Chiwonetsero chofunikira pakusaka. Kamodzi mbalame yokongola iyi inali ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu za ku Europe, koma kuyambira pomwe idayamba kusaka nthawi zambiri tsopano idalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira.
Mbalame ya Bustard kukula kwake kwakukulu, ndi chiwonetsero chofunikira. Nthawi zina mbalameyi imatchedwanso Dudak. Koma kusaka sindiye chifukwa chokha cha kutha kwa mitunduyi.
Zovuta zomwe zikukhudza kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi zitha kuphatikizaponso kulima m'minda, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana pokonzekera dzikolo, komanso kusintha kwa malo omwe mbalame zodziwika bwino.
Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala
Ku Europe, ndiye mbalame yayikulu kwambiri yomwe imatha kuuluka. Amakhala ku Russia. Mbalame ya Bustard steppe mwa zizindikilo zakunja zimakhala ndi izi:
- ali ndi thupi lalikulu, lamatumbo,
- kulemera kwaimuna kuyambira pa 15 mpaka 20 kg,
- kutalika kwa amuna mpaka mita,
-Miyezo yolemera mpaka 6 kg,
- kutalika kwa thupi 70-110 cm,
- mulomo wamphamvu komanso wamfupi womwe umalola mbalameyo kupeza chakudya chamitundu mitundu,
- Kutalika ndi kutalika
- mbalame yosalankhula,
Utoto, wofiyira, wa utoto (imvi),
-mimba ndi mchira oyera,
- amuna ndi akulu kuposa akazi, ndipo ali ndi mashawi am'maso (omwe amasowa pakukhetsa kugwa),
- khalani ndi masomphenya abwino,
Mbalameyi ili ndi miyendo yamphamvu yokhala ndi zala zitatu zomwe zimathandizira kuthamanga kwambiri, imakutidwa ndi mamba, komanso yopanda maula. Ngakhale kukula kwake, ntchentche za ntchentche. Kuti achotsepo amafunika kuthamanga.
Mabatani sakonda kuuluka, amakonda kuthawa adani
Mbalame ya bustard imakhala kumapiri a ku Europe ndi Asia. Popeza ma steppes ambiri, mbalame zimayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yayitali, zimasinthana kuminda yomwe idalimidwa, ndikudya nawo paminda yolimidwa. Samakonda udzu wautali ndipo amakonda maluwa.
Ophatikizidwa amayesa kukhala m'magulu ndipo amakhala phee. Mbalame ya Bustard steppe, nthawi zambiri nthawi yozizira imakhala m'malo ake, koma nthawi yozizira itakhalaitali, imatha kupita kukasaka chakudya komwe ikatentha. Kwakukulu, ngati nyengo ili yozizira, mbalameyo imatha kutchulidwa kuti imasamuka.
Amakhala ochita chidwi komanso amantha, akuwona zoopsa ali kutali, thawani ndikabisala m'minda. Pambuyo pake, sangapezeke. Zimawuluka kwambiri pansi, osathamanga. Mapiko ali ndi mamita 2.5. Anthu omwe ndi achikulire sakonda kuuluka. Ambiri mwa moyo wawo amapita kukafunafuna chakudya.
Pali magulu awiri abwinowa: European and East Siberian. Mbalame yaku Europe imasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wamdima wakuda, mawonekedwe am'kati ndi mikwingwirima yopapatiza komanso mawonekedwe pang'ono. East Siberian ili ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino kumbuyo, zingwe ndizotakata ndipo amuna amuna amakhala ndi zofanana ndi masharubu, nthenga pamutu komanso.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mbalame ya mbalamezi imakhala nthawi yayitali kutchire, ikufuna chakudya. Mbalameyi ilibe thukuta thukuta, motero chifukwa cha kutentha imagona pansi ndikufalitsa mapiko awo, ndikupumira kwambiri.
Kapena kubisala mumthunzi. Alinso ndi nthenga zamafuta, ndichifukwa chake amanyowa. Izi zimakhala zoyipa kwambiri chifukwa cha chisanu, mbalame zikafika kunyowa ndikusungunuka, ndizovuta kuyendayenda.
Zakudya za mbalamezi zimaphatikizapo mbewu monga chimanga, udzu (zazing'ono makamaka zimakonda), tizilombo (dzombe, ziwala) komanso mphutsi. Chokoma kwa iwo ndi achule, abuluzi ndi mbewa.
Mbalameyi imadziwika kuti imakhala nyama yolusa kwambiri; imadyetsa anapiye komanso abale awo ofooka. Mbalame zimadyera m'mawa kwambiri kapena nthawi yamadzulo. Zimakhala zovuta kuwona mbalame masana.
Mbalameyi itatha kudya ndi mtima wonse, imapita kumalo othirira kuti ichotse ludzu. Amasankha bwino madzi, chifukwa chake amaika zisa zawo pafupi ndi matupi amadzi omwe amakonda, ndipo nthawi yozizira amagwiritsa ntchito chipale chofewa. Koma amadyetsa anapiye awo okha ndi nyerere ndi mphutsi zake.
Kuphwanya chiwombankhanga chimatha kuwukira kuchokera kumwamba. Ziwonetserozi zimakondanso kudya mbalameyi. Amagwidwa: nkhandwe ndi mimbulu, komanso amphaka ndi agalu. Nkhondo nazonso zili pachiwopsezo, nyama zolusa zimakonda kusangalala ndi anapiye ndi mazira otumphukira.
Mbalame ya Bustard. Kufotokozera, mawonekedwe, mitundu, njira yokhala ndi malo owonda
Steppe wopusa, wofanana ndi nthiwatiwa yaying'ono, ndi munthu wokhala m'mabusa. M'mbuyomu, mbalame zinkakhala kumadera achipululu a Europe ndi Africa. Kummwera kwa Russia, mbalame zimawonetsedwa ngati "masewera achifumu". Lero zikusowa ponseponse kuphulika - mu Red Book.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Ubale mu mbalame umayamba masika, ndimasewera akukhwima. Wamphongo amakula mchaka chachisanu cha moyo wake, ndiye mu m'badwo uwu momwe amapezeka kuti ndiwowoneka wachikazi. Akazi okhwima mwachangu, ali ndi zaka zapakati pa 3-4 ali okonzeka kukhwima.
Poyamba, yamphongo imanyamula mchira wofunda, ndikuwonetsa chovala chake choyera. Kenako amatenthetsera khosi lake ndi kuponyera kumbuyo kwake, ndikuwonetsa. Ndipo chochita chomaliza ndikufalitsa mapiko anu kuti akazi onse azithokoza. Mutha kumvanso nyimbo zoimbidwa. Masewera olimbitsa thupi amayamba m'mawa kwambiri.
Maubwenzi awo ndi mitala, nthawi imodzi yamphongo imatha kukwatiwa ndi akazi angapo. Akakhwima, wamkazi amapita kukamanga chisa, ndipo champhongo chimanyenga akazi ena.
Zachikazi zimakumba dzenje lakuya kwambiri ndikukulaza ndi udzu. Kuphatikiza apo, amabwerera kumalo osungirako nyama chaka chilichonse. Kuyambira Epulo mpaka Meyi, mazira osaposa atatu amayikidwa, ndi awiri a masentimita 9. Nyengo, mazira amayikidwa kamodzi. Mazira amakhala a bulauni wobiriwira kapena azitona mu mpango.
Wamkazi m'modzi amapanga mazira, kuyambira milungu itatu kapena inayi. Pafupifupi sizingatheke kumuona ali pamazira chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake. Tsiku limodzi lokha mwana wankhuku amakhala mchisa, kuyambira tsiku lachiwiri amapita ndi amayi ake kukafunafuna chakudya.
Ngati anapiyewo atakhala chisa, mayiyo mwiniyo amamubweretsera chakudya, ndipo akaona kuti chawonongeka, amalira ndipo anapiyewo amabisala mu udzu. Wamkazi amachotsa zoopsa, kunamizira kuti akudwala pachisa, kenako nkuyamba kumenya mdaniyo. Pakatha miyezi 1.5, anapiyewo ali ndi ufulu kuuluka, koma anyani amawasamalira. M'dzinja, mbalame zimawulukira nthawi yachisanu.
Bustard ndi wamanyazi kwambiri, mbalame imabisala ndipo imakonzekeretsa zisa m'mitengo yayitali
Chiyembekezo cha moyo ndi zaka 20. Amuna amatha kufupikitsa nthawi yawo yokhala ndi moyo, akudya kwambiri nthawi zambiri.
Bustard ndi mtundu wocheperako, kuti mbalameyo isatheretu papulaneti lathu, yalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira. Sizoletsedwa kusaka, asayansi akufunafuna njira zokulira wopusa kunyumba.
Ngati ogwira ntchito m'malo apadera omwe amatetezedwa ndi nyama zomwe zatsala kuti zitha kukhala ndi mazira a nkhuku m'malo owopsa moyo wake, ndiye kuti amadzisonkhanitsa ndikuziyika zofunikira. Akapaka amphaka, amamasulidwa kuthengo.
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Mbalame yayikulu ikudumphira m'magulu ankhondowo. Dzina lachiwiri ndi Dudak. Tanthauzo lachivomerezi la liu loti bustard limapezeka mu kuphatikiza "kuthamanga" ndi "mbalame". Mawuwa adakhazikika mu chisangalalo cha wophulitsayo kuti athawe, osati kuthawa kwangozi.
