Tidauzidwa kuti tilembe zolemba zokhudza nyalugwe wanyanja ndi zithunzi zochititsa chidwi za wojambula waku Canada waku Canada Paul Nicklen, yemwe adakwanitsa kulanda kusaka kwamadzi kwa nyalugwe wanyanja. Nthawi yomweyo, mosemphana ndi chikhulupiriro chofala choti nyama zodya ziwazi zimakhala zankhanza kwambiri kwa anthu, akuti nyama yam'nyanja iyi idawonetsa chidwi chodabwitsa kwa iye ndipo adayesa kudyetsanso ma penguin omwe adamupangira.
Nyanja Leopard (Latin Hydrurga leptonyx) (Chisindikizo cha Leopard cha Chingerezi)
Akambuku am'nyanja, ngakhale amawoneka bwino kwambiri, ndi adani oopsa. Iwo, pamodzi ndi anamgumi opha, amathandizira mantha ndi mantha pa zisindikizo zonse ndi ma penguin. Nyama iyi ikangotsegula pakamwa pake, ma fangala akulu amawonekera kudziko lapansi. Ndipo pomwepo mumazindikira kuti chirombo ichi, kupatula m'malo osungira nyama ndi malo osungira nyama, ndibwino kusakumana kwina kulikonse.
Makungu am'nyanja amalima malo otseguka pafupifupi nyanja zonse za Antarctic. Anthu osamukira kapena osokonezeka chabe amapezeka m'dera la Australia, New Zealand komanso pafupi ndi Tierra del Fuego. Nthawi zambiri mumatha kukumana nawo pagulu la ayezi, pomwe amakhala pansi pamadzuwa kapena poterera pang'ono kulowa.
Marine Leopard Habitat 
Mukangowona kambuku, nyanjayo ikhoza kukhala yolakwika ngati chidindo chodziwika, ngati sichoncho chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu ndi khungu lowona, chifukwa chomwe nyama yolusa yamadziyi idatipatsa dzina la mphaka.
Mosiyana ndi zisindikizo zenizeni, anyani amphongo ndi ochepa poyerekeza ndi akazi. Kutalika kwa matupi awo kumafikira 3-3.1 metres, pomwe akazi - mpaka 4 mamita. Kupaka utoto, ngati anthu ambiri okhala m'madzi am'madzi, ndizoteteza - ndi msana wakuda ndi m'mimba asiliva.
M'mphepete mwa New Zealand 
Mawonekedwe olimbitsa thupi amalola nyalugwe wanyanja kuti ikule kwambiri pamene akusaka - mpaka 40 km / h ndikulowera pansi mpaka pakuya mita 300, kotero kuchoka pamtunduwu si ntchito yovuta.
Maonekedwe a mutu wake nthawi zambiri amafanizira ndi mutu wa njoka kapena akamba. Ziphuphu zakumaso ndizolowera, kulola kuti nyamayo izithamangira kuthamanga kwambiri.
Sachita chibwenzi ndi abale. Imakonzekeretsa kukhala kwayekha. Makungu awiriawiri amkati amapezeka munyengo yokha ya kubzala, yomwe imayamba kuyambira Novembala mpaka Febere. Matenga amachitika m'madzi. Ndipo kale mu Seputembala - Januware, mwana yekhayo amabadwa. Nthawi ya mkaka wa m'mawere (kudya mkaka) sichikhala motalika - pafupifupi milungu 4. Kenako yazikazi imamuphunzitsa kusaka nyama yaying'ono mwachitsanzo, nsomba kapena krill. Kwa zisindikizo kapena ma penguin, adakali ang'ono.
Wamkazi wokhala ndi ana 
Kutha msinkhu kumachitika pazaka zapakati pa 3-4, yomwe ndi nthawi yoyambira pang'ono, poti nthawi yawo yayitali pafupifupi zaka 26.
Ndi nkhomaliro wake, nyalugwe wanyanja siyimilira pamwambo. Makamaka menyu ake amakhala ndi krill (pafupifupi 45%) ndi nyama yodinda. Ma penguins amapanga 10% yokha mwa zakudya zake wamba. Nthawi zambiri amasaka m'madzi, pomwe amachita ndi nyama zawo.
