Kuti mudziwe mgwirizano womwe ulipo pakati pa zochitika zachilengedwe ndi ntchito za sayansi komanso ntchito za anthu pazachuma.

- Kuti muwerenge mavuto azachilengedwe omwe amabwera pomanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nyumba ndi nyumba,

- Phunzirani njira ndi njira zothetsera mavuto azachilengedwe omwe akukhala mukukonza ndi kugwira ntchito kwa nyumba ndi zomangira,

- Pofuna kudziwitsa ophunzira zomwe zikuchitika pakalipano pantchito yomanga ndi ziyembekezo zake.

Mawu oti "ecology" adayambitsidwa mu 1866. Ndi sayansi yokhudza ubale wa zolengedwa ndi madera omwe amapanga pakati pawo ndi chilengedwe.

M'zaka zana zapitazi, polumikizana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu pazachilengedwe, zachilengedwe zapeza kufunikira kwapadera monga maziko asayansi oyang'anira chilengedwe mwanzeru.

Mizinda ndiyo malo opititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha zachuma ku Russia; anthu opitilira 70% amakhala mdziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa chake, ndi m'mizinda yomwe funso lofunika kwambiri limakhala kufunika kokhala malo abwino. Kuchulukana kwambiri kwa anthu, zoyendera ndi ma bizinesi am'madera omwe ali m'malo ochepa ndizomwe zimayambitsa zovuta zachilengedwe m'mizinda, zazikulu zomwe ndi:

• Kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya.
• Kuwonongeka kwa magwero amadzi amvula.
• Kuipitsa kwamadzi.
• Kuphwanya ndi kuwononga dothi lachonde, kuyeretsa madzi, kuchotsa madzi ndi kuwononga malo.
• Kuwonjezeka kwa malo okhala ndi zotayidwa ndi zinyalala zanyumba.
• Kupanda malo obiriwira

Mu pepalali, tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane mavutowa ndi zomwe zimayambitsa.

Tikambirana mavuto osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi zomangamanga.

Werengani ntchito yonse (ntchito yoyambirira):

Chithandizo
(495) 589-87-71

Utumiki wa "Ndemanga" ndi mwayi kwa owerenga athu onse kuti awonjezere zomwe zalembedwa pa webusayitiyi ndi zowona kapena kufotokoza malingaliro awo pamutu womwe waphatikizidwa ndi zomwe zalembedwazi.

Gulu lowongolera la Informio.ru limasunga ufulu wochotsa ndemanga za wogwiritsa ntchito popanda kuchenjeza komanso kufotokozera zifukwa zake. Komabe, izi sizingachitike mukamatsatira malamulo otsatirawa:

1. Osatumiza mauthenga opanda tanthauzo omwe sanyamula katundu wamisala.
2. Sikuloledwa kutumiza ndemanga zolembedwa kwathunthu kapena gawo lawo mu Caps Lock mode. Sizoletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito mawu otukwana komanso matemberero omwe angakhumudwitse ulemu ndi ulemu, komanso malingaliro amtundu ndi wachipembedzo cha anthu (chilankhulo chilichonse, kusungidwa kulikonse, gawo lililonse la uthengawo - mutu, zolemba, siginecha, ndi zina).
3. Kunena za kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi mowa sikuletsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, fotokozerani za phindu logwiritsa ntchito mtundu wina wa mankhwala, nenani kuti ndi zovulaza thanzi.
4. Sizoletsedwa kukambirana za njira zopangira, komanso malo ndi njira zogawa mankhwala, zida ndi zida.
5. Sizoletsedwa kutumiza mauthenga omwe amayambitsa kuti pakhale kudana, dziko, kugonana ndi chipembedzo komanso kusalolera mwa mtundu uliwonse.
6. Sizoletsedwa kutumiza mauthenga mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina kuti aphwanye malamulo a Russian Federation. Mwachitsanzo: musamakhome misonkho, musakhale m'gulu lankhondo, gwiritsani ntchito ntchito zothandizira kumizinda, ndi zina zambiri.
7. Sizoletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula, zithunzi zomwe zili ndi chizindikiro cholembedwa komanso zithunzi zodziwika ndi anthu odziwika ngati avatar. Okonza ali ndi ufulu wochotsa ma avatar popanda kuchenjeza komanso kufotokozera zifukwa zake.
8. Sizoletsedwa kufalitsa ndemanga zokhala ndi zonyoza pazomwe zimachitika pamsonkhanowu, wopereka ndemanga, yemwe malingaliro ake amaperekedwa munkhaniyi, komanso mtolankhani.

Zofunsa zamtundu wa zinthu, mitu, ntchito za atolankhani komanso atolankhani ambiri, zimatumizidwa ku

Zambiri zimapezeka kwa olembetsa okha.

Okondedwa Abwenzi. Tikukupemphani kuti musamale kwambiri polemba fomu. Kutengera fomu yotsilizidwa, satifiketi yamagetsi imaperekedwa. Pankhani ya deta yolakwika, bungwe silikhala ndi mlandu.

Kupanga nyumba zachilengedwe zabwino m'malo okhala mizere komanso zachilengedwe. Njira zoteteza chilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga. Kugawana zodetsa zakumwamba. Kutetezedwa kwa zipilala zachilengedwe komanso zachikhalidwe.

Tumizani ntchito yanu yabwino pamaziko azidziwitso ndikosavuta. Gwiritsani ntchito mawonekedwe pansipa

Ophunzira, ophunzira omaliza, asayansi achichepere omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso m'maphunziro awo ndi ntchito adzayamika kwambiri.

Wolemba http://www.allbest.ru/

Wolemba http://www.allbest.ru/

Zokhudza chilengedwe pazomangamanga

1. Kuyambitsa mavuto azachilengedwe pamakampani omanga

2. Kugawa zodetsa zakumwamba

3. Kuipitsa kwa chilengedwe

1. Kuyambitsa mavuto azachilengedwe pamakampani omanga

Dziko lonse lapansi limakhala laling'ono pamakampani omwe akutukuka kumene, mizinda yomwe yangomangidwa kumene, ndi anthu omwe akuwonjezeka mwachangu. Mavuto azachilengedwe akukula nthawi yomweyo. Chaka chilichonse, matani 20 biliyoni a mpweya amawotchedwa padziko lapansi. Kutalika kwake kumakhalabe kosungika Padziko Lapansi chifukwa cha nkhalango zam'malo otentha. Koma akucheperachepera chaka chilichonse. Mwambiri, zoposa matani biliyoni zana la zinthu zosiyanasiyana pachaka amagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lapansi. Asayansi akuganiza kuti pazaka zana zapitazi, matani miliyoni miliyoni a arsenic, 1 miliyoni matani mamiliyoni atatu, ma silicon miliyoni 1.35 miliyoni, matani 900,000 a mpweya wa monoxide, matani 600,000 a zinc omwe adatulutsidwa mlengalenga mokha. Chomera chimodzi chamtundu umodzi chimatulutsa phulusa 800 la phulusa ndi matani 125 a sulufule patsiku. Uwu si mndandanda wathunthu wazomwe zimalowa mlengalenga kuchokera muzochitika za anthropogenic. Madzi a nyanja zam'madzi ndi nyanja zamchere akupanikizidwa kwambiri ndi chilengedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa madzi oyeretsa madzi am'nyanja ndikuchepa kwa ntchito zawo zachilengedwe. Dothi la pulaneti pano silingathenso kuthana ndi zinyalala zopangidwa ndi anthu, nthawi zambiri chilengedwe sichinasinthidwe kuti chiwonongeko chakunja chomwe sichikudziwika. Chilengedwe chimakumana ndi zinthu zochuluka kwambiri zomwe zimatsogolera ku kuponderezana ndi kufa. Mu chithunzi choyipa ichi cha ntchito yomanga, ndalama zambiri ndizofunika. Yafika nthawi yomwe sikuti ndizofunikira kulankhula mokweza, komanso kudziwa sayansi yatsopano yomwe ingathandize kuthetsa mavuto azachilengedwe. Chimodzi mwazinthu zatsopanozi ndizopanga zachilengedwe. Ndi mavuto ati omwe azikambirana. Mndandanda wazomwezi ndizofunikira:

Mitundu yayikulu ya zotsatira za anthropogenic ndi anthropogenic pomanga ndi kugwira ntchito kwa nyumba ndi nyumba,

Njira zosungira padziko lapansi pomanga,

Kuteteza miyezo ndi madzi pansi,

· Mayankho omanga omvera,

· Zipangizo zamakono zobiriwira,

· Kutaya zinyalala nthawi yomanga,

Kugwiritsa ntchito gwero lamphamvu zongowonjezereka,

· Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosagwiritsa ntchito ndalama pomanga mayankho,

Kuunikira momwe chilengedwe ndi kupanga zisankho pazotsatira zake,

· Zomanga ndi zomanga pomanga zachilengedwe,

· Zokhudza malamulo azachilengedwe komanso kuteteza zachilengedwe.

Zovuta za Technogenic ndi anthropogenic pazachilengedwe zimaphatikizapo mitundu yonse ya zovuta zomwe zimapangidwa ndi ukadaulo komanso mwachindunji ndi munthu. Izi zikuphatikiza:

Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe (kuyambitsa chilengedwe cha zinthu zatsopano zakuthupi, zamankhwala kapena zachilengedwe zomwe sizinthu zake, kapena kupitirira momwe chilengedwechi chimathandizira),

· Kusintha kwaukadaulo ndi kuwononga chilengedwe ndi njira zachilengedwe (pokonza zinthu zachilengedwe, zomanga, ndi zina).

Kutopa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe (mchere, madzi, mpweya, ndi zina),

· Zowononga za nyengo padziko lonse (Kusintha kwanyengo chifukwa cha ntchito za anthu),

· Zokopa zodabwitsa (kusintha mitundu yazinthu zachilengedwe sizowoneka bwino pakuwona ndi kuzindikira kwina).

