Agalu olimbana - mawu omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito posachedwa kutanthauza agalu ophunzitsa ophunzitsidwa mwapadera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nkhondo (nkhondo, nkhondo) ndi ankhondo anthawi yakale kwambiri ndi Middle Ages ndi cholinga chofuna kupha asirikali ankhondo mwachindunji.
Pambuyo pake, agalu anali kunkhondo anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, koma sanagwiritsidwe ntchito kupha asirikali ankhondo mwachindunji, ngakhale mu Nkhondo Yadziko II agalu adagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuwononga akasinja.
Nthawi yakale
Munthawi imeneyi, mitundu yambiri ya agalu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pankakhala ndikugwiritsa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana m'miyoyo ya anthu. Mitundu inali kusinthasintha, kusakanikirana, yatsopano idasankhidwa ndikusankhidwa ndi kusintha kwa otchulidwa. Mtundu umodzi wamakedzana a agalu amakono kulibe. Malinga ndi mtundu wina, agalu onse amakono ndi ochokera ku nkhandwe ndi mitundu ina ya ankhandwe.
Monga agalu omenyera, agalu a gulu la mtundu wa Molossian anali ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Mitundu ya a Molossoid ndi gulu losiyana la agalu amphamvu komanso akuluakulu okhala ndi chizere chachifupi komanso mawonekedwe owopsa, omwe anali pachiwonetsero cha mitundu yakale (yosakhazikika) ya mitundu, yopangidwa ngati maziko amtundu wa agalu achigiriki a Greek Greece, Old States ya Kum'mawa, Etruria ndi Celts kudera la Ufumu wa Roma. Unali kutetezedwa kuti utetezedwe (ng'ombe, anthu, ndi zina), ngati galu wacirombo komanso galu wolondera gulu lankhondo ndi agulu ankhondo. Mayina "Agalu a Molossoid", "Agalu a Molossoid", "Molossi" amadziwika ku Europe kale ku Middle Ages (amatchulidwa, makamaka, a Saxon Grammatik). Zinayamba kufala kwambiri m'ma 1600 ku France, komanso ku England nthawi ya Renaissance, kutanthauza zaka za zana la 17. Mawu oti "gulu la agalu a Molossian" adagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polankhula tsiku lililonse m'zaka za zana la 20.
Mitundu yakale ya agalu yomwe inatenga nawo gawo pakupanga gulu la Molossian inali mitundu yachilengedwe yakale ya Middle East (Mesopotamia, Persia), Greece wakale, mayiko a Etruria, anthu omwe amakhala m'ma Celts, komanso madera a Roma wakale. Kholo lakale la agalu omenyera nkhondo yakale kwambiri mwina ndi Tsamba Lalikulu la ku Tibet. Agaluwa anali ofala ku India, Nepal, Persia, ndi mayiko a Near ndi Middle East pafupifupi zaka 3,000 zapitazo. Nyama zamphamvuzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati abusa, alonda, ndi osaka. Ndi kupambana nawo kwambiri.
Zithunzi zake zachikale kwambiri za m'zaka za zana la 12 BC - chithunzi cha kusaka kwa mkango ndi galu waku Tibetan zidapezeka m'malo opatulika a ku Babeloni.
Kucokela zaka za m'ma 4 BC e., mdera la Greek Greece, maziko a "zobereketsa", adakhala malo oyambira kupangira mitundu ina ndipo amatchedwa "agalu a Molossian" otchedwa fuko la a Molossia - dera lakale la Epirus. Malowa adapezeka ku Ioannina amakono ku Greece.
Malingaliro
Thumba lonse la agalu oterewa limagwiritsidwa ntchito pomenya nkhondo. Agalu amaphulika mwachangu mu magulu ankhondo a mdani, ndikupanga chisokonezo chodabwitsa, kusinthana mahatchi, kuvulaza ndi kugogoda gulu lankhondo. Kuphatikiza apo, kusokoneza dongosolo lankhondo la mdaniyo ndikusokoneza chidwi chake, agalu olimbana nawo adawononganso asitikali a adani. Makina onse ophunzitsira galu womenyera nkhondo anali ndi cholinga chowonetsetsa kuti, agwiritsitse wankhondo, galuyo adamenya naye nkhondo mpaka adapambana kapena atamwalira mu duel. Nthawi yomweyo, kubera kapena kumenya galu wotetezeka, wolemera, wamphamvu kwambiri, wophunzitsidwa bwino kupha munthu kunali kovuta kwambiri. Makola apadera okhala ndi ma spikes ndi utoto adayikidwa kwa agalu okhala ndi ma tattoo apadera. Ndewu isanachitike, agalu sanadyetsedwe mwapadera kwa nthawi yayitali, izi zinawonjezera mkwiyo wawo ndikuwapangitsa kuti azimenya bwino kwambiri. Pankhondo ya agalu omenyawo amayang'anira, omwe anali kuchita maphunziro ndi kulamula agalu pankhondo. Agalu atalamulira, adatsitsidwa kuchokera kuzowombera ndikulimbana ndi zigawo za mdani (makamaka kuchokera kumbali kapena kumbuyo). Izi zidakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino, chifukwa agalu opaka utoto samangothawa mdani, komanso adasokoneza mayendedwe omenyera.
