Ngakhale spinosaurus imadziwika bwino ndi aliyense chifukwa cha kukula kwake, chigaza chake komanso chigoba chake, ndizodziwika bwino chifukwa cha zotsalira zomwe zidawonongeka, osawerengera mano ndi zinthu zomwe zimapezeka mu chigaza. Kuphatikiza apo, chigaza ndi msana zokha ndizomwe zidafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane, ndipo mafupa a miyendoyo sanapezeke konse. Zinthu za nsagwada ndi chigaza, zomwe zidawonetsedwa mu 2005, zikuwonetsa kuti anali ndi imodzi mwa zigaza zazitali kwambiri pakati pa ma dinosaurs onse okongoletsa, omwe amafika mita 1.75 kutalika. Chigoba chinali ndi Ford yopapatiza yokhala ndi nsagwada zodzaza ndi mano owongoka opindika, omwe analibe serata. M'mafupa osakanikirana kwambiri mbali zonse zoyambirira za chibwano chachikulu panali mano 6 kapena 7, ndipo 12 yotsalira mbali zonse ziwiri kumbuyo. Mano achiwiri ndi achitatu mbali iliyonse anali atali kwambiri kuposa enawo omwe anali mu fupa lowoneka bwino lopanga, opanga malo pakati pawo ndi mano aatali kumbuyo kumbuyo kwa nsagwada yapamwamba, ndipo mano ataliitali a m'nsagwada yam'munsi anali atayang'anizana ndi malowo. Sipinara ya spinosaurus idapangidwa kuchokera ku njira zapamwamba kwambiri zamkati za vertebrae zomwe zimakula pamsana wa dorsal. Njira izi za vertebrae ndizokwera maulendo 7 mpaka 12 kuposa msana womwe udakula.
Moyo
Mosiyana ndi chidwi chake pachakudya, mwina spinosaurus sanali kudya nsomba zokha. Nsagwada zake zazitali zopyapyala, zofanana ndi nsagwada za gavial, zidali ndi mano owoneka bwino ndipo zimayenerera bwino kugwira wogwirayo, monga nsomba zazikulu kapena zam'madzi. Spinosaurus inalibe kuluma kwamphamvu kwambiri, koma izi zinali zocheperako pang'ono ndi kukula kwake komanso kulemera kwake, komanso kutsogolo kwa zida zamphamvu zamphamvu zopangidwa ndi zikhadabo zazikulu zakuthwa. Komabe, spinosaur sakanatha kugwiritsa ntchito kutsogolo ngati kusaka nyama yayikulu: kutalika kwake kofanana ndi thupi kunali kocheperako. Miyendo yakutsogolo ya buluzi, mutu wake utatambasulidwa kutsogolo, sinathe kufikira nsonga yake ya mphuno. Chifukwa chake, kuti agwiritse ntchito ma paws, adayenera kugona modzitchinjiriza, yemwe amadziwombera yekha. Palibe chovuta kulingalira momwe spinosaurus amagwira akugwira nyama yomwe imagwira ndi kutsogolo kwake, ngati nyalugwe, kapena mkango. Mwacionekele, buluziyo anapha nyama ndi mano ake, mwina kuwongolera pang'ono mphamvu ya miyendo ndi miyendo yake yakutsogolo. M'nyengo yachilala, spinosaurus mwina adafunafuna magwero ena a chakudya, kupaka nyama zovunda ndi kusaka. Otsalira a spinosaurs ochokera kumadera ena a dziko lapansi amapereka lingaliro labwino kwambiri lazakudya zawo. Chifukwa chake, mu 2004, khomo lachiberekero la pterosaur lomwe lili ndi mano a spinosaurus lidaphatikizika ku Brazil. Ndipo zam'mimba mwa spinosauride ina, baryonyx, mafupa angapo a iguanodont wachichepere amapezeka.
08.08.2017
Spinosaurus (lat. Spinosaurus) - mtundu wa a dinosaurs ochokera ku banja la Spinosaurus (lat. Spinosauridae). Imasiyanitsidwa ndi abuluzi ena okongoletsa ndi chigaza chachitali kwambiri komanso kupezeka kumbuyo kwa "boti" wamfupa wokhala ndi kutalika kwa mamita 1.69.
Wotsogola uyu anali wachiwiri kwa wankhanza komanso gigantosaurus kukula kwake.