Zotsatira zakusokonekera kotereku, kapangidwe ka zinthu zachilengedwe, kuzungulira kwazinthu komanso kusintha kwa zinthu zimasintha. Magesi abwino padziko lapansi, kapangidwe ka zinthu zapadziko lapansi (zomanga, phulusa, kapangidwe ka malo osungiramo zinthu zakale, kukonzanso malo, ndi zina) zikusintha ndipo mitundu ina ya nyama ndi zomera zikuwonongeka ndikupita kumalo atsopano. Zovuta zonse zopangidwa ndi anthu zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, chomwe sichitha, chifukwa linapangidwa zaka zoposa mamiliyoni chisinthiko. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zoyipa zoyipa ndi kuipitsa. Kusokoneza kumagawidwa malinga ndi mtundu wa gwero, zotsatira ndi njira zowongolera. Awa ndi madzi akunyowa, mpweya wamphesa, zonyansa zamadzi, zotulutsa mpweya, zonyamula matenda, zinthu zakudya zopatsa mphamvu zamasamba, mchere, maachilengedwe, mchere, zinthu zofunikira, zinthu zama radio, ndi zina zotere. Zinyalala zanyumba, zinyalala zochokera pa mayendedwe, mphamvu, ulimi, komanso zida zoteteza chomera) zimalowa mumlengalenga, ma hydrosphere, lithosphere, ndipo kuchokera ku ecotope (malo amtundu wa biotic) zimasamutsidwa kuzinthu zonse za biocenosis (mbewu, nyama, tizilombo). Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kumatha kukhala kwachilengedwe (nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa cha masoka - kuphulika kwa mapiri, kusefukira kwamatope, chivomerezi, tsunami, zivomerezi, ndi zina) komanso zopangidwa ndi anthu (kuchokera ku zochita za anthu). Kuwonongeka kwa anthropogenic kumagawidwa kukhala kwachilengedwa, makina, mankhwala, athupi. Kuwonongeka kwinanso kwakumanga kungathe kusiyanitsidwa - kuwoneka ndi kukongoletsa, komwe kumapangitsa kusintha kwawonekedwe.

Kuipitsa kwakuthupi kumatha kukhala kotentha chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kutentha m'makampani, nyumba zogona, mainsingwo kuwunikira kochulukirapo chifukwa cha magetsi opanga magetsi, ma elekitiroma chifukwa cha ma wayilesi, ma TV, makina azigawo, ma radio radio chifukwa chakuwonjezeka (kwachilengedwe) pazomwe zili pazinthu zama radio (mwachitsanzo, pazipangizo zopangira zida zomangira, pamalasha pa kuwotcha m'mafuta owotchera mphamvu zamagetsi). Kuipitsa thupi kungachititse kuti pakhale chinyama chanyama, nyama ndi anthu. Kuipitsidwa kwa mankhwala kumatheka chifukwa cha kuyambitsa kwa mankhwala aliwonse atsopano (mwachitsanzo, pamaziko a ma polima) kapena kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala omwe ali m'chilengedwe. Mitundu yambiri yamafuta imagwira ntchito ndipo imatha kulumikizana ndi mamolekyulu a zinthu zomwe zimapanga chamoyo, kapena kugwira ma oxidi mlengalenga, pomwe zimasanduka chamoyo cha zinthu zamoyo.

Kuipitsa kwamakina kochititsidwa ndi zinthu zomwe sizikhala ndi mphamvu yakuthupi kapena mankhwala pazachilengedwe ndizodziwika bwino pakumanga ndi kupanga zida zomanga. Izi zimaphatikizapo zinyalala zochoka pamwala ndikumapanganso konkriti zolimbitsa, zinyalala zochokera kukonza nyumba ndi nyumba. Zachilengedwe komanso kuipitsidwa kwa tizilombo ting'onoting'ono kumachitika pamene zotayidwa zachilengedwe zalowa m'chilengedwe chifukwa cha kuchuluka ochulukirachulukira kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tambiri. Zowononga izi ndizodziwika bwino pamakampani omanga pokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsa kwatsopano - biology yomanga. Mitundu yonse ya uve ikulowa mu mlengalenga, nthaka, madzi amalowa ndi zamoyo, kuchepetsa zokolola kapena kuwononga chilengedwe. Makampani opanga zomangamanga amathandizira kwambiri pakuwonetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.

Mwachitsanzo, kukulitsa ndi kufalikira kwa madera akutali kwambiri padziko lapansi, pakadali pano poyerekeza ndi dziko lapansi, sikuti amangopatula gawo lina la dziko lapansi pakusankhidwa mwachilengedwe, komanso kusintha kusintha kwa madzi apansi panthaka, kutulutsa madzi, ndi zina zotere, zomwe pomaliza zimaphwanya zomwe zidalipo kulumikizana mu dongosolo la biogeocenosis. Komabe, palibe amene adaganizapo kuti ndi gawo liti lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe limatha kukumbidwa ndi chipolopolo chosagawika, kuti kuwonongeka kosayenerakuchitika ku chilengedwe. Akatswiri opanga maubwino amtsogolo aganizire ndikuwunika mitundu yonse ya zovuta zaku chilengedwe pomanga nyumba ndi zomanga, komanso kupangira njira zoteteza chilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomangamanga. Izi ndi monga:

Kuteteza ndi kuthandizira pakukula kwamlengalenga, chilengedwe, ma hydrogeological chilengedwe cha nyama zamtchire (biocenosis)

· Kuwongolera kuwononga chilengedwe: mankhwala, kwachilengedwe, mchere, matenthedwe, mawonekedwe,

· Kugwiritsa ntchito mwachuma zinthu zosasinthika za Dziko lapansi (mphamvu, ndi zina),

Kusamalira ndi kubwezeretsa malo pazaka zaulimi, zosangalatsa, kupanga mapaki, minda, malo osungirako zachilengedwe,

Kuteteza zipilala zamtundu ndi zikhalidwe,

· Kupanga nyumba zachilengedwe zokhala ndi malo okhala komanso malo okhala;

Kuwunikira kuti mupange chisankho munthawi yake.

Kuyamba kumanga kulikonse (malo, mizinda, zinthu), ndikofunikira kuyika mawonekedwe oyenera (kuchuluka kwa madera akumizinda ndi chilengedwe), komanso kapangidwe kazithunzithunzi (poganizira malo ndi chilengedwe). Ndikofunikira kuti zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga zizigwirizana ndi chilengedwe. Chitsogozo chachikulu cha zomangamanga zamakono ndikusunga padziko lapansi ndi mpumulo, i.e. khalani ndi zomanga komwe magawo olima kapena osangika sangathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito (malo otsetsereka, m'maenje, zitunda, mapiri, m'mphepete mwa nyanja). Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kupanga zomanga zam'munsi ndi zapansi panthaka, komanso kumanga nyumba zomwe zakwezedwa pamwamba pa dziko lapansi pamatanda (zipilala) ndi nyumba zomwe zili m'mabwalo opangira zinthu zakale (mwachitsanzo, zopangidwa pa alumali). Akatswiri opanga maboma ayenera kupanga zomangamanga. Mwa nyumba ndi zomangidwirira ntchito zachilengedwe ndizomangamanga amatanthauza nyumba zomwe zimathandiza kutukula nyama - zomera ndi nyama. Mwachitsanzo, zomangamanga zopanga zotsalira:

· Greening posunga khoma,

· Zishango zamkokomo zokhala ndi misewu yayikulu komanso mkati mwa nyumba,

· Denga zobiriwira, masitepe, makoma,

· Zopangidwazo pansi pa madzi - zophatikiza zophera nyama zosiyanasiyana ndikupeza nsomba zam'nyanja, ndi zina zambiri.

Kuyang'aniridwa kwakukulu ndikuchotsa zinyalala za mafakitale ndi zomangamanga kuti apange zida zotsika mtengo zomangira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yachiwiri - mphamvu yamphamvu. Chifukwa cha izi, mitundu yayikulu ya zinyalala za mafakitale imagwiritsidwa ntchito:

· Flue mipweya yamafuta,

· Miyala yosagwiritsidwa ntchito (yopanda kanthu),

· Zinyalala zochokera kumakonzedwewo (zomanga zomanga ndi zina zopanda pake).

Akatswiri opanga zinthu zakale ayenera kudziwa njira zamakono komanso njira zochotsera zinyalala popanga zida zosiyanasiyana zomanga (mwachitsanzo, zolemera, zowala, makamaka zopepuka za konkriti, miyala kapena matayala - zinyalala zamiyala, ndi zina zotere), komanso njira zogwiritsira ntchito kutentha ndi mpweya wamafuta obwera. zomwe zikugwirizana kwambiri).Akatswiri opanga magetsi amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono pakupanga ndi kupanga zinthu zopanda mphamvu (zosinthika) zamagetsi. Mphamvu zonse zomwe siziri zachikhalidwe zimaganiziridwa molingana ndi zofunikira zomanga, i.e. kupereka mphamvu ndi kutentha kuti apange nyumba zoyera:

· Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma hita,

· Kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi oyendetsera dzuwa kukhala magetsi,

· Kugwiritsa ntchito mapampu otentha kuti ubwezeretse,

Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuchokera kumphepo yamafunde ndi mafunde. Njira zothetsera masiteshoni ngati amenewa zimatha kuphatikizidwa ndi nyumba pazinthu zosiyanasiyana mdera lamadzi komanso m'malo okhala ndi mphepo zamphamvu.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zakuya pansi panthaka.

Akatswiri a boma ayenera kudziwa momwe angayang'anire chilengedwe kuti apange zosankha zawo panthawi yake zakusintha kwa mapulani omanga kapena magwiridwe antchito. Kwa madera (mpweya, madzi, pamtunda ndi nyama zamtchire), kuipitsa (mchere, michere, kwachilengedwenso, matenthedwe, phokoso), komanso mulingo ndi kayendedwe ka madzi apansi panthaka, momwe mulili, kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa mbeu, kukokoloka kwa nthaka, kuchuluka kwa mpweya mu mpweya ndikuyerekeza ndi madzi ndi zina. Katswiri wodziwa ntchito zaboma amakakamizidwa kudziwa zovuta za chitetezo chazachilengedwe, ntchito ndi udindo wophwanya malamulo azachuma (mpaka pamilandu).