Kukonzekera
Agalu ankhondo anaphunzitsidwa kuti athane ndi mdani kuyambira paubwana. Pachifukwa ichi, njira zofala zophunzitsira zinagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano. Mphunzitsi wothandizira, atavala chovala chapadera cha khungu lakuda, adaseka galu, ndikumkwiyitsa. Pamene mphunzitsiyo adatsitsa galu kuchokera ku leash, adadziponya yekha "ndikumuseka" ndikukukutira mano. Pakadali pano, wothandizirayo adayesa kuwonetsa galuyo ziwalo zomwe zitha kukhala pachiwopsezo cha thupi (kuloza wankhondo yemwe ali ndi zida). Pomwepo adayamba chizolowezi chodana ndi mdani komwe. Nthawi yomweyo, agalu amaphunzitsidwa maluso ngati kuthamangitsa munthu wothamanga komanso kugwira ntchito ndi munthu wabodza. Anthu omwe amaseka agalu nthawi zambiri amasinthidwa kuti akweze mkwiyo mu galu wa anthu onse, osati kwa munthu wapadera. Pa gawo lotsatira lokonzekera, zida za mdani zimayikidwa zovala kuchokera pakhungu, kenako zidazo zimayikidwa pa galu, pang'onopang'ono kuzizolowera kuti zimenyane m'malo oyandikana kwambiri ndi omwe akumenyerowo. Zovala pazisoti ndi kolala zinasinthidwa ndi ndodo zamatabwa. Agalu adazolowera kunjenjemera, kuwombera zishango, kuponya zida, akavalo.
Nkhondo ya Galu Wankhondo
Kuti achulukitse mikhalidwe yawo yomenya nkhondo, ndipo ngati nkotheka, apangitsa agalu kukhala osatetezedwa ndi chitsulo, motero akumawonjezera mwayi wogonjetsera mdani, agalu omenyera nthawi zina amavala zida zapadera, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi chikopa kapena chipolopolo chachitsulo chomwe chimaphimba kumbuyo kwawo ndi mbali za nyama. Makalata achinayi adagwiritsidwanso ntchito.
Panthawi yakugonjetsedwa kwa America olanda malo anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera agalu, ovala zida.
Zisoti zachitsulo zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza mutu. Pa kolala ndi chisoti kunalibe minga yokha, koma nthawi zina ngakhale masamba opindika mbali ziwiri omwe amadula ndikudula thupi la mdaniyo, kudula zokhotakhota ndi miyendo ndikuthyoka ndikutseguka m'mimba yamahatchi agalu olimbana atagunda ndi gulu la oyenda nawo.
Panthawi yogonjetsedwa ku America, olimbana adagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri agalu olimbirana awa. Chifukwa chake, adateteza matupi a agalu ku mivi ya Native American. Monga lamulo, zida zachikopa ndi zokutira zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pamenepa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kumenya agalu zakale
Umboni woyamba wolembedwa wogwiritsa ntchito agalu ankhondo kunkhondo umakhudzana ndi dera la Middle East. Chithunzi chosangalatsa cha Tutankhamun wodziwika bwino adapulumuka kunkhondo (ngakhale sanatenge nawo nawo nkhondo). M'chithunzichi, pafupi ndi galeta la Farawo, agalu amathamangira kwa mdani. Zithunzi zofananazi zimatha kupezeka pazithunzi zambiri zosakira farao ndipo ndizovomerezeka kuti agalu adagwiritsidwa ntchito kunkhondo ngati agalu ankhondo.
Cane Corso ndi mbadwa ya agiriki omenya nkhondo achi Roma omenyera nkhondo.
Komabe, mbiri yakale ya Aigupto yomenya agalu imathera apa. Koma tikudziwa zambiri za agalu ankhondo a Asuri. Amakhulupirira kuti Asuri adagwiritsa ntchito agalu akuluakulu a molossoid kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu BC. Agalu a Asuri ankanyamula asitikali ndi alonda. Kutengera ndi zotsatira za zofukulidwa ku Ninive, zidatsimikizika kuti agalu omenyawa adatenga nawo gawo pazambiri zomwe nkhondo ya Ashurbanipal idachita. Khalidwe ili lankhondo la Asuri lidalandira ndi olowa m'malo awo - Aperesiya. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Cyrus Great ndi Cambysus Wachiwiri, yemwe adamenya nkhondo ndi Egypt. Agalu omenyera nawo nawo nawo nkhondo za Persia ndi mayiko achi Greek.
Greece itapambana ufumu wa Persia, agalu ankhondo adabwera ngati chiphaso ku Greece. Aigiriki adayamika mphamvu yawo yomenya nkhondo ndikuyamba kuwabzala kuti agwire ntchito zankhondo ndikugulitsa, m'deralo lotchedwa Molossia, komwe kunali dzina lachipembedzo lalikulu la agalu omata. Mfumu ya Spartan Agesilaus idagwiritsa ntchito zolimba za kilogalamu zana yolimbana ndi Mantinea, ndipo mfumu ya Lydia Aliatt adagwiritsa ntchito ntchito zawo pomenya nkhondo ndi a Cimmerians ndi Media koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la chisanu ndi chimodzi BC.
Anthu okhala ku Colophon ndi Cassabalens adawagwiritsanso ntchito, koma monga scout. Abambo a Alexander the Great adawagwiritsa ntchito kuthamangitsa akuthambo omwe adathawa atagonjetsa Argolis. Mwana wake adalandira kuchokera kwa bambo ake kukonda agaluwa ndipo adakondwera ndi chidwi ndi agalu akuluwa, chifukwa chomwe adafalikira kudera lonse la ufumu wa Alexander the Great.
A Spartans adagwiritsa ntchito agalu awo makilogalamu 100 ngati zida zolimbana ndi agonjetsi.
Greece itayamba kufalikira ku Roma, agalu olowerera adalowa m'dera la Apennine.