Gulu
Spinosaurus adatipatsa dzina la banja la dinosaur, sipinosaurids, omwe kuphatikiza iye amaphatikiza baryonyx ochokera kumwera kwa England, wotsutsa komanso angaturama wochokera ku Brazil, zuhomim kuchokera ku Niger ku Central Africa, komanso mwina siamosaurus, omwe amadziwika ndi zidutswa za zotsalira ku Thailand. Spinosaurus ili pafupi kwambiri ndi wothirira madzi, amenenso ali ndi mano osalunjika, ndipo onse awiri amaphatikizidwa mu fuko la Spinosaurinae.
Nkhani yopezeka
Mafupa oyambilira a spinosaurus adapezeka ku Egypt mchaka cha 1912 ndi munthu yemwe adapeza ku Austria ndikugulitsa zotsalira, Richard Markgraf. Kupeza kumeneku kunapangidwa mu malo opezekapo ku Baharia, komwe kuli boma la Giza, 370 km kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Cairo. Mu 1915, adalandira tanthauzo la zasayansi monga Spinosaurus aegyptiacus. Linapangidwa ndi katswiri wa ku Germany wa paleontologist Karl Stromer von Reichenbach.
Zinthu zakalezi adazinyamula kupita naye ku Munich, komwe zimasungidwa mu Museum of Natural History of the Old Academy. Tsoka ilo, adawonongedwa pa nthawi yomwe ndege ya Allies idawombera mu 1944. Zithunzi zochepa, zojambula ndi zolemba zokha zomwe Shtromer adasunga.
Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itayamba, bizinesi ya Markgraf idasowa kwambiri. Anayenera kusiya kufufuza pafupifupi zaka 20 ndipo posachedwa amwalira mu umphawi wathunthu.
Apanso, zotsalira za spinosaurus zinali zabwino kupezeka kokha mu 1996 ndi Dale Russell, pulofesa ku University of North Carolina.
Pambuyo pake, zidutswa zingapo zosiyana zidapezeka zomwe zidamlola kufotokoza mtundu waukulu wofanana, Spinosaurus maroccanus.
Mu chikhalidwe chotchuka
Spinosaurus ikuwoneka mu filimu ya 2001 Jurassic Park III, pomwe opanga kanemayo adawonekera pamaso pa anthu onse ngati wotsutsa wamkulu, ngakhale wankhanza adachita izi m'mafilimu awiri apitawa. Mufilimuyi, sipinosaurus idawonetsedwa kwambiri komanso mwamphamvu kuposa wankhanza: pamwambowu, pomwe pankhondo yolimbana ndi omwe amadana ndi awiri, wopambana ndi spinosaurus, yemwe adagulunga khosi la wankhanza. M'malo mwake, nkhondo ngati imeneyi siyingakhale chifukwa chakuti ma dinosaurs onsewa anali ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana ndipo amakhala nthawi zosiyanasiyana, koma omwe akuyesa zanema adaganiza zokhazokha kusonkha dinosaurs pachilumba chimodzi ndiku "onani mphamvu zawo." Olemba filimuyo mwina adaganiza kuti chithunzi cha wolamulira wankhanza monga "woyeretsa kwambiri" sichinapezekenso, ndipo spinosaurus adasinthidwa m'malo mwake chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake odabwitsa komanso mawonekedwe ake oyipa.
Komanso, spinosaurus imawoneka m'mafilimu opanga "Earth Before the Time XII: Great bird Day", "Ice Age-3. M'badwo wa Dinosaurs ”(Rudy) komanso nyengo yachinayi ya mndandanda wanthano" Primeval ".
Morphology
Buluzi anali ndi phokoso lalitali ngati kakhwangwala, kutsogolo kwa malembedwe achifupi, mchira wautali, komanso "bwato" wokutidwa ndi zikopa pa ridge, wopangidwa ndi timiyala tating'ono tosanja. Mwinanso adagwira ntchito ya thermoregulation kapena adakhala ngati chida chamtokoma pakati pa oimira amtunduwu nthawi yakubzala. Sitima yapamadzi yokhala pakona pa 90 ° kupita kumphepo yozizira idatha kuziziritsa bwino magazi omwe amayenda kudzera mkati mwake.
Ernst Stromer adati kufalikira kwa mafupa amuna ndi akulu kuposa zazikazi ndipo adakopa anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi anzawo.
Zoyala zam'tsogolo zinali zazitali kuposa mizinda ina yonse ndipo zinali ndi zikhadabo zolocha. Zikuwoneka kuti anagwiritsidwa ntchito posaka, ngakhale ofufuza angapo ali ndi chidaliro pakugwiritsa ntchito kwawo miyendo inayi.
