Sauropods | |||||||||||||||||||
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Sauropods (lat. Saauropodazomwe zikutanthauza Dinosaurs) - osiyanasiyana kusiyanitsa dinosaur. Malo okhala sauropods kuyambira 200 mpaka 85 miliyoni zapitazo, ambiri a iwo amakhala nthawi ya Jurassic, koma ena amakhala nthawi ya Cretaceous, monga titanosaurus kapena Alamosaurus.
Chosintha Chakudya
Ma sauropod anali ndi m'mimba akulu kwambiri, amatha kuyika zomera pakamwa pawo ponse. Amathanso kumeza kuyenderakupera masamba m'mimba. Mitundu ina, monga ya Ankhisaur, yapanga mikanda yayikulu kuyang'ana pansi pa mizu ndi mizu. Adafika pamitengo ndi makosi awo. Ngati kutalika sikokwanira, sauropod imatha kuyimirira ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo. Koma m'malo owongoka, magazi m'khosi sangathe kupopa mtima kwa nthawi yayitali.
Suropod yaying'ono kwambiri
Ma dinosaurs oyamba omwe adakhala zaka miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo anali mita kutalika kwake. Chisinthiko chinakulitsa izi zachilengedwe. Korona ndi kutha kwa njirayi inali chimphona, chomwe chili m'gulu la asuropods - agulugufe a miyendo inayi ya abuluzi oyenda mwendo, okhala ku Jurassic mpaka nthawi ya Cretaceous.
Ndi iti mwa sauropods yaying'ono kwambiri
Zazikulu kwambiri, monga Amphicelias (Amphicoelias) - dinosaur yayikulu, nyama yayikulu kwambiri yomwe idakhalako padziko lapansi, Brachiosaurus kapena Argentinosaurus (Argentinosaurus) anali mamitala mamiliyoni kutalika ndi kulemera matani makumi.
Brachytrachelopan, Brachytrachelopan
Brachytrachelopan (Brachytrachelopan) - sauropod, womwe umakhala kutalika pafupifupi metro 7-10.
Jambulani kukula kwake
Zauropods anali ndi magawo akulu kwambiri pakati pa ma dinosaurs onse. Zopatsa zazikulu za prehistoric monga Indricotherium ndi Palaeoloxodon (nyama zazikulu kwambiri) zinali zazing'ono poyerekeza ndi zazikulu za sauropods. Mahava amakono okha ndi omwe angapikisane kukula ndi ma dinosaurs.
Imodzi mwa ma dinosaurs atali kwambiri komanso olemera kwambiri omwe amadziwika ndi mafupa ambiri kapena ochepera - Giraffatitan brancai. Mitembo yake idapezeka ku Tanzania pakati pa 1907 ndi 1912. Nyama zinafika kutalika kwa 12 m, kutalika kwake zinali 21.8-22,5 m, ndi kulemera matani 30-60. M'modzi mwa ma dinosaurs atali kwambiri - Diplodocus holoorumzopezeka ku Wyoming ku USA.
Ma dinosaurs akuluakulu amadziwikanso, koma kumangidwanso kwawo kumangotengera zolembedwa zakale. Chimodzi mwa zodziwika bwino kwambiri za sauropod ndi Argentinosaurus, mpaka 39.7 mamita.
Theropods zazikulu kwambiri zinali Spinosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus ndi Giganotosaurus. Malingaliro amakono akuwonetsa kuti kukula kwa thupi la theodod kwatsika mosalekeza zaka 50 miliyoni zapitazo, kuyambira 163 kg mpaka 0.8 kg, chifukwa pomaliza pake adasanduka mbalame.
Kodi ma sauropod onse anali akulu kwambiri?
Osati ma sauropod onse omwe amafikira kukula kwa mamiliyoni makumi angapo ndi kulemera kwa matani angapo. Makulidwe ang'onoang'ono a theropods ena adawathandiza kuyenda mwachangu, motero zimakhala zosavuta kugwira nyama yawo.
Chigoba Europasaurus holgeri
Chigoba ndi Europasaurus holgeri, yemwe wafika pamtunda wa 6 mita.
Ma sauropod ang'ono kwambiri
- Ahmdenozaur (Ahmdenosaurus liasicus) - 4 m
- Blikanazaur (Blikanasaurus cromptoni) - 3-5 m
- Magyarosaur (Magyarosaurus dacus) - 5-6 m
- Europazaur (Europasaurus holgeri) - osakwana 6.2 m
- Isanozaur (Isanosaurus) - 6.5-7 m
- Vulcanodon (Vulcanodon) - 6.5 m
- Camelotia (Camelotia) - 9 m
- Tazoudazaur (Tazoudasaurus) - 9 m
- Antetonitrus (Antetonitrus) - 8-10 m
- Brachytrachelopan (Brachytrachelopan) - 7-10 m
- Shunosaurus (Shunosaurus) - 9.5-10 m
- Amazonzaur (Amazonsaurus marahensis) - 10-12 m
Szunozaur (Shunosaurus) - osakwana 10 metres kutalika.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Khadi la bizinesi
Kufikira | Gulu | Gulu | Mtundu | Ufumu | Kasitomala |
Sauropods | Dinosaurs | Zotulutsa | Chordate | Nyama | Eukaryotes |
Kutalika mpaka m | Kutalika kwa, m | Kulemera kwa, t | Wokhala, M.L. | Habitat | Ndani amafotokoza, chaka |
37 | 17 | 73 | 231.4-66 (p. Triassic - p. Chalk) | Makontinenti onse | Charles Marsh, 1978 |
Nthawi ndi malo okhala
Panali sauropods kuchokera ku Late Triassic mpaka kumapeto kwa Cretaceous, 231.4 - 66 miliyoni zapitazo (kuyambira pakati pa Carnian kupita ku Maastrichtian). Zinali ponseponse: zotsalira zimapezeka kumayiko onse.
Kuphatikiza kwabwino kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya genera (dinani kuti mukukulitse), kochitidwa ndi wojambula wa ku Spain wa paleo Raul Martin. Dongosolo: Jen Christianen Mayina adalembedwa pansi pa dinosaurs.