Woyamba, limodzi ndi njovu za nkhondo, adatengedwa ndi Pyrrhus wotchuka, yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito malo ogulitsa agalu ku Nkhondo ya Heracles, kuti akawatengere paulendo wake wopita ku Apennines. Zikudziwika kuti Lucius Emilius Paul adabweretsa agalu zana omenyera nkhondo ku Roma ngati gulu la nkhondo lomwe linatengedwa kunkhondo yolimbana ndi mfumu ya Makedonia Perseus mkati mwa zaka za zana lachiwiri BC. Kenako, kwanthawi yoyamba, agalu omenyera nkhondo adayenda m'misewu ya Roma ndi mfumu yolandidwa.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ngakhale Aroma adalandira agalu omenya kuchokera kwa Agiriki, sanagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri kunkhondo. Monga lamulo, iwo amagwiritsa ntchito agalu ngati amithenga. Wolemba Wachiroma, Vegetius adasiya uthenga womwe Aroma adagwiritsa ntchito agaluwo pakudzitchinjiriza kuti achenjeze za mdulidwe. Mwachindunji pankhondo, Aroma sanagwiritse ntchito agalu. Zokonda zidaperekedwa kwa ntchito yowonera kuti ateteze malo akuluakulu aboma, kuphatikiza mipanda yolumikizana. Chifukwa cha izi, agalu oyipa kwambiri adasankhidwa. Amaganiziranso kuti agalu ankagwiritsidwa ntchito posaka othawa.
Anthu akale achijeremani ankayikira galuyo ndalama zokwana 12, pomwe kavalo 6 zokha.
Agalu ankhondo anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Roma wakale ngati agalu a gladiator.
Zowona, Aroma adafunikirabe kuyesa mphamvu yomenyera agalu ophunzitsidwa mwapadera. Izi zidachitika pa nkhondoyi ndi anthu akunja aku Europe. Adatchulidwa koyamba mu 101 BC nthawi ya Nkhondo ya Vercelli, pomwe Gaius Marius adagonjetsa a Cimbrian.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti agalu omenyera nkhondo a Britons ndi Ajeremani adatetezedwa ndi zida zankhondo ndipo adavala makola okhala ndi mikanda yazitsulo m'khosi mwawo. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti galu wankhondo adawonongera ma Germany akale kuwirikiza kawiri ngati kavalo. Amadziwa agalu omenyana ndi a Huns. Koma adangogwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza misasa, komanso osatenga nawo mbali pomenya nkhondo.
Agalu Nkhondo M'zaka Zapakati
Malinga ndi wolemba mbiri wakale wakale De Barr Dupark, pankhondo ya Granzen ndi Murten mu 1476, nkhondo yeniyeni idabuka pakati pa agalu aku Burgundian ndi Swiss, omwe adatha ndikuwononga konse konse kwa anthu aku Burgundi. Ndipo nthawi ya Nkhondo ya Valence, agalu omwe adathamanga ngati ma scout pamaso pa ankhondo adazunza agalu aku Spain ndikuyamba nkhondo yowopsa yamagazi. Komabe, agalu aku Spain adabalitsa koopsa agalu aku France.
Chithunzi chosonyeza nkhondo yanthawi yakale komanso galu atayimirira pagulu la asitikali.
Malinga ndi nthano, mfumu Karl, ataona izi, adafuulira asitikali ake kuti: "Ndikhulupirira kuti mudzakhala olimba mtima ngati agalu anu!" Mfumu yachingelezi Heinrich the Eighth idathandizanso Emperor Charles, pomutumizira gulu lankhondo lothandizira, lomwe linali ndi agalu okwana 400!
Philippe waku Spain adachita zophweka: adalamulira agalu onse omwe amayendayenda mozungulira malo otetezedwa kuti azidyetsedwa, chifukwa chomwe iwo, mwakutero, amagwira ntchito yoyendayenda ndi yolondera. Mulimonsemo, phokoso laling'onoting'ono lochokera kwa aku Austrian lidapangitsa kuti agaluwo akweze kaphokoso kwambiri. Nthawi zamatsenga, agalu nthawi zonse amayenda patsogolo pa chinsalu, pofufuza omwe akubisalira ndikuwapeza omwe adadutsamo.
Kulimbana agalu masiku amakono
Udindo wofunikira udachitika ndi kumenya agalu nthawi yomwe Spain idagonjetsa America. Mwachitsanzo, m'dongosolo la asitikali a Christopher Columbus, akuti akuchokera kwa asitikali mazana awiri, apakavalo makumi awiri ndi agalu makumi awiri. Pambuyo pake, olimbana omwe adagwiritsa ntchito pa nkhondoyi ndi agalu amitundu yonse.
Masiku ano, agalu omenyera amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito zamalamulo, kufunafuna katundu wosaloledwa, etc.
Malinga ndi Fernandez de Oviedo, zigonjezi zakhala zikugwiritsa ntchito thandizo la "greyhound ndi agalu ena osadziwa mantha." Agalu omenyera ku Spain adadziwika kutchuka komwe kumenya nkhondo yaku Peru ndi Mexico, ndipo ku Nkhondo ya Caxamalca agalu omenyera nkhondo adawonetsa kulimba mtima kwakukulu kotero kuti mfumu ya Spain idawalamulira kuti alandire penshoni ya moyo wonse.