Kutalika kwa chigaza komwe kunapezeka mu 2005 kunali 1.75 m.
Spinosaurus inali ndi mano ochulukirapo kuposa abuluzi abwinobwino a chigawo cha Theropoda, koma anali ochepa thupi komanso atali. Pakati pa maso panali kofupika kakang'ono.
Mosiyana ndi maropod omwe adadziwika pano, spinosaurus inali ndi mafupa ang'onoang'ono a lamba wam'mphepete (cingulum membri inferioris) ndi miyendo yakumaso yopepuka. Mafupa a tubular adamangidwa ndi minofu yowoneka ngati mafupa ofanana ndi minofu ya mafupa a amfumu okhalapo. Izi zikuwonetsa kukhala moyo wachipembedzo cha chimphona chosowa.
Ntchafu yake inali yochepa komanso yayikulu, inali ndi ufulu wambiri. Zovala zamiyendo yakumbuyo kwake zinali zochepa komanso zosalala. Kapangidwe kameneka kamaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito iwo ndi mchira monga zazikulu poyambira posambira.
Spinosaurus
Spinosaurus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gulu la asayansi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dzina lasayansi yapadziko lonse | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
† Spinosaurus aegyptiacus mawu onena:
Spinosaurus (Chilatini: Spinosaurus, kwenikweni - buluzi wa spiked) - woimira banja la Spinosauridae (Spinosauridae), yemwe amakhala m'dera lamakono la North Africa mu nthawi ya Cretaceous (zaka 112-93,5 miliyoni zapitazo). Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mitundu ya ma dinosaurs iyi idafotokozedwa ndi zotsalira zomwe zimapezeka ku Egypt ndi Ernst Shtromer waku Germany mu 1915, yemwe adabweretsa mafupa ku Munich. Komabe, pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, usiku wa Epulo 24-25, 1944, kuwombera kunachitika mumzinda, mbali ina yosungiramo zinthu zakale idawonongeka, ndipo mafupa a spinosaurus adawonongeka, ngakhale Stromer adaganiziratu zotulutsa chiwonetserochi, koma mkuluyo adakana. Zojambula zokha ndi zithunzi zachilendo za Shtromer zomwe zidatsala masiku athu ano, zomwe zikufanizira mitundu yonse ya BSP 1912 VIII 19. Mpaka pano, paleontologists ali ndi zitsanzo 20 za spinosaurs. Theka la iwo adapezeka ku Moroko, anayi ku Egypt, atatu ku Tunisia, sampuli imodzi kuchokera ku Niger, Cameroon ndi Kenya. MiyesoMalinga ndi zomwe zilipo, kutalika kwa thupi la spinosaurus kunali kutalika kwa 16-18 m, ndi kulemera matani 7-9. Malingaliro oterowo adachitika pamfundo yoti anali ndi thupi lofanana ndi kholo lake lodziwika bwino Zuhomim (Suchomimus) kapena wopusa wachipembedzo Tyrannosaurus rex anali wophunziridwa bwino kwambiri. Mu 2007, ofufuza a Francois Terrier ndi a Donald Henderson adazindikira kuti kulemera kwa oimira zamtunduwu kungakhale pamtunda wa matani 12-23. Zambiri zolondola, m'malingaliro awo, zimatha kupezeka ngati zidutswa zathunthu zawonetseratu zimapezeka. Pakufufuza kwawo, anayerekezera mitundu iwiri - Spinosaurus maroccanus ndi Carcharodontosaurus iguidensis. KufotokozeraSpinosaurus amadziwika bwino ndi zotsalira zomwe zidawonongeka, osawerengera mano ndi chigaza chake. Zomwe zapezeka posachedwa ku Moroko, nkhokwe za zigawo zotsika za spinosaurus mwina zinali za munthu wachichepere, popeza adafika kakang'ono. Zinthu za nsagwada ndi chigaza, zomwe zidawonetsedwa mu 2005, zikuwonetsa kuti anali ndi imodzi mwa zigaza zazitali kwambiri pakati pa ma dinosaurs onse okongoletsa, omwe amafika kupitirira 1.5m kutalika. Chigoba chinali ndi chopondera chopondera ndi nsagwada zodzaza ndi mano owongoka. Mtundu wodziwika bwino kwambiri wa spinosaurus unali ndi kutalika kwamamitala 16 kutalika kwake ndipo anali ndi matani oposa 7 (mwina mwina matani 11.7-16.7, popeza mafupa ake anali ndi timizere tating'ono). Komabe, ma fossils ena odziwika bwino a spinosaurs achikulire komanso pafupifupi akuluakulu amachititsa kuti zikhale zovuta kudziwa kuti ndiye theropod wamkulu kwambiri m'mbiri, chifukwa anthuwa ndi otsika mokulira mpaka ngakhale baryonyx ndi zuhomima. Chimodzi mwazizindikiro za spinosaurus ndi msana wake. Machitidwe a dorsal ndi caudal vertebrae, kukula kwake ndi mawonekedwe, amapanga ngati "se". Mitundu yofananayi idapezeka m'madinosaurs ena (spinosaurids, ornithopods), komanso ma diapsid akale (Poposauroidea) ndi ma synapsids (sphenacodonts). Cholinga cha "bwato" ndi mutu wa zokambirana zambiri. Chimodzi mwazoyerekeza zaposachedwa kwambiri ndi ntchito yake ngati hydrostabilizer. PaleobiologySpinosaurs omwe akukhala ku dziko lomwe tsopano ndi Egypt akhoza kukhala mu mitengo ya mangati ndi kukhala moyo wopambana. Sangosaka malo am'madzi okha, komanso adawukira pamtunda pafupipafupi.