2. Kugawa zodetsa zakumwamba

zachilengedwe zomanga

Zodetsa zomwe zimalowa mlengalenga zimakhala ndi zoyipa zosiyanasiyana mthupi la munthu. Carbon monoxide Zimakhudza machitidwe amanjenje ndi mtima, zimayambitsa kukokomeza (kuphatikiza ndi hemoglobin yamagazi, yomwe imalephera kusuntha oksijeni ku minofu). Popeza kaboni monoxide ndi mpweya wopanda mafuta komanso wopanda fungo, izi zimapangitsa kukhala koopsa. Zizindikiro zoyambira za poizoni wa khansa ya m'maso (mawonekedwe a ululu m'mutu) zimachitika poyerekeza ndi CO pafupifupi 200-220 mg / m 3 ndikutuluka kwazowonekera kwa maola 2-3.Pazowoneka pang'ono zapamwamba za CO, kumverera kogundika kumawonekera m'makachisi, chizungulire. Pamaso pa nitrogen oxides mumlengalenga, kuwopsa kwa CO kumachulukitsa, motero, mpweya wovomerezeka wa CO mumlengalenga uyenera kuchepetsedwa pafupifupi nthawi 1.5. Nitrogen oxides NOx (NO, N₂O₃AYI₂, N₂O₅) Mafuta omwe amaperekedwa a NO2 oxide ndi opanda fungo, amankhwala oopsa kwambiri, amakhumudwitsa anthu kupuma kwamphamvu. Ma nitrogen oxides ndi oopsa kwambiri m'mizinda momwe, polumikizana ndi mpweya wamagalimoto opanga hydrocarbon, amapanga chifunga cha "photochemical" "smog". Poizoni wa nayitrogeni amayamba ndi chifuwa chofatsa. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ndende ya NOx, kutsokomola kwambiri, kusanza, ndipo nthawi zina kumachitika mutu. Mukakumana ndi nayitrogeni okusayidi ndi chinyezi pamapapo, HNO acid acid₃ ndi hno₂zomwe zimatsogolera ku edema ya m'mapapo. Ndi mawonedwe ambiri, kuwongolera kuzungulira kosaposa 70 mg / m 3. Pa ndende ya nayitrogeni ya 10-20 mg / m 3 fungo limamveka. Pa 3 mg / m 3 palibe zochitika zimawonedwa. Ma nitrogen oxides amalumikizana ndi zinthu zambiri, kuwawononga. Sulfa dioksidi SO₂. Mpweya wopanda mafuta wokhala ndi fungo losakanikirana, lomwe limakhala kale m'malingaliro ang'onoang'ono (20-30 mg / m 3) limapanga kukoma kosasangalatsa mkamwa, limakwiyitsa mucous membrane wamaso ndi kupuma thirakiti, pamakina pafupifupi 50 mg / m 3 kupanga motsatizana N₂CHONCHO₃ ndi H₂CHONCHO₄. Mulunda wonunkhira ndi 3-6 mg / m 3. Mwachilengedwe, omvera kwambiri ku SO₂ nkhalango zowongoka komanso zowala, monga SO2 imadziunjikira masamba ndi singano. Mukakhala ndi SO₂ mlengalenga kuchokera pa 0,23 mpaka 0,32 mg / m 3, paini amadzuka patatha zaka 2-3 chifukwa cha photosynthesis ndi singano za paini. Kusintha kofananako kwa mitengo yowuma kumachitika pamene kuchuluka kwa So₂ pafupifupi 0.5-1.0 mg / m 3. Ma hydrocarboni (mafuta, pentane, hexane, ndi zina). Amakhala ndi vuto lotupa, m'magawo ochepera amachepetsa ntchito, amayambitsa kupweteka kwa mutu, chizungulire, ndi zina zotere. Mafuta akamwetsa mpweya m'magazi pafupifupi 600 mg / m 3 kwa maola 8, kupweteka mutu, kutsokomola, komanso kumva zosasangalatsa kummero. Ma carcinogens ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu - kulumikizana nawo mwachindunji kwa minofu yamoyo kumatha kuyambitsa chotupa choyipa. Kulowera kowopsa kwambiri kwa zinthu izi mu dongosolo la kupuma.

Ma carcinogens samachotsedwa m'thupi. Zinthu zama carcinogenic zimaphatikizapo benz (a) pyrene (C₂₀N₁₂), yomwe imapangidwa mu njira ya pyrolysis ya malasha ndi mafuta a hydrocarbon (pamtunda wopitilira 600 ° C), imapezeka m'matumba, mipweya ya flue ndi mpweya wamagetsi opopera. Aldehydes (makamaka formaldehyde). Akadziwikiridwa ndi anthu, zimayambitsa kukhumudwitsa kwa mucous membrane wamaso ndi kupuma thirakiti. Fungo la formaldehyde limawonedwa pamakina a 0,2 mg / m 3. Kukhala nthawi yayitali m'mlengalenga momwe muli mawonekedwe a formaldehyde a 1.0 mpaka 9.5 mg / m 3 kumayambitsa kukhumudwitsa kwa mucous membrane wamaso ndi kupuma thirakiti, komanso ndi mawonekedwe a formaldehyde a 20-70 mg / m 3 mutu, kufooka, kusowa kwa chakudya kumadziwika, kusowa tulo, kukwiya kwambiri kwa mucous nembanemba wamaso. Atmospheric fumbi losiyanasiyana komanso mankhwala. Nthawi zonse mumlengalenga. Ndi mafuta osakwanira okwanira mafuta, mwaye umapangidwa, womwe umakhala wowazidwa kwambiri wopanda ufa wa poizoni, 90-95% wopangidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Ma soot ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya adsorption pankhani yama hydrocarbons olemera, kuphatikizapo benz (a) pyrene, yomwe imapangitsa soot kukhala yowopsa kwambiri kwa anthu. Gwero la fumbi lakumlengalenga limakhala phulusa lomwe limapangika pomwe mafuta amayatsidwa ndipo, zochuluka, zomwe zimatengedwa kupita kumlengalenga ndi mpweya wotulutsa.

Phulusa limakhala ndi ma carbon, ma hydrocarbons mu mawonekedwe a ma resini ndi mafuta, komanso mankhwala opangira zinthu. Kapangidwe kamene kamakhala ngati ziwombankhanga ndi zolakwika zimazindikira kulowa kwawo mthupi la munthu, kukhazikika kwa mpweya wotuluka mumlengalenga ndipo nthawi zambiri kumakhala chinthu chofunikira posankha njira ndi njira zotetezera chilengedwe kuti zisatuluke kufumbi komanso kuzichotsa. Zowopsa kwambiri kwa anthu ndizizimba zakupha zowopsa zomwe zili ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri 0,5-10 zomwe zimalowa mumlengalenga ndi mpweya wabwino komanso zimalowa mosavuta kupuma. Makulidwe akapangidwe amitundu ina yamakina amadzi akuthambo komanso amadzimadzi amapatsidwa pansipa:

Gome 1. Makhazikidwe amtundu wa mitundu inayake yamakina ochindikirika amadzimadzi

Kukula kwa tinthu, maikolofoni.

Kukula kwa tinthu, maikolofoni.

3. Kuchuluka kwa zosayera kumatsimikizira kuwoneka kwakuthupi, mankhwala ndi mitundu ina ya zinthu zachilengedwe ndipo kumatanthawuza zigawo zikuluzikulu ndikamapangitsa kuzindikirika kwazoyipa zakumwamba.

Zovomerezeka zazapamwamba zodetsedwa mlengalenga zanyumba zimayendetsedwa ndi mndandanda wa USSR Ministry of Health No. 1892-78 pa Ogasiti 1, 1978 ndi zowonjezera No. 2063-79 kuyambira pa Okutobala 11, 1979 ndi No. 2394-81 kuyambira Meyi 7, 1981, malinga momwe gulu lamavuto azinthu limakhazikitsidwa, kuchuluka kovomerezeka kwa nthawi imodzi komanso tsiku lililonse kuzungulira kwazodetsa (Kwa zinthu zovulaza zomwe MPC sizivomerezedwa, Unduna wa Zaumoyo wa USSR watsimikiza kuchuluka koyipa kwa mlengalenga m'midzi yamtundu wa SEC wavomerezedwa kwa zaka zitatu). Kuwona patsogolo kwazomwe zasayansi zachitika mu milili yazovomerezeka zodetsedwa m'mlengalenga ndi za asayansi aku Soviet, ndipo choyambirira cha V.Ya. Ryazanov. MPC ndizofunikira kwambiri zodetsedwa m'mlengalenga, zokhudzana ndi nthawi yofikira pomwe, yomwe, kuwonekera kwakanthawi kapena m'moyo wonse wamunthu, sizikhala ndi vuto lililonse pazoyipa zazipafupi, komanso kuzungulira chilengedwe chonse. Ngati chinthu chitha kuvulaza chilengedwe chozungulira chocheperako kuposa thupi la munthu, ndiye kuti chikamakhazikika, chimachokera pachimake cha chinthuchi kuzungulira chilengedwe.

MPC yodziwika bwino kwambiri nthawi yayikulu ndiye chiwopsezo cha chinthu choyipa. Amakhazikitsidwa kuti ateteze kuwonekera kwa anthu (kununkhira, kusintha kwa zochitika za ubongo, kuwala kwa maso, zina ndi zina) ndikuwonetsedwa kwakanthawi kochepa kochokera kumlengalenga. MPC yapakati tsiku lililonse ndimaletsa kawopsedwe, mafupa, mutagenic ndi zina zotulukapo za zinthu za thupi la munthu. Kuzindikira kwa zinthu zoyipa kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zitsanzo zomwe zimatengedwa pasanathe mphindi 20-30. Malangizo okhudza kuthana ndi mpweya m'malo okhala amakhala akufotokozedwa ndi GOST 17.2.3.01-77. Yapamwamba kwambiri. Zida zilizonse zovulaza zakumaso siziyenera kupitilira muyeso umodzi, i.e.

Ndi ndende yovomerezeka yovomerezeka Ndi kukhalapo kwa nthawi yomweyo mlengalenga ya zinthu zingapo zoyipa osachita mwanjira inayake, kupendekeka kwathunthu kopanda malire kuyenera kukwaniritsa

C1 / PDK1 + C2 / PDK2 +. + Cn / MPCn? khumi ndi imodzi)

pomwe C1 ndi C2. Cn - kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoyipa mlengalenga nthawi yomweyo pamtunda, mg / m 3,

PDK1, PDK2. MPCn - mulingo wovomerezeka umodzi pazovulaza zam'mlengalenga, mg / m 3.

Zotsatira za unidirectional action (DRM) zimakhala ndi zinthu zingapo zowononga, mwachitsanzo, sulfure dioxide ndi nayitrogeni, sulfure dioxide ndi hydrogen sulfide, michere yamphamvu yamchere (sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric), ethylene, propylene, butylene, amylene, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde, etc. Mwachitsanzo, ma waya atali mapaipi a TPP amakono amawerengedwa kuyambira momwe ndende ya SO₂ ndipo NOx mumlengalenga wa mlengalenga imakwaniritsa mkhalidwe wa ССО₂/ MPCSO₂+ СNOx / ПДКNOx? 1.