Chiwerengero cha nyama zamtunduwu sichikhala pachiwopsezo. Tsopano padziko lapansi pali anthu pafupifupi 400,000.
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Chui wanyanja (Chilatini: Hydrurga leptonyx) ndi nyama yam'madzi yam'madzi yochokera ku banja la Zisindikizo Zenizeni (Phocidae). Mosiyana ndi zida zina zazikulu zam'madzi, nsomba zimagwiranso ntchito m'zakudya zake. Amakonda kusaka anyani am'magazi ofunda, pali milandu ya anthu. Nthawi zambiri, nyama yolusa imadumphira m'madzi ndikuyesera kugwira wasayansi yemwe amakhala m'bwatomo kuti imukokere kuphompho mpaka kuya kwambiri.
Panthawi ya Imperial Transantarctic Expedition (1914-1917), nyama yolusa idathamangitsa m'modzi wa mamembala ake a Thomas Hans Orde-Lee pa nthawi yayitali. Popeza anali wokonda masewera ambiri, adafika ku Antarctica ndi njinga yake ndipo adaganiza zoyikwera kumapeto kwa ayezi. Kulira kwake kochititsa mantha kunamveka ndi a Frank Wilde, mtsogoleri wotsogolera ntchito. Briton wosasunthika adathawira kunja kwa hema, atawombera mfuti ndi cholinga, adapha chidindo chamwazi ndikupulumutsa moyo wa womugonjera.
Kugawa
Oimira mitundu ya Hydrurga leptonyx amakhala m'madzi am'nyanja ya Antarctic m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Antarctica. Amakhala m'mphepete mwa ayezi wapaketi ndi makulidwe osachepera 3 m.
Nyama zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimapezeka pagombe lanyanja. Anthu omwe amakonda kusamuka kwakutali amafika ku Tierra del Fuego, Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania ndi South Africa. Maulendo oterewa amachitika makamaka nthawi yachisanu.
Mtunduwu udafotokozedwa koyamba ndi katswiri wazowona za nyama ku France a Henri-Marie Ducroté-Bl -ville mu 1820 ndipo adatcha zilumba za Falkland zomwe zili kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Nyanja ya Atlantic ngati malo ake.
Khalidwe
Nyalugwe za kunyanja zimatsogolera moyo wokhalokha, kupatula nyengo yakukhwima ndi kusamuka kwakanthawi, pomwe zimatha kuphatikizidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Ntchito zimawonekera masana ndipo nthawi zina usiku pamene agwira Antarctic krill (Euphasia superba).
Panyengo yophukira, nyama zodyera zimasambira kumpoto kupita kumadera otentha. Pakadali pano, iwonso nthawi zambiri amagwa kuti aphe mahaar (Ornicus orca) ndi asodzi oyera (Carcharodon carcharis), omwe ndi adani awo achilengedwe.
Pakudya krill, nyamayi imakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera a molars (molars), omwe amakupatsani mwayi kusefa plankton ndikusunga crustaceans yaying'ono mkamwa.
Amapanga 45% yazosankha. Kutsatiridwa ndi zisindikizo (35%) ndi ma penguins (10%). Chiwerengero chonse cha nsomba ndi ma cephalopod omwe amadya sapitilira 10%.
Nyalugwe za kunyanja nthawi zambiri zimagunda zisindikizo za crabeater (Lobodon carcinophagus), zisindikizo za Weddell (Leptonychotes weddeli), zisindikizo zakumwera za ubweya (Arctocephalus), ndi Emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri). Ambiri a iwo amagwira ntchito yosakira nyama kapena mbalame zokha, koma ambiri amakonda kusaka kwakanthawi. Amayesa kukoka nyama yawo pansi pa ayezi, pomwe imafa chifukwa cha kukhuta. Wovutitsidwayo nthawi zina amatha kuphedwa nthawi yomweyo ndi mafunde akuthwa ofikira kutalika kwa 2,5 cm.
Penguin wolusa amayang'anitsitsa m'mphepete mwa ayeziyo, ndikugwira miyendo ndi mano ake ndi kukhoma ndi mikwingwirima pansi pamadzi. Amatha kudumpha kuchokera mmwamba mpaka pamtunda wa 2 m mwachangu mpaka 6 m / s. Wosaka Hunter troses amadya pang'onopang'ono, ndikung'amba mbali ndi mbali mzinthu zazing'ono.
