Mphamvu ya kununkhira nyama imachita gawo lofunikira. Mwachitsanzo, pamsonkhano umayankha nthawi yomweyo komanso molondola funso lalikulu: ndiwe ndani, bwenzi kapena mdani? Kupatula apo, cholengedwa chilichonse chimakhala, ngati kuti, chaphimbidwa ndi mtambo wa fungo, ndikukula kukula kwake kwenikweni ndikulola kuti chidziwike kutali.

p, blockquote 1,0,1,0,0 ->

Pafupifupi onse omwe amadyera padziko lapansi, ngakhale akhale mkango, nyalugwe, nkhandwe kapena nkhwangwa, amafufuza kwa nthawi yayitali asanayambe kusaka, kudziwa momwe angatengere nthawi yayitali, ngakhale zili zoyenera kumuthamangitsa, komwe amapita komanso zolinga zake, koma choyambirira yemwe ali, kumene.

p, blockquote 2,1,0,0,0 ->

Komabe, chilengedwe sichimalepheretsa nyama zokonda mtendere kukhala ndi fungo labwino. Mbawala, maula, ndi marmoti amatha kudziwa momwe zilombo zimayambira pasadakhale. Pokhapokha atadumphira kumbali ya leeward.

p, blockquote 3,0,0,1,0 ->

Chifukwa chake pakati pa adani ndi nyama nthawi zonse pamakhala kulimbana kwamtundu wina - amene amayamba kuzindikira kukhalapo kwa mdani. Osati popanda chifukwa nyama zambiri ndikofunikira kuti tichotse fungo lawo, kuti tisakope chidwi chochuluka.

p, blockquote 4,0,0,0,0,0 -> p, blockquote 5,0,0,0,0,0,1 ->

Mwachitsanzo, ma Octopus, squid, cuttlefish, nthawi zambiri amadalira zovuta zomwe zimapangitsa kuti inki ipeze pomwe amasuntha akakhala ndi mantha. Mpaka pano, amakhulupirira kuti chinthu ichi chimakhala ngati chovala cha utsi. Tsopano ndikudziwika kuti foggi yamafuta amalepheretsa chidwi cha ziwalo zopangika mu ma eel eel ndi nsomba zina zolusa kuthamangitsa ma mollusks.

Ntchito zathu ndizowopsa komanso zovuta: zokhudzana ndi zomwe agalu amachita

Zachilengedwe sizowolowa manja kwambiri kwa munthu, momwe fungo liriri. Koma mu agalu kumverera kumeneku kumapangidwa, pafupifupi kakhumi ndi kasanu ndi kwakuthwa kwambiri kuposa athu "ma homosapiens" ndi zolengedwa zina zomwe zimakhala Padziko Lapansi.

Mwinanso, ambiri mwa inu mudawonera zojambula "Cat Yomwe Ikuyenda Yokha", kusinthika kwa imodzi mwa nkhani za wolemba wotchuka Kipling. Chiwembuchi chikuwonekeratu komanso mosavuta momwe bambo wakale adayamba "kuchitira" limodzi kuti apindule ndi nyama zambiri. Ndipo m'modzi mwa oyamba omwe adayamba kutumikira anthu anali galu. Makolo athu adazindikira kuti galuyo samangokhala ndi fungo, komanso kumva, masomphenya. Ali ndi zina mwazinthu zina, kupirira kopambana komanso mikhalidwe yolimbana kwambiri: uyu ndi yemwe mungathe kusaka ndikuyamba kukayenda kwamyezi ingapo. Komanso, palibe cholengedwa chilichonse chokhala Padziko Lapansi chomwe chingaphunzitsidwe kwambiri komanso mwachangu ngati galu.

Pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, abwenzi a miyendo inayi adaphunzitsidwa mwapadera msirikali wankhondo. Pambuyo pake, abusa anzeru anali ochulukirapo kangapo kuposa anthu kuti athe kulimbana ndi mishoni zomwe anaziwonetsa, ndipo anakhala ophulika apamwamba a migodi ndi sapper. Malinga ndi kuwerengera mtsogolo, mu nkhondo ya 1941-1945. Agalu ophunzitsidwa bwino oposa 70,000 adatenga nawo gawo. Ntchito yayikulu panthawiyo inali kuwomba akasinja aku Germany. Agalu anali atamangidwa ndi zophulika, zomwe amayenera kubweretsa ku thankiyo, chifukwa chomwe chimaphulika. Chifukwa chake, mothandizidwa kumenya abwenzi a miyendo inayi mkati mwa nkhondo, akasinja 300 a adani ndi magalimoto ankhondo adawonongedwa.

Ndipo agalu okhulupirika kwambiri ndi odzipereka adagwira ntchito ngati zokuzira zanga. Monga mukudziwa, fungo la agalu ndilapadera kwambiri komanso lakuthwa, kotero kuti iwo apeze zida zobera pansi - ingomvulira! Mitsempha yamagazi ikatha kupeza migodi pansi, nthawi yomweyo adapereka mawu ndikuwonetsa malo omwe adapezerapo chinthu chowopsa.

Ndi angati mwa zolengedwa zokhulupirika komanso zolimbazi zomwe zapulumutsa miyoyo ya anthu nthawi yonse ya nkhondo - osawerengetsa! Kupatula apo, ntchito yofunika kwambiri yoyeretsa gawo la USSR, nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, agwera agalu olimbana. Ndizodziwika kuti mu 1945 pafupifupi ma landmine okwana masauzande makumi awiri ndi migodi yamitundu yolakwika anapezedwa ndi agalu ondizindikira. Ndipo pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, Sergeant Malanichev, mothandizidwa ndi agalu ake ophunzitsidwa bwino, adatha kuyambitsa zopitilira mphindi 200: kwenikweni mu maola 2,5 akugwira ntchito mosalekeza.

Palibe amene angakumbukire galu wodziwika bwino - woyesa mgodi pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, dzina lake Dzhulbars. Galu wankhondo uyu kwa zaka zambiri amakhala ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito kupindulira dzikolo mu gawo la khumi ndi zinayi lankhondo. Pa nthawi yonse ya "galu ntchito" yake adapeza migodi masauzande asanu ndi awiri. Galuyo patapita nthawi anayamba kutchuka, chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kutenga nawo gawo pachilichonse cha nyumba zachifumu ndi nyumba zachifumu ku Prague, Vienna, gawo lomwe lili pamwamba pa Danube. M'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yapitayo, nkhondo itatha, a Djulbars ku Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, chifukwa cha mphuno yake yakuthwa, adapeza migodi masauzande asanu ndi awiri mphambu zisanu zazikulu. Monga sappers kale, ku Ukraine adayamba kukambirana za "sapper" wolimba mtimayu atathandizira kuchotsa manda a wolemba ndakatulo wamkulu waku Ukraine Taras Shevchenko ndi Kiev Vladimir Cathedhi ku Kanev.

Masiku ano, apolisi ndi ntchito zina zapadera zimasungitsanso abusa a ku Germany ndi agalu a mtundu wina, omwe amathandiza anthu kufufuza zotchinga mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kuthana ndi uchigawenga. Mukumana ndi anzanu amiyendo inayi mdziko lililonse mdziko lapansi podutsa malire, kuwongolera miyambo: amalembedwera ngati agalu othandizira omwe amatha kupeza "zovomerezeka" ndikuzindikira wolakwayo.

Zimbalangondo

Zimbalangondo zimakhulupirira kuti zimakhala ndi fungo lamphamvu kwambiri pakati pa nyama zonse padziko lapansi. Ngakhale kuti ubongo wa chimbalangondo umakhala pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aubongo wa munthu, gawo lomwe limalamulira tanthauzo la kununkhira limakhala kasanu kuposa la anthu. Zimbalangondo zimagwiritsa ntchito fungo labwino pakupeza chakudya ndikupewa zoopsa, komanso kutsata ana kuthengo. Chimbalangondo chimatha kudziwa mtembo wa nyama yomwe ili pamtunda wa pafupifupi 32 km.

Njovu

Njovu ya ku Africa ili ndi ziwerengero zochulukirapo kwambiri zomwe zimafikitsa fungo. Fungo la njovu ndi lodalirika kwambiri pogwira ntchito ndi madzi. Njovu zimatha kupeza madzi pamtunda wa makilomita 19. Thunthu la njovu imatha kununkhira m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

Kiwis, posakhala mbalame zouluka, ayenera kupeza chakudya akakhala pansi. Kiwi ali ndi mphuno yakunja kumapeto kwa mulomo wake, womwe umathandizira kufunafuna chakudya pansi panthaka komanso pakati pa masamba omwe adagwa. Kiwi ali ndi labu yachiwiri yofunika kwambiri pa mbalame zonse, zomwe zimapatsa fungo la kiwi.

Monga zimbalangondo, njoka zimakhala ndi chiwalo pakamwa pawo chotchedwa chiwalo cha Jacobson, chomwe chimafotokoza fungo losiyanasiyana. Mphamvu ya njokayo imakulitsidwa kwambiri komanso yolimba, imagwiritsa ntchito lilime lake kuti ipeze tinthu tomwe timanunkhira, kamene kamasunthira m'chiwalo cha Jacobson kuti chizidziwike.

2. Agalu ali ndi mababu awiri olosera omwe ali mu ubongo.

Iliyonse ya iyo imalemera 60 g, yomwe imachulukitsa kanayi kuposa mababu athu ochulukitsa. Chifukwa cha iwo mumutu wa nyama, fungo lililonse limasankhidwa ndi zizindikiro zazing'ono kwambiri. Komanso, nyanjazi zimatha kudziwa kugwedezeka, mphamvu komanso kutsekemera kwa fungo lililonse. Mwa njira, galu wanu ali ndi 4,000% zonunkhira kuposa inu.

5. Galu likazindikira phazi la munthu wina, limayamba kuwombera, ndikuwoloka maulendo angapo, kudumphira kumanja ndi kumanzere.