Gome limawonetsa kuzungulira kwazinthu zina zodziwika bwino zomwe zimadetsa thambo m'mizinda ndi m'matawuni. Poyerekeza, miyeso yovomerezeka yopezeka muzinthu zoyipa mlengalenga imayang'aniridwa ku Germany. Ku USA, MPC yokwanira (kuchuluka kwa ola limodzi) yazinthu zovulaza ndi, mg / m 3: kwa fumbi - 0,12, kwa S0₂ - 0,75. Kusiyana kwakukulu mu MPC kumakhudzana ndi nayitrogeni oxides, omwe miyeso nthawi zambiri sapezeka m'maiko angapo. Mu USSR kuyambira 1966, pokhazikika, mawonekedwe onse a Sox ndi NOx oxides adaganiziridwa. Kutulutsa kovomerezeka kwakukulu (MPE).

Malinga ndi zofunikira za GOST 17.2.3.02-78, paliponse pakuwonongeka kwa mpweya, kutulutsa kovomerezeka kwazinthu zovulaza kumakhazikitsidwa pokhapokha ngati zinthu zomwe zikuwonongeka kuchokera ku gwero ili komanso kuchuluka kwa magwero a mzinda kapena malo ena, poganizira ziyembekezo zakukhazikitsidwa kwa mabizinesi oyendetsa ndi kufalitsa zinthu zovulaza Mlengalenga sudzapanga malo opitilira MPC ya kuchuluka kwa anthu, zomera ndi nyama.

Kuwerengera kwa MPE kumachitika molingana ndi SN 369-74. Ngati magawo angapo ang'onoang'ono otulutsa mpweya (mwachitsanzo, mpweya wabwino, zotulutsa zamagetsi, ndi zina zotere) azigwira ntchito pamalowo, ndiye kuti MPE yonse yamabizinesiyo ikakhazikitsidwa. Mukakhazikitsa MPE yopangira mpweya woyipitsa, ndikofunikira kulingalira zamomwe maziko azinthu zoyipa mlengalenga Сf kuchokera kuzinthu zina zowononga zachilengedwe zomwe zikugwira ntchito m'malo opatsidwa. Pamenepa, ndikofunikira kukwaniritsa momwe C + Cph? MPC. Kuwongolera kwa PDV kumachitika poyesa zodetsa zamphindi 20, komanso pafupifupi patsiku, mwezi, pachaka. SNiP 11-33-75 imayang'anira mpweya wovomerezeka mu mpweya wa Sv ​​(mg / m 3) mpweya wabwino wamabizinesi opanga mafakitale: a) ndi mpweya wofalikira woposa 15000 m 3 / hr = 100 K2, b) ndi mpweya wofalikira wa 15000 m 3 / h ndi zochepa

kumene Qv - mpweya volumetric, 3,000 m 3 / h,

K2 - zokwanira kutengedwa kutengera fumbi lovomerezeka mlengalenga la malo opangira: Chokhathamira chotengedwa kutengera fumbi m'mphepete mwa malo opangira mafakitole, mg / m 3 6 K2 0.3 0.6 0.8 1, 0

Tebulo 2. MPC ya zinthu zodziwika bwino zomwe zimadetsa mpweya wakulengalenga

Njira yachilengedwe pomanga

Kupanga nyumba zabwino ndi mwayi wopanga. Komabe, njirayi iyenera kutsagana ndi chidwi mosamalitsa ku chilengedwe. Sikokwanira kumanga nyumba yowoneka bwino kuchokera mkati ndi kunja, ndikuikongoletsa ndi njira zamakono zothandizira pamoyo, ndikuyikongoletsa. Ndikofunikira kuti nyumbayo ikhale ndi malo abwino, malo obiriwira. Izi ndizotheka ngati mavuto azachilengedwe omwe ali m'mayikidwe atha kuthana ndi mavuto.

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Pakadali pano, njira zingapo zachilengedwe zakumanga, komanso kuteteza chilengedwe, zapangidwa. Malamulowa amakhazikitsidwa pang'ono mu malamulo, malinga ndi malamulo ndi malamulo amakono azomangamanga.

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M'mayiko otukuka, pali zikalata zingapo komanso chidziwitso cha chilengedwe chomwe chimayang'anira ntchito yomanga ya chinthu chilichonse. Kulembako ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka kwa zomangamanga. Madivelopa amatsatira izi modzifunira, komabe, lamulo lachitetezo cha chilengedwe loyenera ndilofunika pomanga zamakono.

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Pofuna kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa malo omanga, matekinoloje ndi zinthu zinagwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe sizoyipa kwa chilengedwe. Poterepa, mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito madzi, zida, mphamvu zamagetsi imawonedwa. M'tsogolomu, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuthetsa mikangano yazomangamanga ndi kuteteza chilengedwe.

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Mfundo zomangira nyumba zachilengedwe

Popeza bizinesi yomanga imabweretsa zovuta zambiri zachilengedwe, ndikofunikira kusankha momwe mungapangire matekinoloje omanga otetezeka. Kwa zaka makumi angapo, opanga zamakono akhala akukhazikitsa tekinoloje yazachilengedwe pakumanga nyumba zogona ndi malo opangira mafakitale. Pali njira zambiri, koma tiyesetsa kutchula mitundu yonse ikuluikulu yobiriwira:

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• kugwiritsa ntchito zida zomangira zachilengedwe,
• kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje ogwira ntchito zamagetsi,
• Kapangidwe kakang'ono kwambiri panyumba,
• kukulitsa kulumikizana komwe kumatha kugwiritsa ntchito malo okhala (madzi, magetsi, gasi, magetsi)
• pakumanga, kuchuluka kwa zinyalala ndi zinyalala kumachepetsedwa.

Ngati mungasunthire tsatanetsatane, tsopano zinthu zachilengedwe monga momwe zingathere zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga: nkhuni, miyala, nsalu, mchenga. Mukamakongoletsa mkati ndi mkati, penti wopaka utoto wopanda mankhwala oopsa umagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kugwiritsa ntchito kutchingira ma facade ndi makoma, mawindo apulasitiki zitsulo, nyumbayo imakhala yotentha komanso yaphokoso, mawu ochokera mumsewu samasokoneza nyumba. Zipangizo zamagetsi zotentha zimapangitsa kuti nyumbayo ikhale yotentha, zomwe zimachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi ndi magetsi. Posachedwa, anthu adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu pakuwunikira, zomwe zimapulumutsanso zothandizira ndikuchepetsa zoyipa pazachilengedwe. Chosafunika kwenikweni ndi vuto la zinyalala. Zotayidwa zonse zitatha kumangidwa tsopano zichotsedwa, ndipo opanga ambiri akuchita izi.

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Masiku ano, pali mitundu yambiri ya zachilengedwe komwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuphatikiza pa zomangamanga.Ngati mukudziwa kuti wopanga mapulogalamuwo amawagwiritsa ntchito, ndiye kuti muyenera kuyang'anira ma projekiti ake. Kampani yomwe ikuyesera kuchepetsa zovuta zake pazachilengedwe, imadziwa kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama, ndiyofunika kuyisamalira ndi kusankha kwanu.

Mavuto akumanga m'tawuni ndi njira zodzathetsera

Ntchito yomanga masiku ano m'mizinda yayikulu ndi matauni ang'onoang'ono imaphatikizapo kumanga malo osiyanasiyana okhala, malo okhala ndi malo ogulitsa. Mwambiri, ntchito yomanga imakhudza kupangika kwa zovuta zingapo zachilengedwe:

• kumwa kwambiri mphamvu zamagetsi, zomwe zimabweretsa kutsika kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, makamaka zosagwiritsidwanso ntchito.
• kusintha kwa malo, malo,
• kuwonongeka kwa oimira maluwa ndi zinyama chifukwa chakuchoka kwawo komwe amakhala.
• kuchuluka kwa zoyendera, zomwe zimabweretsa kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya,
• mavuto obwera chifukwa chamadzi oyipa,
• kuchuluka kwa zinyalala za m'nyumba ndi mafakitale,
• kuwonongeka kwa madzi,
• kugwedezeka kwa madera komwe chitukuko chikuchitika, komwe kumayambitsa kuperewera kwa dzuwa, komwe ndikofunikira pamoyo wa zomera ndi nyama,
• malo sachepetsa zivomezi,
• ntchito pamalo omangira imasokoneza thanzi la anthu,
• moto ukhoza kuchitika.

Kukambirana pa zachilengedwe №4 “Zomangamanga zachilengedwe mu mzinda”

Mutu 4. Nkhani zakumanga mu mzinda

Moyo wamakono umapangitsa zinthu zambiri zomwe zimakhudza dziko lapansi komanso anthu, ndikupanga zovuta zachilengedwe zomanga. Monga momwe mungathere kuteteza nyumba yanu kwa iwo ndikupanga malo abwino mkati mwake, mutha kungoganizira zovuta zachilengedwe mukamanga ndi kugwira ntchito.

Mwachilengedwe, zonse zimalumikizidwa, ndipo ndizosatheka kupanga paradiso m'nyumba yotsekedwa ndi boma loponderezedwa. Chifukwa chake, aliyense amene amayesetsa kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi sayenera kungosamalira nyumba yake, komanso sayenera kuipitsa chilengedwe.

Njira zachilengedwe pomanga ndi kusamalira chilengedwe zimaperekedwa motsatira malamulo ndi malamulo, komabe ambiri a m'dziko lathu komanso akunja amapangidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito mwakufuna kwawo malangizo anzeru.

IneZofunikira zachilengedwe zokhudzana ndi zomangamanga mumzinda

M'mayiko otukuka omwe amasamala kwambiri zachilengedwe, mfundo zakumanga zachilengedwe zakhazikitsidwa (Eng. Kamangidwe kobiriwira kapena zomangamanga Green Green nyumba).

Zakhazikitsidwa pamakina otetezera zachilengedwe nyumba, zomwe LEED (Utsogoleri mu Energy & Environmental Design Ndondomeko ya Mphamvu ndi Zomanga Zachilengedwe, USA) ndi BREEAM (BRE Environmental Assessment Njira, Njira Zowerengera Zochita Pazowona, UK) ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Kuvomerezedwa kuti zachilengedwe ndizovomerezeka modzifunira.