Bustard wamba
Ndi thupi lalikulu, mbalameyi imafanana ndi nkhata. Chifuwa chokuluka, khosi lakuda. Zosiyanasiyana za Bustard ndizosangalatsa. Amuna amalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 19, kuchuluka kwa akazi ndi theka. Kutalika kwa anthu akuluakulu ndi mamilimita 0.8 - 1. Ndikosavuta kuzindikira bustard ndi mapiko ake ambiri, mchira wautali wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira kumapeto. Chovala chowoneka ngati fan mu mawonekedwe osalala a bustard chimakanikizira thupi, kuwulula mchira woyera. Mbalame ikafalikira mapiko ake, mapikowo ndi 210-260 cm.
Malingaliro olimba amiyendo yopanda maula, okhala ndi miyeso ya imvi. Miyendo imasinthidwa bwino ndikuyenda pansi, kuthamanga kwambiri. Pamapazi, zala 3. Amadziwa kuuluka bwino, koma amakonda moyo wapadziko lapansi. Zimatenga khama, koma kenako kunyamula liwiro. Mu malongosoledwe achilendo titha kuwonjezera kuti pothawa iye akhotetsa khosi lake, ndikunyamula miyendo yake. Akatswiri a zamankhwala amati ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri kuposa mbalame zonse zokhala ndi ubweya.
Mitengo yowoneka bwino imaphatikizapo mithunzi ya bulauni, imvi, yoyera, yakuda. Kuchokera kutali, motsutsana ndi mawonekedwe ofiira owoneka ngati ubweya, mawonekedwe amtundu wa inki wakuda amawonekera bwino. Zowala zambiri pakhosi ndi pamutu. Mimba, bere, underwear, pansi pa mapiko ndi zoyera. Maso okhala ndi iris yakuda, mlomo wa ashen.
Bustard pothawa
Chapakatikati, "matanga" am'mimbamu amachokera kuwonjezereka kwa amuna, kumalumikizana nthenga zam'mimba, zowongoka kumbuyo ndi kummbali kuyambira m'munsi mwa mulomo. Zokongoletsera zimagwira mpaka kumapeto kwa chilimwe, zimasiyidwa ndi molt.
Zaka zana zapitazo, mbalameyi idawonedwa ngati chinthu wamba chosaka. M'mabuku olembedwa, ma memoirs, magulu owerengeka nthawi zambiri amafotokozedwa, omwe amapezeka pafupipafupi ndi msewu. Mbalame zambirimbiri zidasefukira m'zigwa izi zisanachitike. A Bustard adakwaniritsidwa, akuwoneka kuti anali mumzinda wa Lgov, womwe ndi mbendera ya boma ku England. Pakadali pano, mbalameyi ndi mbalame zomwe zatsala pang'ono kuthengo. Zomwe zikuchepa kwa anthu zili pagulu losaka popanda kusamala, kusintha kwa malo, komanso kuchuluka kwa makina azolimo.
Pakati pa adani achilengedwe, owopsa kwambiri ndi omwe amadyera padziko lapansi - ankhandwe, mimbulu, agalu osokera. Zazikazi zazing'onoting'ono zimagwidwa ndi chiwombankhanga, ankhandwe agolide, chiwombankhanga choyera. Kuwonongeka kwa zisa za bustard zomwe zimachita zamatsenga, akhwangwala, akhwangwala. Mbalame zanzeru zomwe zimayendayenda pafupi ndi zida zam'munda, zomwe zimawopseza nkhuku ku zisa, kusiya mazira kwa adani omwe ali ndi mbewa.
Tikugulitsa
Kuyimba nyimbo imamveka bwino panthawi yamakono. Nthawi zina, amakhala chete. Amuna amalankhula mokweza mawu pafupi. Zachikazi zimalira mosataya mtima pamene zimatcha anapiye. Kuchokera ku zisa mumatha kumva kufupikitsa kwa achinyamata omwe akukula.
Mverani mawu a bustard
Ma Bustards amakhala kumakondomu osiyanasiyana, amasiyanasiyana kukula, mtundu, mawonekedwe a forage. Pazonse, pali mitundu 26 yomwe ili ndi 11 genera.
Mwa oimira owala kwambiri a mbalame zazikulu:
Bustard Corey
- chotupa chikuku -Munthu wokhala ku savannah yaku Africa, mchenga wamchenga. Mtundu wonyezimira wamafuta. Amakhala moyo wokhazikika, amasuntha pang'ono. Mbalame yayikulu kwambiri ku Africa. Kulemera kwa amuna kumakhala pafupifupi makilogalamu 120. Amakhala m'magulu a anthu 5-7,
- waku India -amakhala malo otseguka, minda, maunda. Kutalika kwa mbalameyo mpaka mita imodzi, kutalika kwa munthu ndi pafupifupi 18 kg. Zimayenda modabwitsa, gawo lililonse ndilopanda chisamaliro, mosamala. Ziwopsezo zakhala pafupifupi chifukwa chofera mbalame. Ali pansi pa chitetezo cha boma.
Wopatsa Indian
Ma bustards ang'onoang'ono ali pangozi ku Africa. Tsimikizani zowona Kodi mbalame yaying'ono kwambiri yotchedwa bustard imatchedwa chiyani? zovuta. Anthu onse amitundu isanu-yayikulu-yayikulu akulemera 1-2 kg iliyonse. Mabungwe ang'onoang'ono odziwika ndi:
Wopanda nsapato wakuda
- wakuda - mbalame yaphokoso yokhala ndi maonekedwe osiyanasiyana amitundu. Mithunzi yofiirira imasintha kukula kwa pigmentation. Mbalamezi ndi zazitali masentimita 50-60. Zimakhala m'malo owuma pathanthwe.
- Senegal - anthu ofiira ofiira okhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Wamphongo amadziwika ndi buluu wamafuta pammero pake. Kulemera kwa munthu ndi 1.5 kg. Anthu okhala ku savannah aku Africa.
Msuzi waku Senegal
Pa gawo la Russia, malo omwe amapezeka kumbuyo kwa Soviet pali mitundu itatu ya mabotolo:
Bustard jack kapena wokongola
- jack (wokongola). Chowoneka cha mbalame zazing'anga pakatikati ndizoyendetsa zaza. Chidwi chimakopeka ndi maso akulu ndi utawaleza wowala. Nthawi yakukhwima, amuna amakhala ndi zokongoletsa, amakweza kolala, kolala yakuda ndi yoyera m'khosi, mchira,
- ludzu - kukula kwa mbalame ndi nkhuku kapena grouse wakuda. Utoto wofiirira wokhala ndi timadontho tosiyanasiyana. Makola amiyala yakuda ndi yoyera mozungulira khosi ndiye chokongoletsera chachikulu cha mbalame. Dzinali limawonetsa mawu omwe mapiko ake amathawa kuthawa. Phokoso ikamanyamuka, kumanjenjemera ndipo kumanjenjemera, kukugwedezeka, kukusiyanasiyana,
- wopusa - mbalameyo ndi yayikulu kwambiri, mpaka 16 makilogalamu. Amakhala m'matanthwe a steppe. Khosi lofiirira, miyendo yolimba, maula oyera ofiira okhala ndi mikwaso yamdima yakuda.
Chingwe champhongo chikuvina
Moyo & Habitat
Mabatani amagwira ntchito masana. M'mawa ndi madzulo amatanganidwa ndi chakudya, nthawi yotentha imakhala pansi pazitsamba zazitali mumthunzi. Potentha, samapuma, amayenda pang'onopang'ono mosamala kwambiri, amaluma udzu pang'onopang'ono, ndipo nthawi zambiri amasiya. Pakachitika ngozi, amabisala m'nkhokwe za udzu kapena kuwuluka nthawi yomweyo.
Mbalame nthawi zonse imathamangitsa mphepo, ndikuwuluka molunjika. Kuuluka kwa mabwatoni angapo sikusintha, sikuwonetsa ndege. Minda yoyera ya mapiko ndi nthenga zakuda zimawonekera bwino kuchokera pansi. Mbalame zimaswa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, amuna ndi akazi, nthawi zina zimachitika mokhazikika. M'nyengo yozizira, mpaka anthu mazana ambiri amagwera pagulu lalikulu.
Wogulitsa wachi Arab komanso wadyera njuchi
Mabanja a Bustard Nthawi zambiri kumakhala moyo wakhazikika, kumpoto komwe mbalame zimasamukira pang'ono zimakhala, zimanyamuka nthawi yachisanu kumapeto kwa dzinja. Bustards amakhala kumadzulo kwa Siberia, kum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Caspian kupita ku Urals. Kugawana kwambiri kwa zonal ndi chizindikiro cha mitundu yayitali. Mbalame imapezeka pamtunda wosinthidwa ndi anthu. Zokonda zimaperekedwa kwa mbalame zamitunda yayitali, zotseguka malo opanda mapiri opanda mitsinje.
Pamenepo alikuti khumbi palibe malo otsika ndi madzi, madera a saline steppe. Bustard ndi mbalame, okhala m'malo okhala kumpoto chakumadzulo. Zimatengera malo omwe malo obisalapo angachokere pamalo omwe amakhala. Kufunika kosamukira kumalumikizidwa osati kwambiri ndi kuchepa kwa kutentha monga kukula kwa matalala. Kuperewera kwa chakudya ndi chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chimayendera maulendo ataliatali kupita kumadera okhala ndi chipale chofewa.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Zakudya zopatsa chidwi zimaphatikizapo chomera, chakudya cha nyama. Mlingo wa chakudya zimatengera zinthu zambiri:
- malo okhala
- jenda
- zaka
- m'munsi chakudya.