Izi zimatsimikizidwanso ndi malo omwe mano ndi mphuno zachikhalidwe zimapezeka kumtunda kwa chigaza. Malinga ndi katswiri wa zaulimi waku America a Gregory Paul, buluziyo, kupatula nsomba, amadyedwa ndi zovomerezeka ndikusaka nyama zazing'onoting'ono komanso zapakatikati, komanso adawombera nyama zazikulu, kuphatikizapo pterodactyls yowuluka nthawi yamvula. Spinosaurus adakhala zaka pafupifupi 100-94 miliyoni zapitazo. MawonekedweKukonzanso kwa Spinosaurus Pazaka zana zapitazo kuchokera pakupezeka kwa spinosaurus, malingaliro okhudzana ndi mawonekedwe ake akhala akusinthasintha. Zomwe zidachitika izi zinali kupanda chuma. M'makonzedwe oyamba, sipinosurus imawonetsedwa ngati chithunzi champhamvu chokhala ndi chigoba cholunjika kwambiri ndi chigaza chofanana ndi chigaza cha allosaurus (kupatula chibwano cha m'munsi, chomwe chimadziwika nthawi imeneyo). Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 20, spinosaurus idayimiriridwa ngati mtundu waukulu wa baryonix wokhala ndi bwato lozungulira kumbuyo kwake. Izi zidakhudzidwa ndi kukana kwa malo owongoka a msana m'madinala olusa, komanso kupezeka kwa nsagwada yapamwamba. Kenako, wojambula wachi Portuguese wa ku Paleo, Rodrigo Vega, adaganiziranso zakumanganso kwa spinosaurus, malinga ndi momwe adagwiririra ntchito pamalopo, phokoso lamadzi komanso thunthu laling'ono. Amakhulupilira kuti kwa nyama yomwe imadya kwambiri nsomba (komanso munthawi yachilala yomwe inali munthawi ya Cretaceous inali itasowa kwathunthu), ndikofunikira kuteteza nkhokwe yamphamvu ngati mawonekedwe a mafutawo, kapena nkhokwe, kumbuyo. Spinosaurus imasiyanitsidwa ndi kupezeka kwa kutsogolo kwamphamvu kwambiri, komwe kumatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito polemba patatu. Rodrigo Vega amakhulupirira kuti kuyimirira miyendo yake yakumbuyo ndi malo osasunthika kwambiri kwa spinosaurus, popeza kuti malo ake amphamvu yokoka ndi oyandikira kwambiri chigaza kuposa ma vertebrae odziwika, monga ma theropods ena. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyimirira kwamiyendo inayi kumatha kukhala kothandiza kwambiri mukamawedza m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mu 2014, akatswiri a paleont a David Martill, Nizar Ibrahim, Paul Sereno ndi Cristiano Dal Sasso adapeza mbali zina za mafupa a spinosaurus ku Morocco - zidutswa za chigaza, phalanges zala zamtsogolo, miyendo ingapo ndi msana. Zaka za FSAC-KK 11888 neotype zikuyerekezedwa ndi 97 Ma. Kupeza kumeneku kunatembenuza malingaliro onse a paleontologists pa sipinosaurus pansi. Poyamba, zidapangidwa kuti amasuntha miyendo inayi. Kachiwiri, mawonekedwe ammadzi oyenda panyanjayo adasinthidwa kukhala trapezoidal. Chachitatu, chitsimikiziro chinapezeka chokhala m'madzi osati moyo wokhazikika pamtunda. Chikalata chawombera izi. Komabe, pambuyo pake kukonzanso kwina kwa spinosaurus kunatsutsidwa kwambiri. KuchulukitsaSpinosaurus adatipatsa banja la dinosaur, sipinosaurus, yomwe imaphatikizapo mabanja awiri ocheperapo - Baryonychinae ndi Spinosaurinae. Zomwe zimadziwikanso zakale za dinosaur yosadziwika yochokera ku Australia - vertebra yofanana ndi baryonyx vertebra. Spinosaurus ali pafupi kwambiri ndi mtundu SigilmassasaurusZotsatira zake adalumikizidwa pachuma cha Spinosaurini. Cladogram