Amuna amakonda kuimba nyimbo zochokera pansi pamtima, zomwe ndi zosokoneza kwambiri za kubuma kwapansi ndi mbalame. Kuyimba kwawo kwakukulu pa 153-177 dB kumamveka kwa maola angapo patsiku. Maulendo amatengera zaka. Oimba achichepere amayimba amaas osiyanasiyana, ndipo amuna anzeru zachikale amadalira nyimbo zopitilira kamodzi. Akazi amadzipereka kwambiri polemba nyimbo kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yakukhwima.
Kuswana
Kumpoto ku Antarctica kumatha Novembala mpaka Januware. Ngati zikhomo zina zimawona kuti ndi udindo wawo kubereka m'makolawo, ndiye nyalugwe zam'madzi zimachita izi zokha. Nyengo yawo yakukonzekera imayamba kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Disembala kumayambiriro kwa msinkhu wa zaka 3-6.
Matani amapezeka nthawi zonse m'madzi, osati pamtunda. Amphongo amphongo ndi akazi angapo. Mimba imatenga pafupifupi chaka, zomwe zimachitika pafupifupi miyezi iwiri. Yaikazi imabereka pa ayezi wa mkono umodzi wolemera mpaka 25 kg ndi kutalika kwa 1.5 m.
Chifukwa cha mkaka wa m'mawere wolemera komanso wopatsa thanzi, mwana akukula mwachangu. Patatha milungu iwiri, wapanga kale nyanja. Kudyetsa mkaka kumatenga pafupifupi mwezi umodzi, kenako khandalo limadutsa chakudya chokhazikika.
Mbadwo wachichepere uli ndi ubweya wakuda wokhala ndi mawanga ndi mikwingwirima yambiri. Amuna samatenga nawo mbali poleredwa. M'mbiri yonse yowonera zamtunduwu, abambo atatu okonda ana okha ndi omwe adawonedwa, akusunga ana awo.
Ndikufuna kudziwa chilichonse
Kodi mwapeza kuti ndi nyama yanji?
Kodi mukudziwa kuti chilombochi ndi chiyani? Musalole kuti nkhope yake yaying'ono ikunyengeni. Pansi pa odulidwa chithunzi kwenikweni sikuti chifukwa cha kukomoka kwa mtima. Koma chochita ndikusankhidwa kwachilengedwe mwachilengedwe.
Chifukwa chake, amene akufuna kudziwa zambiri zokhudzana ndi zilombo zam'madzi ndipo osawopa magazi pang'ono, anditsatire pansi pa mphaka.
Ikuwoneka ngati cholengedwa chokongola komanso chitetezo kwa chilengedwe. Huh?
Tayerekezerani kuti ndinu penguin. Amayenda, amayenda motsatira Antarctica, amayang'ana kunyanja asanayambe kulowa pansi.
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. ndipo pali puck wotere pa iye!
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kenako nkuthamangitsa.
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amugwira ndi mano ake khumi
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kenako ndikung'ung'udza. ndi onse .. ngati nyuzipepala ya nyani!
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Pepani penguin, koma choti muchite. Lero iye amangokhala chakudya ndipo sanadye mayeso osankhidwa mwachilengedwe. Ndiye kodi chilombochi ndi chiani?
Sea Leopard (Latin: Hydrurga leptonyx) - mtundu wa zisindikizo zenizeni zomwe zimakhala kumadera a kum'mwera kwa Pacific Ocean. Ili ndi dzina lake chifukwa cha khungu lamawangamawanga, komanso chifukwa cha zikhalidwe zoyeserera kwambiri. Kambuku ya mnyanja imadyetsa makamaka ma vertebrates amwazi ofunda, kuphatikiza ma penguin ndi zisindikizo zazing'ono.