Koma sikuti ndichotchuka, komanso chothandiza kwa omwe ali ndi zomangamanga: kumbali imodzi, zimathandizira kupanga nyumba zochepetsera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zakuthupi, ndipo, kumbali yake, zimakulitsa kulimba kwa nyumba komanso kulimbikitsidwa kwa chilengedwe. Ndikofunikanso kuti zomangamanga zobiriwira ndizida zachuma chanzeru: sizipulumutsa ndalama kokha pakugwira ntchito, komanso pomanga nyumba.

Mfundo zomangira nyumba zachilengedwe ndizophatikizira:

1) kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu, madzi ndi zinthu zina,

2) kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala ndikuchepetsa zovuta zina zakumalo,

3) kugwiritsa ntchito, ngati zingatheke, zinthu zachilengedwe zakomweko.

Kuti tisunge zofunikira, tikulimbikitsidwa:

1) onjezerani mphamvu nyumbayo,

2) Madzi otentha ogwiritsa ntchito mapulusa a dzuwa,

3) gwiritsani ntchito mphamvu zamphepo,

4) chepetsani kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi,

5) sonkhanitsani madzi amvula kuti agwiritse ntchito zapakhomo.

Ndikulimbikitsidwanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zomangidwa zovomerezeka zomwe sizingakhudze chilengedwe nthawi yonse ya nyumbayo (kuphatikizapo kutaya kwake), kugwiritsanso ntchito zinthu.

Zofunikira pakawonedwe kanyumba:

masana okwanira

kutentha

mpweya wabwino kwambiri wamkati woperekedwa ndi mpweya wabwino wachilengedwe,

kupereka mawonekedwe abwino kuchokera pazenera lopumula maso.

Zofunikira zanyumba yosangalatsidwa ndiukhondo ndizogwirizana ndi ukhondo komanso ukhondo (SanPiN dongosolo la malamulo ndi miyezo yaukhondo).

Amatha kuwongolera pomanga nyumba yopanda zachilengedwe, ndikuwunika malamulo oyang'anira zachilengedwe (omwe amafotokozedwanso mumalamulo) ndikuyang'anira miyezo yapamwamba kwambiri yazachilengedwe komanso kukula kwa njira yokhudzana ndi mavuto azachilengedwe omwe adatengedwa m'maiko otukuka.

IIKutetezedwa kwachilengedwe kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nyumba zogona komanso malo okhala

Kutetezeka kwachilengedwe kwa nyumba, zomanga ndi zowongolera mpweya zomwe zikuwathandizira posachedwapa zakopa chidwi pakati pa akatswiri. Pakadali pano, mutuwu uli wofunikira kwambiri makamaka chifukwa cha kufunika ndi momwe anthu akuwonera pakuwonjezeka kwa zitsanzo zakusintha kwanyengo ndi chilengedwe chifukwa cha zochita za anthu.

Kufunika kopanga nyumba, zomanga, ndi kukonza makhazikitsidwe ka mpweya polingalira zaubwenzi wawo ndi chilengedwe zinawonekera motsatira chifukwa cha izi, ndipo Protocol ya Kyoto, yolembedwa ndi mayiko onse azigawo (kupatula USA), inali yofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito lingaliro ili.

IIIZochita Pazitetezo Zachilengedwe

- zotulutsa zazing'ono mlengalenga, makamaka, zinthu zomwe zimathandizira kupanga chilengedwe chobiriwira, kutentha kwadziko, mvula ya asidi,

- mphamvu zochepa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera kumagwero osasinthika, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi kupulumutsa mphamvu,

- mavoti osachepera zinyalala zolimba ndi zamadzimadzi, kuphatikiza kuchotsedwa kwa nyumbayo (kapangidwe kake) ndikuchotsa ziwiya zamagetsi kumapeto kwa moyo wake wothandiza komanso chitukuko cha zinthu

- zimapangitsa kuchepa kwachilengedwe kumalo komwe kuli chinthu,

- mtundu wabwino kwambiri wa microclimate m'malo opezeka nyumbayo, chitetezo chamtundu ndi malo opezeka panthaka, kutentha kwambiri ndi chinyezi, mpweya wapamwamba, mapangidwe apamwamba kwambiri, kuyatsa.

Makhalidwe abwinopo m'nyumba amakhudzidwa ndi: Mpweya wakunja, mafuta osakwanira a mpweya, zinthu zomwe zimatuluka nthawi yophika, zinthu zomwe zimatulutsidwa ndi mipando, mabuku, zovala, ndi zina, zogulitsa fodya, mankhwala amnyumba, mbewu zamkati, kutsatira miyezo yaukhondo .

Nyumba yamakono imagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana kutengera zinthu zachilengedwe, zopangidwa komanso zophatikizika, kuphatikiza kwake komwe kungawononge thanzi la munthu.

Mlengalenga m'nyumba imodzi nthawi yomweyo pamakhala mankhwala opitilira 100 opezeka magulu osiyanasiyana a mankhwala, ena omwe amatha kukhala oopsa kwambiri.

Choopsa chachikulu pa thanzi la anthu ndi benzene, formaldehyde ndi nitrogen dioxide, magwero akulu azinthu zoopsa zomwe zikulowa mlengalenga mnyumbamo siwodetsedwa mlengalenga, koma zomanga zopanda zida komanso zomalizira.

Makoma opangidwa ndi konkriti, slag, konkriti ya polima - magwero amagetsi omwe amatha kupangitsa zotupa. Radium ndi thorium zimapangidwa kawiri kawiri ndikumasulidwa kwa mpweya wama radon.

• Imachepetsa zomwe zili ndi radon mumlengalenga; Kutulutsa kwa Radon kumachepetsedwa chifukwa cha stucco ndi pepala wandiweyani.

Ma slor a konkriti amatenga chinyezi kuchokera kumakoma. Mpweya wouma umayambitsa masoka osasangalatsa, matenda am'mimba omwe amapumira, amatsogolera tsitsi ndikukhomoka kwa khungu, kuwonjezeka kwa magetsi osasunthika.

• Chifukwa ofunikira ndizofunikira. Mutha kupachika zotengera m'madzi m'mabatire, kukhazikitsa ma aquariums omwe amakhalabe otonthoza mitsempha ndikupangitsa chidwi.

. Linoleum, amagwira ntchito monga gwero lama hydrocarbon onunkhira, omwe mowonjezereka amayambitsa thupi siligwirizana, kuchuluka kutopa, kusowa chitetezo m'thupi.

• Madokotala amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zovala za linoleum pokhapokha ngati munthu ali wopanda pake. Ndikwabwino kugwiritsa ntchito pansi matabwa - otentha komanso zachilengedwe.

• Ndikwabwino kutengera zopangira matenti ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi ubweya wachilengedwe ndi thonje, mphaka wa bamboo.

Mipando yamtengo wapatali kwa zaka zambiri imakhala ndi michere ndi phenols, yomwe imayambitsa kukwiya kwa khungu ndi khungu, imakhala ndi carcinogenic (oyambitsa khansa) ndi mutagenic (wokhoza kuyambitsa kusinthika kwa majini). Mipando yotereyi imakhudzanso ntchito yobereka ya munthu, ndiyowopsa pakatundu wamanjenje komanso chiwindi.

Ndikofunikira kusintha m'malo mwake ndi mipando yachilengedwe yamatabwa kapena kuchepetsa kutulutsa kwa poizoni pogwiritsa ntchito utoto wokhala ndi alkyd.

• Ndikwabwino kugwiritsa ntchito utoto wochotsa madzi kunyumba kapena kumaliza mtengo ndi mafuta achilengedwe kapena sera.

Denga limakhala lophimba bwino. "Amapumira" osati koyipa, ndipo amatenga chinyezi.

Nyumba zathu "ndizodzaza" ndi zida zamagetsi. Munda wamagetsi wopangidwa ndi iwo umakhudza kuzungulira, chitetezo, endocrine ndi machitidwe ena a ziwalo zamunthu.

Inde, kuwonekera kwa nthawi yayitali ku EMF pazinthu zomwe zili pamwambapa pa munthu moyo wonse kumapangitsa kuti pakhale matenda osiyanasiyana, makamaka mtima ndi mantha amthupi la munthu.

M'zaka zaposachedwa, matenda a oncological nthawi zambiri amatchedwa zotsatira zoyipa zazitali.

Osakhala pafupi ndi TV kapena kompyuta yanu.

Chotsani wotchi yama alarm kapena makina oyankhira pafoni pamutu pa kama.

Njira yotsika mtengo komanso yokongola yochepetsera zinthu zoyipa ndiyo kubzala maluwa. Amamwa kaboni dayokisa ndi zinthu zina zovulaza, natulutsa mpweya wabwino, amakhala ndi bactericidal, amanyowetsa mpweya.

Kodi kukonza zamagetsi pamagetsi mnyumba?

• Tsegulani zida zonse zosagwira kuchokera pamagetsi amagetsi - zingwe zamagetsi zamagetsi zimapanga minda yamagetsi.
• Ikani zida zomwe zimayatsidwa pafupipafupi komanso kwanthawi yayitali (uvuni wamagetsi, microwave, firiji, TV, ma hita) pamtunda wa mita imodzi ndi theka kuchokera kumalo okhala nthawi yayitali kapena kupumula kwa usiku, makamaka kwa ana.
• Ngati nyumba yanu ili ndi zida zambiri zapakhomo, yesani kuyatsa zida zochepa nthawi imodzi.
• Pani mpweya wabwino ndikuchapa kanyumba kawirikawiri mchipinda chomwe amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi - izi zimachepetsa magawo amagetsi.

Khitchini yadzadza ndi minda yamagetsi yomwe imagundana, kuwapangitsa eni mwayiwo kupeza "ngodya chete". Ndi munthu wathanzi labwino yekha amene amatha kulowa mu “bafa” lamagetsi kangapo patsiku.

Palibe chifukwa payenera kukhala ndi poyatsira magetsi pamutu pa bedi! Ndipo koposa choncho ndi chingwe chikhazikika mpaka muyeso kuchokera ku sconce.

Nduna.
Cholakwika chachikulu ndi zingwe zamagetsi zomwe zimayikidwa mu zigawo kuzungulira nthawi. Kugwira ntchito komanso osagwira ntchito, koma olumikizidwa muzida zamagetsi kumapereka pafupifupi kuwala kofanana. Ngati mungayike, ndiye, monga akatswiri atsimikizira, ma radiation agwa nthawi 5-10.

Choopsa chachikulu pa thanzi la anthu ndi kupangidwa kwamadzi ndi mankhwala. M'chilengedwe, madzi samapezeka ngati mankhwala abwino. Njira zowunikira zamankhwala zimatsimikizira mtundu wa madzi akumwa. Madzi owonongeka, kulowa mthupi lathu, amayambitsa 70-80% ya matenda onse odziwika, amathandizira kukalamba ndi 30%.

Chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito madzi oopsa, matenda osiyanasiyana amakula. Kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti urolithiasis, miyala ya impso, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis. Kusowa kwa fluoride m'thupi kumabweretsa chitukuko cha mano.

Kuperewera kwa ayodini m'madzi ndi chakudya ndiye chifukwa chachikulu cha matenda omwe amapezeka ndi anthu a myrotoxicosis.

Pakukula konseku, munthu ali wolumikizidwa mosiyanasiyana ndi chomera. Munthu wamakono nthawi zambiri amasudzulidwa ku zachilengedwe, motero muyenera kuzungulira ndi zomera, zomwe, mwa kuyamwa zonse zowononga, zimaperekanso mpweya ndipo zimakhala ndi phindu kwa anthu omwe ali ndi biofield.

Chomera chapadera chomwe chingasinthe chipululu kukhala malo opukutira - cyperus chingathe kupulumutsa. Iyenso amakonda chinyezi, choncho muikeni mphika ndi poto ndi madzi. Kusinthana kwa mafuta-gasi mchipindacho kumakhala bwino ndi anthurium, arrowroot, ndi monstera. Chlorophytum, aloe ivy ndi oyeretsa mpweya wabwino kwambiri.

Zomera zambiri m'nyumba zimakhala ndi phytoncidal. Mchipinda momwe, mwachitsanzo, chlorophytum imakhala mumlengalenga mumakhala tizinthu tating'onoting'ono kwambiri. Ndipo tinthu tazitsulo zolemera zomwe zilinso m'zipinda zathu timayamwa katsitsumzukwa. Geranium sikuti imawuluka kokha, komanso imagwiritsa ntchito ma disinalides ndikuwononga mpweya.

Chitsamba chamaluwa chachipinda chimakuthandizani kuti muchotse kutopa kwambiri komanso kusokonekera.

Zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga ndi kumaliza ntchito m'nyumba.

Nyumba yazipinda ndizofunikira zachitetezo chake.

Phokoso ndi kugwedezeka kwamadera akumatauni.

Zotsatira za phokoso ndi kugwedezeka kwa thanzi la anthu akumatauni.

Zovuta zam'mudzimo.

Zofunikira zachilengedwe zokhudzana ndi zomangamanga mumzinda.

Kutetezedwa kwachilengedwe kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nyumba zogona komanso malo okhala

Ntchito yomanga zachilengedwe - mavuto, kufufuza ndi chitetezo

Ambiri aife tamva za zomanga zachilengedwe, koma amamvetsetsa mosiyanasiyana. Wina amafuna kukhala m'nyumba yopanda zachilengedwe, wina amafuna mipando yopangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Anthu odziwika bwino amayesetsa kuteteza zachilengedwe, pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopanda zinyalala pomanga. Chilichonse ndichovuta kwambiri, monga moyo pawokha.

Yambani

Zonsezi zidayamba mu 1973, pomwe ma OPEC omwe amatumiza mafuta ku mayiko ena adakweza mtengo wamafuta kanayi. Ndipamene Europe ndi America zinaganiza za kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu zamagetsi. Dziko lonse linayamba kuganiza zathanzi, zachilengedwe - ukhondo wa chilengedwe.

Ngati kuteteza thanzi kumatheka ndi mapulogalamu omveka - aerobics, kulimbana ndi kusuta fodya komanso uchidakwa, zinawonjezera kutchuka kwa masewera - adakhala owoneka bwino kwambiri kuposa Olimpiki. Kuti ndi mapulogalamu azachilengedwe kunali kovuta kwambiri. Mu 1975, nyumba zoyimira zoyambilira zidawonekera, zikuwonetsa chitsanzo cha kuyendetsa bwino zachilengedwe pochepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi.

Mfundozi zinali zomveka bwino kwa aliyense, makamaka poyerekeza ndi zovuta zamafuta ndi mphamvu - mphamvu zochepa zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito mnyumba, zovuta zomwe timachita mwachilengedwe.Mlengalenga wocheperako umayipitsidwa ndi mafuta oyaka, nyanja zam'madzi kuchokera pakupanga mafuta, nthaka yochepa imawonongeka ndi miyala yamkati ndi migodi ya malasha.

Kuyenda kotereku kumatchedwa kumanga zachilengedwe (EC) kapena zomanga zobiriwira (EC).

Pakutha kwa zaka 80s, kumvetsetsa kwa mfundo zamamangidwe ogwiritsa ntchito tekinoloje AP kunapangidwa. Gululi lidalandira thandizo la boma: mu 1990, UK idatengera muyeso wa BREEAM, mu 1992 boma la US lidayambitsa mapulogalamu a Energy Star. Awa ndi mapulogalamu oyamba omwe amawongolera manambala omanga mapulogalamu azachilengedwe omwe akugwirabe ntchito.

Maiko osiyanasiyana amatsogozedwa ndi njira zawo zogwirira ntchito, koma mfundo zazikuluzonse zimatsalira:

1. Kuchepetsa ziwonetsero zonse (kuzungulira kwanyumba yonse) zovuta zoyipa zamachitidwe omanga pa thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe, zomwe zimakwaniritsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano ndi njira.

Nyumba yachilengedwe ku Russia

Nyumba zachilengedwe ku Russia ndizosiyana ndi zomangamanga kwathunthu, njira zachilengedwe zomangira nyumba zikukula m'chilengedwe.

Imodzi mwa mitengo yotsika kwambiri yamagetsi padziko lapansi yomwe imapangitsa kuti ayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri - ku Russia kuli anthu ochulukirapo katatu ku Europe pa munthu aliyense, komanso ku USA.

Kuphatikiza apo, Russia ndi amodzi omaliza padziko lapansi pomwe bungwe la Green Building Council limapangidwa.

Koma zinthu zikusintha, pulogalamu yapadziko lonse lapansi yochepetsera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu idapangidwa, malinga ndi zomwe mapulani pofika chaka cha 2020 kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yonse ya mphamvu adzatsika ndi 40%. Chifukwa cha ntchito yayikulu yophunzitsa, kuzindikira kufunika kwa kusintha kwa chilengedwe, kuphatikiza

pomanga. Pomwe Europe idapanga mapulogalamu opititsa patsogolo zachilengedwe, ku Russia mpaka pano ndikotheka kumanga payekha payokha. Kodi ndikulakwa kotani komwe kumakhala kofunika kumanga nyumba yopanda zachilengedwe? Ganizirani za ma projekiti opambana omwe adachitika pakati pa Russia.

Chosavuta kwambiri kumanga ndipo chili ndi mphamvu zokwanira komanso nyumba yotentha. Nyumba zoterezi zamangidwa ku nkhalangoyi kwa gawo la ku Russia ku Russia kuyambira pomwe amalanda anthu. Ndi chingwe champhamvu chopangidwa ndi mtengo, chodzazidwa ndi chowonjezera chilichonse choyenera.

Poyamba, udzu ndi dongo udagwiritsidwa ntchito; masiku ano, umisiri wopulumutsa mphamvu umagwiritsidwa ntchito - mipata pakati pa mitengo imakhala yodzazidwa ndi udzu wobowoleza. Udzu ndiwofikira kwambiri pazomera zonse zofala kwambiri ku Russia. Imakhala ndi mafutitsidwe abwino kwambiri - nthawi 4 kuposa mtengo.

Luso la phytotherapeutic lakhala lodziwika kuyambira pakulima kwaulimi; adayika matiresi ndi mapilo ndi udzu, zomwe zimapangitsa kugona mokwanira komanso thanzi labwino.

Kunja ndi mkati, makoma omwe amapangidwawo amakhala ndi dongo kapena chinthu chilichonse chosavuta. Kukongoletsa khoma kumavomereza chilichonse chomwe chimapezeka kwa omanga - matabwa, plywood, ma OSB, drywall.

Pakutentha ndi madzi otentha, magawo onse opangira mphamvu opita patsogolo amagwiritsidwa ntchito: mapanelo amodzi ndi kukhazikika kwa dzuwa, mphamvu zamagetsi ndi mapampu otentha. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito bwino tsambalo, amodzi mwa mbali za padenga amayang'ana kum'mwera, atakutidwa kwathunthu ndi dzuwa. Mawindo ndi zitseko - zamakono, zamasewera ambiri, Kutenthetsa - Kutentha kwamphamvu.

Kodi munthu amalowa mnyumba yotere ndi ndalama zingati? Mtengo wa m2 ndiwokwera kwambiri - mpaka $ 1000, chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zamtengo wapatali - pampu yotentha, kukhazikika kwa dzuwa ndi makina amphepo.

Koma kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nyumba yonga yamagetsi ndi 40% yotsika, kubwereranso pamtengo wokwera sikumakhala kupitirira zaka 10. Kuwonjezeka kwamitengo yamphamvu kumachepetsa nthawi yobweza.

Ndipo koposa zonse - limakhala nyumba yosangalatsa momwe mungakhaliremo malo okhala bwino.

Zambiri pazokhudza zachilengedwe pomanga

Sayansi ya zomangamanga sikungopanga lingaliro la kusanthula kwazinthu ndi ukadaulo wa kapangidwe kake, komanso imapereka chidwi chachikulu ku chilengedwe cha zomangamanga, chomwe chimakhudza kwambiri moyo wa munthu.

Malo opititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha zachuma ku Russia ndi mizinda momwe anthu opitilira 70% alumikizidwa.

Ndizowona m'mizinda kuti zovuta zotsutsana kwambiri zimawonedwa pakati pa kukula kwa zosowa zamagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi ntchito ndi kufunikira kofunikira kuti malo okhala abwino azikhala.

Kuchulukana kwambiri kwa anthu, zoyendera ndi ma bizinesi am'madera omwe ali m'malo ochepa ndizomwe zimayambitsa zovuta zachilengedwe m'mizinda.

M'mizinda, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zinthu ndi mphamvu zimakonzedwa kuposa kumadera akumidzi, chifukwa chake mizere yamizinda yayikulu imakhala ndi ma eroosol 10 kuphatikiza ma 25 ndi mipweya ina.

Makampani ogulitsa mafakitale omwe amakhala m'mizinda yapafupi ndi kwawo amatulutsa fumbi, nitrogen oxides, chitsulo, calcium, magnesium, ndi silicon m'mlengalenga.