Zakudya za mmera zimaphatikizapo zitsamba, masamba, inflorescence, mbewu zomera. Mbalame zimakopeka ndi ma dandelions, tansy, scherda, obereketsa mbuzi, dimba kubzala nthula, clover, nandolo, mbewu zamphepo. Nthawi zina ma peizomes a anyezi amaphatikizidwa ndi chakudya, tirigu wokwawa tirigu. Ndikusowa kwa chakudya, ma bustard amadya mphukira ndi mawonekedwe a fibrous, mwachitsanzo, masamba a beet, omwe pambuyo pake amatsogolera kukumba kwa mbalame nthawi zonse, nthawi zina amafa.
Mkazi wa Bustard akuyang'ana chakudya
Mu kapangidwe ka nyama zimadyetsa tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, mphutsi zawo. Ma crickets, crickets, udzu, dzombe, zimbalangondo, kafadala, kuphatikiza nyama ya Colorado, zimasandulika. Nyongolotsi, nkhono, achule, abuluzi, makoswe okhala ngati mbewa amalowa chakudya. Nthawi zina nyama zimadyera pansi.
Zingwe sizimakumba pansi ngati kakhola, sizimayamwa udzu ndi miyendo ndi miyendo ndi milomo. Mbalame zimakhomera chakudya panthaka, nyama zimadumphira mwachangu, kugwira ndi mlomo, kugwedezeka, kugunda pansi asanameze nyama. Nthawi zina bustards kumeza miyala yaying'ono kusintha chimbudzi. Amakupera zomwe zili m'mimba ngati mphero. Madzi ndi gawo lofunikira pakudya kwa mbalame. Ziphuphu zimawulukira matupi amadzi, nthawi yozizira imagwiritsa ntchito chipale chofewa.
Kufotokozera kwa Bustard
Otis tarda (bustard, yemwe amadziwikanso kuti dudak) amayimira banja la a Bustard a Crane-like ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwa mbalame zowopsa kwambiri. Wamphongo amakula mpaka kukula kwa nkhuku ndipo amalemera pafupifupi mochulukirapo kuposa wamkazi. Kulemera kwamphongo ndi 7-16 makilogalamu ndi kutalika kwa 1.05 m, pomwe akazi amalemera pafupifupi 4- kg ndi kutalika kwa 0,8 m.
Ma subspecies awiri a bustards akufotokozedwa:
- Otis tarda tarda - European bustard,
- Otis tarda dubowskii - nkhokwe yaku East Siberian.
Mawonekedwe
Iyi ndi mbalame yayikulu ndi chifuwa chosasunthika komanso khosi lakuthwa. Amasiyana ndi ma bustards ena okhala ndi utoto wopanda mawonekedwe kwambiri ngati mtundu wa motley ndi miyendo yolimba yolimba (yosinthidwa ndikuyenda pansi).
Mumaphatikizidwe amitundu mitundu ofiira, akuda ndi amvi, komanso oyera, omwe amapaka pamimba, pachifuwa, pansi pa mchira ndi kumbuyo kwamapiko. Mutu wokhala ndi khosi nthawi zambiri umakhala wa imvi (wokhala ndi zowala m'midzi yakum'mawa). Pamwambapa muli nthenga zofiirira zokhala ndi mikwingwirima yazomenyera zakuda. Mapiko a dongosolo loyamba amakhala a bulauni nthawi zonse, achiwiri, koma okhala ndi mizu yoyera.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Pofika kumapeto, amuna onse amatenga "kolala" ndi "masharubu". Zotsirizira izi ndizitali za nthenga zolimba zomwe zimakhala ngati ulusi wamtali kuyambira pa mulomo mpaka m'mbali. Mu "masharubu" amuna amakondwerera mpaka kumapeto kwa chilimwe.
Mosasamala kanthu za nthawi yazaka, zazikazi zimabwerezanso mitundu yakugwa / yozizira ya amuna. Chidacho chimakhala ndi mlomo wonyezimira komanso maso amdima, komanso miyendo yayitali yamphamvu ya utoto wonyezimira. 3 zala kumiyendo iliyonse. Mchirawo ndi wautali, wopindika kumapeto. Mapiko otambalala ndi 1.9-2.6 m. Chingwe chimayenda mwamphamvu, koma chimawuluka mwachangu, ndikutambasula khosi lake ndikunyamula miyendo yomwe singathe kupitilira m'mphepete mwa mchira. Zofota zamapiko sizikugundika, zimakupatsani mwayi kuti muwone minda yayikulu yoyera ndi nthenga zakuda.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
Bustard ndi membala wa banja lotchedwa bustard ndipo yekha membala wa fuko la Otis. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri mbalame zomwe zimatha kuuluka, zomwe zimapezeka ku Europe konse. Amuna akuluakulu, olimba, koma owoneka mochititsa chidwi ali ndi khosi lotuwa komanso chifuwa cholemera ndi mchira woloza.
Kuchulukana kwamtundu wa amuna kumaphatikizapo masharubu oyera 20 cm, ndipo kumbuyo kwawo ndi mchira wawo zimawala. Nthenga zazingwe zimawoneka pachifuwa komanso kumunsi kwa khosi, zomwe zimakhala zofiirira. Mbalamezi zimayenda molunjika ndikuuluka ndimphamvu ndikuwombedwa kwamphamvu kwamapiko.
Kanema: Bustard
M'banja la bustard, 11 genera ndi 25 mitundu. Mimba za Bustard ndi amodzi mwa mitundu 4 yamtundu wotchedwa Ardeotis, womwe mulinso ma araban bustard, A. arabs, Indian bustard A. nigriceps wamkulu komanso Australia wa bustard A. australis. Mndandanda wa Gruiformes pali achibale ambiri a mabwanawa, kuphatikizapo malipenga ndi ma crane.
Pali mitundu 23 ya mabulosi otchulidwa ku Africa, Southern Europe, Asia, Australia ndi madera ena a New Guinea. Bustard ali ndi miyendo yayitali, yosinthidwa kuti ikuyenda. Ali ndi zala zitatu zokha, ndipo akusowa chala chakumbuyo. Thupi limapangika, limagwidwa moyang'anizana bwino, khosi lili molunjika, kutsogolo kwa miyendo, ngati mbalame zina zazitali zazitali.
Kodi nkhwangwa zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Bustard
Mphepo ndizopezeka pakati komanso kumwera kwa Europe, komwe kuli mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yamitundu, komanso ku Asia konse. Ku Europe, kuchuluka kwa anthu kumakhalabe nthawi yachisanu, pomwe mbalame zaku Asia zimapitilira kumwera nthawi yozizira. Mtunduwu umakhala m'malo odyetserako ziweto, malo otetezeka komanso malo olimapo. Amakonda kukhala ndi malo oswana osakhalapo ndi anthu.
Mamembala anayi a banja lachiwopsezo amapezeka ku India:
- Indian bustard Ardeotis nigriceps ochokera kumapululu ndi zipululu,
- Bustard MacQueen Chlamydotis macqueeni, wozizira wosamukira kumadera achipululu a Rajasthan ndi Gujarat,
- Lesp Florican Sypheotides indica, wopezeka kumapiri achidule kumadzulo ndi pakati India,
- Wodziwika bwino wazaka za Chibengali Houbaropsis bengalensis wamtali, wamatanthwe a Therai ndi chigwa cha Brahmaputra.
Ma bustard onse am'deralo adawonetsedwa kuti ali pangozi, koma bustard waku India akuyandikira zovuta. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwake pakalipano kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi mbiri yakale, pali kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu. Bustard wasowa pafupifupi 90% ya malo ake akale ndipo, mwatsoka, wasowa m'malo awiri achilengedwe omwe adapangidwa kuti ateteze mitunduyi.
M'malo ena, kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya zinthu kukutsika mofulumira. M'mbuyomu, zidali zachiwawa komanso kuwononga malo, zomwe zidabweretsa vuto lotere, koma tsopano osayang'anira malo okhala, kutetezedwa kwa malingaliro a nyama zovuta ndi mavuto a nkhokwe.
Kodi bustard amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Bustard kuthawa
Bustard ndiwopatsa chidwi; umadya pazomera monga udzu, nyemba, mtanda, chimanga, maluwa ndi mphesa. Zimadyanso ndi makoswe, anapiye amtundu wina, nyongolotsi, agulugufe, tizilombo tambiri ndi mphutsi. Ziphuphu ndi amphibian mabisiketi amathanso kudya, kutengera nyengo.
Chifukwa chake, amabera:
- ma arthropod osiyanasiyana
- nyongolotsi
- zazing'ono zazing'ono
- ochepa amphibians.
Tizilombo tambiri, monga dzombe, cickets, ndi kafadala, ndi omwe amapanga zakudya zochulukazo nthawi ya chilimwe, mvula ikamagwa ku India komanso nthawi yoswana imakonda kuchitika. Mbewu (kuphatikizapo tirigu ndi mtedza), mosiyana, zimapanga gawo lalikulu kwambiri la zakudya m'miyezi yozizira kwambiri ndi yowuma kwambiri pachaka.
Ma bustard aku Australia nthawi ina ankasakidwa ndikuwedza, ndikupatsidwanso malo okhala ndi nyama zomwe zinayambitsidwa monga akalulu, ng'ombe, ndi nkhosa, tsopano zangokhala malo akumidzi. Mtunduwu umalembedwa ngati kuti uli pangozi ku New South Wales. Ndiosamuka mwanjira zina, posaka chakudya chomwe nthawi zina amatha kusokonezedwa (kudziunjikira mwachangu), kenako ndikabalalanso. M'madera ena, monga Queensland, pamakhala mayendedwe nthawi zonse a bustards.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Mkazi wachikazi
Mbalamezi ndi zotentha ndipo pakati pa ma vertebrates pamakhala kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa akazi. Pachifukwa ichi, amuna ndi akazi amakhala m'magulu osiyanasiyana pafupifupi chaka chathunthu, kupatula nyengo yakukhwima. Kusiyanaku kwakukhudzanso zofunika pa chakudya, komanso chikhalidwe mukamaberekanso, kutalikirana, komanso kusamuka.