Chifukwa cha "chiwerengero chisanu ndi chitatu" chija chimayerekezera kutsitsimuka, kulimba ndi kuwongolera kosunthira fungo la dothi ndi kufufuza komwe kwapezeka. Kusanthula kumeneku kumamupangitsa kumvetsetsa kuti adatsala nthawi yayitali bwanji komanso kuti chinthucho chikupita pati. Nyama yanzeru kwambiri, sichoncho?

6. Aliyense amadziwa kuti agalu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apeze mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zida, zida, ndi zina zambiri.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, ngakhale kunyumba, mutha kuyang'ana mawonekedwe okongola a chiweto chanu. Chifukwa chake, chiwembu (chotalika pafupifupi 25x25 m), ikani zidutswa 5 za nyama. Mphamvu za kununkhira kwake zitha kuweruzidwa ndikuti amupeza bwanji komanso ngati zakudya zonse zipezeka.

7. Agalu amakopeka ndi eni ake (kumbukirani nkhani ya wodzipereka Hachiko)

Chifukwa chake, mutachoka, chiweto chanu chikuyang'ana fungo la mwini wake pamakona onse a nyumbayo. Osati zokhazo, amatha kugona tsiku lonse pakama panu, kugona pa zovala zanu, ndipo koposa zonse, adzakutetezani nsapato zonunkhira bwino.

Ndipo chifukwa ndikuti fungo lofufutali, laling'ono, limasintha pakapangidwe kazomwe thupi lanu limapanga. Chifukwa chake, agalu amatha kumva ngakhale kusintha pang'ono kwa mahomoni. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti agalu amapulumutsa eni ake mobwerezabwereza ku vuto la mtima.

Ndipo ku USA, Canada ndi maiko ena aku Europe, kuli masukulu momwe nyama izi zimaphunzitsidwira kuthandiza anthu omwe ali ndi khunyu. Ndizodabwitsa! Agalu amatha kuyembekezera kuwukira komwe kukubwera posintha fungo, khungu ndi kukula kwa mwini wake.

9. Mwa njira, ngati galu wanu sangapeze zomwe mukufuna, izi sizitanthauza kuti ali ndi cholakwika ndi fungo lake.

Ndikotheka kuti mnzake wamiyendo inayi watopa. Chifukwa chake, ndikulimbitsa thupi kwa nthawi yayitali, galu amayamba kupumira mkamwa, chifukwa chake 10% yokha ya okosijeni imachokera pamphuno. Ndalamayi sikokwanira kuzindikira fungo lokhazikika. Ndiye chifukwa chake galu akulira, kupuma kwake kumakhala kwakuya komanso pang'ono ndi pang'ono.

12. Popeza zadziwika kuti agalu amatha kununkhiza zomwe zimachitika, matenda, ndiye kuti mndandandawu umaphatikizapo khansa

Chifukwa chake, eni ake, omwe adawulula zotupa zoyipa, adatsimikizira kuti miyezi ingapo m'mbuyomu kuti chiwetocho chinali ndi vuto lachilendo. Veterinarians amafotokoza izi ponena kuti mwina zimbalangondo zam'mphuno zimatha kununkhiza mankhwala omwe amapanga ndi chotupacho.

Amanunkhira m'moyo wa nyama - fungo ndi fungo

Mphamvu ya kununkhira ndi cholandilira chofunikira kwambiri chopezeka muzamoyo zonse. Ngati masomphenya, kumva ndi kukhudza akhoza kutayika, kununkhira kudzakhalapo mu moyo wonse. Chifukwa cha fungo, zolengedwa zonse zimatha kubereka ndikupeza chakudya chawo. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza fungo la nyama komanso ntchito zomwe amachita pa moyo wa nyama. Kununkhira mu moyo wa nyama - fungo ndi fungo - werengani!

Amanunkhira m'moyo wa nyama - agalu akumisonkhano

Mwinanso aliyense kanthawi kamodzi ankayang'anitsitsa kudziwa kwa agalu. Galu lirilonse limakhala ndi fungo lapadera, lomwe limamveka kwambiri pansi pa mchira, chifukwa ndi pomwe chinsinsi chake chimabisa. Galu akaona galu wina, amayamba kulusira malo ano. Galu akakhala wamantha kapena akufuna kubisa china chake, amalimbitsa mchira wake kuti fungo lisathe kufalikira.

Amanunkhira m'moyo wa nyama - amphaka

Aliyense amadziwa kuti munthu aliyense ali ndi fungo lomwe amakonda lokha lomwe amakonda, ngakhale pali ena omwe amakonda anthu ambiri. Fungo ili limaphatikizapo chokoleti. Amphaka amakonda kununkhira kwa valerian ndi timbewu, agalu ngati fungo la anise, pazifukwa zina ngamila zimakopeka ndi utsi wa fodya.

Amanunkhira m'moyo wa nyama - nkhumba zakuthengo

Ngati nkhumba zimatha kutha msambo, tiziwalo timene timatulutsa timatulutsa fungo lachilendo lomwe limakopa wamkazi. Fungo ili ndilofanana ndi fungo la bowa wamtengo wapatali padziko lapansi - truffles. Ichi ndichifukwa chake anthu adayamba kutenga nkhumba popita kukasaka nyama, zomwe fungo lawo limapeza mosavuta.

Masewera Apamtima Achilengedwe

Amanunkhira m'moyo wa nyama - achule

Fungo la miyendo yakumbuyo ya chule yamphongo ndizosangalatsa kwambiri kwa mkazi. Chifukwa chake, yamphongo, kuti ikope mkaziyo, imatsogolera patsogolo pa mphuno ya mkaziyo, pomwe ikhoza kuyikira mazira.

Amanunkha m'moyo wa nyama - njoka

Aliyense amadziwa za mpikisano wowopsa kuthengo. Njoka kuti zikhale chachikazi chabwino kwambiri, zakonzeka kupita ku misampha iliyonse. Chifukwa chake, adaphunzira kusiyanitsa fungo lachikazi, potero kusokoneza amuna ena. Amuna onyengedwa atatsata njira yabodzayi, njoka zimangopita kwa osankhidwa ake ndikugwira ntchito yawo.

Fungo Lodabwitsa la Gulugufe

Amanunkhira m'moyo wa nyama - agulugufe

Agulugufe a Mornian amadziwika ndi fungo lawo labwino kwambiri, lomwe limawathandiza kuti azimva wamkazi ngakhale ali mtunda wa makilomita khumi ndi limodzi.

Fungo la nyama

Amanunkhira m'moyo wa nyama - nkhandwe

Ngati mafungo amtundu wa nyama akuwoneka kuti amanyansidwa, muyenera kulingalira mosamala. Nyama zina zimakhala ndi mafungo abwino kwambiri ogonana. Mwachitsanzo, ma fox pheromones amanunkhira ngati violet.

Wolf piss kupulumutsa moose

Amanunkhira m'moyo wa nyama - mphalapakati

Kumpoto kwa Sweden, kuli milandu yambiri pomwe madalaivala adagundidwa ndi galimoto mosazindikira akuyendetsa moose. Pofuna kupewa izi, akuluakulu aboma adakumana ndi njira yoyambirira: anthu adalemba misewu ndi mkodzo wa nkhandwe, fungo lake lomwe limasuntha.

Fungo la munthu motsutsana ndi nyama zamtchire

Amanunkhira m'moyo wa nyama - zimbalangondo

Kudera lakumadzulo kwa Germany, olamulira nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi vuto ngati kukumana kwa nyama zamtchire ndi anthu. Popewa kufa, ayenera kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu, ndipo adakumana nazo.

Pafupi ndi misewuyo, anaikapo pulasitiki yamtengo wapatali, yomwe imadzazidwa ndi fungo la munthu.

Kuti mumve fungo labwino chonchi, pamafunika kusakanikirana ndi ammonia, thukuta la munthu ndi butyric acid, chifukwa chomwe kununkhaku kunafanana ndi kununkhira kwa mandimu.

Amanunkhiza m'moyo wa nyama - nyerere

Kwa nyerere, fungo layamba kale kukhala chilankhulo, chifukwa amapanga michere yapadera yomwe imasiyana mu kukoma ndi kusamalira. Chifukwa cha izi, amatumiza zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, kuyendetsa kugonana kapena ngozi.

Kununkhira kwa nyerere komwe ndi umboni wofunikira kwambiri.

Mwachitsanzo, nyerere ikathiridwa fungo lonunkhira bwino, abale ake amaganiza kuti wamwalira ndipo sadzamuzindikira kuti ali ndi moyo, ngakhale atasuntha.

Udindo wa fungo

Mphamvu ya fungo ndi mphuno yomwe imatithandizira kuti tisangalale ndi fungo labwino komanso kununkhira. Amatichenjezanso za zoopsa zamitundu mitundu (moto, kutulutsa kwa mpweya). Kumvetsetsa kwabwino ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa munthu aliyense, chifukwa popanda iwo ndizosatheka kudziwa dziko lapansi pa 100%. Chifukwa chake, ndi fungo loipa, moyo umatha kukhala waimvi komanso wonyezimira, wopanda mitundu yonse.

Mphamvu ya fungo ndi chida chopezera chidziwitso, imathandiza munthu kudziwa dziko lapansi. Amadziwika kuti ana omwe malingaliro awo amamva fungo samatha kupanga bwino ndikusiya anzawo.

Chiwalo cha olfaction cha munthu chimalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi gawo la kukoma. Kutayika kochepa kwambiri komwe kumatha kupusa ndikusiyana ndi kununkhira kumachepetsa chisangalalo cha chakudya chokoma kwambiri. Ndipo anthu nthawi zambiri amasankha malo awo ndi fungo.

Mwinanso palibe amene amalankhula kwa nthawi yayitali ndi munthu ngati fungo lake silabwino.

Chiwalo cholimbitsa, kutithandiza kuzindikira fungo, chimatha kupangitsa kuti tizisangalala komanso kutipatsa thanzi.