Nthawi yowerengera nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito agalu omenya
669-627 BC - Agalu omenyera nkhondo amakhala gawo limodzi lankhondo la Asuri a King Ashurbanipal,
628 BC e. - Gawo lapadera la agalu omenyera nkhondo akupangidwa ku Lidiya,
559-530 BC e. - Kugwiritsa ntchito kumenya agalu ndi Koresi Wachiwiri,
525 BC e. - Kugwiritsa ntchito agalu omenyedwa ndi mfumu yaku Persia Cambysus II pomenya nkhondo ndi Egypt,
490 BC e. - Agalu ankhondo amatenga nawo mbali pankhondo yankhondo,
385 BC e. - Agalu omenyera nawo nawo gawo pakuzingirwa kwa Mantinea,
280 BC e. - Agalu ankhondo amatenga nawo mbali pankhondo ya Hercules,
101 BC e. - - Agalu ankhondo amatenga nawo mbali pankhondo ya Werzel,
Seputembara 9 y. e. - ogwiritsiridwa ndi Ajeremani omenya ndewu pankhondo yotchuka mu nkhalango ya Teutoburg,
1476 - Agalu ankhondo amatenga nawo mbali pa Nkhondo ya Murten.
M'mayiko ena, ndewu za agalu zimapangidwabe - chiwonetsero chimodzi chonyansa kwambiri.
Gwero la agalu omenyera
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kunalibe kuyankhula za mtundu umodzi wokhudza agalu omenyera masiku amenewo. Mitunduyi inkasakanizidwa mosiyanasiyana. Momwemonso, ndizosatheka kuyankhula za mtundu wina wa makolo omwe ndi amodzi osagwirizana ndi agalu. Chokhacho chomwe chitha kutsimikiziridwa mosasamala ndikuti nthawi zambiri agalu oterewa anali ma molossoids, omwe anali gulu la motley la agalu akuluakulu komanso amphamvu a mawonekedwe owopsa komanso, monga lamulo, wokhala ndi chizolowezi chachifupi. Zoweta izi nthawi yomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomenya nkhondo zinali pamalo osakhazikika, kapena monga akunenera, mitundu yamiyala yamiyala.
Agalu omenyera adakhazikitsidwa pamaziko amtundu wa agalu am'mudzi wakale wa Greece Greece, Etruria, Middle East States ndi agalu omwe amakhala m'maderamo okhala ndi Aselote. Kwenikweni, adapeza mawonekedwe awo pang'ono kapena pang'ono padera pa dera la Ufumu wa Roma wolamulidwa.
Tiyenera kunena kuti mawu akuti "agalu a Moloski", "agalu a Molossoid" komanso "Agalu a Molossoid" siwopangidwa posachedwa, ndipo agalu olimbana ku Europe anali kudziwika kale pansi pa dzinali ku Middle Ages. Komabe, pakulankhula kwa tsiku ndi tsiku, mawuwa adangoyambitsidwa m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Kummawa kakale
Mosiyana ndi zomwe "otchuka" apano, munthawi ya Sumero-Akkadian ndi Babeloni, agalu omenyera ku Mesopotamia sawonekeratu ndipo sangawonekere. "Pafupifupi" - chifukwa panthawi yomwe akugwira ntchito pankhaniyi zidali zotheka kupeza zikalata zomwe zimapereka umboni mosabisika kuti zidabisika kale ku Mesopotamia.
Mwa iwo, mwachitsanzo, ndi nthano ya ku Sumerian yokhudza gulu la banja la nkhandwe mumzinda, ndipo nkhandweyo imatchula chilinganizo choyenera kwa mtsogoleri wa mdani, ndikulonjeza kuti adzapondaponda pamzinda womwe watengedwa ndi phazi lake (zomwe zimatipangitsa kuti tilingalire za nthano iyi, mwina kufotokoza kofotokozedwa kachitidwe ka asitikali ankhondo). Koma, asanafike kumzinda wamagalimoto 600 (pafupifupi makilomita atatu), nkhandwe zimamva kubangula koopsa kwa agalu kuchokera kuseri kwa mpanda wa mzindawu ndipo amakonda kupita.
Sitinganene kuti mdani wamkulu (ngati anali kutanthauza kuti) wabwerera, akuopa kuukiridwa ndi agalu omenyera.Koma, mwina, izi zikuwonetsa kutetezedwa kwa makoma ndi agalu othandizira (owonera). Chidziwitso chaching'ono: pa 3 km (ngati uwu ndi mtunda weniweni, osati msonkhano wamtundu wopeka), sikuti galu aliyense amene amauluka, koma mawu okweza ndi amphamvu a agalu ooneka ngati agalu patali amangomva!
M'mabuku ena achi Sumerian, agalu monga abwenzi a pachipata akuwoneka kuti satchulidwa. Koma amatchula ... zimbalangondo zophunzitsidwa (pansi pa Tsar Shulga)! Koma izi zikuwonekeratu kuti ndi "chiwonetsero", ndipo nkovuta kuchotsa lingaliro kuti zimbalangondo pano zikulowa m'malo agalu olondera, zipata zoyang'anira bwino kwambiri.
Pa chimodzi mwazisindikizo zamzinda wa Uri pali zochitika zingapo, tanthauzo lambiri lomwe limakhala lovuta kulipeza, koma zina zimatanthauzira bwino. Mbali yakumanzereyo yajambulidwa ikuwonetsa munthu wina pagaleta lankhondo lodziwikiratu, pomanga lomwe likufanana bwino ndi zitsanzo za "Standard kuchokera ku Uri", mpaka pamphumi kuteteza mutu wa bulu wagaleta (mwina wodziwika). Ndipo galetalo limatsatiridwa ndi ... galu: squat (kapena, monga zimachitika kawirikawiri, kuchuluka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kumasweka?), Chithunzi chowonetsedwa bwino (mkuyu. 1a, b)
Magaleta achiigupto, Asuriya ndi Krito-Mycenaean adagwiritsidwa ntchito mosaka, chifukwa chilichonse chimatha kukhala ndi chiwonetsero cha galu wothamanga, koma pankhani iyi, tisanayambe kuyendetsa mahatchi, tikulankhula za ngolo yankhondo. Monga chomaliza - za mtundu wake wonse.