Tanthauzo ndi mbiri yakale yopezedwa
Sauropoda (Sauropoda) - chopinga cha ma dinosaurs, chodziwika ndi khosi lalitali ndi michira, zigaza zazing'ono, komanso ena angapo a morphological, omwe akuwonetsedwa pansipa. M'magulu ena amapita monga gawo sauropodomorphs (Sauropodomorpha).
Dzina lachi Latin Saauropoda amachokera ku mawu achi Greek akale "mwendo wa dinosaur" ndikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a miyendo. Wolemba wake ndi paleontologist wa Britain wotchuka Charles Marsh. Adanenanso dzinali mu 1978 papepala la zasayansi. "Otchulidwa kwambiri a ma dinosaurs aku America Jurassic. Gawo I".
Oimira angapo apamwamba ochitidwa ndi waluso waku Russia Dmitry Bogdanov.
Mwambiri, zakale komanso zakale zapakati, zotsalira za sauropod zidapezeka padziko lonse lapansi nthawi zambiri. Koma zotsalira zodziwika bwino zomwe zatchulidwa m'mabukuwo zimangopezeka mu 1699. Uwu ndi ntchito ya wasayansi wa ku Wales wa ku Sweden, Edward Lluid "Lithophylacii Britannici Ichnographia, sive lapidium aliorumque fossilium Britannicorum singulari figura insignium". Nyama, yodziwika ngati dzino limodzi, idalandira kwa iye dzina loti Rutellum implicatum.
Mabwinja ofotokozedwa oyamba a sauropod adapezeka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 ku Great Britain: kutchulidwa kwawo kudayamba mu Juni 3, 1825. Inali dorsal vertebra ndi zina za miyendo ya cetiosaurus (Cetiosaurus). Mu 1841 adafotokozedwa ndi Charles Marsh. Nthawi yomweyo, sauropod wachiwiri, Cardiodon, adafotokozedwa.
Kuyambira pamenepo, zinthu zambiri zomwe zapezedwa. Mpaka pano, pafupifupi zana la ma sauropods amadziwika, ndipo chaka chilichonse chiwerengero chawo chikukula pang'onopang'ono.
Kapangidwe ka thupi
Kutalika kwa sauropods kufikira 37 metres (pathagotitan). Kutalika kuli mpaka 17 metres (zavroposeidon). Amalemera mpaka matani 73 (Argentinosaurus). Awa ndi nyama zazikulu komanso zazikulu padziko lonse lapansi padziko lonse lapansi.
Ma sauropod akuluakulu angapo, mwachitsanzo, adayikidwa ndi wojambula waku America wa paleo Scott Hartman papulogalamu yomweyo. Kodi kukula kwake sikosangalatsa? Chojambulira pazitali, Supersaurus, chimakhala pansi pa kalata E.
Koma si onse a iwo omwe anali okulirapo. Kusiyanasiyana kwake kumakhala kwakukulu. Oimira oyambirira, monga Anchisaurus, anali olemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 27 okha kutalika kwa 2.4. Panalinso abuluzi ochepa, monga Panphagia.
Ma Sauropod amasuntha makamaka ndi miyendo inayi, koma mitundu yoyambirira ikhoza kuyenda pang'ono. Ma sauropod ang'ono kwambiri anali atayenda kwambiri ndipo amatha kuthawa kwa adani. Akuluakulu adachedwa, ndipo panthawi yodzitchinjiriza adadalira kale kukula kwawo ndi zida zawo. Mitu yachibale yathupi inali yaying'ono.
Chithunzi cholemba kuchokera pa nkhani ya Michael Taylor ndi anzawo ("Mutu ndi khosi pama dinosaurs a sauropod ochokera ku nyama zakunja", 2009) ikuwonetsa kusinthasintha kwa zigaza ndi mawonekedwe oyandikira a kutembenuka molingana ndi khosi (dinani kukulitsa). Kusintha: Matthew Wedel. Mtundu kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja: Massospondylus (Massospondylus), Camarasaurus (Camarasaurus), Diplodocus (Diplodocus) ndi Nigerosaurus (Nigersaurus).
Mano amachitanso chisinthiko, koma kwambiri awa ndi mawonekedwe a supuni osawoneka bwino kapena mawonekedwe a chisel. Cervical vertebrae ndi ambiri odala. Kutalika kwa khosi kumakhala kosiyanasiyana kuchokera patali kwambiri (diplodocides ndi mamenchisaurids) mpaka sing'anga (dicreosaurids).
Mitundu yowoneka bwino ya makosi kuchokera kuzofotokozedwa ndi Michael Taylor ndi anzawo ("Makosi autali a sauropods sanatulukire makamaka posankha kugonana", 2011).
Thupi la ma sauropod linali pafupifupi lalitali mozungulira ndipo limatha ndi mchira ngati chikwapu. Kutalika kwa kotsirizira kochokera pakati (mwachitsanzo, mu brachiosaurids) mpaka kwakukulu kwambiri (diplodocides). Mu sauropods ina, adasinthanso chida chothandiza chomwe chimateteza kumbuyo kwake.
Zopatsa thanzi komanso moyo
Mwa zonse zomwe zikuwonetsedwa, ma sauropod amadya makamaka chomera chakudya. Komabe, mitundu ina, makamaka yoyambayo, imatha kudya chakudya cha nyama (zazing'ono, kuchokera kuzomera mpaka zazing'onoting'ono).
Mitundu yazomera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kukula kwake, kutalika kwa khosi ndi zina. Mwachitsanzo, Brachiosaurus (Brachiosaurus) sakanakhoza kungochika pakati, komanso mitengo yapamwamba. Ma volcode aang'ono (Vulcanodon) amadyetsedwa panthambi zapansi kapena mitundu yotsika kwambiri.
Muzojambulidwa ndi wojambula wa paleo Sergei Krasovsky, ma dicreosaurs (Dicraeosaurus) ndi magulu akuluakulu a giraffatitans (Giraffatitan) pafupi. Oyandikira kwambiri komanso osiyana kwambiri. Ma dinosaurs ataliatali analidi osiyanasiyana.