Mwachitsanzo, kununkhira kwa sinamoni ndi peppermint kumatha kuwonjezera chidwi ndikuchepetsa kukwiya, pomwe mafungo a khofi ndi mandimu amathandizira kuganiza komveka. Fungo la munthu limatha kusiyanitsa mafungo 10,000.

Chuma ichi, chopatsidwa kwa ife mwachilengedwe, chimayenera kusamalidwa. Palibe aliyense wa anthu amene akufuna kusiya maluwa onunkhira, udzu, nkhalango, nyanja.

Kodi tanthauzo la fungo ndi chiyani?

Kununkhira ndi njira yokununkhira. Kwenikweni, kununkhiza ndi chidziwitso. Komanso, chidziwitso chomwe chimafika ku ubongo mwachangu kwambiri ndikuchisintha. Zovuta zomwe zimatumiza mphuno ku ubongo "zimafika" ku chandamale mwachangu kuposa kupweteka.

Pachifukwa ichi, lingaliro la fungo ndi njira yofunikira komanso yofunika kwambiri pa ubale wa zolengedwa ndi dziko lapansi.

Zonse zokhudza fungo la munthu

Mphuno ndi chida chapadera chomwe chimatha kuzindikira chilichonse nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale muzinthu zonyalanyaza kotero kuti nthawi zina zida zamagetsi zofunikira kwambiri zilibe mphamvu.Mphuno ya munthu aliyense imazindikira fungo losiyanako pang'ono ndipo m'njira iyi kununkhira kumasiyana ndi malingaliro a kukoma, mtundu kapena phokoso.

Maselo 60 miliyoni a receptor amalola anthu kuzindikira fungo. Maselo am'mitsempha amapezeka omwe amachititsa chidwi cha fungo m'mphuno ya mphuno komanso kumtunda kwa mphuno. Maselo olandirira - mitundu yokhayo yama cell amitsempha yaanthu yomwe imasinthidwa mosalekeza m'moyo wonse wamunthu.

Maselo amenewa ndi oopsa kwambiri mpaka asayansi ena amawatcha "amaliseche".
Mamolekyu omwe amakhala ndi fungo amalowa m'mphuno, amakhumudwitsa maselo olodza.

Kuchokera kale kwa iwo, chidziwitso chimalowa mu ubongo, kenako kulowa mu limbic system malingaliro aumunthu, kukumbukira, kugonana.

Kununkhira kumathandizidwanso mwachindunji pakugwira ntchito kwa thupi - kupuma, kutulutsa kwa mahomoni, kufalikira kwa magazi, ndi zina zambiri.
Kununkhira ndikofunikira kwambiri m'maganizo awo kuchitapo kanthu pompopompo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati munthu akudwala, amapatsidwa fungo la ammonia. Zambiri zimafikira mu ubongo ndipo zimayendetsa zochitika zathupi ndi malingaliro.

Ndi chifukwa ichi kuti zopindulitsa za mitundu yonse yamafuta ofunikira zimapangidwira kuti mubwezeretse kuyanjana kwa thupi.

Kodi chiwopsezo cha kuchepa kwa fungo ndi chiyani? ^

Kuchepetsa Amalumikizidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa mucosa wammphuno m'matenda monga rhinitis kapena polyposis.

Nthawi zina matenda monga parosmia, kapena kusokoneza fungo. Umu ndi mtundu wa kununkhiza kwa fungo: zimawoneka kwa munthu kuti chipindacho chimanunkhiza china chake (nthawi zambiri chimakhala chosasangalatsa).

Kodi ntchito yamtunduwu ndi yotani? ^

Masiku ano, anthu nthawi zina amakumana ndi zoopsa zachilengedwe zokhazokha: kuthira kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zotenthetsera mpweya zolakwika zanyumba zam'chilimwe, moto ndi zina. Milandu yambiri yakhala ikufotokozedwa pomwe inali lingaliro la kununkhira lomwe limapulumutsa moyo wa munthu.

Mukukumbukira zomwe wizard Gandalf kuchokera m'buku lachipembedzo la Lord of the Rings adanena? "Ngati sukudziwa koti upite, pitani komwe kumanunkhira bwino."

Kuphatikiza apo, pakhala pali akatswiri ena oti munthu sangathe kuchita popanda mphuno. Mwachitsanzo, katswiri wamafungo (kapena, mophweka, wosuta).

Sniffers amagwira ntchito m'makampani onunkhira., kusinthasintha kwa zakumwa zamtundu uliwonse m'matumba oyesedwa. Amawerengera kafungo kabwino, mphamvu zake. Anthu awa amapeza zofunika pamoyo wawo mwa kununkhiza.

Inde, lingaliro la fungo kwa anthu silofunikira monga mitundu yambiri ya nyama. Koma fungo nthawi zina limakhudza kwambiri anthu. Fungo lanyumba, munthu amatha kupweteka mutu, ndipo kununkhira kosavuta kumabweretsa malingaliro.

Kuyambira kale, onunkhira achi French adaganiziranso kuthekera kwa kununkhira kwakhudza momwe munthu akumvera, ndipo omvera onunkhira amatha kusiyanitsa fungo la mazana atatu. Komabe, panali ena mwa omwe anali ndi "sniffers" enieni m'munda mwawo omwe amatha kuzindikira kununkhira kosiyanako ndi zikwi zisanu ndi ziwiri!

Zonse zamafuta a iris, ndi aromatherapy, chifukwa chiyani amalimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a iris?

Ngati mukuganiza ngati mugule nyale yofungooka, onani kaye apa
Nkhani iyi. Sankhani mwanzeru!

Zambiri za kununkhira munthu.

Kununkhira komwe kwatizungulira ndikodabwitsa kwambiri. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kuli kovuta kuzifotokozera ndipo kwakukulukulu, mtunduwo udzaikidwa potsatira kuyesa kochitika.

Kuunikira kumadalira makamaka pakukhulidwa, kulowetsedwa mu malingaliro, komanso ngakhale chikhalidwe cha munthu. Komabe, kuyesa kufalitsa fungo kunachitika kwa nthawi yayitali.

Mwachitsanzo, mu 1756, katswiri wazachilengedwe Carl Linnaeus anagawira mafungo kwa magulu asanu ndi limodzi: basamu, kununkhira, capino, adyo, ambromus, stupefying.

Zachidziwikire, Linnaeus sakanatha kuganizira za fungo lomwe linawoneka ndi kuyamba kwa sayansi komanso ukadaulo, ndipo gulu lidayenera kukulitsidwa.
Kafukufuku waposachedwa pankhani yamafungo watsimikizira kuti fungo sikuti nthawi zonse limadalira kapangidwe kazinthu zopanga mankhwala.

Akatswiri omwe ali pantchito ya aromatherapy amayesa kugwiritsa ntchito deta pochita. Mwachitsanzo, zawonedwa kuti kuwonetsedwa kwa munthu kununkhira mwachindunji kumadalira kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa chinthu.
Mpaka pano, mankhwala alibe gulu lonse lafungo, ndipo asayansi akadali ndi ntchito yambiri yoti achite m'derali.

Ubongo wa munthu unapangidwa mwanjira yoti maselo omwe amachititsa kuzindikira fungo lokhala ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo ake. Poyerekeza, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aubongo limakhala "womangidwa" pamanunkhira galu. Inde, fungo lofooka la munthu limalipidwa ndi kukulira kwabwino kwa ziwalo zina zam'malingaliro, komanso kupezeka kwa kuthekera ndi kuthekera kwachilendo.

Mphuno ya munthu imatha kusiyanitsa zisanu mitundu ya fungo: zamaluwa, zokometsera (mwachitsanzo, kununkhira kwa ndimu), zowonongeka, zotentha (khofi kapena cocoa), zofunikira (mowa, camphor, ndi zina)..

Mphamvu ya kununkhira sikuchepera kokha pamlingo wamalingaliro, koma imatha kudziwonetsa yokha: nenani, kununkhira kwa chakudya chabwino kumalimbikitsa chinsinsi cha madzi am'mimba, ndipo kununkhira konyansa kumatha kuyambitsa kusanza.

Kukula kwakumveka kwa fungo mu nyama ...

Munthu akakhala wopanda luso, amagwiritsa ntchito nyama. Mwachitsanzo, agalu. Mphamvu ya kununkhira kwa cholengedwa chodabwitsachi ndi kwinakwake zikwi khumi ndi ziwiri lakuthwa kuposa la munthu. Kuyambira kale, anthu ndi agalu amayenda manja.

Galu adathandizira mwamunayo kusaka, ndi fungo lomwe adapeza masewera, amayang'ana njira ya anthu omwe adatayika m'nkhalango, kapena othawa. Masiku ano agalu amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita izi apolisi, kuphatikiza apo, pantchito zapadera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso uchigawenga.

Mphuno ya galu wophunzitsidwa bwino, imatha kupeza zophulika ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndikupulumutsa miyoyo.

Koma tanthauzo la fungo ndilofunika makamaka kwa nyama zamtchire. Mwachitsanzo, kwa mitundu yambiri ya mphalapala ndi zamkango zimanunkhira mcherekuti ayenera kukhala osamala pofufuza zinthu zina mthupi. Mphamvu ya kununkhira imathandiza nyama zambiri kuyendayenda.

Mothandizidwa ndi mphuno, nyama zakutchire zimasankha mayendedwe ndi mayendedwe ake, kuphatikiza zija zomwe zimakhala ndi nyama zina. Mbawala za ku Arctic, zikamayendayenda, zimayenda molingana ndi fungo lomwe linasiyidwa ndi nkhandwe zina za ku Arctic. Nguluwe ikawonekera m'gawo linalake, imasanthula mothandizidwa ndi fungo lalitali. Nyama zina nazonso zikuwoneka kuti zikuchita.