Kumbali yakumanja kwa chisindikizo chomwechi kumawonekera munthu wina (mfumu? Wolemekezeka mfumu? Mulungu?), Wophatikizidwa ndi galu wodziyimira pang'ono. Pakuwona kwatsatanetsatane, galu amatha kuwerekezedwa pano, womwe uli pafupi ndi mtundu wawung'ono wokhala ndi galu ngati boxer: mawonekedwe olimbitsa thupi, nkhope yaifupi (yokhala ndi "bulldog" kuluma?) Mutu ... Paphewa la mwini wake sichinthu chomveka bwino, pazomwe panali kusagwirizana pakati pa asayansi. Tikuyenera kuganiza kuti zenizeni izi si khasu (malinga ndi mtundu womwe wavomerezedwa kwambiri mwa a Sumerologists), koma woneneza kapena nkhwangwa yankhondo: izi zimathandizidwanso ndi kuyandikira kwa gareta la ankhondo ndi kufananizira ndi chithunzi chimodzi cha Elamuite (onani pansipa), komanso m'miyambi yambiri ya ku Sumerian, kusagwirizana kwathunthu kwa agalu ndi moyo wa mlimi. Ngati ndi choncho, ndiye galu amene amatsagana ndi mfutiyo (panjira, mayendedwe ake ndiwosankha kwambiri!) Mwambiri, amafunikira zolinga zomwezo klevets!
Kalendala yolembedwa zakale zaku Babuloni (zokhala ndi zizindikiro zakuthambo pamenepo) zazikulu kwambiri, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti, galu wamkulu amadziwikanso, mawonekedwe ake omwe ali kena kena pakati pa nyumba yotsogola ku Denmark ndi chovala chamakono. Ndikosavuta kuwona nthawi yomwe adayikidwa: kuphatikiza ulalo wa "kalendala", palibenso zina. Galu lotere ndilabwino kwambiri kumenya nkhondo kuposa zowonera zakuthambo, koma vutolo silibwera pamtunduwu pokhapokha - palinso kusaka ndi kulonda kwapadera ...
Zowona zonsezi komanso malingaliro, mwachidziwikire, sakudziwika kwathunthu kwa "otchuka" a mbiri yokhudza agalu. Chifukwa chake, polankhula za Asumeriya, Akasidi ndi agalu ena, amangosintha zokhudzana ndi Asuri kuzikhalidwe izi. Koma ngakhale ndi Asuri, ngakhale pali zambiri zomwe zikuwoneka ngati zopanda tanthauzo, sizonse zili zomveka!
Nthawi zambiri, "agalu omenyera nkhondo" amatchedwanso agalu ochokera kumalo opumulira a nyumba yachifumu ya Ashshurbanapanal (malo omwe amapezeka ndi Kuyundzhik, chibwenzi chovomerezedwayo ndi theka loyamba la zaka za zana la 7 BC). Koma awa mwachionekere ndi malo osaka! Ndipo ngakhale ambiri ochita kusaka ali ndi zida zambiri zankhondo (kuphatikiza malupanga, zishango ndi zipolopolo, makamaka pamene ayenera kupita kukalimbana ndi chilombo chowopsa, ngati mkango kapena ulendo!) - izi sizingatchulidwe kuti zankhondo. China chake ndikuti agalu omwe angadzitsimikizire okha pakusaka koteroko akhoza kukhala abwenzi ofunika pamunda wankhondo. Koma, mwakuthekera, machitidwe azomwe akuchita gulu lankhondo la Asuri adaletsa izi. Kuyambira nthawi ya Asuri, zithunzi zambiri zankhondo zoyenera (zojambula, zopumira, mafotokozedwe) zatsikira kwa ife, koma palibe malo oti agalu omenyera ...
Komabe, malo osungirako zinthu zakale ku Britain amasungirako anthu aku Asuri aku Nineva (i.e., apezanso ku Kuyundzhik), komwe akuwonetsedwa ndi gulu lankhondo lomwe lili ndi galu wamphamvu wolowera kutsogolo, osati pagulu lakusaka. Nthawi zambiri amamasuliridwa kuti "mlonda". Olondera nawonso ndi wankhondo, ngakhale si msirikali (komabe, woweta galu uyu, ngati siwolapa nyama, ndiye kuti amaphimba lamba wankhondo wokhala ndi zosungiramo zoteteza pafupifupi m'mimba yonse - mtundu wokha womwe umakonda zida za kunkhondo). Ndipo ngati mukukumbukira kuchuluka kwa nkhondo za Asuri zomwe adatenga nawo gawo lotetezedwa, chitetezo cha msasawo ndikuyendayenda kuzungulira kwa linga la adani, ndiye kuti othandizira a miyendo inayi a alondawo akuyenera dzina la agalu omenyera!
Izi, ndizomwezo, ndi mtundu womwewo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pakusaka kwa Ashurbanipal. Chitsanzo chabwino cha galu wowoneka ngati wamkulu wamitundu yayikulu, cholembedwa komanso chamtundu wina, amafanana ndi zabwino kwambiri za Turkmen Alabai (ndipo awa ndi otetezedwa ndi olusa, olimbana ndi agalu). Koma galu alibe chipolopolo kapena masamba okhala ndi mpeni. Ma spikes ang'onoang'ono pamakola amatha kukhalapo, koma sawoneka: kwakukulu, kolala ndi yopapatiza ndipo sikuwoneka kuti ikugwira ntchito yoteteza. Izi zimagwiranso ntchito pa zida (kapena m'malo mwake, kusowa kwake kwathunthu) kwa agalu pazithunzi zosaka za Ashurbanipal Palace!