Njira zodzitetezera zinasinthanso ndipo pang'onopang'ono zinasinthidwa. Ma sauropod ang'onoang'ono oyambirira, akakumana ndi nyama yayikulu, amayembekeza kwambiri. Akuluakulu amatha kumaimirira kumbuyo ndi miyendo yakumbuyo, kukumana ndi mdani ndi zibalalazi zazikulu za kutsogolo kwa kutsogolo.
Ma sauropod akumapeto adakondwera ndi kupamwamba kwamphamvu, kukula kwakukulu komanso mchira wamphamvu. Pogwiritsa ntchito ngati chikwapu chachikulu, amatha kubweretsa zowawa ngakhale pa theropods zazikulu kwambiri.
Kusiyana pakati pa oimira mabanja atatu kuchokera kwa wojambula waku Finish IsisMasshiro.
Ndikufuna kudziwa chilichonse
Tikupitilizabe kujambula malingaliro kuchokera pamitundu kuchokera ma desiki apulo. Zomwe timakondwera ndi bwenzi langa lakale res_man? Ndipo izi ndi: »Ma dinosaurs akuluakulu komanso ang'ono kwambiri. Ndipo mu ulusi uwu mutha kusokonezeka. Ndikofunika kuti muziganizira za sauropods ndi theropods (carnosaurs) padera. Eya, ndipo ngati wina akufuna adadza) "
Tiyeni timvetsetse nkhaniyi.
Koma ntchitoyi siophweka! Choyamba, momwe mungawerengere dinosaur yayikulu kwambiri? Kutalika? Ndi kulemera? Mwa kutalika? Ndipo kusungitsa kambiri komwe mtundu wina sunatsimikiziridwe makamaka. Ndipo panjira, ma dinosaurs ambiri otseguka ali ndi kukula kofanana. Tiyeni tiwapatse mitundu ingapo pamutuwu, kenako mumasankha nokha omwe angatengedwe kuti ndi akulu kapena ang'ono kwambiri.
"Buluzi wowopsa" - ndi momwe liwu loti "Dinosaur" latanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Chigriki chakale. Malo okhala padziko lapansi pano padziko lapansi Mesozoic kwa zaka zoposa miliyoni miliyoni. Ma dinosaurs oyamba adawonekera kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Triassic (zaka 251 miliyoni zapitazo - zaka 199 miliyoni zapitazo), pafupifupi zaka miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo, ndipo kutha kwawo kunayamba kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Cretaceous (zaka miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo - zaka 65 miliyoni zapitazo), pafupifupi 65 miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo.
Otsalira a dinosaur, omwe adapezeka mu 1877 ku Colado, amawonekabe ngati mafupa a dinosaur yayikulu kwambiri - amphicelia. Amphicelia (lat. Amphicoelias kuchokera ku Greek. amphi "Mbali zonse ziwiri" ndi coelos "Opty, concave") ndi mtundu wa ma dinosaurs a herbivorous ochokera ku gulu la sauropod.
Katswiri wa paleontologist Edward Cope, yemwe adalemba nkhani ya amphicelia kumbuyo mu 1878, adapanga lingaliro pa chidutswa chimodzi cha vertebra (yomwe idawonongedwa patangotha kuyeretsa ndipo sichinakhalepo mpaka pano - chojambula chokha ndi chomwe chapulumuka), kotero kukula kwake komanso ngakhale kupezekanso kwa dinosaur iyi ndikokayikira. Ngati Amphicelias komabe akufotokozedwa molondola, ndiye kuti kutalika kwake, molingana ndi kuwerengera, kunali kuchokera 40 mpaka 62 metres, ndi misa - mpaka 155 matani . Kenako zikuwoneka kuti sizingokhala dinosaur yayikulu kwambiri yanthawi yonse, komanso yayikulu kwambiri pazinyama zomwe zimadziwika. Amphicelias ali pafupifupi kutalika kwambiri kuposa buluu wamtambo ndi 10 kutalika kuposa seismosaurus, yomwe ili pamalo achiwiri. Kenako chizindikiro chokulirapo cha nyamazo chikhale pamlingo wa amphicelias - 62 m m'litali. Komabe, malingaliro amapangidwa ponena za kupezeka kwa ma dinosaurs akuluakulu (mwachitsanzo, a Bruhatkayosaurus, yemwe adakhala nthawi ya Cretaceous.
Bruhathkayosaurus (Latin Bruhathkayosaurus) ndi imodzi mwasuropod wamkulu. Malinga ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, wolemera matani 180 kapena 220 (malinga ndi malingaliro ena - matani 240) . Boti la burhatkayosaurus mwachidziwikire ndi nyama yolemetsa kwambiri yomwe yakhalako (yachiwiri ndi chinsomba cha buluu wamatoni 200, chachitatu ndi amphicelias matani 155). Mitunduyi imaphatikizapo mitundu yokhayo yomwe imapezeka kumwera kwa India (Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu). Zaka - zaka 70 miliyoni (Cretaceous). Palibe kuwerengera komweko kutalika kwa dinosaur yopatsidwa; asayansi osiyanasiyana amatha kudziwa kutalika kwake kuchokera pa 28- 34 metres mpaka 40-44 metres.
Chosavuta
Komabe, musathamangire kukhulupirira zomwe zikunenedwa pano. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwamfupa, izi sizinatsimikizidwebe. Zongoganiza za asayansi zokha ndi zomwe zimafalikira pamalingaliro. Tidikirira zofukula zatsopano - chifukwa timangodalira zowona zokha. Ndipo ngati mumangodalira zoonadi, ndiye kuti iwo akunena.
Ngakhale akatswiri a paleontologists anena kuti adapeza zodetsa nkhawa zambiri, kukula kwa tsamba la Argentina kumathandizidwa ndi umboni wotsimikiza. Vertebra imodzi yokha ya Argentinosaurus ndi yoposa mapazi anayi! Inali ndi mbali ya kumbuyo ndi mikono pafupifupi 4.5, ndi kutalika kuyambira phewa mpaka m'chiuno. 7 m Ngati mutawonjezera kutalika kwa khosi ndi mchira wogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma titanosaurs omwe amadziwika kale pazotsatira, kutalika konse kwa kuArgentinosaurus kudzakhala mamita 30. Komabe, izi sizimapangitsa kukhala dinosaur yayitali kwambiri. Kutalika kwambiri kumawerengedwa ngati kukokoloka, komwe kutalika kwake kuchokera pamphuno mpaka pamphuno kwa mchira ndikuyerekeza 40 m, ndipo unyinjiwo umachokera ku matani 40 mpaka 80, koma, molingana ndi kuwerengera konseko, kuArgentina ndiye wolemetsa. Kulemera kwake kumatha kufika matani 100!