Ngati nyama yakuthengo pazifukwa zina yasowa fungo lake, ndiye kuti yaweruzidwa kuti iphedwe. Zitsamba, zokhala ndi fungo, sizidzanunkhiza njira ya wolusa. Nyamayo sitha kusaka kapena kukhumudwitsa mwanjira ina mdani wina ndipo iyenera kumenya nawo nkhondo yoopsa.

Asayansi ena akunena motsimikiza kuti fungo lokhazikika lomwe limabwera koyamba mu nyama, ndizokhazo pambuyo poti kumva ndikofunika kuwona.
Ndi fungo, nyama zimapeza zibwenzi, ana akhungu otayika amapeza makolo akugwiritsa ntchito mphuno zawo. Mothandizidwa ndi kununkhira, chilombo chimatha kudziwa ngati chiwalo china chili chonse chili bwino komanso momwe chilili.

Chowonadi ndi chakuti mantha, kupweteka kwambiri, kapena kusokonezeka kwa nyama kumayendetsedwa ndi kusintha kwa fungo lamthupi.
Zakhala zikudziwika kuti nkhandwe imasankha molondola ngati chakudya chitha kudyedwa kapena ngati chadyeka ndi poizoni. Zachilengedwe zimapangidwa kuti nyama zizikhala ndi fungo lakuthwa mpaka kukalamba.

Pophunzira zinyama, asayansi adafika pamfundo yosangalatsa.

Ndipo kununkhira kwa chilombo kumachepetsa kununkhira kwake.

Ndipo kupezekanso kumodzi, komwe kumatha kudziwika kuti kosangalatsa: Nyama zokhala ndi fungo lamphamvu kwambiri ndizapamwamba kwambiri kuposa anzawo, zokhala ndi mphuno yodandaula.

Ngati mwana wanu akudwala ndipo muyenera kutengera inhaler, werengani nkhaniyi pasadakhale
inhalation kwa mwana, onani momwe mungasankhire chida makamaka cha mwana wanu.

Ndi ziti zomwe zikuwonetsa ndi contraindication zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga cryomassage ya nkhope yokhala ndi nayitrogeni? Mutha kuwerengera nkhaniyi munkhaniyi, tidzakhalabe athanzi!

Kodi mpweya wa aerosol womwe mumawerengera ndi uti:
http://about-air.ru/svojstva-vozduha/zapahi/osvezhitel-vozduha-dlya-doma.html. Kodi mungasankhe bwanji?

Chifukwa chiyani agalu ali ndi mphuno yonyowa? ^

Anthu ambiri amadziwa kuti mutha kudziwa nyama yomwe ili ndi fungo labwino pomva mphuno. Ngati mphuno ndi yonyowa - chilombo chimakhala ndi fungo labwino kwambiri. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mphuno yonyowa imathandiza nyamayo kudziwa komwe mphepo idabweretsa kapena fungo ili.

Kanema pamutu wa "Moni wa fungo mu nyama"

Chiwalo cha olfaction cha munthu. Ntchito za chiwalo cha fungo:

Ziwalo zam'malingaliro ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa tonsefe. Mphamvu ya kununkhira kwa munthu imapangitsa chidwi cha dziko lapansi kukhala chowonekera kwambiri.

Udindo wa fungo

Mphamvu ya fungo ndi mphuno yomwe imatithandizira kuti tisangalale ndi fungo labwino komanso kununkhira. Amatichenjezanso za zoopsa zamitundu mitundu (moto, kutulutsa kwa mpweya). Kumvetsetsa kwabwino ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa munthu aliyense, chifukwa popanda iwo ndizosatheka kudziwa dziko lapansi pa 100%. Chifukwa chake, ndi fungo loipa, moyo umatha kukhala waimvi komanso wonyezimira, wopanda mitundu yonse.

Mphamvu ya fungo ndi chida chopezera chidziwitso, imathandiza munthu kudziwa dziko lapansi. Amadziwika kuti ana omwe malingaliro awo amamva fungo samatha kupanga bwino ndikusiya anzawo.

Chiwalo cha olfaction cha munthu chimalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi gawo la kukoma. Kutayika kochepa kwambiri komwe kumatha kupusa ndikusiyana ndi kununkhira kumachepetsa chisangalalo cha chakudya chokoma kwambiri. Ndipo anthu nthawi zambiri amasankha malo awo ndi fungo.

Mwinanso palibe amene amalankhula kwa nthawi yayitali ndi munthu ngati fungo lake silabwino.

Chiwalo cholimbitsa, kutithandiza kuzindikira fungo, chimatha kupangitsa kuti tizisangalala komanso kutipatsa thanzi.

Mwachitsanzo, kununkhira kwa sinamoni ndi peppermint kumatha kuwonjezera chidwi ndikuchepetsa kukwiya, pomwe mafungo a khofi ndi mandimu amathandizira kuganiza komveka. Fungo la munthu limatha kusiyanitsa mafungo 10,000.

Chuma ichi, chopatsidwa kwa ife mwachilengedwe, chimayenera kusamalidwa. Palibe aliyense wa anthu amene akufuna kusiya maluwa onunkhira, udzu, nkhalango, nyanja.

Kodi tanthauzo la fungo ndi chiyani?

Kutha kusiyanitsa ndikuwona fungo zosiyanasiyana za zinthu zomwe zili m'chilengedwe ndi lingaliro la fungo. Kuzindikira kafungo ka zinthu kaŵirikaŵiri kumayambitsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana.

Mwanjira iyi, malingaliro a fungo nthawi zambiri amakhala ofunika kwambiri kuposa, mwachitsanzo, kumva bwino kapena kupenya bwino. Mphamvu ya kununkhira kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zonunkhira imatha kusangalatsa dongosolo lamanjenje laumunthu.

Izi, zimabweretsa kusintha kwa ziwalo ndi ziwalo zosiyanasiyana za thupi lonse.

Chipangizo chamagulu

Fungo lomwe limakhala ndi mphuno, lomwe limazindikira zomwe zimayenderana zimasungunuka mumlengalenga. Njira yafungo ili ndi:

• mucosa
• ulusi wopaka,
• babu opatsaory,
• thirakiti loyambira
• chotupa cha m'matumbo.

Mitsempha ya olildory ndi maselo a receptor ndiwo amachititsa kuzindikira fungo. Amapezeka pa epithelium ya olildory, yomwe imapezeka mucous membrane wa chapamwamba chakumapeto kwa chifuwa chamkati, m'dera la mphuno ya septum ndi chapamwamba chammphuno. Mwa anthu, epithelium ya ophonic imakwirira dera pafupifupi 4 cm2.

Zizindikiro zonse kuchokera ku maselo amphuno a m'mimba (omwe alipo mpaka mamiliyoni 10) kudzera mu minyewa yamkati imalowa mu ubongo. Pamenepo, lingaliro la mtundu wa fungo limapangidwa kapena kuti limazindikiridwa.

Mwa anthu, mumakhala mitsempha yopanda tanthauzo komanso mphamvu, yomwe malekezero akewo amachokera. Maselo amitsempha ali ndi mitundu iwiri ya njira. Chofupikitsa, chotchedwa dendrites, chimafanana ndi timitengo tambiri, iliyonse yomwe ili ndi 10ilia olodoory.

Njira zina, zamkati (ma axon) ndizowonda kwambiri; zimapanga mitsempha yopyapyala yomwe imafanana ndi ulusi. Zingwe zomwezi zimalowa mkatikati mwa mafupa amkati, ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito mabowo a mundawo wamkati mwa mphuno, kenako ndikumata ku bulb ya olildory, ndikudutsa mundime yopanga mafuta.

Bulb ili pamunsi pa chigaza ndipo imapanga gawo lapadera la ubongo.

Magawo a cortical a chosakanizira chaosintha ndi a mu ubongo wama visceral, kapena limbic system.

Makina omwewa ndi omwe amayendetsa ntchito yakhazikitsidwa zokhudzana ndi kubereka - kusaka, chakudya, chitetezo, kugonana, kutengeka.

Ubongo wa visceral umagwiranso ntchito posunga homeostasis, kuyang'anira ntchito zodziyimira pawokha, kupanga zoyenera kuchita ndi momwe akumvera, ndikukonzekera kukumbukira.

Feature

Fungo limatha kukhudza mawonekedwe a mtundu, kakomedwe, kumva, komanso kusangalatsa kwa zida zapamwamba. Amadziwika kuti ngati fungo la munthu limatsika kwambiri, ndiye kuti malingaliro ake amachepetsa. Kapangidwe ka kafungo kabwino, kamasiyanitsa ndi mphamvu zina. Mapangidwe onse a chosinkhira chopindulitsa amatenga gawo lofunikira pakukonzekera momwe mukumvera, momwe mumakhalira, momwe mumakumbukirira, regro-visceral regulation, ndikuwunikanso zochitika za madera ena a chithokomiro cha chithokomiro.

Pali zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi fungo labwino (ammonia, viniga). Amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu komanso kupweteka pa ulusi wamkati wamitsempha yamagalamu. Izi zikufotokozera mtundu wa kapangidwe ka mafungo. Reflex pafupipafupi kupuma, zimachitika, kuthamanga kwa magazi motsogozedwa ndi olildory stimuli amatha kusintha.

Zomverera zamitundu

Kuopsa kwa fungo kumatha kuweruzidwa ndikuti munthu amatha kuzindikira bwino, mwachitsanzo, kununkhira kwa magawo a 0.0000000005 a gramu ya rose mafuta kapena musk, pafupifupi 4.35 magawo a gramu ya oxaptan gasi. Ngati mlengalenga muli ngakhale 0.00000002 g pa 1 cm3 ya mpweya wa hydrogen sulfide, ndiye kuti timamva bwino.

Pali mafungo omwe ali ndi mphamvu komanso kukhazikika ndipo amatha kusungidwa zaka 6,000 zapitazo. Chitsanzo cha izi ndi fungo lomwe anthu omwe adatenga nawo gawo pakufukula mapiramidi aku Egypt adamva.