Komabe, pali mpumulo wina, womwe nthawi zambiri umamasuliridwa (m'malingaliro athu) monga "chithunzi" cha galu womenyera nkhondo. Tikulankhula za mbale ya terracotta pansi pa dzina la code "Beer of Nimrud." Amavala galu wamtundu wosiyana: iyi ndi galu wokhala ndi mitundu yayikulu, kukumbukira kwamphamvu kwambiri. Kulemera kwake kuyenera kufikira amodzi ndi theka. Mathupi olimba kwambiri a agalu oterewa amawapangitsa kuti asamafulumire komanso kuti asamalowerere, koma izi zimakhudzidwa ndi mphamvu zazikulu komanso kusatetezeka kwapadera (kuphatikiza mawonekedwe omenyera agalu oti "asazindikire" ngakhale mabala akulu), komanso kuti galu wotere sagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthamangitsa mdani, koma "Munkhondo yomwe ikubwera". Matanthauzidwe operekedwa ndi Conrad Herezbeck mu 1586 kaamba ka gulu la "antchito" aku Britain nthawi imeneyo amagwiranso ntchito kwa iye: "Ndi mawonekedwe ake onse, ayenera kufanana ndi mkango: chifuwa chachikulu, kufinya, miyendo ndi fupa lamphamvu, zazikulu ... sizilibe kanthu, kuti ndi wodekha komanso wosakakamiza kwambiri, chifukwa galu amayenera kumenya nkhondo kokha pamalo awo ... " Tikuwonjezera kuti tikamenya munthu, galu wotere safunanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma fangs, ndipo kumenyedwa kwa miyendo kapena thupi lake ndikokwanira. Mwina kudana kumeneku kukhoza kukhala kothandiza ngakhale mu "chiwonongeko" cha mdani, makamaka ngati sichinthu cholumikizana, chokhazikika chomwe chimatha kudzitchinjiriza ndi zikopa ndikumanga "lance lance". Ndiye kuti, agalu amtundu wamtunduwu amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi adani ambiri a Asuri!
Chithunzichi chimakhala chatsatanetsatane mwakuti chimatilola kuti tipeze malingaliro osati othandizira okha, komanso othandizira agalu. Zingwe ndi miyendo ya kumbuyo kwa "Galu wa Nimrud" (koma osati galu "wocheperako" wa Ninive!) Khalani ndi zinthu zingapo zomwe zimamupangitsa kuti aziwuka miyendo yake yammbuyo ndikumenya kwamphamvu ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo kupumula. Ndizomveka - makamaka ngati mtundu uwu wa agalu omenyera udagwiritsidwa ntchito kwenikweni kuukira mdani ...
Khola la Nimrud ndilofanana kwambiri ndi zida zankhondo kuposa kolala ya Ninive. Koma ndi zingwe zamtundu wanji zomwe zimaphimba kumbuyo kwa galu wamkulu? Kuphatikiza apo, lamba wofanana (?) Amatsika kuchokera kunsi kupita kumapewa. Popeza ichi si nyama yoyendetsedwa bwino, timayerekeza kuganiza kuti, ngakhale kuti phewa limaoneka bwino, pali chithunzi chojambulidwa cha chigobacho. Mwinanso, "zingwe" izi ndi zomangira zakumbuyo ndi kumbuyo kwa "mabulangete" otetezedwa opangidwa ndi zida zofewa, zokutira thupi kuyambira kufota mpaka kuperemu. Mwa mtundu, zida zankhondo izi zimatha kutchulidwa ngati corsetras.
Pankhaniyi, tili patsogolo pathu mwa zitsanzo zodziwika bwino za zida zankhondo za ku Middle East. Zachidziwikire, iye samanyamula maphokoso aliwonse, kungoyambira masamba ena: nthawi zambiri zinali zovuta kuchita pamlingo wachitsulo.
Zida zoterezi (ngati ndi izi!) Ndizothandizanso pa kusaka: sitikudziwa kuti galu ndi mtsogoleri wawo akuyembekezera kuti. Koma cholinga chofuna kusaka sichimapatula kumenya nkhondo: kumbukirani kuti Asuri, mpaka kwa Mfumu Ashurbanipal, adavala zida zomwezo posaka ngati kunkhondo.
Ndizosangalatsa kulingalira zida zankhondo (?) Za woweta galu. Pankhaniyi, lamba wake amawonetsedwa mwatsatanetsatane, koma zikuwoneka kuti akadali ndi ntchito yoteteza. Koma gulu lonse (lopangidwa ndi chikopa chokulirapo?) Kupyola mapewa akumanzere ndikumalo lachigawo cha mtima ndichinthu wamba cha zida za asitikali onyamula zida, omwe timakumana nawo pafupipafupi munkhondo, koma osati m'malo osaka!
Palibe chilichonse chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zasayansi chokhudza agalu komanso zolemba zambiri za sayansi zokhudzana ndi agalu (kunena mosapita m'mbali, palibe zolemba pamasayansi pankhaniyi "yomenyera") zojambula za Nimrud zomwe zimawonetsedwa ngati zithunzi za agalu okhala ndi zida. Wolemba adadzikuza kale kuti ndi amene amapeza mtunduwu - koma ... monga momwe zimachitikira, adawonetsedwa kamodzi: mu "Mbiri ya Zinyama", buku la 1952 lofalitsidwa ndi katswiri wazomera zanyama wa ku Germany Richard Levinson. Zowona, a Levinson sanaphunzire za agalu motero, koma mafunso okhudza kusinthika kwa ziweto - motero mwanjira ina, mwina, muyenera kudziyesa nokha otulutsa ...