Kuphatikiza apo, a Argentinosaurus, mosakaikira,. ululu waukulu kwambiri pazinthu zabwino zophatikizika. Akatswiri awiri a paleontologists, a Rodolfo Coria ndi a Jose Bonaparte ochokera ku Natural History Museum ku Buenos Aires, anakumba chimphona ichi mu 1980. Malinga ndi ofufuzawo awa, a ku Argentina ndi a titanosaurs (gawo lina la sauropod la dongosolo la ma dinosaurs a dinosaur), omwe anali ofala kumayiko akumwera aku America munthawi ya Cretaceous.
Poyerekeza mafupa omwe amapezeka ndi zotsalira zomwe zikudziwika kale za sauropod, asayansi amawerengetsa kuti chamoyo chomwe chatumbidwachi chinali ndi mkono wammbuyo wamphweya pafupifupi mikono 4.5 ndi kutalika kuyambira phewa mpaka m'chiuno. 7 m Ngati mutawonjezera khosi ndi mchira kutalika kofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma titanosaurs omwe anali odziwika kale pazotsatira, ndiye kuti kutalika kwathunthu kwa kuArgentinosaurus kudzakhala mamilimita 30. Iyi si dinosaur yayitali kwambiri (yayitali kwambiri ndi seisosaur, yomwe kutalika kwake kuchokera pamphumi mpaka pamphuno kwa mchira ndikuyerekeza 40 m , ndipo kuchuluka ndikuchokera pa matani 40 mpaka 80), koma, malinga ndi kuyerekezera konse, kolemetsa kwambiri. Kulemera kwake kumatha kufika matani 100.
Zauroposeidon (Sauroposeidon) adatchedwa Poseidon, mulungu wachi Greek wanyanja. Kukula kwake, adachita mpikisano ndi a Argentinosaurus, ndipo atha kupitilira, koma kulemera kwake kunali kocheperako, malinga ndi akatswiri a paleontologists, sizimaposa matani 65, pomwe a ku Argentinosaurus amatha kulemera matani zana. Koma Zauroposeidon atha kukhala dinosaur yayitali kwambiri yomwe idayendayenda padziko lapansi, koma kodi pali cholengedwa chachitali kwambiri padziko lapansi pano! Kutalika kwake kumatha kufika pafupifupi 18-20 mamita
Zowona zake zidawonetsa kuti tsiku lililonse amayenera kudya pafupifupi tani yazomera, pafupifupi ntchito yosatha. Kuti izi zitheke, dokotalayo anali ndi mano 52 ofanana ndi chiseli omwe adadula mbewu pachitsime chimodzi. Sanadandaule kutafuna chakudya, akumeza masamba okoma, omwe nthawi yomweyo adagwera m'mimba 1, kukula kwake dziwe. Kenako madzi ake am'mimba, omwe anali amphamvu kwambiri komanso amatha kusungunula chitsulo, adagwira ntchito yonseyo.Dokotalayu anameza miyala yomwe inamuthandiza kugaya CHIKWANGWANI.
Ndikwabwino kuti dongosolo logaya chakudya lizigwira ntchito bwino kwa a dinosaur, popeza amakhala ndi zaka zana limodzi (imodzi mwautali kwambiri mu ufumu wa ma dinosaurs) ndipo pakapanda zoterezo, zimakula msanga.
Tonse tidakambirana za omwe amatchedwa sauropods (sauropods), ndipo ndani mwa anyamatawa ndi wamkulu kwambiri?
Mwina mumaganiza kuti m'gululi pakhala Tyrannosaurus Rex. Komabe, tsopano akukhulupirira kuti dinosaurus ndiyo idinosa yayikulu kwambiri yazinyama. Pakamwa pake panali ngati pakamwa pa ng'ona, ndipo kutuluka kwa kumbuyo kwake kunali ngati bwato lalikulu. Sitimayo inapangitsa kuti maonekedwe a theropod akhale okongola koposa. "Sitima" yachikopa inafika pamtunda wamamita awiri. Chilombo chokha chinali chachikulu kuposa 17 metres ndipo anali kulemera matani 4. Adasuntha miyendo yake yakumbuyo ngati mankhwala ena. Kutalika kwake kumatha kupitirira 20 mapazi. Werengani zambiri za dinosaur.
Spinosaurus inali "chikepe" cha chikopa chomwe chimatambasulidwa pamwamba pa machitidwe a vertebrae, mpaka kutalika kwa mita 2. Chilombo chokha chinali chachikulu kuposa 17 metres ndipo anali kulemera matani 4. Adasuntha miyendo yake yakumbuyo ngati mankhwala ena.
Ophunzirawa amasaka okha, akugwira nyama. Nthawi yomweyo, adadalira kukula kwake kwakukulu ndi mphamvu ya nsagwada, kutalika, ngati pliosaurus, ndipo ali ndi mano akuthwa opindika. Nyamayi idadyamo nsomba zazikuluzikulu, koma imatha kuwombera ngakhale dinosaur-sauropod ya kukula kwake. Mano akuponya khosi la sauropod, spinosaurus inagwira khosi, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti wophedwayo afe msanga. Amathanso kulimbana ndi ng'ona, pterosaurs ndi shaki zamadzi oyera.
Pakati pajumpha, spinosaurus ikhoza kutembenukiranso dzuwa. Muli izi, "bwalo" lidasinthidwa kuti liwongolere dzuwa ndipo silinatenthe kutentha, kotero spinosaur, yemwe, monga zosefera zonse, anali wamagazi ozizira, adapewa ngozi yotentha. Ngati mwadzidzidzi atamva kutentha kwambiri, amatha kulowa pansi kunyanja kapena mumtsinje ndikunyowetsa "bwato" lake m'madzi kuti am'ziziritse. M'mawa kwambiri ngakhale nyengo yotentha ya Cretaceous, mwina kutentha sikunali kokwanira ngati masana. Ndikotheka kuti mbandakucha spinosaurus inali yowonda kwambiri. Kenako amatha kuimirira kuti kuwala kwa dzuwa kugwere pa ndege ya "seweroli", monga momwe chithunzi. Pali lingaliro lina, malinga ndi momwe amakhulupirira kuti "bwato" nthawi yakukonzekera itha kukhala njira yokopa akazi.