Titha kunena kuti mphuno yathu imatha kuzindikira zosakanizidwa zosiyanasiyana zamanunkhira ochepa kwambiri mumweya wofowoka, womwe sungathe kuyerekezedwa ndi maphunziro a mankhwala.

Zimatsimikiziridwa kuti kuuma kwa fungo kutengera nthawi ya tsiku (pambuyo poti tulo, fungo limamveka bwino) komanso mkhalidwe wamunthu. Mphamvu ya kununkhira imakhala yovuta kwambiri munthu akakhala ndi njala, komanso nthawi yamasika ndi chilimwe.

The olfaction wa munthu sangathe kusiyanitsa zosaposa masauzande angapo a fungo. Mmenemo tili kutali kwambiri ndi nyama. Agalu, mwachitsanzo, amatha kuzindikira fungo la 500,000.

Kumwetulira komanso momwe mukumvera

Kafukufuku waubongo akuwonetsa kuti mapangidwe amkati mwa khungu, omwe amachititsa kuti azitha kuchita zambiri, amapangidwa pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku ubongo wopanga mwakuchita kusinthika.

Odor ndiye gwero lalikulu ndi njira yofotokozera zambiri pakati pa zolengedwa zamtchire.

Kuphatikiza apo, kwa nyama zonse komanso kwa anthu akale, kununkhira ndikofunikira kuti mupeze chakudya, mnzanu wogonana, kuchenjeza za ngozi, kapena chizindikiro malo.

Kwa munthu yemwe akukhala moyo wamakono, njira yayikulu yofotokozera zambiri ndi mawu, yomwe ingalowe m'malo ena onse omwe adayambapo kale.

Amadziwika kuti kununkhira kumakhudzanso gawo lam'maganizo, komanso njira zomwe zimakhudzana nawo. Zotsatira zake nthawi zambiri zimachitika pamunsi pa chikumbumtima. Izi zokumana nazo pamoyo wamunthu sizikhala zabwino nthawi zonse.

Mwachitsanzo, mawonetseredwe a matenda mwanjira ya matenda a psychosomatic amalembedwa.

Kufunika kwakukulu kwa fungo

Ntchito zamagulu ochita kupanga zinthu zambiri zimakhala zambiri m'moyo wazamoyo zonse, chifukwa zimatha kuchenjeza za ngozi ya poizoni ndi mpweya wambiri womwe ungalowe mthupi kudzera m'mapapu. Ndikothekanso kuwongolera zakudya zomwe zimadyedwa mothandizidwa ndi fungo, zomwe zimateteza ku kuwola ndi zinthu zotsika mtengo kuti zisalowe m'mimba.

Kumva fungo mu nyama

Kwa zolengedwa zambiri zapadziko lapansi, tanthauzo la kununkhira ndikofunika kwambiri kuposa masomphenya - zimathandizira kudziwa zomwe zimakhala mumlengalenga. Mu nyama zam'madzi, malire pakati pa kukoma ndi kununkhira ndi achiwembu kwambiri.

Nthawi zambiri mumamva nkhani za momwe agalu, otayika kapena osiyidwa makilomita mazana ambiri kuchokera kunyumba, amapezera bwino eni ake. Kununkhira kwabwino kunathandiza agalu kuti azidzilamulira okha - 10,000 nthawi zambiri kuposa anthu. Chikumbukiro chodabwitsa cha fungo ndi kuthekera kwatsata ma fungo onunkhira omwe asiya eni, ndikulola agalu kuti apeze njira yobwererera.

Izi sizodabwitsa. Pazinyama zambiri zoyamwitsa, tanthauzo la kununkhiza, komanso masomphenya, ndiye gwero lalikulu lazidziwitso zadziko lapansi.

Nkhumba zimaphunzitsidwa kuyang'ana bizinesi yomwe imabisala mobisa, ndipo imagwira ntchito yabwino kwambiri. Agalu sikuti zinthu zikuwayendera bwino ngati apeza mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi zinthu zina zobewedwa.

Fungo lochepera la anthu komanso anyani ena ambiri limasiyana ndi zomwe zimakonda nyama.

Nyama zambiri zolusa zimagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri fungo kuti athe kulankhulana ndi mtundu wawo. Amuna a feline ndi a canine amawayika malo awo ndi mkodzo. Ma pheromones omwe anali mmenemo, fungo lake lomwe silimagwira mphuno ya munthu, amawopseza achibale kuti atengeko gawo.

Tiger ndi nyama zina zambiri zimapereka ufulu kudera lomwe amakhalamo komanso mothandizidwa ndi mafungo ena onunkhira: opaka mitengo, osiyapo ubweya wambiri, pukutani pansi ndi miyendo yawo, pamiyala yomwe pali thukuta thukuta.

Popeza fungo sikhala nthawi yayitali, nyama zimayenera kusiya “makhadi” akununkhira mobwerezabwereza.

WERENGANI: Malo okhala Corsac

Antenae ndi miyendo - tanthauzo la fungo

Mwa mitundu yonse ya invertebrates, tanthauzo la fungo limapangidwa kwambiri ndi tizilombo. Zovala zowirira zomwe zimatuluka pamwamba pa mafupa olimba akunja ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuzindikira.

Asayansi amatcha izi bristles sensilla. Fungo la zinthu zobisidwa ndi tizilombo tambiri limayendetsa machitidwe awo ogonana, moyo wawo, komanso mayankho othawa.

Mtundu wa olildory sensilla umalola amuna agulugufe kuti apeze akazi ndi fungo la ma kilomita angapo. Manjala amabalalika mbali zosiyanasiyana, wina akapatsa mnzake chisonyezo choopsa.

Mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zonunkhira, nyerere za nyerere zimasuntha m'njira zomwe nyerere zina zakugwirira ntchito mosatsata zimatsata.

Pa ntchentche ya nyumba, zonse zopeka ndi ma sensilla okoma zimapangidwa bwino. Ena amakhala pa tinyanga, ena pamiyendo yawo, kulola kuti ntchentche imve, mwachitsanzo, yomwe imakhala pansi, yokoma kapena yamchere.

Fungo la ma vertebrates

Mphamvu ya kununkhiza imalola nyama kuti izindikire kupezeka kwa mlengalenga mwa mamolekyulu a zinthu zonunkhira zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, ma vertebrate amatha kugwira mamolekyuwo atatha kuyankhidwa.

Chifukwa chake, lingaliro la fungo m'magulu amtunduwu limafanana kwambiri ndi malingaliro a kukoma: pazochitika zonsezi, zolandirana zimazindikira zinthu zosungunuka. Ma mamolekyu onunkhira mlengalenga akafika ziwalo zopanga, amapukusira mumphaka pazolumikizira zamkati.

Koma ziwalo zonunkhira zimazindikira fungo labwino, ndipo ziwalo za kukoma - zokhazokha, zamchere, zowawasa kapena zowawa.

M'madera apadziko lapansi, mbali ina ya mphuno imapangitsa kuti kununkhira kuzindikirika. Nawa mamiliyoni a maselo achilengedwe omwe ali ndi flagella yabwino kwambiri.

Fungo linalake likaloŵa m'mphuno, magulu ena a mafupawa amapezeka. Amatumiza mauthenga ku ubongo, chifukwa cha ichi chimazindikira fungo.

Mtsempha wammphuno umalumikizidwa ndi pharynx ndi "mphuno yamkati" - makanawo (mwa anthu, amatsegula pakhosi kumbuyo kwachifuwa chofewa).

Zouluka ndi nyama zina zakuthambo zili ndi mphamvu yowonjezera yamphamvu, yomwe imakhala ndi mawonekedwe awiri. Njoka ndi abuluzi ena, osatsegula pakamwa pawo, kutulutsa lilime, pomwe mamolekyu atayimitsidwa mlengalenga, kenako nkuchichotsa mkatimo ndikugwira gawo la maenje olakwika.

Chipangizochi chimathandizira njoka kuti zigwire nyama chifukwa cha kununkhira. Vertebrates amasiyana kwambiri mu fungo lawo labwino. Imapangidwa bwino m'malo osungira nyama komanso nyama zodya nyama, zolefuka, mbalame zambiri, zikhadabo, ndi anamgoneka wamiyendo (mwachitsanzo, ma dolphin) sizikupezeka.

Malinga ndi kununkhira kwa fungo, munthu ndi wa gulu lachiwiri, wotsika kwambiri mu izi kwa nyama zambiri zapadziko lapansi. Galu, mwachitsanzo, amatha kuzindikira kukhalapo kwa molekyulu yodziwika bwino mu 1 lita imodzi ya mpweya. Amanunkhiza kwakutali kwa 100 m, njati - mpaka 1 km, njovu - mpaka 5 km.

Fungo la asodzi, nsomba, ma eel ndi nsomba zina zambiri zimapangidwa bwino.

MongaKukhudzidwaHaOoChisoniMkwiyo

1

Thandizani polojekiti ya World of Knowledge, lembani njira yathu ku Yandex Zen

Fungo labwino la nyama

Aliyense, ngakhale galu amene watuluka kale kwambiri, amatha kugwira ndi kusiyanitsa fungo lopitilira 200, motsutsana ndi 10,000 omwe amapezeka kwa ife (ngakhale osatinso tonsefe). Fungo la galu ndilabwino kwambiri komanso ndiwosamala kuposa nkhandwe. Ndipo izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa galuyo ali ndi 225 miliyoni olculion receptors, ndipo munthu ali ndi mamiliyoni 8-10 okha.

Onetsani ndalama

Chilichonse padziko lapansi chimakhala ndi fungo lake, ngakhale ndalama, zomwe, mwatsoka, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ndi maofesala aku America kuti azizindikira ndalama zosavomerezeka. Agalu ophunzitsidwa mwapadera omwe amaphunzitsidwa mosavuta amapeza malowo kapena pamtundu wa munthu komwe ndalama zake zili.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti agalu samangopeza zomwe zabisikazo, koma "anene" kwa asitikali anyimbo pokhapokha ndalama zobisika zikupitirira madola 10,000.