Izi zimamaliza mbiri yodalirika ya agalu ankhondo a Asuri: china chilichonse sichinthu chowona, koma malingaliro. Zowona, mpumulo wina wowonekera kwambiri umadziwika, kuyambira nthawi ya Sargon II (VIII m'zaka za zana la BC. E.) ndikufanizira imodzi mwatsatanetsatane wa kampeni yake ku Urartu, ndiko kuti, ku Caucasus. Pafupi ndi kachisi wolondera (wooneka) wazinga mzinda wa Musashir pali nyama inayake, yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi galu womenya. Komabe, mawonekedwe a mpumulowo m'malo ano awonongeka kwambiri, ndipo sitinganene chilichonse. Itha kukhala ... mbuzi (munthawi yomwe mzinda wazingidwa ndi nkhondo, moyo wankhondo komanso "wosakhazikika" woposa pafupi). Mbali inayi, zipilala za pakachisi zimakongoletsedwa ndi mitu yowala kwambiri ya agalu okwiya, zokumbukira kwambiri agalu "ang'ono" a Asuri kuposa agalu a Abusa a Caucasian amtundu wa Transcaucasian.
Kuphatikiza pa Asuri, agalu ofananawo (sitikufuna kulankhula za machitidwe awo ogwiritsira ntchito nkhondoyi) anali m'gulu la anthu oyandikana nawo. Mwachitsanzo, Aelamu.
Pali chithunzi chimodzi cha Elamu chosaka nyama yamtchire, pomwe munthu ali ndi chida chosayenererana ndi chinthu chamiseche kapena nkhwangwa yankhondo: amafunitsitsa atangotsiriza nguluwe agalu akamagwira ntchito yayikulu. Mtsogoleri wa paketiyo ndiwofunikira kwambiri kumenyera agalu (pambali pake, akuwoneka ngati buku lotukulira galu kuchokera ku chisindikizo chochokera ku Uri. Mwina ali ndi kolala yodzitchinjiriza.koma agalu oterewa sapezeka mu mafotokozedwe ndi chithunzi cha nkhondo za Elam zomwe tikudziwa.
Mafotokozedwe onse a "agalu omenyera" a ufumu wa Perisiya (yemwe kholo lake lakale anali Elamu kwakukulu kuposa Asuri), mwakutero, akukhudzana ndi mapaketi osaka. Inde, kusaka kwachifumu kwamasiku a Koresi, Cambyses, ndi ena, anali akulu kwambiri, koma analibe chochita pazinthu zankhondo.
Komabe, pali gawo limodzi lomwe silinazindikiridwe kwenikweni ndi omwe amapanga nthano za agalu olimbana aku Persia. Darius I, pothawa kumapazi kwa Asikuti, adasiya mwadala abulu ndi agalu mumsasa wokuzungulirawo: atamva kubangula kwawo ndi kuwongoka, Asikuti adaganiza kuti gulu lankhondo la Persia lidali mkati mwamakoma. Iwo sakanakhala agalu osaka: analibe malo pachiwembu chotere. Mwina tikulankhula za nyama m'malo mololera ndi kuweta (Aperisiya adayendetsa ng'ombe zambiri), osamenya. Koma ngakhale zili choncho, adatha kuteteza msasawo "mwanjira ya Asuri!"
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Umboni woyamba wogwiritsa ntchito agalu pantchito zankhondo zomwe wafika kwa ife ndi, mwina, ku Middle East. Pali chithunzi chochititsa chidwi cha pharaoh Tutankhamun (1333-1323 BC) pankhondo (ngakhale sanatenge nawo nawo mbali nkhondo zazikulu) pafupi ndi gareta lake, gulu lankhondo lodana ndi agalu. Agalu ofananawo amapezeka pazithunzi zambiri za ku Aigupto zosonyeza ma farao osaka, kuphatikiza mikango. Zikuoneka kuti anaperekeza Farao pa nkhondo.
Agalu odziwika bwino ochokera ku Asuri. Zowoneka (malinga ndi zosintha kuchokera ku Babeloni komanso nthawi ina ya Ashurbanipal), Asuri adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito agalu (omata) pazinthu za tsiku ndi tsiku ndikusaka m'zaka za zana la 12, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kunkhondo m'zaka za zana la 8-7! Asuri adagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wina wa agalu kuti athandize kunkhondo - Great Dane (mastiffs), omwe samangokhala ndi nkhondo, komanso ntchito yolondera. Zofukufuku ku Ninive (Asuri) zinatsimikizira kuti agalu omenyera nkhondo adatengapo nawo nkhondo zambiri m'gulu lankhondo la mfumu ya Asuri, Ashurbanipal (669-627 BC). Dziko la Persia lidalowa m'malo mwawo, pomwe Koresi Wachiwiri anali mu 559-530 BC. e. agalu oyendayenda. Ndipo mfumu ya Perisiya Cambyses II mu 530-522. BC e. anawagwiritsa ntchito pa nkhondo ndi Egypt. Zaka zana limodzi pambuyo pake, m'gulu lankhondo la Xerxes, agalu adamenyana ndi Greece.
Achi Greek adapeza agalu omenyera atatha kugonjetsa Xerxes ngati chikondwerero. Chifukwa cha nkhondo, agalu adabwera ku Epirus. Apa adalengedwa mwadala zofunikira za ankhondo ndikugulitsa, mdera la Molossia. Kuchokera apa kunachokera dzina loti Molotsky Great Dane ndi molosser.