Zikuwoneka kuti spinosaurus anali m'modzi mwa anthu omwe anali olusa kwambiri pa Late Cretaceous. Kutalika kwa thupi lake kuyambira kumapeto kwa mphuno mpaka kumapeto kwa mchira wake kunali pafupifupi 15m - kuposa kutalika kwa basi yamakono. Mu fanizoli mukuwona mzere waziphuphu wazitali, womwe ndi wautali kwambiri womwe umafikira mita 1.8. Masipikisheni amenewa anali maziko a "bwato" la spinosaurus. Malipidwe atali kwambiri anali pakatikati, kangaude aliyense mkati anali woonda kwambiri kuposa kumapeto. Thupi lalikulu kwambiri la spinosaurus limachirikizidwa ndi miyendo iwiri yamphamvu ngati chapilala, ndipo miyendoyo inathera mbali zitatu zakuthwa. Kuphatikiza apo, panali chala china chofooka pamendo uliwonse. Zovala zazikulu pamapazi a spinosaurus zitha kukhala zothandiza kwa iye kuti apulumutse woyesayo kuti athawe. Miyendo yam'mwamba ya spinosaurus inali yochepa, komanso yolimba kwambiri. Kapangidwe ka chigoba cha spinosaur kunali kofanana ndi kapangidwe ka chigaza cha ma dinosaurs ena achilengedwe, mawonekedwe ake anali mano owongoka, akuthwa ngati mipeni yodulira nyama, yomwe imatha kubowola ngakhale khungu lakuthwa kwambiri. Mchira wa spinosaurus unali wautali, wotakataka komanso wamphamvu. Asayansi amati nthawi zina, spinosaurus amatha kugwetsa pansi mwa kuboola ming'alu yamphamvu kwambiri.
Izi ndi zina mwazomwe zingatchulidwe, zomwe zingapikisane ndi dinosaur yayikulu kwambiri. Ndipo izi sizanso Tyrannosaurus Rex :-)
Tarbosaurus (Tarbosaurus), mtundu wamankhwala opha nyama zikuluzikulu zosowa (ochita masewera apamwamba). Zilonda zazikulu pamtunda - kutalika kwa thupi nthawi zambiri kupitirira 10 m, kutalika pamalo oyenda miyendo iwiri ndi pafupifupi 3.5 m. Chibowo ndi chachikulu (kuposa 1 mita), mano akulu, olimba kwambiri, opangidwa kuti aukire nyama zazikulu kwambiri (makamaka ma dinosaurs a herbivorous). Kutsogolo kwa T kumachepa ndipo kumangokhala ndi zala ziwiri zokha, miyendo yakumbuyo imapangidwa bwino, ndikupanga limodzi ndi mchira wamphamvu, utatu wothandizirana ndi thupi. Mafupa a T. adapezeka mu Upper Cretaceous sediments of the South Gobi (MPR).
Lit: Maleev E.A., Giant carnosaurs of the Tyrannosauridae, in the book: Fauna and biostratigraphy of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic of Mongolia, M., 1974, p. 132-91
Asia Tarbosaurus (Tarbosaurus bataar) anali wachibale wa dinosaurs waku North America wa kumapeto kwa Cretaceous. Tarbosaurus ndi bulu wolanda. Kuchokera pachiwonetsero mpaka pofika mchira - pafupifupi mita khumi. Chachikulu kwambiri mwa izo chili ndi kutalika kwa 14 m ndi 6 m kutalika. Kukula kwa mutu ndikuposa mita kutalika. Mano ake anali akuthwa, owoneka ngati agalu. Zonsezi zinalola Tarbosaurus kuthana ndi adani omwe thupi lawo limatetezedwa ndi zida za mafupa.
Ndi kutalika kwake ndi mawonekedwe ake, adawoneka ngati azilango. Ankayendanso miyendo yam'mbuyo yolimba, pogwiritsa ntchito mchira kuti asachite bwino. Zatsogolazo zinali zochepetsedwa kwambiri, ziwiri-ziwiri, ndipo zikuoneka kuti zimangophatikiza chakudya basi.
Mwa zoyamba kupezeka ndi dinosaur ku England panali kachidutswa ka nsagwada ya pansi ndi mano angapo. Zikuoneka kuti inali ya buluzi wamkulu wolusa, yemwe pambuyo pake adatenthedwa ndi
megalosaurus (dinosaur wamkulu). Popeza sizinali zotheka kudziwa mbali zina za thupi, zinali zosatheka kupanga lingaliro lolondola la mawonekedwe a thupi ndi kukula kwa chinyama. Amakhulupirira kuti pangolin imayenda pamiyendo inayi. Pakadutsa nthawi yayitali, mafupa ena ambiri ofukula zinthu zakale afukula, koma mafupa athunthu sanapezeke. Pambuyo pofananiza ndi ma dinosaurs ena olusa (carnosaurs), ochita kafukufukuwo adazindikira kuti megalosaurus imathamanganso ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo, kutalika kwake kunafika mita 9 ndikulemera tani. Ndi kulondola kwambiri, zinali zotheka kukonzanso allosaurus (bulu wina). Ku America, zikopa zake zopitilira 60 zopezeka mosiyanasiyana zidapezeka. Ma Allosaurs akuluakulu kwambiri amafika kutalika kwa 11-12 metres, ndi kulemera kuchokera 1 mpaka 2 matani. Zachidziwikire, ma dinosaurs a Gagant herbivorous anali nyama yawo, zomwe zimatsimikizira chidutswa chopezeka cha mchira wa apatosaurus wokhala ndi zilembo zakuya kwambiri komanso mano onse a allosaurus adatulutsidwa.