pansipa ikuwonetsa malo a phylogenetic wa taxon: MawonekedweDinayoloyu anali ndi "ngalawa" yodabwitsa yomwe ili pamwambapa pomwe pamwamba pake panali kumbuyo. Amakhala ndi mafupa onunkhira omwe amalumikizidwa pamodzi ndi khungu. Akatswiri ena a paleontologists amakhulupirira kuti momwe kapangidwe kake kanapangidwira matenthedwe panali mafuta, chifukwa m'mikhalidwe momwe mitunduyi imakhalira sizimatheka kupulumuka popanda malo osungirako mphamvu monga mafuta. Koma asayansi sanatsimikizirebe 100% chifukwa chake kuyimbira kotero kunali kofunikira. Mwina idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kutentha kwa thupi.. Kutembenuza ngalawa kulowera ku dzuwa, amatha kutentha magazi ake mwachangu kuposa nyama zina zam'madzi ozizira. Komabe, bwato lalikulu loterolo mwina linali lodziwika bwino kwambiri lodana ndi Cretaceous ndipo linapangitsa kuti likhale lachilendo kwa banja la a dinosaur. Sizimawoneka ngati bwato la dimethrodon wokhala padziko lapansi pafupifupi zaka 280-265 miliyoni zapitazo. Mosiyana ndi zolengedwa monga stegosaurus, omwe maula ake amatulutsidwa kuchokera pakhungu, ngalawa ya spinosaurus imatetezedwa ndi kupitilira kwa vertebrae kumbuyo kwa thupi lake, kumangiriza kwathunthu ku mafupa. Malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, izi zowonjezera za chaposachedwa vertebrae zidakula mpaka mita imodzi ndi theka. Zomwe zimapangidwa pamodzi zimafanana khungu lowala. M'mawonekedwe, mwina, zoterezi zimawoneka ngati nembanemba pakati pa zala za amphibians. Palibe kukayikira kuti spinal spinal inalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi vertebrae, koma malingaliro a asayansi amasiyana pamapangidwe amtunduwo pawokha, amawalumikiza kukhala lokwera limodzi. Pomwe akatswiri ena a paleont amakhulupirira kuti sitima ya spinosaurus inali ngati sitima ya dimetrodon, pali ena ngati a Jack Bohman Bailey, omwe amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha kutalika kwa milawuyo, ikhoza kukhala kuti inali yayikulu kuposa khungu wamba . Bailey adatinso chishango cha spinosaurus chimakhalanso ndi zigawo zamafuta, komabe, kapangidwe kake komwe sikadadziwikabe chifukwa chosakhalapo kwa zitsanzo. Ponena za mawonekedwe olimbitsa thupi ngati bwato kumbuyo kwa spinosaurus, malingaliro amakhalanso osiyana. Maganizo ambiri amayambitsidwa pamutuwu, womwe umakonda kwambiri ndi ntchito ya thermoregulation. Lingaliro la njira yowonjezera yozizira ndi kutentha kwa thupi ndiofala kwambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza mitundu yambiri yapadera yamafupa pazakudya zingapo, kuphatikizapo spinosaurus, stegosaurus ndi parasaurolophus. Akatswiri a Paleontologists amati mitsempha yamagazi pa chikulu ichi idali pafupi kwambiri ndi khungu kotero kuti amasunga kutentha mwachangu kuti asazizire kutentha nyengo yausiku. Ophunzira ena amaganiza kuti msana wa spinosaurus umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzungulira magazi kudzera m'mitsempha yamagazi pafupi ndi khungu kuti kuzizira kuzizire kwambiri mu nyengo yotentha. Mulimonsemo, "maluso" onsewa akhoza kukhala othandiza ku Africa. Thermoregulation ikuwoneka kuti ndi njira yowonetsera bwino ya kayendedwe ka spinosaurus, komabe, pali malingaliro ena omwe samachititsa chidwi cha anthu ambiri.