Mawonekedwe
Kambuku yam'nyanja imakhala ndi thupi lopendekeka kwambiri, lomwe limalola kuti lizitha kuthamanga kwambiri m'madzi. Mutu wake wakhazikika posachedwa ndipo zikuwoneka ngati zokhala ngati zokwawa. Zotsogola zam'maso ndizitali kwambiri ndipo nyalugwe wanyanja imayenda m'madzi mothandizidwa ndi mikwingwirima yawo yolimba yolumikizana. Kambuku yamphongo yamphongo imafika kutalika pafupifupi 3 m, zazikazi ndizokulirapo kutalika kwake mpaka 4 m.Uzolemera zazimuna ndi pafupifupi 270 kg, ndipo mwa akazi imafika 400 kg. Utoto kumtunda kwa thupi ndi imvi, ndipo pansi ndi koyera. Malo amtoto amawoneka pamutu ndi m'mbali.
Nyalugwe ya kunyanja imakhala m'madzi aku nyanja ya Antarctic ndipo imapezeka m'mbali mwa madzi oundana a Antarctic. Makamaka, achinyamata amabwera m'mphepete mwa zilumba zapansi ndipo amapezeka chaka chonse. Nthawi zina nyama zosamukira kapena zosochera zimabwera ku Australia, New Zealand ndi Tierra del Fuego.
Pamodzi ndi chinsomba cha wakupha, nyalugwe wanyanja ndiyomwe imatsogolera madera akum'mwera, polumikizana mpaka 40 km / h ndikutsamira mpaka pansi pa 300 m.Makonda kusaka zisindikizo za crabeater, zisindikizo za Weddell, zisindikizo za phula ndi penguin. Nthawi zambiri nyalugwe zam'madzi zimakonda kusaka zidindo m'miyoyo yawo yonse, ngakhale zina zimachita bwino kwambiri ma penguin. Kambuku zam'madzi zimagwera nyama m'madzi ndipo zimaphedwa pomwepo, ngati nyama zithawira ayezi, ndiye kuti nyalugwe za m'madzi zimawatsata pamenepo. Zisindikizo zambiri zokhala ndi zipsera zili ndi zipsera matupi awo chifukwa chomenyedwa ndi nyambo zam'madzi.
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Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti kambuku panyanja amadya nawonso nyama zing'onozing'ono monga krill. Komabe, nsomba imathandizanso pa chakudya chakecho. Amasefa ma crustaceans ang'onoang'ono kuchokera kumadzi mothandizidwa ndi mano ake apambuyo, amakumbukira momwe amapangira mano a crabeater chisindikizo, koma omwe siovuta kudziwa komanso amapadera. Kudzera m'mabowo m'mano, kambuku panyanja imatha kutulutsa madzi mkamwa, kwinaku ikungosefa. Pafupifupi, chakudya chake chimakhala ndi 45% krill, 35% zisindikizo, 10% ya penguins, ndi 10% ya nyama zina (nsomba, cephalopods).
Akambuku am'madzi amakhala okha. Ndi achichepere nthawi zina omwe amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Pakati pa Novembala ndi February, nyalugwe za kunyanja zimagona m'madzi. Kupatula panthawiyi, amuna ndi akazi alibe ogwirizana. Pakati pa Seputembala mpaka Januware, kamwana kamodzi kamabereka pa ayezi ndipo kamadyetsedwa mkaka wa mayi kwa milungu inayi. Pazaka zitatu mpaka zinayi, akambuku am'madzi atha kutha msinkhu, ndipo nthawi yawo yamoyo imakhala pafupifupi zaka 26.
Chosavuta
Nthawi zina nyalugwe zam'madzi zimazunza anthu. Pa Julayi 22, 2003, wasayansi wina waku Britain, Kirsty Brown, adachitidwapo izi atawomba m'madzi. Kwa mphindi zisanu ndi chimodzi, nyalugwe wanyanja adagwira mano ake pansi pa 70 m, mpaka atakwanitsa. Uku ndi mpaka pano imfa yokhayo yaumunthu yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi nyalugwe wanyanja, ngakhale amadziwika za kubwerezabwereza kumbuyoku. Sawopa kuukira mabwato kapena kudumphira m'madzi kuti agwire mwendo wa munthu. Ogwira ntchito zofufuzira adakhala zinthu zomwezo. Chomwe chimapangitsa izi ndi njira zambiri zomwe nyambo zam'madzi zimagwirira ntchito, zowukira nyama zomwe zimakhala pamphepete mwa ayezi kuchokera kumadzi. Poterepa, nyalugwe wanyanja kuchokera kumadzi sichovuta kudziwa kapena kusiyanitsa amene ali nyama yake. Mosiyana ndi zitsanzo zankhanza zakunyanja zam'madzi, wojambula wodziwika ku Canada komanso wopambana wina wopambana, Paul Nicklen, yemwe adjambula zojambula zawo zamikondo, akuti mutha kuyambitsa kulumikizana mwamtendere ndi nyama izi. Malinga ndi iye, nyalugwe wanyanja mobwerezabwereza idamubweretsera nyama yake ndikuwonetsa chidwi kuposa kukwiya.