Chokulirapo, mwanjira zonse, panali mitundu iwiri yomwe idakhala zaka 80 miliyoni pambuyo pake mu nthawi ya Cretaceous, ndiyo: tyrannosaurus (buluzi wankhanza) wochokera ku North America ndi buluzi wowopsa wochokera ku Mongolia. Ngakhale mafupa sanasungidwe kwathunthu (nthawi zambiri mchirawo umasowa), akukhulupirira kuti kutalika kwake kunafikira 14-15 metres, kutalika kwa 6 mita, ndi kulemera kwa thupi kufikira matani 5-6. Mituyi idalinso yochititsa chidwi: chigaza cha tarbosaurus chotalika mita 1.45, ndi chigaza chachikulu kwambiri cha wankhanza - 1,37 metres. Mano okhala ngati agwada otuluka masentimita 15 anali amphamvu kwambiri mpaka amatha kugwira nyama yolimba. Koma sizikudziwika ngati zimphona izi zimathadi kufunafuna nyama kapena zinali zazikulu kwambiri motero. Mwina anadya zovalazo kapena zotsalazo za nyama zing'onozing'ono zomwe sizinali zovuta kuthamangitsa. Kutsogolo kwa dinosaur kunali kochepa kwambiri komanso kofowoka, ndipo kunali zala ziwiri zokha. Ndipo chala chachikulu chokhala ndi ubweya wazitali 80 cm chinapezeka m'khola la tercinosaurus (buluzi wooneka ngati crescent) Koma sizikudziwika ngati chala ichi chinali chokha komanso kukula kwa nyama yonseyo. Spinosaurus ya mita 12 (buluzi wa spiny) inalinso ndi chidwi. Kumbuyo kwake, khungu lake lidakutidwa ngati mawonekedwe amkwatibwi wa 1.8 mita. Mwina izi zidamuthandiza kuthamangitsa otsutsana ndi omwe akupikisana nawo, kapena mwina amatulutsa kutentha pakati pa thupi ndi chilengedwe.
Kodi “dzanja lowopsa” lalikulu linali ndani? Mpaka pano, tiribe mwayi kulingalira momwe chinkhanira cholusa chimawoneka, chomwe, mwatsoka, mafupa akutsogolo ndi miyendo yakumbuyo ndi omwe apezeka pakadali pano, mwatsoka, pakufukula ku Mongolia. Koma kutalika kwa kutsogoloku kokha kunali mikono iwiri ndi theka, ndiye kuti, pafupifupi wofanana kutalika kwa deinonychus lonse kapena kanayi kutalika kwa kutsogolo kwake. Panali zala zazikulu zitatu mdzanja lililonse, mothandizidwa ndi zomwe zinali zotheka kubaya ndi kugwetsa ngakhale nyama yayikulu kwambiri. Atadabwitsidwa ndi izi, ofufuza ku Poland adatcha dinosaur deinocheyrus, kutanthauza "dzanja lowopsa".
Ngati titenga kufananizira kukula kwa dinosaur ya nthiwatiwa, yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi kutsogolo, koma yayitali kutalika kanayi, titha kuganiza kuti deinocheyrus inali yayikulu kuphatikiza kamodzi ndi theka kuposa wankhanza! Okonda ndi osaka ma dinosaurs padziko lonse lapansi akuyembekezera kupeza komwe mafupa awupeza komanso kufotokozera za chinsinsi chachikulu "dzanja lowopsa".
Tarbosaurs, zotsalira zomwe zimapezeka kum'mwera kwa Gobi Desert, ndi ma dinosaurs akuluakulu odyetsa nyama. Kutalika kwa matupi awo kunafika pa 10, ndipo kutalika kwa 3.5 metres. Adasaka ma dinosaurs akuluakulu a herbivorous. Ma Tarbosaurs adadziwika ndi kukula kwa chidwi cha chigaza - mwa achikulire amaposa mita imodzi.
Malinga ndi akatswiri, dinosaur, amene chigaza chake chomwe munthu womangidwa adafuna kugulitsa, adakhala padziko lathu lapansi zaka 50-60 miliyoni zapitazo.
Chaka chilichonse, akatswiri a ku Mongolia otsogola komanso maulendo apadziko lonse lapansi amapeza ku South Gobi zotsalira zatsopano za tarbozavra.
Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka zam'ma 1990, ziwonetsero zapaderazi zidayamba kugwa mwachangu m'manja achinsinsi. Malinga ndi mabungwe okhazikitsa lamulo la Mongolia, anthu ochita malonda osokoneza bongo amagwira ntchito mobera. M'zaka zaposachedwa, apolisi anyani ndi apolisi ayimitsa maulendo angapo kuti atumize mazira ndi zigawo za mafupa a dinosaur kunja.
Chifukwa chake, ndi iti mwa olemba rekodi omwe tili nawo pamndandanda wa Dinosaurs zam'madzi?
Korona wakulemera ndi kukula kwa banja la pliosaurs ndi a lyoplervodone. Inali ndi zipilala zinayi zamphamvu (mpaka 3 mita kutalika) ndi mchira wamfupi, pambuyo pake zoponderezedwa kuchokera kumbali. Mano ndi akulu, mpaka 30 cm (mwina mpaka 47 cm!), Ozungulira pamtanda. Imafikira mita 15 mpaka 18. Kutalika kwa zokwawa izi kunafika pa 15 metres. Liopleurodons adadye nsomba zazikulu, ammonites, komanso adazunzanso nyama zina zapamadzi. Iwo anali otsogola otchuka a Nyanja Ya Lapansi Jurassic. Werengani zambiri za dinosaur.
Yofotokozedwa ndi G. Savage mu 1873 pa dzino limodzi kuchokera ku zigawo za Late Jurassic za dera la Boulogne-sur-Mer (kumpoto kwa France). Mafupa adapezeka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 ku Peterborough, England. Nthawi ina, mtundu wa Liopleurodon unaphatikizidwa ndi mtundu wa Pliosaurus (Pliosaurus). Liopleurodon ili ndi lingaliro lalifupi la nsagwada yakumbuyo komanso mano ochepa kuposa pliosaurus. Onse awiri amapanga banja Pliosauridae.