Zomwe zimadzipanga zokha sizinthu zovulaza kwambiri, koma zimachepetsa kuwonekera kwa mlengalenga, zomwe zimathandizira kuwonjezereka kwa mpweya, mawonekedwe a ziphuphu, ndikuchepetsa ma radiation a dzuwa ndi 30%.

Zotsatira za kuwonongeka kwa mafakitale ndi mpweya wamagalimoto m'mizinda yayikulu, mvula ya smog ndi acid imachitika. Mizinda imatha kugwiritsa ntchito madzi nthawi khumi kuposa malo akumidzi. Pafupifupi malo onse osungirako m'mizinda ikuluikulu yamafakitale amaipitsidwa kwambiri, ndipo ena ndi oopsa.

M'mizinda yopitilira 100 ya dziko lathu, zinthu zachilengedwe sizabwino. Mkhalidwe wovuta kwambiri wachilengedwe wafika ku Arkhangelsk, Lipetsk, Norilsk, Bratsk, Yekaterinburg, Kemerovo, Krasnoyarsk, Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk ndi mizinda ingapo momwe mafakitale amapangidwira.

Kuchulukana kwa anthu m'mizinda yayikulu kukuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zinyalala za mafakitale komanso nyumba. Kuchulukana kwa anthu ku Europe kuli ku Moscow - anthu pafupifupi 10,000. pa 1 km2.

Mumzindawu, zinyalala zoposa 20 miliyoni zakunyumba zimapangidwa pachaka, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zinyalala kumachuluka chaka chilichonse.

Zomera zonse zatsopano zomwe zakonzedwa zikumangidwa, zopezeka zatsopano zonse zimapangidwira maliro awo.

Kuzizira komanso nthawi yayitali m'malo ambiri a Russia kumachulukitsa zovuta zachilengedwe. Makampani abizinesi, makamaka mphamvu yamagetsi, kuwotcha mafuta ochulukirapo, amachititsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwachilengedwe, komwe kumadziwonetsera pakuwonongeka kwamadzi, mpweya ndi dothi.

Kutembenukira ku mavuto azachilengedwe okhudzana ndi kapangidwe ka nyumba ndi nyumba, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti malowa, monga zopangidwa zina zilizonse, ndi amodzi mwa magwero azowopsa zachilengedwe.

Chifukwa chake, ntchito yomanga isanayambe, kulinganiza (kusanja) madera akumalo kumachitika. Manambala omanga amafunikira kuti asunthike ndikusunga dimba lamtengo wapatali. Pambuyo pomanga, iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza, ᴛ.ᴇ.

kubwezeretsa zipatso zagawo. Nthawi zambiri chifukwa chogwiritsa molakwika, izi zimasakanizidwa ndi mchenga kapena dongo kenako ndikuwonongeka. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa nyumba ndi zomanga kungakhudze kayendedwe ka madzi apansi, kusintha momwe muliri.

Izi, zimatha kubweretsa zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri: kuchokera pakutha kwa madzi m'zitsime kupita kumalo okhala madzi ndikusintha kwamasamba, chifukwa chomwe kusintha kwina mu nyama kumachitika.

Nyumba zokwezeka kwambiri zimalepheretsa kuyenda kwa malo amatauni, zimathandizira kuti pakhale mpweya woipa, makamaka pamlingo wapansi wa nyumba. Zowonongeka zachilengedwe siziyenera kuonekera posachedwa, chifukwa sizimangolabadira kapena zochitika zingapo zimayamba pang'onopang'ono.

Zofunikira zachilengedwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kuziganizira kale pamapangidwe. Zinthu zomangira zosankhidwa ziyenera kukhala zotetezeka kwa anthu, osatulutsa zinthu zovulaza thanzi lawo, osakhala ndi zotsatira zowononga thupi, mawonekedwe awo azama radio sayenera kukhala apamwamba kuposa abwinobwino.

Mukamapanga nyumba za mafakitale, makamaka mafakitale onse, munthu ayenera kulingalira zakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe, will adzakhala ndi ntchito yawo.

Kutulutsa kuchokera ku chimneys, nthawi zina kutalika kwambiri, kumatha kunyamulidwa ndi mphepo kwamtunda wamakilomita mazana ambiri ndikuwononga osati midzi yoyandikana ndi mizindayi, komanso mayiko oyandikana nawo.

Zisankho zapangidwe ziyenera kuchepetsa zovuta zoyipa zomanga.

Makampani abizinesi nthawi zambiri amamwa madzi ambiri. Mukatha kugwiritsa ntchito, madziwo amatsukidwa pang'ono ndipo nthawi zambiri amawatsitsira m'mitsinje, momwe pang'onopang'ono zinthu zoyipa zimadziunjikira. Kuti tipewe malingaliro oterowo pamadzi, ngakhale pamakampani opanga, njira yotsekera yoperekera madzi yokhala ndi mbali zingapo iyenera kuperekedwa.

Nkhani zomwe zatulutsidwa ndizambiri komanso ndizovuta. Amagwira akatswiri azachilengedwe. Komanso, aliyense ayenera kudziwa za udindo wake wachilengedwe ndikupereka zochepa pazosunga.

Zomanga ndi chilengedwe - ndizofunika kwambiri?

Tikufuna kukhala mzipinda ndikuwona ma dziwe, kupita kuma masitolo akuluakulu osapitilira 300 metres kuchokera mnyumbamo, kumasuka pamagolosale ndi malo ochezera, omwe adakhazikitsidwa pafupi. Komanso, ambiri aife sitiganiza ngakhale pang'ono momwe kumangidwe kwa sitolo kapena nyumba yatsopano kungakhudzire chilengedwe chomwe timakhala nacho.

Malinga ndi lamulo la Russian Federation, nzika iliyonse ili ndi ufulu kukhala ndi malo abwino. Nthawi yomweyo, ntchito yake ndikuteteza zachilengedwe ndi chilengedwe, kuteteza zachilengedwe zadziko. Zikuwoneka kuti, njira yophunzitsira malingaliro oterewa mwa ambiri imangokhala poyambira njira.

Kuchulukitsa kwa zomangamanga sikungosintha mawonekedwe a chilengedwe, komanso kumakhudzanso izi. Zotsatira zoyipa zamalo omanga, ole, amadziwika kale ambiri. Komabe, ndikufuna kudziwa zambiri.

Kalanga, zovuta zoyambitsa zomangamanga zimachitika pamagawo onse: kuchokera pakulandila zomangamanga kupita kumalo opangira ntchito. Kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zolimba mu mawonekedwe a dothi lotukuka komanso zotsalira za zomangamanga chaka chilichonse kumangokulira.

Chaka chilichonse, ntchito yomanga imafunikira mamilimita 50 miliyoni. mita yamatabwa.

Kubisika kwa mitengo, kusefukira kwake m'mitsinje, kukonza pambuyo pake kuti ipange nkhuni, ndipo zinthu zomalizidwa zimayenderana ndi kuipitsidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo, mlengalenga, madzi.

Ogwira ntchito yomanga amadya miyala yambiri, mchenga, dongo, laimu ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimachotsedwa m'matumbo a dziko lapansi m'njira yotseguka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nthaka iwonongeke, zomera ndi zinyama.

Zamoyo zonse nthawi zina zimafa (kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimafalikira). Kupanga zinthu zomanga, magawo osiyanasiyana ndi zinthu zimagwirizana ndi kutulutsidwa kwa fumbi, sokosi, gasi, komwe kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa mpweya ndipo chifukwa chake, zimakhudza thanzi la munthu.

Madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chofunikira popezera yankho pokonza dothi, etc. Akatha kugwiritsa ntchito, amatsitsidwa ndikuyipitsa matupi amadzi.

Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito yomanga nyumba ndi zomangamanga zimabweretsa kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka madzi. M'mikhalidwe yovuta, kusuntha kwa dothi, kusintha kwa kayendedwe ndi kuthamanga kwa mitsempha yamadzi ndikotheka.

Izi ndizowopsa kwambiri kumadera omwe ali ndi subsidence.

Kusintha kwa mpumulo wa magawo omangidwa omwe amasintha mawonekedwe amadzi apadziko lapansi, kumanga maziko, kuphimba kwa madzi othinana ndi madzi, kuphwanyidwa kwa boma la madzi othamangitsidwa padziko lapansi ndikutulutsa chinyontho, kuyika kwa maukonde othandizira kumabweretsa kukwera kwakukulu pamlingo wamadzi apansi. Kuchuluka kwa dothi kumakhudza kusokonekera kwa malo omwe madzi osefukira, zomwe zimakweza mtengo wowonjezera kukana kwa chivomerezi chomanga.

Kupanga mafakitale kumabweretsa zowonjezera zachilengedwe ndipo kumabweretsa kuwonongeka mu thanzi la munthu. Nyumba zomangidwa kale ndi zomangira zimakhudzanso chilengedwe: kusinthika kwa nthaka, kusintha kwa zomimba zamasamba kumasintha (mpaka kumaliza kwathunthu), ndipo minda yachilengedwe imasinthidwa ndi yopanga zinthu.

Kalanga ine! Palibe chomwe lero chikulepheretsa ntchito zomanga: malo osungiramo nkhalango, kapena minda yokhala ndi minda. Aliyense wa ife adawonera momwe izi zimachitikira pamalo opangira malo ogulitsira otsatira.

Zikuchitika kuti amawononga zitsulo zonse pamzu, zomwe zidakondweretsa okhala kwazaka zambiri. Zachidziwikire, nthawi zina mwiniwake wa zinthu zomanga zotere amayesa kukonza paki yatsopano.

Koma, ndikuganiza, zonsezi ndizotheka kulengeza bungwe lanu kuposa kulipirira zowonongeka.

Kuphatikiza apo, mbande zingapo sizingaloze m'malo ena odulidwa, kapena kulipira kuwonongeka komwe kwachitika chifukwa cha mitundu ina ya mbalame ndi nyama. Omaliza, monga mukudziwira, amapeza pothawirapo pa mitengo yayitali. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti malo omwe amakhala pafupi ndi malo ogulitsira ndi zosangalatsa (ma SEC) amakhala opanda kanthu komanso opanda moyo.

Vuto lina ndi kupanikizika panthaka. Mothandizidwa ndi unyinji wam nyumbayo, kuponderezedwa kwa miyala yam'mwamba kumachitika (pakuya kwa mita 50).Pansi pa chinthucho, kupangika kwa subsidence kwa 30-40 masentimita kumapangidwa.Atha kukhala ofunikira kwambiri ngati migodi ili pafupi.