Chosatheka
Nyalugwe wanyanja - m'modzi wa oyimira banja lalikulu la zisindikizo zenizeni, kukula kwake ndi kulemera kwachiwiri kwa amuna a chisindikizo cha njovu chakum'mwera. Dzinalo lasayansi litha kutanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Chigriki ndi Chilatini ngati "kulumphira", kapena "kuluka pang'ono, kugwira ntchito m'madzi." Nthawi yomweyo, "ana aang'onowo" ndiwotchera wa Antarctic weniweni. Ndiye yekha nthumwi ya kum'mwera kwa polar fauna, gawo lalikulu lomwe limakhala nyama zazikulu zamadzi ofunda - ma penguins, flying waterfowl ngakhale abale osindikiza. Chithunzi chokongola cha nyama yogwira ntchito molimbika, choziridwa ndi dzina lachi Chilatini la nyamayo, chimasamba nthawi yomweyo mukakumana naye tête-à-tête ndikuyang'ana m'maso osasamala a wakupha. Kuchokera kwa iwo mphamvu yozizira ndi yolingalira imawombera mzimu wosangalatsa.
Umu ndi momwe a gennady Shwarov amafotokozera kusaka nyama kwam'mimbamo: “Ndinayenera kuwona chakudya chamwazi chamkaka cham'nyanja kuchokera pagombe patatha milungu iwiri, mu Januware 1997, pachilumba chomwecho cha Nelson. Tsikulo, ife, ndi akatswiri azachipatala, mabanja awiri omwe adakwatirana - Marco ndi Patricia Favero, ndi Pipo ndi Andrea Caso - tinapita kukayendera madera a ma Antarctic cormorants amaso. Tsikulo lidatentha kwambiri, lowala komanso dzuwa. Tidutsa gulu lalikulu la ma penguin okhala ndi ndevu komanso ma penguin, anthu zikwizikwi. Patatha mphindi makumi awiri, maso athu adatseguka malo owoneka bwino, omwe anali ngati madontho awiri amadzi ofanana ndi magombe a Kara-Dag okhala ndi miyala yomwe imakwera m'mphepete mwa madzi. Kufanana kwake kungakhale kwathunthu ngati sikunakhala kwa chipale chofewa komanso ma ayezi okumbutsa kuti si Crimea konse. Mazana a ma penguin adatsikira pagombe lopendekera pakati pa miyala. Onsewa adagona mtunda wamakilomita awiri kuchokera koloni kukafika pagombe lokongola ili. Koma pazifukwa zina mbalamezo zinaima pagombe, osalimbikira kudziponya m'madzi. Pamwamba pa chitunda chotsika kunatsika zingwe zingapo zowonjezereka. Koma kenako pang'onopang'ono.
Ndipo kenako ndinawona sewero likusewera pamaso pathu. M'mphepete mwa nyanja, monga miyala, ma penguin adayamba kudumphira m'madzi. Adawuluka pamtunda wa mamita awiri, atagona pamimba pawo ndi chipale chofewa ndipo, mwamantha, adayesetsa "kuyandama" pamtambo wolimba wa matalala kutali ndi gombe. Ndipo kupitirira, pafupi mikono makumi asanu, mu khosi yopapatiza yokhala ndi miyala, kubwezera kumachitika. Kukutira mwamphamvu pamadzi, kukwapulidwa ndi thovu lamwazi, nthenga zikuyandama paliponse - iyi ndi nyalugwe wanyanja yamaliza kulumikizanso penguin ina. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti nyalugwe wanyanja ili ndi njira yodabwitsa kwambiri yowadyera omwe akukhudzidwa nayo. M'mbuyomu, amasenda khungu kuchokera m thupi la penguin, ngati kutchera. Kuti muchite izi, chisindikizo chimangirira mbezozo nsagwada zamphamvu ndikulikanda ndi madzi pansi pamadzi.