Liopleurodon ferox - mitundu yamitundu. Kutalika konseku kunafika pa 25 metres. Kutalika kwa chigaza ndi 4 mita. Ndinakhala m'malo osungira kumpoto kwa Europe (England, France) ndi South America (Mexico). Liopleurodon pachydeirus (Callovian Europe), wodziwika ndi mawonekedwe amchiberekero ya khosi pachibelekeropo. Liopleurodon rossicus (aka Pliosaurus rossicus). Yofotokozedwa ndi chigaza pafupifupi chonsecho kuchokera ku Late Jurassic (nthawi ya Titonia) ya m'chigawo cha Volga. Chigoba chimakhala cha kutalika kwa 1 - 1.2 m. Chidutswa cha chopondera chimphona chachikulu kwambiri m'mabatani omwewo chimatha kukhala chamtundu womwewo. Pankhaniyi, ma lyopleurodon aku Russia sanali otsika kuposa mitundu ya ku Europe. Zinthu zotsalazo zikuwonetsedwa ku Museum ya Paleontological ku Moscow. Liopleurodon macromerus (aka Pliosaurus macromerus, Stretosaurus macromerus). Kimmeridge - Titone waku Europe ndi South America. Mawonekedwe akulu kwambiri, kutalika kwa chigaza chinafika pamamita atatu, kutalika konse kuyenera kuyambira 15 mpaka 20 mita.
Liopleurodons anali pliosaurs wamba - wokhala ndi mutu wopapatiza (osachepera 1/4 - 1/5 wa kutalika kwathunthu), nsapato zinayi zamphamvu (mpaka 3 mita kutalika) ndi mchira waufupi pambuyo pake woponderezedwa kuchokera mbali. Mano ndi akulu, mpaka 30 cm (mwina mpaka 47 cm!), Ozungulira pamtanda. Ku nsonga za nsagwada, mano amapanga mtundu wa "rosette". Mphuno zakunja sizimagwira ntchito yopumira - posambira, madzi adalowa m'mphuno yamkati (yomwe ili kutsogolo kwa zakunja) ndipo adatuluka m'mphuno zakunja. Mtsinje wamadzi udadutsa chida cha Jacobson, ndipo motero "opleople "adavutira madziwo. Cholengedwachi chimapumira pakamwa pake pomwe chimatsikira. Liopleurodons amatha kuyenda pansi kwambiri komanso kwa nthawi yayitali. Amasambira mothandizidwa ndi mapepala akuluakulu, omwe amawasunthira ngati mapiko a mbalame. Liopleurodons anali ndi chitetezo chabwino - anali ndi mafupa olimba pansi pa khungu lawo. Monga ma pliosaurs onse, ma lyopleurodons anali viviparous.
Mu 2003, zotsalira za mitundu ya Liopleurodon ferox zidapezeka ku Mexico kumapeto kwa Jurassic. Imafikira mita 15 mpaka 18. Anali munthu wachichepere. Mafuta a mano ake amapezeka m'mafupa ake. Poyerekeza ndi zovulala izi, wotsutsayo amatha kupitirira 20 metres, chifukwa mano ake anali 7 cm mulifupi komanso 40 cm kutalika. Mu 2007, zotsalira za ma pliosaurs akulu kwambiri amtundu wosadziwika zidapezeka mu Jurassic deposits of the Svalbard polarchip. Kutalika kwa zokwawa izi kunafika pa 15 metres. Liopleurodons adadye nsomba zazikulu, ammonites, komanso adazunzanso nyama zina zapamadzi. Iwo anali otsogola otchuka a Nyanja Ya Lapansi Jurassic.
Ndi zazikulu kwambiri mwina chilichonse, sankhani chimodzi chomwe mungakonde chotsala :-) Ndipo tsopano zazing'ono kwambiri ...
Mu 2008, Asayansi anapeza chigaza cha chimodzi mwa zazing'onoting'ono zazing'ono kwambiri zomwe zinkakhala Padziko Lapansi. Kupeza kumeneku kungathandize kupeza yankho ku funso loti bwanji ma dinosaurs ena adayamba kukhala azitsamba.
Chigoba, chochepera mainchesi awiri (pafupi mainchesi 5), chinali cha Heterodontosaurus cub, yemwe amakhala zaka pafupifupi 190 miliyoni zapitazo ndipo anali mainchesi 6 (main sentimita 15.24) ndi mainchesi 18 (pafupifupi 46 sentimita) kuchokera kumutu mpaka kumapeto kwa mchira.
Koma mochulukirapo, sizinali kukula kwa nyamayi yomwe inawakopa asayansi, koma mano ake. Maganizo a akatswiri okhudza ngati heterodontosaurus adadya nyama kapena mbewu adagawikana. Duwa laling'ono, lomwe kulemera kwake, malinga ndi The Telegraph, likufanana ndi foni yam'manja, imakhala ndi mano komanso mano a nthawi zonse. Pali lingaliro loti amuna akuluakulu amakhala ndi ma fangayi ndipo amawagwiritsa ntchito pomenya nkhondo kuti apange gawo, koma kupezeka kwawo m'makola kumatsutsa chiphunzitsochi. Mwinanso, mafangawa amayenera kutetezedwa kwa adani.
Tsopano asayansi omwe apeza nyamayo ali ndi lingaliro lakuti heterodontosaurus inali pachisinthiko kuchokera ku carnivore kupita ku herbivore. Ichi mwina chinali cholengedwa chodabwitsa, kudyetsa makamaka pazomera, koma kusiyanitsa chakudyacho ndi tizilombo, zolengedwa zazing'ono zazing'ono, kapena zokwawa.
A Laura Porro, Ph.D. ochokera ku University of Chicago, USA, adanenanso kuti ma dinosaurs onse poyamba anali achilengedwe: "Popeza heterodontosaurus ndi imodzi mwamadinala oyamba kutengera mbewu, itha kuyimira gawo lakusintha kuchokera kwa makolo akale kukhala mbadwa zamadyedwe zokhazokha. Chibade chake chikuwonetsa kuti ma dinosaurs onse amtunduwu anapulumuka motere. ”
Zomera zakale za Heterodontosaurus ndizosowa kwambiri: ndizopeza ziwiri zokha kuchokera ku South Africa zokhala achikulire zomwe zadziwika mpaka pano.