Mutha kuyitanitsa ndi kutumiza ndalama zochulukirapo monga momwe mufunira ku USA, komabe, ngati ndalamazo ndizoposa madola 10,000, muyenera kudziwitsa oyang'anira zamalonda za izi, zomwe si nzika zonse zomwe zimachita.

Pali agalu - akatswiri pofunafuna mchere. Amatha kudziwa ore yomwe ili pakuya mamita 12!

Mphuno za nsomba

Koma anthu, monga tanena kale, pankhani ya kununkhira, ndiolimba pa nyama.

Ngati titenga mmodzi mwa okhala padziko lathuli ndikuwapanga onse molingana ndi fungo lamphamvu, ndiye kuti munthuyu adzakhala kumbuyo kwambiri, osangogunda, komanso malo "amkuwa" m'malo onyozeka osayimika, poyang'ana koyamba, zolengedwa ngati njuchi, makoko komanso nsomba. Mwachitsanzo, anyani ang'onoang'ono am'madzi amtsinje amatha kudziwa kukhalapo kwa mdani wawo wamkulu, trout, mwa kununkhira ngakhale nsomba ili pansi.

Kodi mumadziwa za izi? Chow Chow - Galu wa Shaggy

Asayansi ena amati nthawi inayake munthu amakhala ndi fungo labwino, koma kenako "amagwada pansi", kapena m'malo mwake, amasinthasintha, chifukwa chomwe kununkhira sikunathere, ndikuwona bwino. Zowona, kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo "kwasokoneza" thupi lathu kotero kuti ambiri aife pano sitingathe kudzitamandira ndi malingaliro abwino.

Akatswiri a zoologists amakana: zitatha izi, kuyesa kwina kukuwonetsa kuti zinyama zazitali ndi zazikulu zazikulu, zimagwira fungo kutali kwambiri kuposa nyama zazing'ono. Chifukwa chake funso ili lidatsegulidwa mpaka pano.

Kuyang'ana amayi

Mwa njira, kutha kwa nthawi yomwe tidali ndi fungo labwino kumaonekera mwa ana athu, komabe, kumayambiriro kwambiri, khanda. Zinaonedwa kuti ana ongobadwa kumene amasamala fungo kuposa achikulire. Mwana yekha ndi fungo amasankha mayi ake, ndikumusiyanitsa motere ndi mkazi wakunja. Tsoka ilo, izi zimatha pachaka.

Komabe, posachedwa, asayansi ku yunivesite yaboma ku Florida apeza chifukwa chomwe chimalepheretsa anthu kuti azindikire dziko lozungulira iwo chifukwa cha fungo, ngati nyama. Zili kuti pali mtundu wina wotchedwa fungo la fungo, kapena, kusowa kwa fungo. Ngati achotsedwa kapena osakhudzidwa ndi kukonzekera kwapadera, dziko la mafungo lidzabwera kwa ife kuchokera kumbali zonse!

Kuyesaku kunachitika, monga momwe zimachitidwira, mbewa.

Kuchotsa jini "yoyipa" kunapangitsa kuti makoswe adayamba kununkhira mwamphamvu kwambiri kuposa momwe amachitidwira kale! Zowona, ofufuzawo sanasankhebe ngati fungo lotereli ndilofunika kwa munthu wamakono.

Zowonadi, ngati chilengedwe "chatipatsa" ife ndi nyama zina ndi jini iyi, ndikuchepetsa mphamvu zathu, mwina zinali zofunika kuti tidzapulumuke? Angadziwe ndani?

Kodi mumadziwa za izi? Fenech - "plush" steppe fox

Ku ukalamba

Chabwino. Tidzalingalira kuti ife, anthu, opanda fungo lomveka, tidzakwanitsa. Koma nyama sizingakhale popanda iye. Ngati nyamayo yataya fungo lake, ndiye kuti imaweruzidwa kuti iphedwe posachedwa. Zitsamba zonyalanyazidwa chifukwa cha fungo sizimagwira fungo la olusa nthawi. Otsatira, omwe atasiya kununkhira, iwonso sangathe kusaka ndi kufa ndi njala.

M'malo mwake, titha kunena kuti tanthauzo la fungo la nyama limabwera koyamba ndipo litatha kuwona ndi kumva.

Mothandizidwa ndi fungo, nyamazo zimadzipangira zibwenzi, anawo otayika amapeza makolo awo, ndipo makolowo amawasankhira ana awo moyenera.

Pogwiritsa ntchito fungo lawo lokha, nyamazo zimamvetsetsa za ena a gulu lawo kapena paketi chifukwa mantha kapena kusangalatsa nyama kumatsatana ndikusintha kwa fungo wamba la thupi.

Mothandizidwa ndi nyama za olfaction zokha ndi zomwe zimatha kusiyanitsa chakudya chosavomerezeka, ndichifukwa chake zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti nyama idye chakudya chokhala ndi poizoni kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Zowona, kutaya kwa fungo (mulimonse, ndi zaka) sikuwopsezedwa ndi nyama. Mosiyana ndi anthu omwe amataya zinthu zochulukirapo za pachaka chaka chilichonse (amangomvera), mu nyama ma receptor amenewa amasinthidwa pafupipafupi, kuti nyama zimasungabe fungo lawo mpaka zitakalamba kwambiri.

Amphaka ndiwopatula

Kuwona zinyama, kuyesa kuyesa kangapo, asayansi atchulanso mitundu ina yosangalatsa yokhudza kununkhira. Ndiye kuti nyama imanunkhiza mwamphamvu, kununkhira kwake kofowoka.

Chosiyana ndi amphaka, amanunkhiza okha, koma fungo lake ndi lakuthwa.

Komanso nyama, zomwe malingaliro ake olodo amakhala pamlingo wokwera, zimakhala zanzeru kwambiri kuposa abale awo omwe chilengedwe chimawachotsa ndi mphuno kwambiri.

Aliyense amadziwa kuti nyama zokhala ndi fungo labwino zimakhala ndi mphuno. Malongosoledwe ake ndi osavuta: mphuno yonyowa ndiyofunikira kuti mudziwe komwe mphepo imatsogolera, kuti mumvetsetse komwe kununkhako kunachokera.

Kupatula apo, tikudziwa kuti kuti amvetsetse komwe kumawomba mphepo, munthu amangofunika kumunyowetsa chala chake ndi malovu ndikuwukweza. Agalu (ndi nyama zina "zokhala ndi mafinya") safuna zala.

Mphuno zawo zosanyowa nthawi zonse zimatsimikiza osati fungo lokha, komanso komwe limachokera, nthawi zina pamakilomita ambiri.

Kodi mumadziwa za izi? Tsoka lolimba la nkhosa yamphongo

Chilankhulo cha fungo la nyama

Kodi nyama zimatha kulumikizana? Ngati ndi choncho, kodi amachita bwanji? Anthu ambiri amadziwa kuti mitundu yambiri ya zinyama ikuyang'ana mtundu wawo kapena nyama, pogwiritsa ntchito kununkhira. Mmbulu womwewo, utapezeka utapula ndipo wadya wokwanira, udzagona pamatumbo ake ndipo mwa mtundu wonunkhira umapezeka m'gulu kuti udziwonetse ngati wolandidwa kwa ankhandwe enawo.

Achikondwerero amayenera kumukwapula ndipo, pomwepo, amawona kuti wapeza nyama.

Mu mitundu yambiri ya zinyama, asayansi adapeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana, yobisika kwambiri komanso yosapanga bwino kwambiri, yomwe nyama zina zimakhala zokhazikika, pomwe ena nthawi yochepa amangotulutsa zinsinsi zafungo labwino, komanso ndi chidziwitso chabwino, mtundu wa chidziwitso kwa achibale ena.

Nthawi zambiri chinsinsi ndimanunkhira a musk (mu desman, beaver, muskrat, musk deer) kapena adyo (mu shrews, marten ambiri, mitundu ina ya osabereka). Tizilombo ta fungo lonunkhira, titagwera kutalika konse kwa tsitsi, khungu kapena zinthu zomwe nyama zimalumikizana nazo, zimawasiya ndi fungo labwino kwambiri pamtunduwu.

Fungo ili limasiyanitsidwa osati ndi nyama zamtundu wofanana, komanso ndi ena ambiri, makamaka omwe amadyera, momwe tanthauzo la fungo limapangidwa bwino.

M'mazilombo ena, zimbudzi zachinsinsi zimanunkhira mwamphamvu kwambiri, mosasunthika komanso zosasangalatsa kotero kuti amazigwiritsa ntchito pofuna kudziteteza.

Mwachitsanzo, skunk imatulutsa timadzi tamadontho timene timakhala ndi fungo labwino komanso losasunthika kotero kuti omenyanawo amatha ngakhale kwakanthawi.

Munthu aliyense ali ndi fungo lililonse. Agalu ndi nkhandwe amazindikira gawo lake ndi mkodzo ndi ndowe.

Pofinya cholembera, nyama zimazindikira mosavuta nthawi yomwe zimachitika, kotero zinthu zonunkhira zomwe zimakhala mumkodzo zimatha kupatula kanthawi.

Mwachitsanzo, a Mongooses, pokodza, ayimilira kutsogolo kwawo kuti awonjezere mawonekedwe a gawo loyanjana ndi chinsinsi, iwo, potero, amatanthauza gawo lawo.

Nthawi zina fungo la secretion limatha kukhala lamphamvu kwambiri ndikupangitsa kugwetsa maso, kukulira fungo, etc. Amadziwika kuti pachifukwa ichi palibe wadyera aliyense yemwe angadye chimbudzi chathu, ma mole kapena nyama ya m'madzi ngati siali yanjala kwambiri. Gazi lonunkhirazi limapezeka m'malo odabwitsa komanso osiyana siyana a nyama.

M'mayendedwe ofiira, amapezeka pakati pa zala, m'chigawo chodumphadumpha, pamimba ya mchira, pamimba, pafupi ndi maso, komanso kwa munthu wofunikirayo, ziwalozi zimakhala pamchira, pafupi ndi muzu wake, koma m'magulu ndi anzawo a kalulu, pamilomo, nyama monga marmots ndi pikas - pamasaya, mu beaver ndi muskrat - pafupi ndi maliseche ndi anus. Ogwira ntchito makamaka mu nyama, zofunitsa tiziwitsekira zimatulutsa zinsinsi za fungo lamkati nthawi yopuma.

Kwa amuna ambiri, ichi ndi chizindikiro chotsimikizika kuti chikazi ndi chokwatirana. Mwachitsanzo, nkhandwe yaikazi imakonda kukodza pafupi ndi maampu, tchire, mitengo payokha, yomwe imakopa amuna. Ma coons ena - othekera, opondera - kupukutira udzu, nthambi, mitengo ikuluikulu yamtengo ndi chitsulo chomwe chili pamimba pawo ndikusiya mafuta onunkhira kwambiri.

Pakuswana, nyama zam'madzi (muskrat, beaver) zimayika malire amipanda yomwe amakhala nazo ndi zodzikongoletsera, poteteza zolengedwa zamtundu wawo kudera lomwe amakhala.

Chimbalangondocho chimasiya zonunkhira: chikuyimirira m'miyendo yake yakumbuyo, chimapukusa pamimba pake ndi chotsekera pa thunthu la mtengo.

M'malo mwake, zolengedwa zonse zomwe zimatha kugwira ndikusanthula mafungo ambiri - mkodzo wa ndowe, chinsinsi cha zotengera - izi ndiye gawo lawo.

Nthawi zambiri pamitengoyi, chilombo chimasiya chida china - chimang'amba khungubwi ndi ziboda zake, nthawi zambiri chimawonedwa kumayambiriro kwa chakudyachi, pomwe chimachoka pakhomalo ndikugaya misomali yake yomwe yakhala ikulima nthawi yozizira pamwamba pa burulu, yomwe "imadziwitsanso" kwa nyama zina Za ine.

M'madambo ambiri, m'masiku a kubala, kubisalira kwa tiziwalo tambiri kumakhala kambiri komanso kowukirapo kotero kuti ngakhale munthu amamva fungo ili mamitala angapo. Nthawi yomweyo, agwape amenya zitsamba ndi mitengo ndi nyanga, modzipereka padziko lapansi, kusiya zinthu zonunkhira zambiri m'malo ano.

Ndizonunkhira kuti pafupifupi nyama zonse zimazindikira kuwopsa kwa ngoziyo, kuzindikira njira yoyang'ana chakudya, komanso kusiyanitsa nthumwi za mitundu yawo ndi nyama zina.Mothandizidwa ndi mafungo, abambo amatha kusiyanitsa zazikazi zamtundu wawo ndi zazing'ono zina, zazimayi za polo.

Nyama zimatulutsa zinthu zofunikira m'chilengedwe - ma pheromoni omwe amayambitsa zochita zina payekha, amamva. Mwachitsanzo, nyama, yomwe yagwidwa ndi fungo lomwe nyama ina yomwe idazindikira gawo lake, isintha njira. Makoswe amphongo amatsegula pheromones yogonana yomwe imalimbikitsa akazi kubereka.

Nyama zapamtunda zimawona fungo labwino, koma nanga bwanji nyama zam'madzi? M'malo mwake, kununkhira kumafalikira bwino m'madzi, koma zolengedwa zomwe zimakhala m'madzi zimatseka zitsegulire zam'mphuno pakumizidwa ndipo sizimatha kupuma konse. Mahava ndi ma dolphin alibe lingaliro la fungo, ndipo kulibe malo ochita zolakwika m'malingaliro awo. Zisindikizo zimanunkhira kumtunda kokha, kutaya kuthekera m'madzi

Pambuyo pa zonse, nyama "zimawerengera" bwanji? Kwa anthu, kununkhira sikofunikira popezako chidziwitso, chifukwa chimadalira kwambiri pakuwona ndi kumva, koma kwa zolengedwa zambiri, zonunkhira zimakhala ndi chidziwitso chofunikira kwambiri. Kununkhira kumathandiza kwambiri polumikizana ndi amayi ndi ana.

Ngati zilembozi zikununkhiza bwino, mlendoyo amatha kupitilizabe kuyenda panjira ya zinthu za munthu wina, ndipo ngati fungoyo ndi yatsopano, ali bwino pamsewu popewa kuwombana ndi mwini mundawo.

Kalulu achimuna otchuka komanso kalulu wapakhomo amatanthauza kuzungulira gawo lonselo, ndipo chinsinsi cha tchire chomwe chimakhala pansi pa chibwano chimapukusa mnzake ndi ana ake.

Chifukwa chake amasankha malo omwe ali ake.

Zinyalala za otter zimakhala ndi fungo labwino kwambiri. Ma martens onsewa adapanga timatumba tamadonthono, timene timagwiritsidwa ntchito posangotanthauza dera, komanso njira yodzitetezera. Monga mukuwonera, fungo ndiye gwero lalikulu la chidziwitso, zimapatsa amayi mayimidwe oyankhulana pakati pawo.

Ichi ndi gawo laling'ono la zitsanzo, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa fungo lomwe limachitika mu nyama zamtchire.

Kumva fungo

Kuchulukitsa kwamachitidwe a olfaction aumunthu kumaphunziridwa ndi sayansi ya olfactometry. Kuzindikira kwa fungo sikungayesedwe mwachindunji. M'malo mwake, njira zosadziwika zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga kuwunika kukula (kumvekako? Nthawi zambiri pamakhala kulumikizana mwachindunji pakati pakupezeka kwa kuzindikira ndi chidwi.

Pali gulu lalikulu lomwe likuphwanya chosakanizira cha ovilory, komanso kuchepa kwa chidwi cha kununkhira, nthawi zina mpaka kufika elemia.

Asayansi aku America a Richard Axel ndi Linda Buck adalandila Mphotho ya Nobel ya 2004 pophunzira za mapangidwe a anthu.

Kusintha kwa fungo

Kuchokera pamalingaliro osinthika, lingaliro la kununkhira ndi amodzi mwamalingaliro akale kwambiri komanso ofunikira kwambiri, mothandizidwa ndi omwe nyama zimadziyang'ana m'malo awo. Katswiriyu ndiye amodzi mwa nyama zambiri. "Adatengera mphamvu zina zonse zomwe nyamayo imatha kumva kupezeka kwa chakudya, anthu omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi kapena njira yowopsa" (Milne L., Milne M., 1966). Zinthu zitatu zazikuluzikulu zomwe nyama zimachita pazojambula zimasiyanitsidwa: mawonekedwe (momwe nyama zimafunira fungo), momwe amachitira (momwe amachitira ndi zomwe amachokera ndikugwirizana nawo), ndikuwonetsera (momwe mafungo amagwiritsidwira ntchito polumikizana). Mu phylogenesis, tanthauzo la kununkhiza kwa munthu limakulirakulira.

Mtengo pamalingaliro akununkhira unali wabwino pakusintha kwa zinyama (onani lingaliro la fungo la zinyama).

M'njira zakale, kununkhira kwakhala komwe kumakhala kumverera kachitatu, pambuyo pakuwona, kumva komanso ngakhale kukhudza. Koma mu lemuriform (anyani-okhala ndi mabowo onyentchera) ndi nyani wokhala ndi mapikidwe akulu, amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana pakati pa anthu.

Mphamvu yofowoka kwambiri mu ma anthropoid anyani. Komabe, munthu amaonekera kwambiri motsutsana ndi komwe adachokera. Kusintha kwakukuru kwa majini azopanga kukhala pseudogene zaka pafupifupi sikisi zapitazo, pamene mizere ya makolo a anthu (ma hominins) ndi ma chimpanzee amasiyana komanso chizolowezi chowomba mbali zambiri chikuwonekera m'mizere ya anthu.

Alamu yaphokoso

Mankhwala onunkhira, zokopa, mafuta onunkhira amatchedwa zinthu zomwe zimakopa nyama ndi fungo lawo. Ma Telegons ndi ma pheromones - mankhwala omwe atulutsidwa ndi nyama kumalo achilengedwe kuti awonekere kuzinthu zina. Zosunthika zomwe zimatchedwa zinsinsi za tiziwalo timene timatulutsa khungu, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi fungo lamphamvu. Mwa kufupikira, omalizirawa nthawi zina amatchedwa zomera zonunkhira. Zogulitsa zam'mimba zitha kuphatikizira malovu, musk, etc., komanso mkodzo (mkodzo) ndi chimbudzi. Zojambula pamawu amadziwika kuti ndi nyama zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndikusiya kwa mafungo onunkhira bwino chifukwa cha zinthu zopangidwa ndi ma excretion, masks, etc.

Ubwenzi wa fungo mwa anthu ndi jenda

Kununkhira kumatengera jenda, ndipo azimayi nthawi zambiri amakhala opambana kuposa abambo, ozindikira, komanso osankhidwa. Mu ntchito zochepa kwambiri, ukulu wa amuna umadziwika. Pakufufuza kwa Toulouse ndi Wahid, zidapezeka kuti azimayi amatha kununkhira bwino amuna a camphor, citral, pinki ndi madzi amchere, timbewu ndi anethole kuposa amuna. Zotsatira zofananazo zidapezeka mu ntchito zingapo zotsatirazi. LeMagnen adapeza kuti azimayi amamvera kwambiri fungo la testosterone, koma sanapeze kusiyana kwa fungo la safflower, guaiacol, amyl salicylate ndi eucalyptus. Kafukufuku waposachedwa apeza kusiyanasiyana kwa fungo la zinthu zambiri kuphatikizapo citral, amyl acetate, androstenone, zotumphukira, mowa wa phenylethyl, m-xylene ndi pyridine. Kolega ndi Bonfire adayesa zinthu mazana angapo. Pazinthu zisanu ndi zinayi, chopanda cholandirira chinali chotsika mwa akazi. Adapezanso kuti atsikana opitilira anyamata ochulukirapo pa mayeso onyansa osiyanasiyana.