Akatswiri ena a paleontologists amakhulupirira kuti ngalawa ya spinosaurus imagwiranso ntchito yofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa mbalame zazikulu masiku ano. Mwachidziwikire, zinafunika kuti akope mnzake kuti abereke komanso kuti adziwe momwe munthu akutha msinkhu. Ngakhale utoto wa fani iyi sunadziwikebe, pali malingaliro oti anali owoneka bwino, ochititsa chidwi, omwe amakopa chidwi cha omwe ali ndi anyamata omwe ali kutali. Mtundu wodziteteza umaganiziridwanso. Mwina adachigwiritsa ntchito kuti chiwoneke chokulirapo pamaso pa mdani wowukira. Chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa msana, spinosaurus imawoneka yayikulupo komanso yowopsa m'maso mwa iwo omwe adayiwona ngati "chakudya champhamvu". Chifukwa chake, ndizotheka kuti mdaniyo, osafuna kulowerera nkhondo yovuta, wabwerera, akuyang'ana njira yosavuta. Kutalika kwake kunali pafupifupi masentimita 152 ndi theka. Nsagwada zazikulu, zomwe zinkakhala kudera lino zambiri, zinali ndi mano, makamaka okhala ndi mawonekedwe, omwe anali oyenera kugwira ndikudya nsomba. Amakhulupilira kuti spinosaurus inali ndi mano pafupifupi khumi ndi anayi, onse kumapeto ndi kutsika kwapazungulira, komanso mbali ziwiri zazikulu kwambiri mbali iliyonse. Nsagwada ya spinosaurus sindiwo umboni chabe wa tsogolo lawo labwino. Komanso anali ndi maso omwe anakwezedwa kumbuyo kwa chigaza, kupangitsa kuti azioneka ngati ng'ona yamakono. Izi zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro la akatswiri ena opaka miyala zam'madzi poti anali gawo limodzi lamadzi am'madzi. Popeza malingaliro zokhudzana ndi nyama kapena nyama yam'madzi amasiyana kwambiri. Pezani MbiriSpinosaurus ndiye dinosaur wamkulu wachilengedwe wabwino yemwe wapezeka.
Mitundu ya SpinosaurusPali mtundu umodzi wokha ndi wovomerezeka wa spinosaurus - S. aegyptiacus. Chofanana ndi Spinosaurus marocanus. Dzinalo limapatsidwa dzina la dziko lomwe zotsalazo zimapezeka koyamba. Mtundu wonse wa spinosaurus unakhala ndi mafupa awiri ammeno ndi lamellar, chidutswa cha chibwano, mano awiri, khomo lachiberekero zisanu ndi ziwiri, zitatu zolimba ndi mbali imodzi yodulirapo, nthiti zinayi zam'mimba, gastralia (nthiti zam'mimba) ndi njira zisanu ndi zinayi zapamwamba zochokera kumsempha wamkati (wapamwamba kwambiri) - 165 cm). Kapangidwe ka mafupa
Chifukwa chosapezeka mafupa a miyendo m'miyeso yoyambirira ya spinosaurus, adapangidwanso ndikuyenda miyendo iwiri. Izi zinali asanagwire ntchito ya Nizar Ibrahim ndi olemba anzawo mu 2014, pomwe mafupa a miyendo adafotokozedwa ndipo kumangidwanso kwa miyendo inayi ya miyendo inayi. Tsamba lomwe limaphatikizidwa ndi mchira wa ntchafu ya ntchafu ndi ntchafu ya dinosaur ndilalitali komanso lalitali (¹ / ₃ la ntchafu kutalika). Kusinthasintha kwa mchira wa spinosaurus ndi mawonekedwe a machitidwe azomwe amapanga zochitika za caudal vertebrae zikuwonetsa Spinosaurus imayenda pamiyendo iwiri yakumbuyo. Iliyonse ya zala zawo zinali ndi zala zazitali zakuthwa. Mosiyana ndi theropods, chala choyamba ndi chaching'ono komanso chachitali. Phalax yoyamba ya chala ichi ndi yayitali kwambiri, poyerekeza ndi phalanges zina zopanda msomali, zidayikidwanso. Pamtunda, spinosaurus imangoyenda ndi miyendo inayi, chifukwa Kuthandizira kwamthupi ndi kutsogoloku kunali kofunikira chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka. Kapangidwe ka chigaza
