatsa makoswe chakudya komanso pogona. Malo awo okhala amapezeka kuzilumba za Mediterranean ndi mapiri a North Africa.
Kodi amadya ndi malo ati?
Kudyedwa kwa makoswe kumaphatikizapo zakudya zamitundu mitundu, tizilombo ndi mphutsi, nyama zazing'ono. "Zosunga" za nyama zimatengera nyengo yake:
- Chakudya chomwe ndimakonda kwambiri cha mbewa ndi ma acorn ndi mtedza. Komanso, anthu amatha kusangalala ndi zipatso za mbewu zosiyanasiyana, nthangala, masamba ndi mazira achichepere,
- Bowa wosawonongeka ndi tizirombo, chakudya chabwino cha nyama,
- Kuyika dzira losasamalidwa kudzakhalanso nyama yolandidwa ndi mbala zazing'ono,
- M'nyengo yozizira, mbewa zikalephera kugwira ntchito, zimadyera masheya omwe amapangidwa nthawi yachilimwe kapena zimasamukira nthawi yozizira pafupi ndi anthu,
- Pakadalibe chakudya chokwanira, mbewa zimadya masamba, mbewu ndi zipatso za mitengo yosiyanasiyana kuthengo, zomwe zimayipa kwambiri.
Kupezeka kwa adani achilengedwe m'nkhalango zam'mapiri kumalepheretsa kuchuluka kwa anthu awo kuthengo. Nyama izi ndi chakudya cha kadzidzi, nkhandwe, zala, ma weas, komanso mbalame zomwe zimadyedwa kuchokera kumalamulo achinyengowa.
Mfundo za anthu
Makoswe a m'nkhalango, omwe alimo, akuwononga malo, amatha kuwononga mbewu zambiri, mitengo ndi zitsamba. Pa nthawi iliyonse ya kukula, tirigu, oats, barele ndi mbewu zina zomwe zimadyedwa ndi banja lambiri.
Zowopsa za anthu m'mundawo:
- Impso zimaswa mabowo ndi kudutsa, kuwononga mizu ya mitengo yophukira ndi zitsamba,
- Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timaluma makungwa a mitengo, mizu ndi mphukira, zomwe zimatha kupha mbewuyo.
- Kudya zipatso ndi zipatso, mbewa zimatha kusiya wamaluwa wopanda mbewu.
Makoswe amathanso ndi utoto pa ubweya wawo ndikuwapatsira ziweto.
Zida zogwira ntchito ndi njira zothanirana ndi mbewa
Mutha kumenya nkhondo ndi mbewa zamtchire m'njira zosiyanasiyana. M'mafamu ang'onoang'ono ndi ang'onoang'ono, kukhazikitsa zida zamagetsi kapena zotchingira zingathandize.
Zomwe muyenera kudziwa zokhudza nkhondoyi:
- Kununkhira kwa adyo ndi muzu wakuda kumawopseza tizirombo tatsamba. Zomerazi zimafalikira pafupi ndi gawo la chiwembucho,
- Kutsanulira mabowo ndi njira yapadera yobweretsera,
- Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mbewa za mbewa ndi nyambo, njere zapoizoni, misampha ndi guluu, kupukutidwa ndi mankhwala.
- Ndikofunika kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana polimbana ndi mbewa.
Monga chilichonse chomwe chatizungulira, mbewa zamtchire ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti nyama zakutchire zizilumikizana. Koma posakhala ndi zochitika zachilengedwe zachilengedwe komanso kulephera kuyendetsa bwino kuchuluka kwa anthu, mbewa zimatha kukhala tsoka lalikulu pamoyo wamunthu.
Mitu Yotchuka Yamauthenga
Malinga ndi mbiri yakale, Chikristu chidayamba kalekale kuzungulira zaka za zana loyamba BC. Ayenera kukhala ku Roma. Chikhulupiriro ichi chinali chodandaulira kwa onse osowa omwe akhumudwitsidwa, omwe amafuna kupeza chilungamo.
Mzinda wokongola wa Ulan-Ude, womwe uli pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Baikal, ndi ochepa omwe akudziwa. Anthu okhala m'malo ena, akamva dzina la mzindawu, amaganiza kuti ili ku Mongolia kapena kwina, koma osati ku Russia.
Zachilengedwe zinapatsa dziko lapansi nyama zodabwitsa zambiri, ndipo hedgehog wamba sichinali chimodzimodzi. Pali anthu ochepa omwe sakudziwa momwe nyamayi imawonekera. Ngakhale kuti nyamayo ndi yokongola komanso yosangalatsa, ndizovuta kuyinyamula.