Akazi, monga lamulo, gulu limodzi ndi abale. Amakhala ochezeka komanso ochezeka kuposa amuna, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo awo achilengedwe. M'nyengo yozizira, abambo amadzayambitsa gulu mwa kuchita ndewu zazitali, zazitali, kumenyetsa mitu ndi khosi la amuna ena, nthawi zina kuvulala koopsa, chizolowezi chomenyera nkhondo. Anthu ena okhala mosasangalatsa amasamuka.
Chochititsa chidwiMa Bustards amapangitsa mayendedwe akumderalo mkati mwa makilomita 50 mpaka 100 km. Amadziwika kuti nthawi yakubzala, mbalame zazimuna zimakhala zokha, koma nthawi yozizira zimapanga magulu ang'onoang'ono.
Amakhulupirira kuti wamwamuna ndi wamtala, amagwiritsa ntchito mating, omwe amatchedwa "kuphulika" kapena "kubalalika". Mbalameyi ndi yodabwitsa komanso imadya tizilombo, nsikidzi, makoswe, abuluzi ndipo, nthawi zina, ngakhale njoka zazing'ono. Amadziwikanso kuti amadya udzu, mbewu, zipatso, etc. Akamaopsezedwa, mbalame zazikazi zimanyamula anapiye ang'ono pansi pa mapiko.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Ngakhale zina mwa njira zoberekera za ma bustard zimadziwika, zambiri zabwino za nesting ndi mating, komanso zochitika zosamukira zokhudzana ndi nesting ndi mating, amakhulupirira kuti zimasiyana pakati pa anthu ndi anthu. Mwachitsanzo, amatha kubzala kwa chaka chonse, koma kwa anthu ambiri, nyengo ya kubereka imatenga mwezi wa March mpaka Seputembala, womwe umakunga nthawi yayitali kwambiri.
Chimodzimodzinso, ngakhale kuti sabwerera ku zisa zomwezi chaka chilichonse ndipo amakonda kupanga zatsopano m'malo mwake, nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito zisa zomwe adapangidwa zaka zapitazo ndi ma bustards ena. Zisa zawo zokha ndizosavuta ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'malo obisika pamtunda m'malo olimapo nthaka komanso pamiyala, kapena pamiyala.
Sizikudziwika ngati nyamazo zimagwiritsa ntchito njira inayake yakukhwima, koma zofunikira zonsezo (pomwe oyimira amuna ndi akazi angapo amagonana) ndi polygynous (komwe kumatengera amuna ndi akazi angapo). Zikuwoneka kuti nyamazo sizipanga magulu awiri. Kugundana, komwe amuna amasonkhana m'malo owonetsera anthu kuti achite ndi kusamalira akazi, amapezeka m'magulu ena a anthu.
Komabe, nthawi zina, abambo amodzi amatha kukopa akazi kumalo awo ndikumayimba kwambiri komwe kumamveka patali pafupifupi 0,5 km. Chiwonetsero chowoneka cha mwamunayo ndikuyima panja momasuka mutu wake ndi mchira wake, nthenga zoyera ndi chikwama chodzaza ndi mpweya (chikwama pakhosi).
Pambuyo poswana, yamphongo imachoka, ndipo yaikaziyo imakhala wosamalira ana ake. Akazi ambiri amaikira dzira limodzi, koma mazira awiri samadziwika. Amadzilimbitsa dzira pafupifupi mwezi umodzi lisanayambe.
Nkhuku zimatha kudya zokha patatha sabata limodzi, ndipo zimadzaza zitakwanitsa masiku 30 mpaka 35. Ana ambiri amamasulidwa kwathunthu kuchokera kwa amayi awo kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yotsatira ya kubereka. Akazi amatha kubereka azaka ziwiri kapena zitatu, pomwe amuna amakhala okhwima pazaka zisanu kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Chochititsa chidwi: Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosamuka idawonedwa pakati pama bustard kunja kwa nthawi yakubereketsa. Ena mwa iwo amatha kusamukira kudera lina, pomwe ena amawuluka mtunda wawutali kudzera pamtunda womwe uli pafupi.
Zidani Zachilengedwe
Chithunzi: mbalame ya Steppe bustard
Choyamba, kusokonekera ndi chiopsezo, kwa mazira, ana ndi anyamata osakhazikika. Zomwe zimayang'anira kwambiri ndi nkhandwe zofiira, nyama zina zachilengedwe zabwino monga agalu, mbewa ndi nkhumba zakuthengo, komanso akhwangwala ndi mbalame zolusa.
Mbidzi zazikuluzikulu zimakhala ndi adani ochepa achilengedwe, koma zimawonetsa chisangalalo chachikulu mozungulira mbalame zina zodya nyama, monga chiwombankhanga ndi mavu (Neophron percnopterus). Nyama zokhazokha zomwe zimaziyang'ana zinali mimbulu imvi (Canis lupus). Komabe, amphaka, ankhandwe ndi agalu amtchire amathanso kupha anapiye. Mazira nthawi zina amabedwa zisa za nkhandwe, mongooses, abuluzi, komanso njuchi ndi mbalame zina. Komabe, choopsa chachikulu kwa mazira chimachokera ku ng'ombe zazitali, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimapondaponda.
Mtunduwu umakhala ndi kugawanika komanso kutayika kwa malo ake. Kuchulukitsa kwa anthu komanso kusokonezeka kwa anthu akuyembekezeka kuchititsa kuti malo achuluke kwambiri atchuke chifukwa cha kulima mitengo, kuwononga mitengo, ulimi wolimba, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothirira, komanso kumanga mizere yamagetsi, misewu, mipanda ndi maenje. Feteleza wama mankhwala ndi mankhwala ophera tizirombo, makina, moto ndi kuwotcha ndizoopsa kwambiri kwa anapiye ndi ana, pomwe kusaka mbalame zazikulu kumayambitsa kufa kwakukulu m'maiko ena kumene amakhala.
Popeza ma bustards amawuluka nthawi zambiri ndipo mphamvu zake zimachepa chifukwa cha kulemera kwawo kwakukulu ndi mapiko akuluakulu, kuwombana ndi zingwe zamagetsi kumachitika komwe kumakhala mizere yambiri yamagetsi mkati mwa mizere, m'malo oyandikana nawo, kapena pamayendedwe apakati pamaulendo osiyanasiyana.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Kodi khungwali limawoneka bwanji?
Chiwerengero chonse cha ma bustards ndi anthu pafupifupi 44,000-57,000. Pakadali pano, mtunduwu umagawidwa ngati wosauka, ndipo masiku ano chiwerengero chake chikuchepa. Mu 1994, ma bustard adalembedwera monga omwe ali pangozi ndi International Conservation Union (IUCN) Red List of Endangered Species. Pofika chaka cha 2011, kuchepa kwa anthu kudali kwakukulu kwambiri kotero kuti IUCN idasinthanso mtunduwu monga mtundu womwe watsala pang'ono kufa.
Kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala ndikuwonongeka kwake, zikuwoneka, ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha mabustard. Malinga ndi akatswiri azachilengedwe, pafupifupi 90% ya malo achilengedwe omwe nthawi zambiri ankakhala kumpoto chakumadzulo ndi India, adatayika, osanjidwa ndi zomangamanga ndi migodi, ndikusinthidwa ndi minda yothirira komanso makina.
Malo ambiri olimapo omwe kale amatulutsa nthangala za manyuchi ndi mapira, pomwe zidakula bwino, adasanduka minda ya nzimbe ndi thonje kapena minda ya mpesa. Kusaka ndi kuba zachilengedwe zathandizanso kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu. Kuchita izi, kuphatikiza kuchepa kwamtundu wamtunduwu ndi kupanikizika kwa zilombo zachilengedwe, zimayika bustard pamalo oopsa.
Msodzi Wazoyang'anira
Chithunzi: Bustard kuchokera ku Red Book
Mapulogalamu okhala pachiwopsezo komanso pangozi omwe adapangidwa adapangidwa ku Europe ndi mayiko omwe kale anali Soviet Union, komanso ku African Great Bustard ku United States of America. Ntchito zomwe zili ndi nyama zangozi zomwe zatsala pang'ono kupanga zimatulutsa mbalame zowonjezereka kuti zizitulutsidwa m'malo otetezedwa, potero zimathandizira kuchepa kwa nyama zakuthengo, pomwe ntchito za mitengo yaubongo ku Middle East ndi North Africa zimafunitsitsa kupatsa mbalame zotsalira kusaka kosatha pogwiritsa ntchito ma falcons.
Mapulogalamu obwezeretsa ku United States opanga ma bustard ndi sinamoni bustards (Eupodotis ruficrista) ali ndi cholinga chosungira kuchuluka kwa anthu mwakuthupi komanso kodzidalira kokwanira ndipo sikudalira kupititsidwa kunja kwakuthupi.
Mu 2012, Boma la India lidakhazikitsa Bustard Project, pulogalamu yoteteza dziko kuteteza nkhokwe zazikulu za India, limodzi ndi wolemba mbiri wam'madzi wa Bengal (Houbaropsis bengalensis), zomwe sizikupezeka paliponse. Pulogalamuyi idasinthidwa pambuyo pa Projekiti ya Tiger, ntchito yayikulupo yoyambirira kumayambiriro kwa m'ma 1970 kuteteza akambuku a India ndi malo awo okhala.