Kwa ola limodzi, ngati kuti timangotuluka, timayang'ana zozizwitsazi. Amawerengera anayi omwe adadyedwa ndipo penguin mmodzi woterera.»
Mwa njira, Australia idatulutsa ndalama yomwe ikuwonetsa nyalugwe wanyanja wokhala ndi mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa 1 dollar yaku Australia ndi kulemera kwama gramu 31,635. 999 siliva. Pamaso pandalama pali chithunzi cha Mfumukazi England ya Elizabeth II, kumbuyo kwa ndalama, kumaso kwa mapu a Antarctica ndi malo okhala ndi madzi ndi ayezi, nyalugwe wanyanja wokhala ndi mwana akuwonetsedwa.
Mwa njira, zithunzi zochititsa chidwizi ndi za ndani? Ndipo apa ndi wojambula wankhondo.
Wojambula Paul Nicklen adapita pansi pamadzi kuti atenge china mwa nyama zoopsa kwambiri za ku Antarctic, kambuku panyanja. Paul anali ndi mantha - nyalugwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma vertebrates amwazi ofunda (ma penguin, zisindikizo) ndikuzigwetsa zidutswazidutswa - koma akatswiri mmalo mwake anapambana. Anali munthu wamkulu kwambiri. Mzimayiyu adapita kwa wojambulayo, natsegula pakamwa pake ndikugwira dzanja ndi kamera m'mazaya. Pambuyo kanthawi adasiya ndikuyenda panyanja.
Ndipo anamubweretsera penguin wamoyo, ndikumumasulira pamaso pa Paulo. Kenako adagwiranso imodzi ndikumupatsa. Popeza wojambulayo sanachite nawo chilichonse (amangotenga zithunzi), nyamayo mwachionekere adaganiza kuti yemwe adayambitsa ziwonetserozo anali wopanda ntchito. Kapena wofooka ndi wodwala. Chifukwa chake, adayamba kumugwira ma penguin otopa. Kenako akufa, omwe sakanathanso kuyenda. Anayamba kuwabweretsa iwo mchipindacho, mwina akukhulupirira kuti Paulo adadyetsa kudzera mwa iye. Munthu wa penguin anakana kudya. Kenako kambukuyo anang'amba chimodzi mwa zidutswa, posonyeza momwe angachitire nawo.
Pofunsidwa, Paul akuvomereza kuti misozi idayamba kulira. Koma sakanatha kuchita kalikonse, popeza lamulo limaletsa kuyanjana ndi nyama za Antarctic. Mutha kungoyang'ana. Zotsatira zake ndi zithunzi zapadera za National Geographic.
Umu ndi momwe iye mwini amalankhulira ..
Pambuyo pa chisindikizo cha crabeater ndi chidindo cha Weddell, nyalugwe wanyanja ndi chisindikizo chofala kwambiri cha Antarctic. Malinga ndi asayansi, kuchuluka kwawo kum'mwera kwa nyanja kuli anthu pafupifupi 400,000. Masiku ano, mitunduyi siili pangozi.
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Chosatheka
Chosatheka
gwero jika
Kufotokozera
Akuluakulu amafika kutalika kwa thupi la 240-340 cm ndi kulemera kwa 200-590 kg. Amuna ndi ocheperako komanso opepuka kuposa achikazi. Thupi looneka ngati torpedo limasinthidwa kuti liziyenda mwachangu m'malo am'madzi ndipo limakupatsani mwayi wofulumira mpaka 40 km / h. Kuthamanga kumachitika chifukwa cha kuyenda kwa zipsepse.
Maso akulu amakhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino, omwe nyamayo imadalira kwathunthu pakusaka. Mutu umakutidwa, nsagwada zimakhala zamphamvu komanso zili ndi mano akuthwa.
Ubweya wofundira umakhala ndi mtundu wa siliva wokhala ndi mawonekedwe achoko. Zipatso zam'maso ndizitali kwambiri ndipo zimakhala ndi zofunikira kusambira pakati pa zala.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa nyalugwe zapanyanja ndi zaka pafupifupi 20. Chiwerengero chonse chikuyerekezedwa ndi anthu 300,000.