Panthawi yozunguliridwa ndi Mantineus, Agesilaus adagwiritsa ntchito zothandizira kugwirira agalu - zolimba ma kilogalamu zana, ndipo Aliatt, mfumu ya Lydia, adagwiritsa ntchito agalu omenyera nawo nkhondo yake yolimbana ndi Amedi ndi Cimmeriya a 580-585. BC e. Cassabalens ndi anthu okhala ku Colophon adagwiritsa ntchito agalu kuti agwiritsidwenso ntchito. Filipo waku Makedonia, wogonjetsa Argolis, adathandizira agalu ophunzitsidwa bwino kuthamangitsa anyakwawa. Adasunga agalu ophunzitsidwa mwapadera mu gulu lake lankhondo ndipo mwana wake Alexander, amakhala wokonda mastiffs, ndipo zikomo kwa iye zikuchuluka padziko lapansi.
Pa nkhondo za ku Roma ndi ma Greek, agaluwa adagwa ku Republican Roma. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, iwo, limodzi ndi njovu, adabwera ndi mfumu Emperor Epirus Pierre kuti akachite nawo gawo la Italy, ndipo adatenga nawo gawo lomenya nkhondo ya Heracles (280 BC). Ndipo agalu 100 omenyera nkhondo amabweretsedwa ku Roma ndi Lucius Emilius Paul kuti achite nawo gawo lazopambana pamwambo wopambana womwe udawina ku Pidne mu 168 BC. e. wolamulira mfumu ya ku Makedonia Perseus. Agalu olimbirana amayenda m'misewu ya Roma ngati zofunkha zankhondo, pamodzi ndi Mfumu Perseus yomwe ili mndende, yomangidwa.
Roma adalandiranso agalu omenya ku Greece, koma sanagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri kumeneko. Poyamba, agalu omwe amagwira ntchito zankhondo achiroma amangogwiritsidwa ntchito kutumiza mauthenga ofunikira. Komanso, Vegetius mu "Zojambula Zake Zankhondo" akuti nthawi zambiri agalu okhala ndi chinyengo chobisika amakakamizidwa kugona m'masanja a nsanja, omwe mdani akamayandikira, adawakalipira ndikuchenjeza gulu lankhondo. Aroma sanagwiritse ntchito agalu pomenya nkhondo. Ku Roma wakale, agalu olondera anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kulondera maofesi aboma ofunikira ndipo, mwina, kutchingira timiyendo. Chifukwa cha izi, agalu olondera oyipa adasankhidwa. Mwambiri, agalu a tracker adagwiritsidwanso ntchito pofufuza othawa. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pamasewera a gladiator. Mosiyana ndi ntchito zingapo zolembedwa ndi othandizira agalu, pomwe mungapeze mawu ngati "Agalu achi Molossian anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi Aroma pantchito za nkhondo motsutsana ndi mafuko osiyanasiyana a ku Central and Western Europe," palibe zonena za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa agalu ndi Aroma mwachindunji kunkhondo zomwe zidasungidwa mpaka pano. Komabe, Aroma adatha kuyesa luso la kumenya agalu akamamenya nkhondo ku Europe. Limodzi mwa maumboni oyamba ndi 101 BC. e., magulu ankhondo a Gaius Maria atagonjetsa anthu aku Cimbrian pankhondo ya Vercellus. Agalu omenyera a Ajeremani ndi Britons adakutidwa ndi zida, ndipo kolala yapadera yokhala ndi ma spikes achitsulo idavulidwa m'khosi. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti Ajeremani akale anali ndi galu wamtengo wapatali wa ma shill 12, ndi kavalo - 6 okha.
Zaka zapakati
Malinga ndi a De Barr Dupark, pankhondo ya Murten ndi Granzen mu 1476, nkhondo yolondola idabuka pakati pa agalu aku Swiss ndi aku Burgundi, zomwe zidathera pakuwonongeratu anthu aku Burgundi. Pa Nkhondo Yachilungamo, agalu achifaransa omwe amathamangira kutsogolo pomwe ma Scout anaukira a Spaniards, nkhondo yankhwawa yamagazi yomwe idayambika, koma agalu aku Spain adadzetsa zowopsa. Anthu amakhulupirira kuti Emperor Karl kenako adafuulira asitikali ake kuti: "Ndikhulupirira mulimba mtima ngati agalu anu!" A Henry VIII waku England adatumiza Emperor Charles V gulu lankhondo lothandiza la agalu 4,000, ndipo a Philip V aku Spain adalamula kuti azidyetsa agalu ambiri omwe akuyenda kuzungulira mipanda, motero amawapangitsa kukhala olondera ndi agalu oyendayenda: paphokoso laling'ono, magulu aku Austria akuchoka ku Orbitella, agalu adayamba kubuula . Panthawi ya nkhondoyi, agalu nthawi zonse amakhala kutsogolo, akumatsegula obisalira kapena kuwonetsa misewu yomwe mdani adabwerako.
Nthawi yatsopano
Agalu adadzipatula pakulanda kwa Dziko Latsopano. Mwa dongosolo la asitikali a Columbus, mwachitsanzo, azimayi 200 achichepere, 20 okwera pamavalo 20 ndi agalu omwewo akutchulidwa. Polimbana ndi nzika, ogonjetsa adagwiritsa ntchito agalu athunthu. Ogonjetsa a Indies nthawi zonse amagwiritsa ntchito pankhondo "greyhound, komanso agalu ena oopsa komanso osasamala." Makamaka agalu aku Spain adatchuka kunkhondo zomenyera dziko la Mexico ndi Peru, ndipo munkhondo ya Caxamalca adachita molimba mtima kotero kuti mfumu ya Spain idawapatsa mapenshoni amoyo wonse.