Mano a spinosaurus anali kutsogolo (6-7 mbali iliyonse) ndi kumbuyo kwa nsagwada (12 mbali iliyonse). Mano oyamba a spinosaurus ndi ochepa, lachiwiri ndi lachitatu ndilokulirapo, awiriwo amakhala ozungulira ndipo amapatula ena ndi mipata. Pakati pa dzino lachisanu ndi chimodzi ndi fupa la nsagwada pali mbali ina mbali zonse. Mano okhala ndi mainchesi osakwana 35 mm ndi ozungulira komanso ofanana, ndipo mano akulu ndi achiwiri mbali ya kumanzere ndi yachiwiri ndi yachitatu kumanja, oval kudutsa, i.e. atapanikizika pang'ono poyenda. Zinthu zitatu zodzikongoletsera zalembedwa m'mbali mwa malo amtundu wa toothless. Mbali yakutsogolo ya nsagwada ya dinosaur ndi yotalikirapo kuposa mbali ina yofananayo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mano otsika kwambiri (2-5) anali kuwoneka pomwe nsagwayo itatsekedwa, ndikugwera m'mazira. Kulumikizana kwa mafupa apamwamba ndi chibwano cha spinosaurus ndizovuta. Kumbali iliyonse ya nsagwada pali mano 12 ozungulira, opindika. Kukula kwawo kumawonjezeka kwambiri kuyambira woyamba mpaka wachinayi (kuzungulira kumawonjezeka kuchoka pa 42 kupita ku 146 mm), koma kuyambira wachisanu mpaka wachhumi ndi chiwiri kumachepera. Mano akuluakulu kwambiri (kuyambira lachitatu mpaka lachisanu kumanja komanso kuyambira lachitatu mpaka lachinayi kumanzere) ndi ozungulira. Mphuno za dinosaur ndizochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa kutsogolo kwa spinosaurus ndi theropods ena. Amabwekedwa mwamphamvu ndipo ali pamlingo wa 9-10 alveoli wa fupa la nsagwada. Mphuno sizowola, koma pangani kutsogolo kwa kutsogolo. 3D mtundu wa mafupa a spinosaurus (mtunduwo ungawonedwe ndikuwuzungulira ndi mbewa).
Malinga ndi lingaliro lina lozikidwa pamalingaliro atatu okhala ndi sipinorourus (ntchito ya a Donald Henderson mu 2018), zatsopano zam'madzi ndi nyama zamakono zam'madzi zam'madzi, sanali katswiri wamadzi wamadzi wamadzi kwambiri. Pakusambira popanda kuthandizidwa ndi miyendo, iye amapindika mbali yake. Sanathe kudumphira pansi pamadzi. Pakatikati mwamphamvu ya nyama yomwe amadana nayo, idasunthidwa moyandikira m'chiuno. Chakudya chopatsa thanziSpinosaurus akudyetsedwa pamtsinje Malinga ndi malingaliro aposachedwa, adakhala gawo lalikulu pamoyo wake, pamadzi ndipo adasaka madzi osaya. Kuti apulumutse mphamvu ya thupi lake lalikulu, dinosaur amakakamizika kuthera nthawi yayitali pagombe. Adawakwapula omwe adawabisalira ndi kuwalipira. Nthawi zambiri ankakonda kusaka yekha. Mbiri yopezekaZambiri zomwe zimadziwika za spinosaurus, mwatsoka, ndizopeka, chifukwa kusowa kwa zitsanzo zathunthu sikumasiya mwayi wina wakufufuzira. Zotsalira zoyambirira za spinosaurus zidapezeka ku Bahariya Valley ku Egypt mu 1912, ngakhale sizinapatsidwe mitundu imeneyi. Patangotha zaka zitatu zokha, katswiri wazaka zapamwamba wa ku Germany Ernst Stromer adawakambirana ndi spinosaurus. Mafupa ena a dinosaur amenewa anali ku Baharia ndipo adadziwikanso monga mtundu wachiwiri mu 1934. Tsoka ilo, chifukwa cha nthawi yopezedwa, ena mwa iwo adawonongeka atatumizidwa ku Munich, ndipo ena onse adawonongeka panthawi yomwe bomba lidaphulika mu 1944. Mpaka pano, zoyerekezera zisanu ndi imodzi za spotosaurus zapezeka, ndipo palibe athunthu kapena osakwanira pafupifupi onse atapezeka. Chinanso chachikulu cha spinosaurus chomwe chinapezeka ku Morocco mu 1996 chinali ndi khosi lachiberekero la pakati, dongo lachiberekero lakutsogolo, komanso mano a mkati ndi apakati. Kuphatikiza apo, zitsanzo zina ziwiri zomwe