Bustard - Imodzi mwa mbalame zolemetsa kwambiri zomwe zilipo. Itha kupezeka ku Europe yonse, kusunthira kumwera komanso ku Spain, komanso kumpoto, mwachitsanzo, mu Russian steppes. Bustard amalembedwa kuti ndi osatetezeka, kuchuluka kwake kukuchepa m'maiko ambiri. Iyi ndi mbalame yakumtunda, yomwe imadziwika ndi khosi lalitali ndi miyendo komanso kaso lakuda pamutu wamutu.
Feature
Bustard ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri, yoposa kuwirikiza kawiri grouse wakuda. Amuna amakhala apamwamba kunenepa ndi kukula kwa akazi.
Pazosiyana zakunja, ndikofunikira kudziwa mawonekedwe aimvi amtundu, omwe amadzuka nthawi yovina ikukhwima. Mayina odziwika a woimira banja la bustard ndi Dudak, Spoonbill.
Chakudyacho chimaphatikizapo zonse zomera - udzu, mbewu zobzalidwa, komanso chakudya chinyama - tizilombo monga ziwala ndi makatonimakoswe monga steppe mbewa ndi mandimu.
Zovala zazimvi zautoto zimawoneka mu chithunzi chachimuna
Zofunika!Nthawi zina bustard amagawidwa pawiri. Komabe, kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu yambiri kumawonekera mwa amuna okalamba.
Njira yothawira
Bustard amatha kuthamanga, koma nthawi zambiri amayenda pang'onopang'ono komanso mopatsa chidwi. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri mbalame zowuluka. Kuti awuke mlengalenga, anthu payekha ayenera kumwazikana.
Amamera msanga, pothawa amapanga mapiko amphamvu. Ngakhale kuchedwa kuyandikira, mbalameyi imathamanga kwambiri mpaka 50 km / h. Samakhala kutalika kwakukulu, amawuluka pafupi ndi nthaka.
Mbalame zikauluka
Kusunthika kwa mbalame kwa kasupe kumachitika kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yanyengo ndi kutuluka kwa zigamba zobisika. Zimawuluka, kupanga magulu awiri kapena gulu laling'ono la anthu asanu. Zokha, mbalame sizibweranso nthawi yozizira.
Mbalame za nthawi yozizira zimachoka kumapeto kwa Ogasiti-Sepemba. Kutalika kwa kuthawa kumadalira malo omwe amakhala. M'madera akumwera, kukhala kwa mbalame kumalo achisanu kumatha kumapeto pofika Seputembara.
Zofunikira
Mawonekedwe ake ndi momwe mbalame zimapangidwira zimaphatikizapo izi:
- Kusowa kwa coccygeal gland, komanso tiziwopsezo thukuta. Pachifukwa ichi, nthenga sizisungidwa mwachinsinsi. Kuti kuzizirepo nyengo yotentha, anthu amakhala pansi ndi kukweza mapiko awo.Bustard amapuma kwambiri kudzera pakamwa pake kotseguka. Nthenga zopanda mafuta sizinyowa nthawi yamvula. Kuzizira mvula ikagwa mvula nkoopsa kwambiri kwa mbalame. Nthenga zomwe zimanyowa, m'boma lino silingadziteteze.
- Ngakhale kuti ndege zitha kuthamanga chifukwa zimatha kuthamanga kwambiri, siziyenda mumlengalenga mtunda wopitilira 100 m.
- Mtundu wonyezimira - ndimaso abwino obisika kuzomera zam'munda.
- Kuthawa mdani, mbalameyo imagona pansi ndikusakaniza ndi udzu. Mwanjira iyi, machitidwe ake ndi ofanana wosuta kapena nkhuni - Mbalamezi zimadaliranso chifukwa chodzionetsera.
- Bustard nthawi zina amalimidwa pamafamu a nkhuku. Mazira omwe amaikidwa m'minda amatengedwa ndikuyika chofungatira. Anapiye achikulirewo amamasulidwa kumalo awo achilengedwe.
- Mbidzi yamphongo imavina mosangalatsa. Mbalameyi imakulira kwambiri pakhosi, imalowetsa mutu, imakweza mchira wake ndi nthenga.
- M'chaka, mbalamezi zimawonjezeka kawiri. Kuyimba koyamba mu kasupe (pre-ukwati molt), pomwe liziwirira ndi nthenga zazing'ono zimasinthidwa makamaka. Kuyimba kwachiwiri kugwa (pambuyo paukwati). Pakadali pano, pali kusinthidwa kwathunthu kwamapulogalamu.
- Bustard mothandizidwa samapanga mawu. M'malo obwereranso mbalame kumamveka mawu ochokera pansi pamtima, omwe amakumbukira kulira kwamphongo komwe chimphongo chimatulutsa nthawi yovina. Kuti athe kulumikizana ndi anapiye ,ikaziyo imalira. Achichepere amalankhula mwanjira yawo. Tiyeti tating'onoting'ono timapanga kufinya, ndipo anthu akuluakulu amapanga matupi oonda.
Khalidwe, kubereka
Makhalidwe
Malinga ndi malongosoledwe a moyo wa mbalameyi, mbalameyi imakhala moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Pofufuza chakudya amapita m'mawa ndi madzulo.
Kusiyanako ndi nyengo yamvula, pomwe anthu amatha kudyetsa tsiku lonse. Nthawi ya nkhomaliro, wophulitsayo amakonda kupuma, atakhazikika pansi.
Mbalame zimakonda kupezeka pamthunzi wa masamba akuluakulu.
Zofunika!Ndege zopangidwa ndi ma bustards zimapezekanso masana.
Nesting
Pakadutsa chakudya chambiri, mbalame zimasunga magulu ambiri, omwe amatha kupitirira zana limodzi. Magulu otere amapanga mbalame zamtundu womwewo.
Anthu omwe satenga nawo mbali kuweta wawo amasamalidwa chaka chonse. Izi zikuphatikizira azimayi omwe ataya zovala zawo.
Amuna amatha kutha msinkhu ndi zaka 6, akazi okhwima kale - zaka 3-4. Nesting imakhala kuyambira Epulo mpaka Juni. Bustard amayikira mazira atatu kapena atatu kamodzi pachaka.
Komabe, nthawi zambiri mu clutch pamakhala mazira awiri. Akazi amawanyamula pafupipafupi masiku awiri ndi awiri.
Mu clutch, nthawi zambiri mazira awiri
Mwambo wa Bustard
Zomwezo mwa amuna zimayamba atangobwera nthawi yozizira. Pa miyambo yaukwati, amasankha malo poyera pamalo a pamunda kapena paphiri.
Kuvina m'mlengalenga ndikosowa kwambiri, kenako mwa anthu ena. Amuna amakono amakhala pagululi ndikuyamba miyambo yawo patali.
Akazi akaonekera pafupi, amasangalala, zomwe nthawi zina zimabweretsa ndewu pakati pa anthu.
Wamphongo amakhala akuvina
Mabatani samapanga awiriawiri. Ngati amawonjezera, ndiye kwa kanthawi kochepa chabe. Wamphongo samasiya wosagwirizana ndi malongosoledwe a mavinidwe akukhwimitsa: iye amalumpha nthenga, nakweza mchira wake ndipo amapukusa kwambiri gawo lopukusa la pakhosi.
Mu chithunzi chomwe chili pamalopo, chikuwoneka ngati chokulirapo kuposa momwe chiliri. Amavala "chovala" chokondweretsa, champhongo chimakoka mutu wake ndikuyenda.
Kusokoneza kumachitika mwachindunji pakalipano. Pambuyo pake, zazikazi zimapita kukayika mazira.
Momwe chisa chimagwirira ntchito
Zisa za mbalame zakonzedwa pansi. Wamkazi amatulutsa dzenje lomwe limakhala ndi ma bulu pafupifupi 25-25 cm.
Samayala zinyalala motero, koma masamba ndi zitsamba za mbewu zimafika pansi pa chisa. Pali zosankha zingapo zoyika chisa:
- m'malo owonekera
- pansi pa nthambi zamasamba
- pakati pa udzu wamtali.
Nthawi zina bustard amatha kupanga chisa pamtunda wolimidwa. Kenako, zikamera mbande, zomangira zidzaphimbidwa bwino. Mtunda pakati pa zisau umasiyana kuchokera mazana ochepa mpaka makumi anayi.
Nthawi yodzikongoletsa zimadalira nyengo ndi kutentha kwa mpweya. Bustard, wokhala kumwera, amayikira mazira kumapeto kwa Epulo.
Akazi ochokera kumadera okhala kumpoto amayikira mazira pambuyo pake, koyambirira kwa Meyi. Mwakutero, kuchedwa kumatha kufikira milungu iwiri kapena itatu.
Izi zimachitika kuti mkazi amataya zovala. Potere, nthawi zina amakhalanso mazira. Mwinanso, izi zikufotokozera chifukwa chake kupangika kosakwanira kunapezeka.
Mu chisa chimodzi mumakhala mazira awiri awiri ofanana ndi mawonekedwe amtambo wa maolivi amdima kapena mtundu wa dongo wokhala ndi mapangidwe amdima.
Sheen wamafuta a chipolopolo amadziwika, pakutha kwa nthawi ya makulidwe amayamba kutchulidwa.
Kubwatcha kumatenga pafupifupi milungu inayi. Mbalameyi imakhala mwamphamvu pamazira ake. Ngati wamkazi awona zoopsa pafupi, amasilira ndipo, chifukwa chamtundu wowoneka, samataika chifukwa cha udzu.
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mitundu yambiri, mbalame yayikulu imakhala yosaoneka ngakhale pakati pazomera zochepa. Kawiri patsiku, mkaziyo amasiya zovalazo.