Kukhudza kwina. Ntchito yomanga nyumba iliyonse imaphatikizapo kupatula malo. Ndiye kuti, dothi limakhala losayeneranso kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachuma.

Kuyika kwa mapaipi osoka, mizere yamagetsi imathandizanso kuti chonde chithe. Ngakhale zitatha ntchito yomanga, zimakhala zosatheka kubwezeretsa chonde m'nthaka.

Madera ngati amenewa nthawi zambiri amayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo okhala, kuphatikizapo osaloledwa. Chifukwa chake, vutoli likhale lotseguka.

Maonekedwe a nyumba iliyonse imaphatikizapo kutulutsa kwatsopano kwa kutentha kwa chilengedwe. “Kuipitsa” kwinaku kumachitika. Kuphatikiza apo, malo ogulitsira komanso zosangalatsa ndiwowonjezera phokoso ndi kuwunikira, komwe kumakhudza anthu omwe ali ndi nkhawa.

Kuphatikiza pa kuwonongeka kwazomera ndi dothi, chinthu chomangidwacho chimasintha mkhalidwe wa kupendekera (kuchuluka kwa kuwunikira kwa dzuwa kwa nyumba, nyumba ndi mkati mwake). Nyumba zimasokoneza gawo, ndikusintha mayendedwe achinyontho. Kuphatikiza apo, mpweya wam'mphepete pakati pa nyumba umakhala woipa kwambiri, ndipo izi zimapangitsanso kutentha.

Amati njira yomangayi ndiyosasinthika. Ndipo izi ndizofanana: zochepa komanso zosakhudzidwa ndi ntchito yomanga nthaka ndi zomera. Komabe, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kumatha kuchepetsedwa. Kuti muchite izi, ndizofunikira pang'ono: kusungitsa zolemba zomwe zakonzedwa, kukhala ndi katswiri wazoyesayesa zachilengedwe m'mabungwe akuluakulu omanga, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chilengedwe chizichitika pa nthawi yake.

Mukamalemba ntchito zomanga, ndikofunikira kulingalira momwe sizowonekera nyumbayo, komanso magwiridwe akewo ndi kuthekera kotheka kungakhudze chilengedwe. Tisaiwale za kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa munthu ndi chilengedwe. Komanso, kuti mudzipulumutse nokha chifukwa cha phindu la munthu wina ..

Zothandiza

• kunyumba
• Zolemba
• Zothandiza
• Zambiri Zothandiza - TechnoNICOL

Anakumana Pamalo -Uyu ndi denga wokutira ndi zinthu zowotchingira madzi, zomwe zimapangidwa pamiyeso ya pepala lowola ndipo limagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makapeti opangira magetsi pazinyumba ndi nyumba zosiyanasiyana, komanso milatho yopanda madzi, maziko, makontena.

Njira imodzi yotsika mtengo komanso yothandiza - yopingasa khoma lamadzi. Kuti ikwaniritse, makhoma amakonzedwa mu ndege yopingasa, pambuyo pake amadzaza kusiyana ndi zinthu zopanda madzi. Njira ina ndiyo jakisoni wa zakumwa zomwe zimatseketsa ma capillaries kapena kupanga makhoma awo kukhala hydrophobic.

Kuchulukana kwa padenga imakhala ndi zochita zingapo:

• Kuchotsa padenga lakale,
• kukonza matope kapena chitsulo chosanja ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, kuyikanso.
• antiseptic ndi moto obwezeretsa chithandizo cha makina othandizira,
• ngati umphumphu wa chotchinga utsi uwonongeka - kubwezeretsa,
• kubwezeretsa kutentha kwa mafuta,
• chida
• ngati kuli kotheka - utoto wa padenga.

Kuchulukana kwa padenga

Pali zizindikiro zomwe mutha kudziwa momwe madenga alili ndikuwonetsetsa ngati m'malo padenga.

Yang'anani padenga - chikuwoneka bwanji? Kodi padenga ili likufanana ndi kamangidwe ka nyumbayo chonse? Mwina mungafune kuti nyumba yanu ikhale yokongola kwambiri komanso yamakono, kapena, m'malo mwake, ibwezeretse mawonekedwe ake akale? Nthawi zambiri, kusintha padenga kumatha kusintha kwambiri mawonekedwe.

Kuyika khoma chitani zonse kunja kwa nyumbayo ndi mkati.

Pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chowongolera kukhoma, mutha:

• Tetezani khoma pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zakumlengalenga, mwachitsanzo, kuziziritsa kukhosi ndi kuuma.
• kuti musunthire mame pathanthwe lakunja lomwe limatentha kunja, chifukwa chake nkotheka kupewa kutaya kwamkati mwa khoma
• kupatula kuwoneka ngati ming'alu mu milu yayikulu ya khoma, potero kuwonjezera kulimba kwa makoma,
• pangani makina oyenera ogwiritsa ntchito khoma malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wake,
• kupanga mawonekedwe abwino a chipindacho,
• Sinthani mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe.

Ubweya wocheperako - Izi ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi ulusi zomwe zimapezeka pamiyala yosungunuka, komanso ma slag achitsulo ndi zosakanikirana zake.

Nthawi zambiri, opanga padziko lonse lapansi a zinthu zopangira ubweya wa mchere amagwiritsa ntchito miyala ngati zida zopangira. Chifukwa cha izi, ubweya wa mcherewo umapezeka kwambiri, umatha kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali.

Akagwira ntchito yolimba ndi yodalirika yazinyumba ndi zomanga, ndikofunikira kuti imakhala ubweya wa mchere womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Styrofoam Wowonjezera (kapena chithovu cha polystyrene foam) ndi liwu latsopano m'magawo a matenthedwe otchingira mafuta. Ngakhale zinthuzo zidayamba kupangidwa zaka zopitilira 60 zapitazo, zilibe fanizo ku Russia kapena kudziko lapansi. Polystyrene TECHNONICOL yowonjezera ndiyewotentha paliponse m'njira zonse.

Mukamasankha zanyumba zanyumba yanu, muyenera kuganizira zabwino ndi zovuta za chovala chilichonse chomwe chaperekedwa pamsika lero. Denga lokwezeka kwambiri ndi chitsimikizo choteteza chipindacho ku nyengo iliyonse.

Zofolerera zoumbika masiku ano ndizodziwika kwambiri pamakampani omanga osati mafakitale komanso nyumba zogona.

Madenga, popanga zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndizopepuka, zodalirika komanso zachuma.

Kapeti wopangira denga amapangidwa masikono, kuyala kumachitika m'magawo awiri, ndipo kumtunda kumakutidwa ndi zokutira zapadera.

Denga lathyathyathya ndi imodzi mwazomwe mungachite pokonza denga la nyumba zogona komanso mafakitale. Mtengo wotsika mtengo, kulemera kochepa, kuthekera kopezera malo ena owonjezera, kuphweka komanso kupepuka kwa padenga lathyathyathya - zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yotchuka komanso yofunika.

Chipangizo cha denga lathyathyathya

Kutentha pamtunda ndi chizindikiro chofunikira cha mulingo wanyumba. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kuyika pansi kumakhala kofunika pabalaza pabalaza.

Ngati nyumba yokhala pafupi ndiyandikira pansi, ngati kutentha kwanyumba kumasiya kufunika, ngati pazifukwa zina nyumba ili yozizira, kutentha kwamatenthedwe pansi kukufunika.

Chifukwa cha izi, zolinga ziwiri zimatha kukwaniritsidwa nthawi imodzi: kuwonjezera kulimbikitsidwa kwa chipindacho ndikuchepetsa mtengo wotenthetsera.

Pamsika wamakono wa zofunda zofunda, zotengera padenga ndizofunika kwambiri. Ndi madzi amadzimadzi amadzimadzi ambiri, omwe, atagwiritsidwa ntchito pamtunda ndikuwumitsa, amasandulika kukhala polinganiza monolithic. Chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochita kupanga mastic ndi kukhazikitsa ndi kukonza madenga, komanso kutseka kwamadzi.

Wodula mastic kapena phula-phula

Njira yothetsera mavuto "wamba" ndi mavuto omwe amadza pakukhazikitsa padenga, kuthana ndi madzi.

Zomangamanga zamasiku ano ndizosatheka kulingalira popanda kutentha kutulutsa. Nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale zinthu zabwino kwambiri zoyeserera sizingagwire bwino ntchito ngati sizitetezedwa ndi chotchingira mpweya.

Kupatula kwa nyumba kuchokera ku phokoso lakunja kumakhala kwakukulu kutonthoza, kulola kuti anthu amve mawu omwe angafune, komanso kudziteteza kuti asalowe mumawu osafunikira ochokera kunja. Kuphatikiza apo, phokoso lanyumba limaperekanso chodalirika chowonjezera mafuta. Sipangokhala tating'onoting'ono tokha pansi komanso makhoma kuchokera kumawu akumayiko ena, komanso kutulutsa mawu pazitseko ndi magawo.

Zipangizo zodziwika zoteteza madzi masiku ano ndizizindikiro zokutira. Kukula mwachangu kwa kutchuka kwawo kumachitika chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri umisiri ndi ukadaulo. Choyamba, ma pvc ogwiritsa ntchito ulusi ndizolimba kwambiri, nthawi zambiri moyo wawo wautumiki ndi zaka pafupifupi 50.

Zomwe zimachitika mu nyengo ya Russia ndizambiri kotero kuti nthawi zambiri pamafunika ndalama zambiri kuwotcha nyumba ndi kuzitentha. Chuma cha Russia chikutukuka lero pofuna kuthana ndi mafuta komanso zida zamagetsi. Chimodzi mwazinthu zabwino zothetsera vuto la kusunga kutentha ndi kulowetsa mapaipi.

Denga lokhala ndi denga lakutchingira madzi, lomwe limapezeka pomata makatoni opaka ndi mafuta phula ndikugundika kumtunda ndi kutsika kwa padenga ndi chosanjikiza cha phula.

Ruberoid ndi mitundu yake

Kutsetsa madzi padenga ndi gawo lofunikira lomwe limagwira ntchito yofunika: limateteza padenga pazakuipa za chinyontho ndi mchere wamchere. Mukapanda kusamalira kuti madzi asamayange denga munthawi yake, chinyezi ndi mpweya zimapangitsa kuti denga lisachedwe kuvulala. Zotsatira zake, muyenera kuchita kukonza madenga odula.