zimapezeka mu 1998 ku Algeria komanso mu 2002 ku Tunisia zinali ndi zigawo zamazaya. Sampulu ina, yomwe ili ku Morocco mu 2005, inali ndi zida zamkati.. Malinga ndi malingaliro omwe apezeka pamaziko a izi, chigaza cha nyamayo chomwe chinapezeka, malinga ndi zomwe a Museum of Civil Natural History ku Milan, chinali kutalika kwotalika masentimita 183, zomwe zimapangitsa nthawi iyi ya spinosaurus kukhala imodzi yayikulu kwambiri mpaka pano. Tsoka ilo, kwa spinosaurus komanso paleontologists, palibe chithunzi chonse chamanyama chija sichinapezeke, ndipo ngakhale mbali zake zochepa kapena zochepa kwambiri kuzungulira thupi. Kuperewera kwa umboni kumeneku kumadzetsa chisokonezo cha malingaliro amomwe thupi lidayambalo likuchokera. Sipanapezeke konse mafupa a miyendo ya spinosaurus, omwe angapangitse akatswiri atumbulidwe kudziwa mawonekedwe ake enieni a thupi ndi malo ake. Mwachidziwitso, kupezeka kwa mafupa a miyendo ya spinosaurus sikungangopereka kokha chilengedwe, komanso kuthandizira ma paleontologists kuphatikiza lingaliro la momwe cholengedwa chidasunthira. Mwina zinali ndendende chifukwa chosowa mafupa a miyendo pomwe panali kutsutsana kosatsutsika ngati spinosaurus inali nyama yamiyendo iwiri kapena iwiri yopondera ndi miyendo inayi.
Pakadali pano, zochitika zonse za spinosaurus zomwe zapezeka ndizazinthu za msana ndi chigaza. Monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zambiri, ndi kuperewera kwenikweni kwa masampuli, akatswiri akhungu amakakamizidwa kufananitsa mitundu ya dinosaur ndi nyama zofanana kwambiri. Komabe, pankhani ya spinosaurus, iyi ndi ntchito yovuta. Chifukwa ngakhale ma dinosaurs amenewo, omwe, monga akatswiri a paleontologists amakhulupirira, anali ndi mikhalidwe yofanana ndi sipinosaurus, palibe m'modzi mwa iwo yemwe amafanana momveka bwino komanso nthawi yomweyo nyama yolusa. Chifukwa chake, asayansi nthawi zambiri amati sipinosaurus inali yowuma kwambiri, ngati zilombo zazikulu zina, monga Rex tyrannosaurus. Komabe, izi sizingadziwike motsimikizika, mpaka pokhapokha atapezeka atatsala, kapena osapezeka, a mtunduwu. Malo omwe otsalawo amakhala ndi nyama zazikuluzi pano akuti nawonso sangathe kufufuma. Chipululu cha shuga chinali malo omwe amapezamo zinthu zambiri malinga ndi njira za spinosaurus. Koma mtunda womwewo umapangitsa kuti zikhale zofunikira kuyesa ntchito ya titanic chifukwa cha nyengo, komanso kusakwanira kwa kusasinthasintha kwa dothi kuti lisungidwepo. Zikuwoneka kuti zoyerekeza zilizonse zomwe zimapezeka mwadzidzidzi pamvula yamchenga zimasakazidwa ndi nyengo ndi kayendedwe ka mchenga kotero kuti zimangokhala zopanda chidwi kuti zidziwike. Chifukwa chake, akatswiri a paleontologists amakhutira ndi zazing'ono zomwe zapezeka kale m'chiyembekezo cha tsiku lina kuti zidzapunthika pamasampulu ena athunthu omwe angayankhe mafunso onse okondweretsa ndikuwulula zinsinsi za spinosaurus. Nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale za sipinomaurus zimayimiriridwa
Nenani za makanema
Spinosaurus imayimiridwa ndi wotsutsa wamkulu wa otchulidwa kwambiri, amawonekera kangapo panthawi yomwe filimuyo imawopsa ndikuwawopsa, kuwakakamiza kuthawa. M'malo motere, adasinthanso dinosaur yayikulu yama filimu iwiri yapitayi ya franchise - wankhanza. Kuti atsimikizire kupambana kwake, kumayambiriro kwa filimuyi, spinosaurus amapha T-Rex.
Nenani za openda
Tchulani Buku
Tchulani Game
Share
Pin
Tweet
Send
Share
Send
|