Chakudya chamadzulo sichikupitilira mphindi 40. M'mawa, mbalame imachoka kukafunafuna chakudya kuyambira maola 8 mpaka 12, madzulo - kuyambira 17 mpaka 21 maola. Mtunda kuchokera pachisa siopitilira 400 m.
Bustard mu udzu wamtali
Momweikazi imasamalirira anapiye
Kusamalira anapiye kumapuma kwathunthu ndi mkazi, amuna samakhala nawo pantchito yosamalira ana. Zachikazi zimasokoneza anapiye omwe adayamba kuswa pamlomo, pakadali pano amasuntha pang'ono ndipo alibe chitetezo.
Poyamba, iyenso amabweretsera tizilombo ndipo amawadyetsa. Patatha masiku 3-5 atatuluka nkhonoyi, anapiyewo amayamba kudya okha.
Pakatha milungu iwiri, amatha kudya okha, ngakhale akadadyetsedwa. Anapiye oswedwa kumene omwe alibe nthawi yowuma ali mu chisa motsogozedwa ndi achikazi.
Mtundu wonenepa ndi wopanda pake, wokhala ndi mawanga amdima ndi mikwingwirima. Pambuyo masiku 4, amayenda pafupi. Achichepere amaphunzira kuuluka atakwanitsa masabata 5-6. Pakadali pano, kulemera kwa mbalameyo kumakhala mpaka 2 kg.
Wamkazi amateteza anapiye ake mosamala. Poona kuwopsa, akuwapatsa chizindikiro. Poyankha, anapiyewo amabisala mu udzu, akumamatirira pansi ndikuwongola makosi awo.
Zikuwoneka m'chithunzichi kuti ndizophimba bwino ndi zitsamba zam'munda. Poona momwe mdani akuyandikira, mbalameyo imayerekeza kuti ili kudwala ndipo ikufuna kumuchotsa. Pakachitika ngozi yayikulu, amalimbana ndi mdani.
Bustard nestling ma patchire pa udzu maziko
Pofika kumayambiriro kwa Ogasiti, kukula kwachinyamata kwakonzeka kusiya chisa. Anapiye akukhwima amakumana mubusa ndikupita kukayendayenda. Ulendo uno ukhoza kufikira nyengo yamasika.
Ubwenzi ndi anthu
Bustard ali mu Red Book. Chiwerengero cha mbalamezi chatsika chifukwa chosaka osalamulirika komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito malo oyenera kumera chisa pazachuma.
Pofuna kupewa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero, njira zikuwoneka kuti ziteteze zisa, kutolera mazira pamakungu ndikuwasunga.
Bustard amadziwika mosamala. Poona zoopsa, imatha kutseka munthu pafupi, kenako kutsatira mbalame yovulazidwa kuti isokoneze chidwi ndi omangawo.
Bustard ndi mbalame yosamala
Bustard amadziwika kuti ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri yowuluka. Amadziwikanso chifukwa cha kusamala kwake. Nyengo yamatumba, anyani aamuna amavina.
Pakadali pano, mitunduyi yalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira, njira zikutengedwa kuti zisungidwe.
Mbalame ya Bustard: Khama Lofulumira la Steppe
Bustard amadziwika kuti ndi wolemera kwambiri kuposa mbalame zouluka, mbalamezi zimakhala zangokhala pamtunda ndipo zimathamanga mofulumira zikagwa. Anthu amaonedwa kuti ndi opatsa chidwi, m'zakudya zawo zodya zakudya (mbewu, mphukira, adyo wamtchire) ndi nyama (tizilombo, makoswe, achule), mu nyengo yakukhwima, amuna amachita kuvina kochititsa chidwi.
Mbalame ya Bustard: Kufotokozera kwakunja
Dudak (kapena bustard) ndiye woimira wamkulu kwambiri wa mbalame kuzinyama zaku Russia. Ali ndi thupi lalikulu lofanana ndi mtundu wina wa chifuwa: chifuwa chachikulu, khosi lakuthwa. Kusiyana pakati pa akazi ndi amuna kukula kukukwaniritsidwa. Yoyamba ndi yaying'ono kwambiri, yofika kulemera kwa makilogalamu 4-8 ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 80. Nthawi yomweyo, amuna ndi ziphona zenizeni. Kutalika kokwanira thupi pafupifupi pafupifupi mita, ndipo misa imafika 16 kilogalamu. Chifukwa chake, sizosadabwitsa kuti mbalame yodzigulitsa iyi idakhala chinthu chosodza. Chochititsa chidwi ndi miyendo yamphamvu yokhala ndi zala zitatu popanda maula - chipangizo chothamangira pansi. Mbalame imathamanga bwino ndipo imawuluka bwino, kupatsidwa kukula kwakukulu.
Utoto wa ma plustage bustards
Ichi ndi chinthu chinanso chosiyanitsa ndi mbalame chomwe mungadziwe. Ziwandazo ndizokongola kwambiri. Chilengedwe chimamupangira iye kuphatikiza kokongola kwamitundu yanzeru. Mutu ndi khosi zimapentedwa mu phulusa laimvi, kufalikira kumadalira malo okhala. Ma plamu ena onse kuchokera pamwamba ali ndi mtundu wofiirira, mawonekedwe ake ndiwosoka, osinthika. Pachifuwa, m'mimba ndi m'mimba mwayera koyera. Mbalame zotere sizimasiyana ndi mitundu kutengera mtundu. Ndipo m'ngululu yamphongo yokha yamphongo imachita zinazake ngati kolala yofiyira yofiira kwambiri. Ndi nthenga zooneka ngati ulusi zochokera kumunsi kwa mulomo zimawonekera - zimangokhala mpaka kumapeto kwa chilimwe.
Kodi bustard amakhala kuti?
Kodi kukongola kumeneku kumakhala kuti? Iyi ndi mbalame yopondera, imakonda malo okhala ndi wandiweyani, koma osalimera kwambiri (fescue, nthenga steppes), meadows. Poyamba, nkhandwe zomwe zinkakhala zodabwitsazo zidakhala zam'mphepete zokha, tsopano malo ake adakulirakulira, osati gawo laling'ono pochita izi zomwe zidachitika ndi zochita za anthu. Amakonda kukhala m'malo abata, nthawi zambiri m'mapiri. Chimalekereza kutentha kokwanira, koma chimakonda chisanu ndi chipale chofewa komanso chipale chofewa chomwe chimakhala nthawi yayitali.
Pokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha anthu akumadera okulirapo, mbalame yodumphayo idakakamizidwa kusintha. Zotsatira zake, tsopano zitha kupezeka paminda yolima, hayfields.
Mabungwe a Bustard
1. European. Imakhala m'malo ambiri okhalamo, kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Altai. Amasiyana ndi mtundu wamutu, ndimdima wakuda pamtunduwu, ndipo mawonekedwe kumbuyo ndikunyoza, mikwingwirima yakuda ndiy yopapatiza.
2. East Siberian. Malo amenewa ali kum'mawa kwa Tuva, kumpoto- kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Altai. Mapangidwe kumbuyo kwake ndi akuthwa komanso owala, mikwingwirima yakuda ndiyokulirapo. Kuphatikiza apo, mwa amuna, mamba a nthenga amakula osati mbali za mutu, komanso pakhosi.
Kubala ndi kukwatiwa
Akazi amayambira kutha msinkhu, pofika zaka 3-4, ndipo amuna amuna azaka zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi. Mobwerezabwereza amabwerera kumalo osungirako zinyama chaka chilichonse, masamba oyamba atangofika pansi. Izi zimachitika m'mwezi wa Marichi kapena koyambirira kwa Epulo. Poyamba, mbalamezo zimasunga zoweta ndipo zimadikirira kuti dziko liume. Pambuyo pa izi, nthawi ya miyambo yaukwati imayamba, zimachitika m'magawo apadera - mafunde. Malowa ndi okhazikika, ndipo mbalame zimabwereranso pachaka. Mbalame yodumphayo siyimapangika nthawi zonse.
Mwambo waukwati ndiwosangalatsa komanso wopanda phokoso. Komanso, ma bustard m'moyo wamba - mbalame zimakhala chete. Kugwira ntchito kwambiri kumachitika m'mawa kwambiri, mpaka maola 8. Amuna angapo ayamba kuwonekera pamaso pa akazi. Imadziwonetsera yowoneka ngati ma plumage yambiri, ikukulitsa gawo lakhosi, pomwe nthenga zapakhosi zimathera pomwepo. Pamapeto pake, mbalameyo imafanana ndi mpira ndikupanga mawu osalala osavuta. Zonsezi zimawonedwa ndi akazi achidwi. Yaimuna imasankha, pambuyo pake ikamera.
Nthiwatiwa ndi anapiye
Nthawi yomwe mazira adzaikidwe imakhala yofanana pamlingo wonsewo, koma nyengoyo imatha kukhala ndi tanthauzo. Kumanga kamodzi kumachitika nthawi iliyonse. Yaikazi ikukonzekera chisa. Amapanga chakuya pansi ndikuthandizidwa ndi ma tchire, ndikuchotsa mizu yonse yotsalira ndi udzu, kenako ndikusunthasuntha kwa thupi kumapereka dzenje kuzungulira. Chisa chopangidwa motere, monga lamulo, chimazunguliridwa ndi udzu ndipo chitha kubisidwa mokhulupirika. M'madzi ochepa, mazira awiri, nthawi zambiri amakhala amodzi. M'mawonekedwe awo, amafanana ndi zikwangwani, koma zowongoka, zazikulu kwambiri, mpaka urefu wa masentimita 7-9. Mitundu ya mazira imatha kusiyanasiyana kwambiri; Mizere yabalalika pamenepo, ikhoza kukhala yaying'ono kapena yowoneka yayikulu, mwanjira yamakhalidwe kapena yosakhazikika (pachithunzi pamwambapa).