Amadziwika kuti fungo la azimayi omwe satenga njira za kulera za mahomoni amasintha pakapita msambo. Fungo lamphamvu kwambiri lonunkhira limapangidwa munthawi yayitali komanso pambuyo pa ovulation, mwachitsanzo, chidwi cha ma pheromones achimuna chimawonjezeka nthawi masauzande. Mwa amayi omwe amatenga mapiritsi oletsa kubereka, tanthauzo la kununkhira limakhalabe nthawi zonse kuzungulira. Phunziroli linakhudza azimayi kuyambira azaka 18 mpaka 40, omwe adafunsidwa kuti asiyanitse fungo la anise, musk, cloves, ammonia ndi zipatso.

Ma sapper opambana: timadziwa chiyani za makoswe

Gulu la asayansi aku Belgian linaganiza zoyesa makoswe akuluakulu aku Africa, popeza zimadziwika kuti nyama izi ndi zomwe zimakhala ndi fungo lakuthwa lofanana ndi agalu. Adaganiza zophunzitsa nyama zazing'ono zoseketsa izi kuti ziziyang'anira zopangira antchito, chifukwa makoswe ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa agalu, ndiye kuti kuphulika kungakhale kochepa kwambiri. Zomwe asayansi aku Belgium adachita zinali zabwino, ndipo pambuyo pake adayamba kukweza makoswe aku Africa makamaka kukafufuza migodi ku Mozambique ndi madera ena aku Africa, komwe, monga athu, zipolopolo zambiri zitatsika pansi. Chifukwa chake, kuyambira 2000, asayansi adaphatikiza makoswe 30, omwe maola 25 adatha kuteteza mahekitala oposa mazana awiri a madera aku Africa.

Amakhulupirira kuti makoswe - ofunafuna mgodi amakhala othandiza kugwiritsa ntchito kuposa sappers kapena agalu omwewo. Zowonadi, makoswe amathamanga mazana awiri lalikulu pamphindi makumi awiri, ndipo munthu adzafunika mphindi 1,500 kuti asanthule. Inde, ozindikira ma mine ndi abwino, koma ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri ku boma (kukonza, kuphunzitsa agalu) kuposa "sappers" ang'onoang'ono amitundu.

Ubale wa olfaction mwa anthu azaka

Mu makanda obadwa kumene, tanthauzo la fungo limakulitsidwa kwambiri, koma mchaka chimodzi cha moyo limatayika ndi 40-50%. Kafukufuku wochitidwa pamaziko a kafukufuku wa anthu mamiliyoni 10.7 adawonetsa kuchepa kwa chidwi cha kununkhira ndi msinkhu wazomwe mafungo 6 onse adaphunzira. Kutha kusiyanitsa fungo kunacheperanso. Zotsatira za ukalamba zinali zofunikira kwambiri kuposa zotsatira za jenda, ndipo azimayi amasungabe fungo lawo mpaka zakale kuposa amuna.

Zinawonetsedwa kuti atrophy ya ulmetory ulusi umachitika ndipo kuchuluka kwawo mu mitsempha ya olildory kumayamba kuchepa (tebulo).

Osangokhala Madzi Amadzi: Zisindikizo Zam'madzi ndi Nyanja

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, mu 1915, V. Durov, mphunzitsi wodziwika bwino ku Russia, adanenanso kuti Navy imagwiritsa ntchito zisindikizo kufufuza migodi yapansi pamadzi. Inde, pa utsogoleri wa Gulu Lankhondo la Russia - inali yachilendo, titha kunena njira zatsopano. Amakhulupirira kuti agalu okha ndi omwe amakhala ndi chithunzithunzi chabwino kwambiri, motero amatha kupeza mgodi kulikonse komwe kuli. Komabe, kuyambira nkhondo, zida zambiri zophulika zakhala zili m'madzi. Ndipo muyenera kuchita china chake. Ndipo, mapindu onse ataphunziridwa kuti asungire zisindikizo pakufufuza migodi yamadzi, kuphunzitsidwa kwakukulu kwa mafoni amadzi kunayamba pachilumba cha Crimea.

Chifukwa chake, m'miyezi itatu yoyambirira, zisindikizo makumi awiri zidaphunzitsidwa ku Balaclava, zomwe, modabwitsa, zimaphunzitsidwa bwino. Pansi pamadzi, amapeza mosavuta zophulika, migodi ndi zida zina zophulika ndi zinthu, kuzimanga ndi buoys nthawi iliyonse. Ophunzitsawa mpaka anatha kuphunzitsa ena osaka ma mine kuti apange ma mine apadera pamagetsi pama sitima. Koma ngakhale zili choncho, sizinatheke kuyesa zisindikizo zophunzitsidwa mwapadera - wina adawopsa "nyama zolimbana ndi nyanja".

Mikango yam'nyanja ndizisindikizo zazitali zomwe zimawona bwino pansi pamadzi. Kuyang'ana mozama kumathandizira kuti anyani am'madzi azikazi azitha kupeza adani. Gulu lankhondo laku U.S. silinanene kuti lidawononga madola mamiliyoni aku US pazisindikizo zophunzitsira ngati gawo la pulogalamu yophunzitsira kukonza chinthu chowonongeka kapena kuzindikira zida zophulika.

Koma mu zisindikizo za Irkutsk chaka chino adaphunzitsidwa mwapadera kuti awonetse momwe nyamazo zimakwanira kugwira mfuti zamakinidwe m'manja, kuyenda ndi mbendera pamadzi komanso ngakhale kusokoneza migodi yamadzi yokhazikika.

Zochitika mdziko lapansi: zomwe ma dolphin amatha kuchita

Ma dolphins adayamba kuphunzitsidwa kukhala ozindikira wapamtunda atamaliza kumenya zisindikizo atatchuka kwambiri kumodzi wa mabwalo oyendetsa sitima a San Diego. Asayansi aku USSR adaganiza zowonetsera kuti ma dolphin, ngati mikango yam'nyanja, amatha kuthandiza anthu, ngati "commandos" anzeru kwambiri komanso otsutsa kwambiri

Mu 60s, ku Sevastopol, malo akuluakulu okhala m'madzi adapangidwa, pomwe ma dolphin amaphunzitsidwa pansi pa madzi kuti asangoyang'ana migodi kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, komanso ma torpedoes ambiri owotchedwa. Kuphatikiza pa luso lawo komanso luso lawo lokwanira, potumiza zikwangwani, ma dolphin amatha kupenda zomwe zachitika, chilichonse chomwe chikuchitika mozungulira iwo. A Dolphins anapeza mosavuta chinthu chankhondo ali patali kwambiri. Monga oteteza mwaluso, ma dolphin ophunzitsidwa bwino amayenera 'kuyang'anira' ndikuteteza oyang'anira Navy mu Nyanja Yakuda.

Kuzindikira kwamtheradi

Kafukufuku wokhudza kumverera kwathunthu muzochitika zambiri adawonetsa zotsutsana. Pomwe pakuwona malire a kuzindikira, mphuno yakumanzere inali yodziwika kwambiri mu manzere akumanzere, pomwe mphuno yakumanja inali yokhudza chidwi kwambiri kumanja. Kane ndi Ghent adapeza chidwi cha mphuno yoyenera, ngakhale ataperekedwa, koma palibe kusiyana komwe kunapezeka mwa olemba ena. M'magawo awiri omaliza, olemba adagwiritsa ntchito mowa wa phenylethyl, womwe umadziwika ndi ntchito zopanda mphamvu motsutsana ndi mitsempha ya trigeminal. Zotsatira zoyeserera zimathanso kukhudzidwa ndikusintha mphamvu ya mphuno masana maola 1.5-2 aliwonse. Titha kunena kuti mphuno yakumanja imakhala ndi chidwi chachikulu, makamaka kwa omwe ali ndi dzanja lamanja.

Kusiyana kwantchito

Zotsatira zakusiyana kwa fungo komanso kuthekera kwathunthu ndizosintha, koma zimawonetsa kupepuka kwa mphuno yoyenera. Olemba angapo adapeza phindu la mphuno yoyenera, ngakhale atakhala ndi mkono. Komabe, olemba ena adapeza mwayi wammphuno wamanzere kumanzere akumanzere. Mu ntchito ya Savik ndi Berglund, mwayi wamphuno yoyenera udangokhazikitsidwa fungo lokhazikika, pomwe Broman adawonetsa mwayi wake ndi fungo losadziwika. Ubwino wa mphuno yoyenera udawonetsedwa powerengera zonunkhira mwamphamvu, ngakhale zotsatira izi zinali zodalirika kwa azimayi okha.

Kumvetsetsa kukumbukira

Kusiyana pakati pa hemispheres pakuzindikira fungo kunali kosasintha. Chifukwa chake odwala omwe ali ndi zotupa zam'manja akumanja adazindikira kununkhira koyipa kuposa odwala omwe ali ndi zotupa za kumanzere, komwe kumatha kuwonetsa kukongola kwa gawo lamanja. Poyeserera pakumvekera ndi kowonera kununkhira mu mitu yathanzi, pomwe zolimbikitsazo (zonunkhira) zimaperekedwa ku magulu onse awiri, nthawi yankho inali yochepa kwambiri pamene kukondoweza kwachiwiri (mawu kapena chithunzi) kunaperekedwa kumtunda wamanja kuyerekeza ndi kumanzere. Olson ndi Kane adangopeza kufupikitsa kwakumapeto kwamankhwala omwe anali nawo ndipo sanapeze kusiyana pakumakumbukira. Olemba ena sanapeze kusiyana pakumvetseka.