A Laura Porro adapeza gawo la chigoba cha mbewa chamabowo chokhala ndi zokumbira zakale ziwiri zakale atakumbidwa ku Cape Town mu 60s. Dr. Richard Butler, katswiri pa London Museum of Natural History, adafotokoza zomwe zapezazo ndizofunika kwambiri, chifukwa zimapereka mwayi wophunzirira momwe nyamayi idasinthira pakukula. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, zokwawa zambiri zimasintha mano awo m'miyoyo yawo yonse, pomwe heterodontosaurus idachita izi pakusasitsa, monga zolengedwa.
Mmodzi wocheperako:
Koma mu 2011, kupezeka kwa zinthu zakale zatsopano kungasonyeze kukhalapo kwa mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi pakati pa ma dinosaurs onse odziwika. Kukula kwa cholengedwa chonga mbalame mu maula, omwe amakhala zaka zoposa 100 miliyoni zapitazo, sikunapitirire mainchesi 15.7 (main sentimita 40) kutalika.
Bokosalo, lomwe linapangidwa ngati fupa laling'ono la khosi, lomwe limapezeka kum'mwera kwa Britain, limangofika kotala pafupifupi mamilimita 7.1. Unali wa dinosaur wamkulu yemwe adakhalako nthawi ya Cretaceous Phula 145-100 miliyoni zapitazo, malinga ndi kusindikiza kwaposachedwa kwa Cretaceous Research, paleozoologist ku University of Portsmouth Darren Naish.
Kupeza kumeneku kuyenera kuyika pakati pa dinosaur zazing'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi dinosaur ina yomwe ili ngati mbalame, yomwe mpaka pano imatchedwa Anchiornis, yemwe ankakhala m'dera lomwe tsopano limatchedwa China, zaka 160 miliyoni 155 zapitazo. Fupa lomwe lapezeka posachedwa ndi la nthumwi ya maniraptoran, gulu la ma dinosaurs apropod omwe akuganiziridwa kuti ndi makolo akale a mbalame zamakono.
Pokhala ndi mbuna yomwe inali ndi vertebra imodzi yokha m'manja, nkovuta kudziwa kuti dinosaur yaying'ono ija inali kudya chiyani ngakhale kukula komwe inali nako.
Vertebra ilibe msambo wamanjenje, owuma, otseguka, mafupa osatseka mpaka dinosaur atakula, malinga ndi Naish ndi mnzake waku Yunivesite ya Portsmouth, Steven Sweetmen. Izi zikutanthauza kuti dinosaur adamwalira monga nyama yachikulire.
Koma kuwerengetsa kutalika kwa dinosaur kutalikirana ndi fupa limodzi inali ntchito yovuta. Ofufuzawo adagwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa maniraptoran. Njira yoyamba inaphatikiza kupanga mtundu wa digito wa khosi la dinosaur, kenako asayansi adaika khosi ili pachiwonetsero cha nthumwi zoyimira za maniraptoran.
Njirayi ndi luso kuposa sayansi, monga Naish adalemba pa blog yake, Tetrapod Zoology, kulosera kuti izi ziyenera kukhumudwitsa ofufuza ena. Njira yowerengera pang'ono, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera makosi ndi phokoso la ma dinosaurs ena okhudzana, idagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa kutalika kwatsopano kwa maniraptoran. Njira zonsezi zidatsogolera ziwerengero zotsatila - mainchesi 13-15.7 (masentimita 33-50), monga Naish adanenera.
Dayinizi yatsopanoyo ilibe dzina lovomerezeka ndipo imabatizidwa ndi dzina lakutchedwa Ashdown maniraptorian polemekeza malo omwe adapezeka. Ngati zitapezeka kuti Ashdown dino adzakhala dinosaur yaying'ono kwambiri yomwe yalembedwa, ikuphwanya cholembedwa cha dinosaur yaying'ono kwambiri ku North America yomwe ikudziwika kale, yokuza pafupifupi masentimita 15. Dino uyu, Hesperonychus elizabethae, anali wadyera wozungulira yemwe anali ndi mpango wowoneka bwino wazala. Kutalika kwake kunali pafupifupi mita ndi theka (50 cm) ndipo anali wolemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu awiri (2 kilogalamu).
Mu ma 1970 m'mphepete mwa Upper Triassic ku Newfoundland (Canada) kamtengo kakang'ono kanasiyidwa ndi winawake, wamkulu kuposa wotupa. Kapangidwe ka zala kamafanizira ma dinosaurs ooneka bwino nthawi imeneyo. Kusindikizaku ndi gawo laling'ono kwambiri la mtundu wa dinosaur womwe udapezeka padziko lapansi. Komabe, sizikudziwika kuti ndi liti lomwe munthu amene adasiya chizindikiro - wamkulu kapena mwana.
Ndipo tikumbukira imodzi mwazosinthazo Kodi ma dinosaurs adamwalira bwanji?, komanso kukumbukira omwe otere Pocket dinosaur Chabwino, funso, lomwe siligwirizana ndi mutu wathu waposachedwa - Kodi chinayamba ndi dzira kapena nkhuku ndi chiyani?
Maonekedwe a Sinthani
Ma sauropod onse anali ma dinosaurs akulu. Chachikulu kwambiri chinali pafupifupi 32 metres, ndipo chaching'ono kwambiri mpaka 6 metres. Matupi awo ankawoneka ngati matupi a njovu kuposa matupi a abuluzi: miyendo yayikulu ikulu, thupi looneka ngati mbiya, wokhala ndi mimba yayitali, khosi lalitali, komanso michira yayikulu. Ma sauropod anali ofanana ndi twiga. Ena mwa ma sauropod anali ndi ma buleti okhala ndi bulu womera kumtunda wonse wa nyamayo, chifukwa cha izi, ma suropodi sanathe kutukula makosi awo, ndipo anadya masamba ochokera kuzitsamba ndi mitengo yaying'ono. Ena, mmalo mwake, opanda mafupa mafoni amatha kufikira nsonga za mitengo. Khosi lokha linali pulasitiki kwambiri, limatha kuzungulira madigiri 40-50. Amakhala ndi mphuno zazikulu. Mano ndi ang'ono, a putty-like.