Amuna samatenga nawo mbali pomenya ndi kulera ana. Pambuyo pa kukhwima, amasonkhana m'magulu akulu ndikupita kumalo osungunula. Wamkazi amasaka mazira kwa masiku 21-28. Ndikosavuta kuchipeza. Bustard mu steppe, wokhala ndi utoto woteteza, ndizopatsa chidwi. Anapiyewa ndi amtundu wa ana, amabadwa ali odziimira okha komanso opanda tsitsi. Pakatha mwezi umodzi, amafikira kulemera kwa ma kilogalamu 2-3 ndikuyimirira pamapiko. Komabe, amakhalabe ndi amayi awo mpaka nthawi yozizira, ndipo nthawi zina mpaka nthawi ya masika.
Kodi mbalame imakhala ndi adani achilengedwe?
Mwina aliyense ali nawo, koma ma bustard alibe ambiri. Choyamba, amagwidwa kuchokera kumwamba ndi ziwombankhanga ndi ziwombankhanga zoyera. Bustard amakhala kumapiri ndipo sakonda msatsi wamtchire. Malo otseguka amathandizira kuti asakhale otetezeka kuchokera kumlengalenga. Padziko lapansi, nkhandwe, mimbulu, mbendera, komanso agalu osokera ndi amphaka, ndizowopsa. Chiwopsezo chimapachikika anapiye ndi kuyikira mazira, omwe nthawi zambiri amawonongeka.
Zifukwa zakutha kwa mitunduyo
Pali atatu okha a iwo, ndipo onsewa ndi okhudzana ndi zochita za anthu.
- Kusaka mbalame zazikulu m'zaka za m'ma 1800 ndi zoyambirira za m'ma 1900. Kukula kwake kunali kwakukulu kwambiri ndipo m'maiko ena kudapangitsa kuti mabustards atheretu.
- Kuwonjezeka kwa madera olima ndikusintha kwa njira zawo. Zonsezi zimatsogolera ku chiwonongeko cha zisa, kuyikira dzira.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito malo okhala mbalame pazosowa zosiyanasiyana (kubzala malamba m'nkhalango, kachitidwe kothirira, misewu, mizere yamagetsi yamagetsi, etc.).
Njira zomwe zikugwiriridwa zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zisungidwe zamtunduwu zokha, komanso kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwake ku Russia ndi ku Europe. Njira ndi kuthekera kwa kubereka mbalame muukapolo zikuphunziridwa. Ogwira ntchito m'malo apadera amatola mazira ogumuka m'malo omwe anapititsidwa kuti afe, ndipo atayikidwira insulators, anapiye akuluakuluwo amatulutsidwa kuthengo.
Habitat, malo okhala
Madera omwe amakhala ndi malo obisalirako amamwazikana kudera lina la kontinenti ya Europe, ndipo ndi ochepa okha omwe amakhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa (Africa). Pali zidziwitso, komabe, kuti anthu aku Africa amwalira kale. Ku Eurasia, uku ndi kumwera kwa Iberian Peninsula, Austria, Slovakia ndi kumwera kwa Bohemia. Bustard amapezeka pafupi ndi Gomel, ku Chernihiv, Bryansk, Ryazan, Tula, Penza ndi Samara mpaka kumwera kwa Baskiria.
Mitunduyi imakhala ku Western Siberia, kukafika ku Barnaul ndi Minusinsk, kumwera kwa Eastern Sayans, madera otsika a Upper Angara, Khankai lowland ndi chigwa cha Zeya wapansi. Kummwera, magawowo akufikira ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean, madera a Asia Minor, madera akumwera kwa Azerbaijan ndi kumpoto kwa Iran. Mbalamezi zinakhazikika kum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Caspian ndikupitilira mpaka kumapeto kwa Urals, Irgiz, Turgay ndi zigawo zakum'mawa kwa Kazakhstan.
Woyeserera amakhala ku Tien Shan, komanso kumwera, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Tajikistan, komanso kumadzulo, kumalire a Karatau. Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Tien Shan, gululi limakhala m'malire a Gobi, phazi la Greater Khingan kumwera chakumadzulo, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Heilongjiang dera ndi kumwera kwa Primorye.
Zofunika! Kusiyana pakati pa magulu am'midzi yakum'mwera ndi kumadzulo kumayendetsa Altai. Ma bustards aku Turkey ndi ku Europe atha kukhazikika, kum'mawa kwambiri (steppe) kuuluka kukazizira, ndikusankha Crimea, kumwera kwa Central Asia ndi dera la Caspian, komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China.
Akatswiri a Ornithologists amalankhula za kusintha kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe kwamtunduwu, potengera kugawa kwake kwakukulu kwa zonal. Zinakhazikitsidwa kuti ma bustards adaphunzira kukhala ndi kubereka m'malo otetezedwa ndi anthu pafupifupi kuti azindikiridwe.
Malo oyamba a Dudak amadziwika kuti ndi oyambira kumpoto. Ma bustard amakono amakonda udzu wamtali (nthawi zambiri nthenga za nthenga). Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo opanda phokoso (okhala ndi mapiri ataliitali koma opanda wandiweyani), kupewa matanda, mapiri, mapiri ndi malo a miyala. Bustards chisa, monga lamulo, pachigwa, nthawi zina amakhala mapiri.
Zakudya za Bustard
Mbalameyi imakhala ndi chakudya chochuluka kwambiri, chomwe chimaphatikizapo nyama ndi zomera, kuchuluka kwake komwe kumakhudzidwa ndi msinkhu ndi kugonana kwa gustard, malo omwe amakhala komanso kupezeka kwa zakudya zapadera.
Akuluakulu amadya masamba, mphukira, inflorescence ndi mbewu za mbewu zolimidwa motere:
- dandelion, munda wa cirsium, woweta mbuzi, dimba wobzala nkhuni, wamba tansy, culaba,
- chopukutira thukuta ndi chomata chomira, sainfoin, nandolo zamasamba, nyemba zamchere
- kubzala ndi kupsa m'munda, wogwirira, kabichi, mpiru, mpiru wakuda,
- mwana ndi fescue,
- osiyanasiyana chomera.
Nthawi zina, amasinthana ndi mizu ya udzu - nkhuku zamambule, zokwawa za udzu ndi tirigu.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Pogwiritsa ntchito zomera zachilengedwe, bustard amasinthana ndi chakudya cholimba, mwachitsanzo, kachilomboka. Koma ulusi wa ma coarse nthawi zambiri umayambitsa kufa kwa mbalame chifukwa cha kudzimbidwa.
Zomwe zimapangidwira nyama zimawoneka motere:
- akuluakulu / dzombe, ziwala, cricket ndi mphutsi,
- nsikidzi / mphutsi za kafadala wa pansi, carnivores, kafadala wa Colorado, kafadala wakuda, kafadala ndi masamba,
- mbozi za agulugufe ndi nsikidzi (kawirikawiri),
- nkhono, nyongolotsi zam'madzi,
- abuluzi, achule, anapiye amtchire ndi mbalame zina pansi.
- makoko ang'onoang'ono
- nyerere / pupae wa genus formica (wodyetsa anapiye).
Mabatani sangachite popanda madzi: M'chilimwe iwo amawulukira kumalo othirira, nthawi yozizira amakhutira ndi chipale chofewa.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Mabwato osamukira kumayiko ena amabwerera kumayiko akwawo kukasenda chipale chofewa, kuyamba kutuluka madziwo akangotuluka. Amayendayenda m'magulu (popanda ndewu) ndipo chimodzi ndi chimodzi, posankha magawo omwe mungathe kuwona malo omwe muli.
Wamphongo mmodzi amawerengera mpaka 50m m'mimba mwake. Zatsopano zimangotuluka kumene kutuluka, koma nthawi zina zimachitika dzuwa lisanalowe kapena masana. Chitsamba chamakono chimatambasulira mapiko ake, kuponyera khosi lake, kupukusa pakhosi pake, kugwedeza masharubu ake ndikuponyera mchira wake kumbuyo. Wamphongo wachikondi akamawoneka ngati mtambo oyera, amawoneka ngati "mbalame" mwachizolowezi masekondi 10-15.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Akazi amene amafika kapena obwera kumene pano sakhala awiriawiri. M'mabwanu, ma polyandry ndi polygyny amawonedwa, "mkwati" ndi "akwati" wokwatirana ndi akazi osiyanasiyana.
Nest kumayambiriro kwa Meyi, kukonzekeretsa zisa pamtunda wopanda, nthawi zina kumadzaza ndi udzu. Dzira m'matumba (2-5), komanso kulera ana, limaperekedwa kwa amayi: abambo amagwirizana pagulu ndipo amasamukira kumadera omwe amakhala asanapezeke koyambira.
Mikwingwirima m'mwezi wa Meyi - Juni, patatha milungu itatu kapena inayi yoyambira. Pukhovichki pafupifupi amayamba kukwawa chisa, koma osachisiya: apa amayi awo amawadyetsa. Amayamba kufunafuna okha zakudya mkati mwa masiku asanu, osasiya zakudya zazikazi kwa masabata ena awiri. Kukula kwachichepere kumakula bwino ndikuyimirira mapiko pafupifupi mwezi umodzi, osasiya amayi ake mpaka kugwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri mpaka kumapeto. Makula omaliza / yozizira omaliza amapezeka m'mabampu osachepera 4-5 zaka zofanana ndi chonde, zomwe zimachitika mwa akazi pa zaka 2-5, komanso mwa amuna zaka zisanu ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri.
Momwe mbalame zodyera bwino zimayimbira (kanema)
Kuchokera kwa munthu kumabwera chowopsa chachikulu. Ndiamene adayambitsa kutha kwa mitunduyi. Pali zinthu zitatu izi:
- Ntchito zokhala malo omwe mbalame zimamanga zisa ndikudyetsa zofunikira zamitundu yonse (misewu, madambo akukokolola, mizere yamagetsi, ndi zina).
- Kuchulukitsa mdera lomwe anthu amakhala.
- Ndodo zokhala ndi mazira ndi anapiye zimangowonongeka mukamayendetsa minda.
- Kusaka kwambiri.
Ornithologists ndi zoodefenders amachita zinthu zingapo zomwe zimafuna kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa mbalame zokongola izi.
Mitu Yotchuka Yamauthenga
- Datura (chomera) Datura ndi chomera chakupha m'mabanja apafupi. Chifukwa chake, mbatata ndi tomato ndi abale ake apamtima. Dziko la Asia limadziwika kuti ndi kumene duwa limabadwira, koma chifukwa cha kusazindikira kwake kumatha kupezeka m'maiko osiyanasiyana.
- Zipembedzo Zankhondo za Ana zidapitilira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 11 mpaka 1200. Kwa nthawi yonseyi, anthu masauzande ambiri adapita kumayiko aku Palestina: ma Knights, okhulupilira wamba komanso amonke. Cholinga chinali chimodzi - kumasula Yerusalemu m'manja mwa Asilamu.
- Chilumba cha Elk ku paki yadzikoli Zambiri za malo amodzi odziwika padziko lonse lapansi ku Russia adalipobe mpaka nthawi yathu kuchokera nthawi ya Ivan the Terrible. Potenga gawo lakumpoto chakum'mawa pafupi ndi likulu la dzikolo komanso madera ena aku Moscow, Elk Park adachita chidwi
Dudak ndi mbalame yosangalatsa
Mapeto a Seputembara 1940. Dzuwa langotuluka kumene ndipo labalalitsa magawo omaliza a chifunga cham'mawa. Kupuma mosavuta. Nditaima pakhonde la nyumbayo, ndipo bambo anga amalankhula pachipata ndi mnansi wina yemwe amasaka mlenje wachidwi monga momwe alili.
Makilomita 20 kumadzulo, kuseri kwa mtengo wokulungika, wokhala ndi mlatho wowola pakati, Ukraine idayamba.
Kudera latsopanoli lopanda anthu komwe kunalibe masewera osiyanasiyana, mdani yekhayo amene anali osaka amateur, koma panali 1520 a iwo kudera lonselo.
Ine ndi abambo anga tinkakonda kusaka, koma poyamba ndinali wopanda mfuti. Ndiye, ngakhale anali ochepa, adandipatsa Izbarvka imodzi-imodzi.
Ngakhale anali chete, komanso mwina alibe chidwi ndi nyama yotere, osaka onse omwe ndimawadziwa anali ndi chikhumbo chofuna, wina akhoza kunena, loto, kusaka ndikupeza, osati njovu kapena chimbalangondo, koma dudak, wodziwika mu sayansi ngati chiphokoso. Komabe, si ambiri omwe anganene kuti adaona mbalameyi, ndipo ndi ochepa okha omwe amatha kudzitama kuti ali nayo. Asaka anaganiza pang'ono chifukwa chomwe duduk inali yachinyamata, mulimonse, sindinamvepo zokambirana pamutuwu.
M'malo osaka komanso paphwando, patebulo lokondwerera, nthawi zambiri amakambirana za dudak.
Izi sizinayankhule za iye. Adakumbukira kuti iyi ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri, yomwe imalemera makilogalamu 20, imakhala m'magulu am'banja, kuti idakumana ndi gulu la mbalame 40-50, kuti ndiwochenjera kwambiri, imazindikira mdani ali kutali ndipo ikonda kunyamuka ikaoneka, kuti mlondayo amakhala wotetezeka panthawi yakudya, Komabe, siimawopa ng'ombe kapena nkhuku zam'mphepete mwa ng'ombe, zomwe zimatsogolera njira yamoyo yosasunthika, kuthamanga kwambiri, simungathe kugwira kavalo aliyense, imawuluka, koma imakhala chete komanso yolimba, imatha kuwuluka mtunda wautali, ili ndi mphamvu zambiri, imathira nkhondo mdani. akumumenya ngati mlomo wamphamvu ndi miyendo, motero kuchititsa kuvulala kwambiri kuti ena omenya koopsa.
Zitha kuwoneka kuti ndi mphamvu yotere, kuthekera kwa kuuluka ndikuthamanga kwambiri, a Dudak samawopa aliyense, koma zimapezeka kuti ali ndi zofooka zambiri, amakhala pachiwopsezo chambiri. Chifukwa chake nthenga sizimadzozedwa ngati bakha kapena tsekwe, chifukwa chake ndi yolimba komanso yofunda nyengo yotentha komanso yofunda, komanso yotsekemera, ngakhale nkhungu yonyowa, osanenapo mvula, nthenga zimanyowa, zimagwa, ndipo zimataya mphamvu kwathunthu kuuluka.
DZIWANI IZI:
Zomwe zimasunthira sizili konse nyengo yozizira. Zowonadi ndi zakuti mabatani sakhala ndi chimbira cha coccygeal (mbalame zambiri zimakhala ndi izi, zimatulutsa chinsinsi chamafuta chomwe nthenga zake zimapakidwa), ndiye kuti, nthenga zawo zimanyowa mosavuta. Izi ndizowopsa makamaka nthawi yozizira kapena yozizira, pomwe mapiko onyowa amawuma ndikupangitsa mbalameyo kukhala yopanda thandizo. Nthawi ngati izi, mutha kumangoyang'anitsitsani ndi manja anu opanda kanthu ...
A Briteni adayamba kuchita chidwi ndi nyumba zathu. Cholinga chawo ndi kubwezera mbalameyo ku malo ake akale, ku Scotland. Pachifukwa ichi, thumba la Big Bustard lidapangidwa. Kuchokera kudera la Saratov, mazira angapo obisalamo amabwera. Malo ophunzitsira ankhondo akhazikitsidwa pambali pa mbalamezo (asirikali adalonjeza kuti agwirizanitsa dongosolo la maphunziro ndi nthawi ya malo obwezeretsera), ndipo alimi oyandikana nawo adayamba kubzala mbali ina yaminda ndi udzu wofesedwa ndi ena.
Zochitika Zaukwati
- Amuna amatha kutha msinkhu ali ndi zaka pafupifupi zisanu, zazikazi zoyambirira pachaka ndi theka. Chaka chilichonse, mabotolo amabwerera kumalo omwewo. Izi zimachitika mkati mwa March kapena koyambirira kwa Epulo.
- Mwambo wokomera ukwati umachitika pa ndodo, pomwe kuyambira m'mawa kwambiri amphongo amayamba kuwonetsa kukongola kwawo pamaso pa akazi, limodzi ndi zonsezi ndikulirira kosamveka. Kenako yamphongo imasankha yaikaziyo, ndipo matenga amayamba.
- Mbalame zimadikirira pamene nthaka yayala, kuti mutatha kukhwima, mutha kuyamba kumanga zisa.
Makatani
- Amuna samatenga nawo gawo kuwaswa ndi kulera anapiye; mkazi amatenga zonse izi. Akakwatirana, anyamatawa amasonkhana m'magulu akulu ndikupita kumalo komwe akupitiliranso.
- Kulengedwa ndi makonzedwe a chisa kumakhala kwathunthu pa mkazi. Mothandizidwa ndi ma taya amphamvu, amakumba dzenje pansi, ndikuyala masamba ndi udzu pansi. Pambuyo pake, udzu umamera mozungulira chisa, chomwe chimabisalira anapiye amtsogolo.
- Mmodzi wowazungulira amachitika nthawi imodzi, pomwe mazira awiri ndi kawirikawiri kwambiri. Mazira amtundu wawo amafanana ndi a crane, koma ozungulira pang'ono, okulirapo, kuyambira 7 mpaka 9 cm.
- Mtundu wa mazira amatha kusiyanasiyana, utoto wam'mbuyo umasiyana kuchokera kutuwa wakuda ndi maolivi. Mazira ali ndi mawanga ndi madontho a mithunzi yakuda.
- Pakupita milungu itatu kapena inayi, njuchi zimayamba kuswa mazira, pambuyo pa nthawi imeneyi kukhala ndi anapiye.
- Patatha mwezi umodzi, anapiyewo amalemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu awiri mpaka atatu ndipo molimba mtima amayima kuphiko. Ngakhale izi, anapiyewa amakhalabe ndi amayi awo mpaka nthawi yozizira, mwapadera mpaka masika.
... KOMA BAD WABWINO
Akazi modzikhala amakhala pansi pamudzu, kusankha ndikuwunika. Makina ozizira kwambiri amapeza anzawo, nthawi zina opitilira umodzi. Akazi amathanso kugona ndi amuna angapo. Ndipo, monga mbalame zonse zamtala (nyama zamitala siziimapanga awiriawiri, zazimuna nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi "akazi" azikazi zingapo), chisamaliro cha amayi chimayamba. Amuna sachita chidwi ndi tsogolo la ana. Masewera atangotha, amasonkhana pagulu ndipo amawuluka kupita ku molt. Akazi okha amamanga zisa pansi. Komabe, sasiyanitsidwa ndi maluso awo omanga: