Ku South America, pamatanthwe, pamiyala yamapiri a Andes, nyama zokongola modabwitsa zimakhala - ndevu zamapiri. M'dera lankhanza lino, kumene usiku kutentha kumatsika ndi zero, ndipo amphaka a Andean nthawi zambiri amabisalira ndevu zazitali, nyama zowotcha zimavutika.
Ngakhale zikufanana kwambiri ndi akalulu, ma whiskeys ndi amtundu wa makoswe. Makulidwe awo samaposa masentimita 40, ndipo amalemera pafupifupi 1.5 kilogalamu.
Achibale awo apamtima ndi chinchillas, pomwe ma viskash amalumikizana a banja limodzi (chinchillas), komanso ubweya wofunda ndi wakuda. Unali ubweya uwu womwe unkalola kuti nyamazo zizitha kudziwa malo okwera a Andes mpaka pamtunda wamamita 5,000, komwe kumatentha kwambiri usiku ndipo nthawi zambiri kumawomba chimphepo. M'mawa, mumatha kuwona momwe nyama zakugona zimadzitenthezera ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa. Mphezi zam'mapiri molt, kusintha mtundu wa chovala cha ubweya, kutengera nyengo, kuyambira imvi kupita bulauni.
Koma ngati mutayang'ana momwe azimbudzi amayendera m'matanthwe, kulumpha kuchokera pamwala kupita pamwala, titha kunena kuti ali ngati agologolo: mchira womwewo, kuthamanga ndi mayendedwe oyenda. Ngakhale ma cordars, osaka aluso a Andes, omwe kuthamanga kwawo ndi kulimba mtima kwake kumakopeka ndi zilombo zilizonse, sangathe kupeza munthu wamkulu komanso wathanzi. Veliki yowoneka ngati yovuta kwambiri, yosachedwa kunenepa komanso yowoneka ngati mafuta. Koma ndikofunika kuti phokoso liyandikire mwachangu, makoswe ayamba kuthawa, atabisala m'miyala yamiyala. Pothawa, amafulumira kuthamanga mpaka 40 km / h ndipo amatha kudumpha mamita atatu.
Ma whiskeys ndi nyama zapagulu, amakhala m'magulu a anthu pafupifupi 80. Izi zimawathandiza kuthawa zilombo. Pakabuka zoopsa, chitolichi chimayamba kukhotetsa mchira wake ndikupanga mawu, kuwadziwitsa abale ake, ndipo kampani yonse ikufulumira kubisala. Kuphatikiza pa amphaka amphaka ndi Andean, anthu ena omwe amasaka zikopa ndi nyama ndi adani owopsa amatsenga akumapiri.
Makoko awa amadya zakudya zamasamba. Ndipo popeza sizovuta kupeza chakudya m'malo ovuta, mapiri amaula tsiku lonse pantchitoyi.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti whiskash amakonda kwambiri kutola zinthu zazing'ono zosiyanasiyana, miyala yokongola, nthenga, zinyalala, zomwe adazitola mumsewu. Nthawi zambiri pakhomo la mabowo munthu amatha kuwona mapiri a chuma chotere. Asayansi sangathe kulongosola msonkhano uno mwakuwona, kotero titha kuganiza kuti uwu ndi mtundu wokhumba kukongola, monga makumi anayi, mwachitsanzo.
Chinchilla ndi whiskey
Alfred Edmund Bram "Zinyama" .
State Publishing House of Geographical Literature 1958
Alfred Edmund Bram (febulo 2, 1829 - Novembara 11, 1884), katswiri wothandizira nyama yosamalira nyama ku Germany komanso wapaulendo, pantchito yake yotchuka Brehms TierlebenMoyo wa Zinyama waphatikizira chuma chochuluka pazinthu zanyama zomwe zimakhala padziko lapansi.
Alfred Brem anabadwira ku Thuringia, m'banja la m'busa wam'mudzimo Ludwig Brem, katswiri wodziwika bwino kwambiri ku Europe. Kuyambira ali mwana, motsogozedwa ndi abambo ake, adatenga nawo mbali pazowonekera mwasayansi komanso makamaka zowonera ndi ntchito. Poyamba, a Brem adalowa ku University of Altenburg ku Faculty of Designer (1843), pomwe K. Krause adalemba pazolemba zake za Brema: "Komabe, sanadzipange yekha. Sanakhale adokotala kapena katswiri wa zanyama, monga momwe munthu amayembekezera ... " Komabe, mu 1847 adapita ngati wachilengedwe paulendo wopita ku Africa, pambuyo pake ntchito yake yasayansi idayamba.
Ulendo wa Alfred Bram unayamba ali ndi zaka 17 ndi malingaliro a Baron Müller mu 1847 kuti apite paulendo wopita ku Africa kupita ku Nile kumtunda. Pambuyo pazaka zisanu zakuyenda ku Egypt, Nubia ndi East Sud, adabwereranso ku Germany ndipo adakapanga sayansi yachilengedwe ku Jena ndi Vienna. Adafalitsa nkhani za ornithological m'magazini ndipo m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa German Ornithological Society.
Banja la CHINCHILLA - (Chinchillidae).
(Chinchillidae) - Banja laling'ono la makoswe a caviomorphic, kuphatikiza 3 genera ndi 6 mitundu.
Posachedwa pomwe oimira banja laling'onoli la nyama zaku America adadziwika bwino, zikopa zomwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu okhala ku South America kuyambira nthawi zakale, ndipo kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka zana lomaliza abweretsedwa ku Europe. Matupi awo amavala ubweya, wowonda kwambiri kuposa nyama zina zonse. Mtundu wa ubweya ndi imvi yopepuka ndi yoyera ndi yakuda-bulauni kapena yachikasu.
Ma chinchillas onse amakhala ku South America ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mapiri motalika, pakati pamiyala yopanda matalala, pali mtundu umodzi wokha wokhala kumapiri. Amawaika m'mapanga amtchire kapena m'makola awo. Onse ndi ochezeka, ena amakhala m'mabanja amodzi kuphanga limodzi. Popewa, ngati maudzu, kuwala, kumawonekera kwambiri madzulo kapena usiku. Izi ndi nyama zachangu, zodala, zamantha komanso zamantha, m'mayendedwe awo ndi akalulu theka, mbewa theka. Kumva kuchokera kwa iwo, mwachiwonekere, ndiye kumverera kopitilira muyeso. Maluso aumunthu sagwira ntchito. Mizu yake ndi ziphuphu, mababu ndi makungwa, komanso zipatso, amapanga chakudya chawo. Kuberekanso kumakhala kolimba ngati ma hares. Amapirira mosavuta ukapolo ndipo amasangalala ndi ukhondo wawo komanso ulemu wawo. Mitundu ina imakhala yoyipa kapena, ngakhale kuipidwa, kukumba pansi panthaka, koma zonse ndi zofunikira ndi nyama yawo ndi ubweya.
Chinchilla Chachidule (Chinchilla brevicaudata)
Mitundu iwiri yokha ya nyama zomwe imadziwika ndi iyi: chinchilla (chinchilla brevicaudata) ndi chinchilla choyenera (Chinchilla lanigera). Yoyamba imafikira kutalika kwa masentimita 30, mchira wake ndi wa 13 cm, ndipo tsitsi limakhala 20 cm. Yunifolomu, yopyapyala, yofewa kwambiri kumbuyo ndi mbali zake imakhala ndi tsitsi lotalika masentimita awiri, Tsitsi lomwe lili pamizu ndi lakuda bii. wokutidwa ndi mphete zoyera, ndi imvi zakumapeto. Chifukwa cha izi, utoto wathunthu umawoneka ngati siliva ndi wokutira wakuda. Mapeto ndi miyendo yake ndi yoyera, mchira pamwamba umakhala ndi mikwingwirima iwiri yakuda, masharubu omwe ali pamizu ndi akuda, nsonga yake ndi yaimvi, maso akulu ndi akuda.
Panthaŵi ya Inca, anthu aku Peru opangidwa ndi ubweya wa silika wachinchilla wopanga nsalu ndi zinthu zina zomwe zinali zothandiza kwambiri, ndipo olemba monga Acosta ndi Molina amafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane, ngakhale sizowona, zofotokozera za nyama yofunikira iyi. M'zaka zapitazi, zikopa zoyambirira zidawonekera ku Europe monga kufunikira ku Spain, tsopano zakhala chinthu wamba. Otsatsa a Fur amadziwa mitundu iwiri ya chinchillas kale kwambiri kuposa akatswiri azamanyama. Mu 1829 pokhapokha ngati Bennett adatha kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za nyama iyi atachipeza ndi moyo ndikuchiyang'anira kwa nthawi yayitali ku England. Koma ngakhale pakadali pano mbiri yachilengedwe ya chinchillas m'malo ambiri ndiyosawoneka bwino.
Munthu wapaulendo wofika ku Cordillera kuchokera ku gombe lakumadzulo kwa South America, mpaka kutalika kwa 2000 mpaka 3,000 kuchokera pamtunda wa Meria, nthawi zambiri amazindikira mtunda wonse womwe miyala yonse imakhala ndi chinchillas ndi mitundu iwiri yamtundu womwewo. *
* Pali ooneka ngati olowa kumapiri (Lagidium). Ma chinchillas onse komanso amiseche am'mapiri samakonda kukumba mabowo awo, amakonda kubisalira m'mbali mwa pansi pa miyala, pamiyala ya miyala.
Ku Peru, Bolivia, ndi Chile, nyama izi zizikhala zochulukirapo, monga timaphunzirira kuchokera kwa apaulendo omwe adayendetsa ndi zikwizikwi za nyama tsiku limodzi. Pamasiku owala, mutha kuwona momwe chinchillas amakhala kutsogolo kwa mabowo awo, koma osati kumbali yamiyala yamiyala, koma nthawi zonse mumithunzi yayitali. Nthawi zambiri mumawazindikira m'mawa ndi madzulo. Kenako amatsitsimutsa mapiri ndipo makamaka mapiri a matanthwe ndi m'miyala, momwe mumangomera udzu wolimba kwambiri. Zikuoneka kuti, pamiyala yopanda mabowo pomwe amayenda uku ndi uku mwachangu komanso mwachangu komanso mwachangu. Mosakhazikika modabwitsa amakwera apa ndi apa paphiri pomwe palibe chomata. Amakweza mita 6 mpaka 10 ndi ulesi komanso kuthamanga kotero kuti munthu sangathe kuzitsatira ndi maso awo. Ngakhale sanachite manyazi kwenikweni, koma samakulolani kuyandikira ndikusowa nthawi yomweyo, mumangoyerekeza kuti mukufuna kuwatsata. Mwala wokutidwa ndi mazana a nyama umakhala wopanda kanthu ndikufa panthawi yomwe awomberedwa. Chingwe chilichonse chimabisala mwachangu pamwala, kenako chimasowa, ngati kuti mwabisala. Mphepoyi ikamaduka kwambiri, nthawi zambiri imadzaza ndi ma chinchillas, chifukwa ndi ming'alu, miyala yakukuta komanso maulesi pakati pa miyala yomwe imawapatsa malo ogona. Nthawi zina zimachitika kuti wapaulendo yemwe, popanda kuchita zolakwika ndi nyama izi, akukhala m'misanje, amangokuzingidwa ndi anthu okhala m'miyala. Mwapang'onopang'ono miyalayo imakhala ndi moyo, kuchokera pachilichonse, pamwala uliwonse, pamatuluka mutu.
* M'masiku ofotokozedwa ndi Brem, chinchillas amapezeka m'magulu a anthu pafupifupi 100 kapena kuposerapo. Chifukwa cha usodzi wosalamulirika, kuchuluka kwawo kwatsika, koma tsopano akuchira chifukwa cha njira zoteteza.
Akatswiri achinchillas achidwi kwambiri komanso onyenga omwe amayandikira kudza, ndipo, pamapeto pake, amathamangira mopanda phazi. Makina awo amayimira mtundu wina wolumpha osati kuyenda, koma amafanana ndi mayendedwe a mbewa zathu. Kupumula, amakhala kumbuyo kwa thupi, ndikukoka miyendo yakutsogolo pachifuwa ndikutambasulira mchira, koma amatha kuimirira miyendo yawo yakumbuyo ndikugwira kwakanthawi. Mukakwera, miyendo yonse inayi imagwira pamiyala yamiyala, ndipo kuyanika kwake ndikokwanira kuti iigwire. *
* Kutha kukwera ndi kudumphadumpha (mu ukapolo chinchilla amatha kudumphira pansi kuchokera kumapewa a munthu) ndizodabwitsa kwambiri chifukwa miyendo ya chinchilla imawoneka yaying'ono komanso yopanda mphamvu, ndipo zopondereza pa izo ndizifupi komanso zopanda phokoso.
Onse owonera akuwonetsa kuti nyamayi imatha kutsitsimutsa malo owoneka opanda phokoso komanso achisoni nthawi yomweyo kusangalatsa ndi kusangalatsa munthu amene akuyenda yekha pamtunda wamtundawu.
Palibe chidziwitso chotsimikizika pakubadwa kwa chinchilla, ngakhale adakulitsidwa m'munda wapa London zoological. Akazi oyembekezera amapezeka kudziko lakwawo nthawi iliyonse pachaka ndipo anaphunzira kuchokera kwa anthu wamba kuti kuchuluka kwa maubweya kuyambira 4 mpaka 6, zambiri zowonjezera sizikupezeka. Achichepere amayamba kudziimira pawokha atangosiya ming'alu m'matanthwe momwe adawonamo koyamba, ndipo chachikulire, mwachiwonekere, atamasulidwa, amasiya kusamalira ana ake.
* Ngakhale amakhala ku colonies, ma chinchillas ndi amiseche, pomwe akazi ndi akulu komanso owopsa kuposa amuna omwe ali ndi udindo m'mudzi wawo. M'chaka, nthawi zambiri pamakhala ana 2 (osachedwa 1 kapena 3) a 2-3 (mpaka 6) owoneka, achichepere, okhala ndi mano athunthu.
Nthawi zambiri amawongolera kunyumba, osowa ku Europe. Mwaulere, chinchilla amadya udzu, mizu ndi mbewa ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito miyendo yake yakutsogolo kubweretsa chakudya pakamwa pake.
Amati, m'masiku akale, chinchilla amapezeka kunyanja kumapiri onse momwe amapezeka pamwamba. Pakadali pano, amakumana pamapiri otsika kokha mwa mawonekedwe aumwini. Chizunzo chosalekeza chomwe amamuzunza chifukwa cha khungu chimamuwongolera. Aziwusaka mwachangu kuyambira nthawi zakale ndipo ngakhale pano amagwiritsa ntchito njira zofananira ndendende monga kale. Komabe, a ku Europe nthawi zina amamupha ndi mfuti kapena kuchokera ku mivi yoluka, koma kusaka uku kumapereka zotsatira zosadalirika, chifukwa ngati simulowa mu chinchilla kotero kuti chimafa pomwepo, pomwepo chimabisala mumtundu wina wa mwala ndikusowa kwa osaka. Njira yosaka yomwe Amwenye amagwiritsa ntchito ndi yodalirika kwambiri. Amaika malupu opangidwa bwino patsogolo pa miyala yonse yomwe angafikeko, ndipo m'mawa mwake amatulutsa zibwano zomwe zigwera mumisampha imeneyi. Kuphatikiza apo, amwenye amakonda kwambiri kusaka komwe timagwiritsa ntchito akalulu. Amadziwa kupukutira mwaluso ndi kuwaphunzitsa kusaka chinchillas, ndiye kuti amachita chimodzimodzi ndi osaka athu omwe ali ndi zofunafuna, kapena amalola kuti weasel atulutse nyama yomwe yaphedwa mkati mwa baleri. *
* Weasel wautali, kapena wamisala yoyera (Mustela frenata) - wolusa wocheperako, wofanana kwambiri ndi nkhwangwa, koma wokulirapo.
Zozizwitsa zimanena kuti wamalonda ku Molinos, malo akumadzulo kwambiri m'chigawo cha La Plata, amagulitsa zikopa za chikachilla cha 2000-3000 chaka chilichonse, ndipo mu 1857 amangogulitsa madola 600. "Amasaka ambiri aku India," akutero, ", adadandaula chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nyama izi komanso kuvuta kuzigwira. Izi zikuchitika chifukwa chofunafuna mosazindikira. Atathamangitsa ndalama zogulitsa zomwe adagulitsa, msaki wa chinchilla amagula ngongole Chakudya china, kulumbira kuti chilipira pambuyo pa kusaka, ndi kutumiza kumapiri a kutchire kwambiri.
* Tsopano chinchillas zimangokhala pathanthwe pathanthwe lalitali 3000-5000 m pamwamba pa nyanja.
Apa, nyama zokongola izi zimakhala m'ming'alu yosatheka kufikako kapena pansi pa miyala m'miyala yomwe adakumbamo okha. Amachita mantha mwadzidzidzi, ndipo zodabwitsa zilizonse kapena phokoso losazolowereka limaziyendetsa ndi liwiro la mphezi m'misasa yodalirika ngati zingadye panthawiyo kapena, zomwe zimakonda kwambiri, zidasewera padzuwa mtunda wautali kuchokera pamenepo. Pafupi ndi malo achikale kapena achinchilla atsopano, omwe mlenje amawona ndi maso ake a chiwombankhanga pakuyenda movutikira, amaika malupu olimba a akavalo kapena misampha yosavuta kutsogolo kwa zilembozo ndikuyembekezera zotsatira zake, kubisala patali. Chinchillas achidwi, akaganiza kuti ngozi yatha, amathamangira kuchoka m'makomo awo ndikukhomeka mumalowedwe kapena kudzipha m'misampha. Mmwenyeyu amathamangira, amawatulutsira kunja ndikukakonzanso zida zophera nsomba. Koma tsopano patadutsa nthawi yotalikirapo nyama zowopsya zisanachoke kwawo. Amakhala masiku awiri m'malo ogona, asanakwererenso kutuluka, komwe amalipira ndi moyo wawo. Ndikosavuta kumvetsetsa kuti Mmwenye wolimba mtima komanso wodikirira moleza mtima amatha kupha anthu onse, ndipo pamapeto pake, njala imayamba kuyika malupu ndi chimbalanga chomaliza. Sawomberedwa, chifukwa ngakhale anthu ovulala kwambiri amathamangira kumalo awo ogulitsira ndipo mwanjira imeneyi amawonekeranso, ndipo magazi ochokera m'mabala amakhala ndi tsitsi losalala kwambiri mwakuti zikopa zotere zimataya kukongola komanso kufunika. Patatha milungu ingapo ku Cordillera, mlenje wa chinchilla amabwerera ndi nkhokwe kupita ku Molinos ndipo amalandila ma pes6 a 5-6 a zikopa khumi ndi ziwiri. "
Kumpoto ndi pakati pa Chile, chinchilla chokhala ndi chinala chochepa ndipo chimasinthidwa ndi mtundu wina waung'ono (Chinchilla lanigera). *
* Chinchilla chachikulu chokhala ndi chinchilla chachikulu chomwe chimakhala ku Andes chakumwera kwa Peru, Bolivia ndi kumpoto kwa Argentina. Kwenikweni chinchilla laniger amakhala kumpoto kwa Chile.
Pankhani ya moyo, mtunduwu, mwachiwonekere, uli wofanana kofanana ndi woyamba, komanso umayandikana nawo mawonekedwe ndi ubweya. Koma ndizocheperako: kutalika konse kumakhala pafupifupi 35-40 masentimita, pomwe mchira umakhala pafupifupi chitatu. Tsitsi lofewa kumbuyo kwa 2 cm, kumbuyo ndi m'mbali 3. masentimita ake. Mbali yakumwamba ya mchira, tsitsi kumunsi ndi kumutu kuli koyera pakati pakuda bii, kunsi kwa mchira ndi bulauni.
Pambuyo pofunsa zambiri kuchokera kwa asayansi achilengedwe, mavuvu angapo adatumizidwa ku Europe, ndipo pambuyo pake nyama, ngakhale kuti apaulendo akhala akutchula chinchilla kwanthawi yayitali. *
* Pakadali pano, kuswana kwa chinchillas pamafamu ngati nyama yokhazikika kwakhazikitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi, ziweto zikupitilira anthu opitilila miliyoni, kuweta zikuchitika, zoweta zapangidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ubweya, kuyambira yoyera mpaka yakuda. Tsoka ilo, ubweya wa nyama zam'mimba pambuyo pa 1-2 mibadwo imayamba kuzindikira ubweya wa chinchillas chamtchire.Ali ku ukapolo, chinchillas adakhalako zaka 20.
Haukins, yemwe adalongosola malongosoledwe aulendo wake mu 1622, amamuyerekezera ndi gologolo, ndipo Ovalle akuti agologolowa amapezeka kokha ku Guasco Valley ndipo amamuthokoza kwambiri ndikuwatsata chifukwa cha ubweya wabwino. Molina adatidziwitsa za nyama iyi kumapeto kwa zaka zana zapitazi. Amatinso kuti ubweya wamtunduwu ndi wocheperako ngati ulusi wa intaneti, Komanso, ndizotalika kwambiri kotero kuti amatha kuduladula. "Nyamayi imakhala mobisalira kumadera aku kumpoto kwa Chile ndipo imadziphatika pamodzi ndi abale ena. Chakudya chake chimakhala ndi mababu ndi masamba ochulukitsa, omwe amapezeka mbali zonsezo. Amabereka ana aakubala a 606 kawiri pachaka. sayesa kuluma kapena kuthawa ngati atanyamulidwa, amakhala phee, ngakhale atagwidwa ndi mawondo awo, ngati kuti ndi kwawo kwina, ndipo akuwoneka kuti akukonda kwambiri kusokedwa. ndiye palibe chifukwa choopera kuwapangitsa kukhala auve ndipo mavalidwewo kapena anawapatsa fungo loipa, alibe fungo loipa ngati mbewa zina. Chifukwa chake, nyama zimatha kusungidwa m'nyumba popanda zovuta komanso pamtengo wotsika, zimabweza ndalama zonse kuwonjezerera ngati zingadule tsitsi. omwe anali achilengedwe kwambiri kuposa omwe ali pano, adatha kupanga mabulangete ndi zinthu zina kuchokera ku ubweya uno. "
Mu 1829, chinchilla chaching'ono chidabwera ndi moyo ku London chofotokozedwa ndi Bennett. Ichi ndi cholengedwa kwambiri, chomwe, nthawi zina, chinkayesera kuluma ngati chinali munthawi yoyipa. Sanali wokondwa, ndipo nthawi zina amatha kudumpha kodabwitsa. Iye amakhala pamiyendo yake yakumbuyo, koma amakhoza kuyimirira ndi kuyimirira ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo, amabweretsa chakudya pakamwa pake ndi miyendo yake yakutsogolo. M'nyengo yozizira, ndinamupititsa kuchipinda chochepa kwambiri. Amakonda kwambiri mbewu zamphesa ndi zitsamba zokoma kuposa zitsamba zouma, zomwe, m'malo mwake, zimadyedwa mosavuta ndi chinchilla chachikulu chaching'ono. Chichewa chaching'ono sichingabzalidwe limodzi ndi chaching'ono, chikangochita izi, nkhondo yoyipa idayamba, yomwe yaying'onoyo ikhoza kufa ngati omenyerawo sanasiyanitsidwe nthawi yomweyo.
Zowunikira zomwe ndimatha kudzipanga ndindende imodzi yaying'ono m'ndende ndizogwirizana ndi zomwe a Bennett adachita. Komabe, wogwidwa nayeyo ananenetsa kuti anali wochotsa usiku kuposa nyama wamba. Zowona, chinchilla amatha kukhala maso masana, koma pokhapokha atasokonezeka. Nthawi ina atatuluka m'ngalande ndikuyenda mozungulira nyumbayo mwakufuna kwake, nthawi zonse ankabisala masana, koma anali wamoyo koposa usiku.
Anthu aku South America ndi ofunitsitsa kudya nyama yamitundu iwiri ya chinchillas, apaulendo aku Europe akuwoneka kuti amawakondanso, ngakhale akunena kuti sizingafanane ndi nyama ya hare yathu. Komabe, nyamayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pazinthu zina, cholinga chachikulu chosaka ndi khungu. Chinchillas a Cordilleras okwera amayamikiridwa kwambiri, malinga ndi Zozizwitsa, popeza tsitsi lawo ndi lalitali, loonda komanso lopyapyala ndipo ali ndi ubweya wolimba kwambiri kuposa nyama zam'mbali, zomwe zikopa zake zilibe phindu. Ku America, tsopano zipewa zokha ndizopangidwa kuchokera ku ubweya uwu, luso la amisiri oyamba adamwalira nawo.
Malinga ndi Lomer, mitundu iwiri ya zikopa imadziwika pakati pa malonda a ubweya: zikopa za zikuluzikulu zazifupi zazifupi, zazitali komanso zazifupi, ndi zikopa zazing'ono zazitali, zazifupi zazifupi, yoyamba magawo 15-25 magawo, omaliza a 1-5 . *
* Mosiyana ndi zomwe Brehm adanena, ubweya wa chinchilla chachikulu chaching'ono ndi chofunikira kwambiri kuposa ubweya wa chinchilla pawokha, womwe umapitilizabe kukhala umodzi mwa mitengo kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Woyamba kupita ku malonda pachaka mpaka 20,000. Kusiyana pakati pa zikopa zabwino kwambiri ndi zoyipa kwambiri ndikovuta kwambiri, koma pali mitundu yosinthira, tanthauzo lake lomwe limakhala lovuta kwa cholumikizira.
Chizungu cham'mapiri (Lagidhtm) imakhala ndi makutu autali, mchira wokutidwa ndi tsitsi lonse kumtunda kwake, miyendo inayi komanso mbali zazitali kwambiri. *
* Mu nthawi ya Brem, nyama izi zinkatchedwa mafinya. Mitundu ya mapiri am'mapiri (Lagidium) imakhala m'midzi yoposa 80 ya miyala m'miyala youma, yopanda zomera zambiri za Andes kuchokera ku Peru kupita ku Patagonia. Mosiyana ndi chinchillas, amakhala ndi chizolowezi chatsiku ndi tsiku ndipo amabweretsa 1 mita imodzi mu zinyalala zilizonse.
Pankhani ya kapangidwe ka mano, chinchillas ndi ma viskashas ali pafupi kwambiri; ali ofanana kwathunthu m'moyo. Pakadali pano, pali mitundu iwiri yokha yamatsenga am'madzi yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi yomwe imakhala pakati pa matanthwe a Cordillera pafupi ndi malire a matalala amoto pamtunda wa mamita 3000 mpaka 5000 pamwamba pa nyanja. *
* Tsopano pali mitundu itatu ya viskash ya mapiri.
Ndizosavuta komanso zachinyengo ngati chinchillas, zimawonetsera zofananazo ndipo zimadyetseranso mbewu zomwezo kapena zina zofanana. Mwa mitundu iwiriyi, umodzi umakhala kumapiri akumwera kwa Peru ndi Bolivia, enawo - kumpoto kwa Peru ndi Ecuador.
Veru wa Peru (Kubweza kwa Lagidium).
Nyamayi ndiyofanana kukula ndi mawonekedwe a kalulu, miyendo yake yakumbuyo yokha ndiyotalikirapo kuposa ya kalulu weniweni, ndipo mchira wautali sukulola kufananizidwa ndi mchira wamiyendo yathu. Maso ali pafupifupi 8 cm, m'mphepete mwake lakunja ndi lopindika mkati, kumapeto kumazunguliridwa, kunja kumakutidwa ndi ubweya wofowoka, mkati mwake mumakhala pafupifupi maliseche, m'mphepete mumabzalidwa tsitsi. Ubweya wake ndi wofewa kwambiri komanso wautali, tsitsi, kupatula ochepa akuda, lili loyera pamizu, pamphepete mwa loyera losakanizika ndi mtundu wa chikasu. Chifukwa cha izi, ubweya umalandira mtundu wa imvi, womwe mbali zake zimakhala zopepuka ndipo zimasanduka chikaso. Mchira kuchokera pansi ndi mbali zake zimakhala ndi tsitsi lalifupi, loyera ndi lakuda, ndipo chakumapeto limakhala lakuda kwathunthu, kuchokera pamwamba pomwe tsitsi limakhala lofiirira, lalitali komanso lalitali. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi ndevu zazitali zofika mpaka kumapeto. *
* Padevu lalitali losazolowereka limadziwika ndi anthu onse am'banja.
Mwinanso zikopa zija zomwe zimagulitsidwa pansi pa dzina la "chinchillons" zimachokera ku nyama iyi. Zili zopanda phindu, ndi mazana ochepa okha omwe amagwera ku Europe chaka chilichonse.
Whiskey (Lagostomus maximm) ili ngati chinchilla kuposa whiskey yam'mapiri. *
* Plain viskasha sikuwoneka ngati chinchillas komanso mapiri a mapiri. Imapezeka osati kumapanda okha, komanso kumapiri otsika, kumapiri a kumapiri mpaka 2600 m.
Thupi limakhala lokwinya ndi khosi lalifupi komanso lamphamvu kumbuyo, miyendo yakutsogolo ndiyifupi komanso mikono inayi, miyendo yam'mbuyo yolimba imatalika kawiri kutalika kwake ndikukulumikizika katatu. Mutu ndi wakuda, wozungulira, woterera pamwamba, ndipo wotupa m'mphepete, wopukutira fupi komanso wosalala. Mikanda pamilomo ndi masaya imasiyanitsidwa ndi kuuma kwapadera, ndizofanana kwambiri ndi zitsulo kuposa kupangika kwa nyanga, kukhala ndi kutanuka kwakukulu ndikuwomba ngati mugwira china chake. Makutu opanda kanthu, owonda, owala osalimba, ali ndi maso akulu kwambiri, mphuno yophimbidwa ndi ubweya ndipo mlomo wapamwamba womwe umagawanika kwambiri umapanganso zina za mutu. Mbali yakumunsi ya miyendo yakumbuyo kutsogolo imakutidwa ndi ubweya, ndipo corpus callosum ndiyonso yamaliseche kumbuyo, mbali yakumunsi ya miyendo yakutsogolo, pambali, yamaliseche kwathunthu. Zovala zazifupi zomwe zimazunguliridwa ndi tsitsi lofewa zimakhala ndi manja a miyendo yakutsogolo, komanso zazitali komanso zamphamvu zamiyendo yakumbuyo. Thupi limakutidwa ndi ubweya wakuda, kumtunda kumakhala utoto wogawika komanso wakuda, ndichifukwa chake kumbuyo kumawoneka kwamdima. Mutu umakhala imvi kuposa mbali za thupi, chingwe chofalikira chomwe chimatambasulira kumtunda kwa muzzle komanso m'masaya oyera, mchirawo umakutidwa ndi mawanga oyera oyera komanso abulauni, mbali yonse yakumbuyo komanso yamkati mwayera. Komabe, nthawi zina pamakhala zopatuka kuchokera ku utoto uwu. Kwa ena, kumbuyo kumakhala kofiyira komanso kwamtambo wakuda, mbali yakumunsi ndiyoyera, pamasaya mzere wofiirira wonyezimira, thonje limakhala lakuda, mchira umafuwa. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 50 cm, kutalika mchira ndi 18 cm. *
* Kuchuluka kwa munthu wamkulu kumatha kufika 7 kg. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa chinchillas ndi whiskeys kumapiri ndi -1.6 kg.
Plain viskasha ilowa m'malo mwa abale ake m'banjali chakum'mawa kwa Andes, malo ake ogawikidwako pakalipano amapangidwa ndi pampas, kuchokera ku Buenos Aires kupita ku Patagonia. Mpaka pomwe nthaka idasunthika mpaka pano, idapezeka ku Paraguay. Komwe ilipo, imapezeka zochuluka. M'malo ena muli ambiri a iye kotero kuti magulu athunthu amakhala mbali zonse ziwiri za mseu, koma izi zimachitika usiku.
Ndi malo obisika kwambiri komanso achipululu omwe amapezeka komwe kuli, koma amapita mpaka kumadera omwe amalimidwa kwambiri, apaulendo amadziwa kuti ngati kuli malo ambiri olowera nyama, kutanthauza kuti malo okhala nyama iyi, zikutanthauza kuti malo okhala ku Spain ali pafupi.
Viskasha amakhala pamadambo owaza ndipo amatha malo ambiri owuma ndipo amakumba malo okumbikakumbika, mobisalira pafupi ndi zitsamba osati kutali ndi minda. Burrows kukhazikika pamodzi ndipo amakhalanso pamodzi. Amakhala ndi mayendedwe osawerengeka komanso nyumba zogona kuti athawe ndipo mkati amagawidwa zipinda zingapo, kutengera kukula kwa banja lomwe likhazikika pano. Chiwerengero cha anthu am'banja chitha kufikira 8-10, koma pamenepa, ena mwa anthuwa amachoka kwawo ndikuyambitsa yatsopano, mofunitsitsa pafupi ndi akale. *
* Mwachilengedwe, ma viscacheras amatha malo pafupifupi 600 m2 ndipo ali ndi mabowo 20 kutalika kwa 200 m ndi khomo lakufika mita imodzi. Kuchuluka kwa viskacheras amodzi ndi nyama 20-30, wamwamuna wamkulu "amamutsogolera." Chifukwa cha kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi kuchokera kumakina otsetsereka, malo a koloneli amakwezedwa pamwamba pa pompopompo ndi 50-80 cm
Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti kadzidzi wa phanga amabwera kuno ndikukhala ndi malo okhala. Tidy wolekerera salekerera kupezeka kwa mnzake yemwe samasamala za dongosolo lawo monga momwe amachitira, ndipo nthawi yomweyo amachoka ngati m'modzi mwa alendo awakwiyitsa ndi chidetso chake. *
* Nyama zambiri zimakhala mwa ndevu. Ambiri mwa anthu okhala m'nyumba omwe amakhala atawasiyidwa kale, ndipo alibe vuto pachikondwererocho, nkhandwe ndi njoka zazikulu zimakhala zowopsa.
Chifukwa cha izi, nthaka nthawi zina imasunthidwa m'malo a mraba. Banja lonse limagona tsiku lonse, kubisala m'nyumba, pofika dzuŵa lanyama limawonetsedwa, linalo, ndipo kutayamba kucha, gulu lalikulu limasonkhana kutsogolo kwa zitseko. Imasanthula mosamala ngati zonse zili phee, ndikuyenda mozungulira nyumba kwa nthawi yayitali musanadye chakudya. Pakadali pano, mutha kuwona momwe mazana a nyama izi amasewera pakati pawo, ndikumva patali patali zomwe agalu awo ali, ofanana ndi nkhumba. Ngati chilichonse chili chokhazikika, ndiye kuti anthu amafunafuna chakudya, ndi chilichonse chomwe chimapezeka, chilichonse chomwe chingachitike. Mizu, mizu ndi makungwa, ndipomwe zimapanga gawo lalikulu la chakudyacho, koma ngati kuli minda pafupi, ndiye kuti zinyama zimawachezera ndikusakaza zowoneka kumeneko. Pakusintha kwa msipu, amakhalanso ochenjera kwambiri: sizichitika kuti amaiwala kudziteteza. Mmodzi ndi mmodzi, kachinakwerako kamakweza miyendo yake yakumbuyo, kumvetsera mwachidwi ndi achinyamata usikuwo. Paphokoso pang'onopang'ono amathawa ndikuthamanga, ndikupfuula kwambiri, kuthamangira kumakumba awo, mantha awo ndiwokulira kwambiri kotero kuti amalira ndi kuchita phokoso atafika kale kunyumba yabwino. *
* Whisky amasunga kulumikizana nthawi yayitali ndi njinga m'manja. Repertoire yawo ndi yolemera modabwitsa.
Mwa kayendedwe kawo, whiskey ili m'njira zambiri zofanana ndi akalulu, komabe, amakhala otsika kwambiri kwa iwo kuthamanga, ngakhale ali okondwa kwambiri, osangalatsa komanso amakonda masewera. Kupita kubusa, amadziwombana mosalekeza, kuthamangathamanga mozungulira, kulumpha ndi kukuwa wina ndi mnzake. *
* Whisky yomwe imathamanga pa liwiro la 40 km / h, imatha kudumpha mamita atatu. Nthawi zambiri amayenera kudya msuzi kutali ndi ma viskacheras, popeza udzu womuzungulira udadwalako kale, ndipo amathamangira kuthamangira mdzenje, akumatembenuka.
Amanyamula kumakumba awo zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe amapeza kuti ali msipu kupita ku msipu ndikuziyika mulu wopanda pake patsogolo pa khomo, ngati kuti zinthuzi zitha kukhala zoseweretsa zawo. Mafupa ndi zisa zimayikidwa patsogolo pa mabowo, ndowe za ng'ombe ndi zinthu zotayika mwangozi ndi anthu zomwe sizibweretsa phindu lililonse ku nyama, ndipo gaucho, atataya china chake, pitani kuma viskarasaras apafupi kukafufuza chomwe chataya pamenepo. Nyama zimachotsa mosamala zonse zopanda pake m'nyumba zawo. Ngakhale atchera mathesa nthawi yachisanu mumakola kuti adye nthawi yazaka sizikudziwika, mwina m'modzi mwa akatswiri akale amati. Mawu awo ndiwachilendo, wofuula, komanso wosasangalatsa kapena chipokoso chomwe sichingafotokozedwe.
Za kubereka mpaka pano, palibe chodalirika chomwe chimadziwika. Amati zazikazi zimabereka ana a 2-4 omwe amakula m'miyezi 2-4. *
* Mkati mwa chaka pali ana (a zigawo zakumpoto - ziwiri) mu Julayi - Ogasiti. Mimba imatha miyezi 5, nthawi zambiri ana awiri opanga bwino mu zinyalala. Ali mu ukapolo, Viskash adakhala zaka 10.
Goging anali ndi kamwana kamodzi pa ma visa akale. Nthawi zonse amakhala pafupi ndi amayi ake. Amamugwira mwachikondi chachikulu ndikumuteteza pakakhala vuto. Mukamagwira ana ake ndikuwayeseza, amakhala otupa komanso osavuta kugwira, monga akalulu athu. M'malo ena amapezekanso m'minda yosungirako nyama yaku Europe, whisky, yomwe imasungidwa ku Frankfurt Garden, anali, malinga ndi a Gaake, otupa nthawi zonse, osatekeseka, komanso amadziwika ndi zoyipa zoyipa.
Wiskash sazunzidwa chifukwa cha nyama ndi khungu lawo kuposa chifukwa chokumba pansi panthaka. M'malo omwe ali wamba, kukwera mahatchi kumalumikizidwa kwenikweni ndi chiopsezo ku moyo, popeza mahatchi nthawi zambiri amangokankha mbali zazitali zosagona ndipo amawopa kwambiri ngati sagwa konse, ponyani wokwerayo kapenanso kuthyola miyendo.
Whiskey (Lagostomus maximus)
Kuchokera patali, mbadwa imazindikira nyama zam'mimba zazing'ono zomwe nyama zimadya ndi chidwi. Chomera chimapezeka nthawi zonse pomwe pali ma viskacheras ambiri, omwe amakhala ngati chizindikiro chomwe malo owopsa angapewere. Amayesa kuthamangitsa Viskash kuchokera kumadera oyandikana ndi midzi mwanjira zonse ndikugwiritsa ntchito moto ndi madzi kuwawononga. Udzu womwe wazungulira mabowo watenthedwa, motero umawalepheretsa chakudya, malo okhala ndi kusefukira ndikukakamiza nyamazo kuti zipulumutsidwe kunja kwa burashi, komwe agalu odikirawo akuwagwira posachedwa. Kuphatikiza pa anthu, nyamayi imakhala ndi adani ena ambiri. Iwo akuti, kondakitoni amasaka whiskas pafupipafupi monga abale awo kumapiri, agalu olusa ndi nkhandwe zimawakhomera pamalo opondera ngati akuwonekera kutsogolo kumiyala, ndipo makoswewo amalowera ngakhale m'nyumba zawo, pomwe amakumana ndi nyama. Zowona, vekasha amadzitchinjiriza momwe angathere kuchokera kwa adani ake amphamvu, kumenyana ndi agalu kwa nthawi yayitali, kumenya nkhondo molimbika ndi ratsupial, ngakhale kuluma miyendo ya anthu, koma kodi makoswe osavomerezeka angatani motsutsana ndi olusa amphamvu! Komabe, ngakhale anali kuzunzidwa zonsezi, kuchuluka kwa ma whiskeys sikunayambike kuchepa ngati kufalikira kwa nthaka sikunalepheretse kubereka kwawo. Ndipo pamenepa, munthu, atatenga dothi, amakhala mdani woopsa kwambiri wa nyama iyi.
Amwenye opeza amakhulupilira kuti viskasha yotsekedwa mdzenje lake silingathe kudzipumitsa yokha ndipo ikuyenera kufa ngati singakumbedwe ndi abale. Chifukwa chake, Amwenye amakulowetsa kutuluka kwakukulu kwa ma viskacheras ndikumanga imodzi ya agalu awo kuti akhale mlonda, kuti asalole ma visa ena omwe ali okonzeka kubwera kuti athandize akaidi mpaka Amwenyewo atabwerako ndi malupu ndi maukonde pamenepo. Mwachilengedwe, olira otsekedwa amawopa kuti atuluke, azindikira galu pafupi ndi nyumba, ndipo Mmwenye amakwaniritsa cholinga chake motere.
Amwenye amadya nyama ya viskash ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito khungu lawo, ngakhale lili ndi mtengo wochepa kwambiri kuposa zikopa za mitundu yapamwambayi.
A. Brem "Yanyama"
Adasinthidwa ndi Pulofesa L. M. Nikolsky.Saint Petersburg 1902
NdemangaK. biol. n M.S. Galina ndi K. biol. n M. B. Kornilova
Kusindikiza Nyumba M: OLMA-PRESS OJSC "Red Proletariat" 2004
Banja laling'ono la ku America la chinchillas (Lagostomidae) ndi gawo losinthana pakati pa mbewa ndi hares. *
* Tsopano banjali limatchedwa Chinchillidae.
Oimira ake amatha kutchedwa kuti akalulu okhala ndi mchira wautali, wofunda. Mano a Molar opanda mizu, omwe ali ndi mitundu iwiri ya enamel. Ubweya wake ndi wosakhwima, wonyezimira bwino komanso wamtambo, wamtambo wakuda kapena wachikaso. Amakhala m'mapanga kapena m'mizere kumapiri a South America, kumawoneka patangotha nthawi yochepa. Mwa mayendedwe, awa ndi akalulu apakati, theka-mbewa, othamanga, amoyo, amanyazi, amantha komanso amanyazi. Malingana ndi kuthekera kwamaganizidwe, nyama zopitilira patsogolo. Fotokozerani mwamphamvu, ngati mahinji. Amazolowera kukhala akapolo, oyera. Amapereka ubweya wodabwitsa komanso nyama yokoma.
Makina otchedwa chinchillas (Eriomys) amasiyanitsidwa ndi mutu wakuda, lonse, mikono yakutsogolo, mikono yakutsogolo yayitali, miyendo yakumiyendo italiitali ndi ubweya wofewa kwambiri.
* Mitundu ya chinchillas imatchedwa Chinchilla.
Mitundu iwiri imadziwika: chinchilla (E. chinchilla) ndi chinchilla yaying'ono (E. lanigera). Loyamba ndi lalitali masentimita 30, ndi mchira wa 13, yunifolomu, yopyapyala, yofewa kwambiri imakhala ndi mawonekedwe a silvery yokhala ndi zokutira zakuda pamwamba ndi yoyera yoyera pansipa. Woyenda, akukwera kuchokera kumadzulo kupita ku Cordillera, wofika kutalika kwamtali wa 10,000, amazindikira kuti miyala yonse imakutidwa ndi chinchillas. M'masiku owala, omaliza amakhala kutsogolo kwa mabowo awo, pamthunzi, ndi mayendedwe awo achangu, osangalatsa, opangitsanso miyala yopanda ... Kuchokera pachingwe chilichonse, pamwala uliwonse, mutu wa chilombo wokhala ndi maso akuda kutuluka.
Chinchillas amazolowera ku ukapolo mwachangu, amakhala oyera, okongola komanso amakhalidwe abwino, koma sakonda mbuye wawo. Chifukwa chakuzunzidwa kowonjezereka, nyamayi imakhala yocheperako chaka ndi chaka. Amusaka mwina mwa kuyika malupu, kapena mothandizidwa ndi weasel wophunzitsidwa bwino (Mustela agilis). Tsopano kuti muziwasakira muyenera kukwera zakutchire zomwe sizifikika kwambiri.
Kumpoto ndi Middle Chile, chinchilla chachikulu chimasinthidwa ndi chinchilla chaching'ono, chofanana ndi choyambirira pakuwonekera komanso m'moyo, chochepa kwambiri kukula: kutalika kwake ndi 40 cm, pomwe gawo limodzi limakhala mchira. Mtundu wa ubweya wake umakhala wa imvi ndi madontho amdima, ndipo pansi ndi miyendo - yokhala ndi matte imaso kapena chikasu. Amadyetsa chakudya chambiri popanda kusiya mbewu ndi zitsamba zowuma. Mwa moyo, ndi nyama yotetemera yomwe imapewa kuwala. Mawu ake ndi akuthwa, ngati kalulu.
• Chinchilla fur imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwamtengo wapatali padziko lapansi, chifukwa cha kufalikira mwamphamvu, nyamazo zimangopulumuka kudera lamalire pakati pa Chile ndi Peru. Tsopano mtunduwu watetezedwa ndipo kuchuluka kwa chinchillas kukuchulukirachulukira. Pakadali pano, chinchillas chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati nyama zokongoletsera - zimatha kupezeka kale m'misika yathu ya ziweto ..
• Kuberetsa chinchillas si ntchito yosavuta, koma kuyambira 20s ya XX century, chinchillas akhala akuberekedwa ku USA pamafamu a ubweya ndipo tsopano mdziko muno opitilira chinchillas opitilira 70,000.
Kuchokera pa chinchillas zenizeni ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa mafinya (Lagidium), omwe ali ndi makutu autali, mchira waubweya, miyendo inayi ndi miyendo yayitali kwambiri. *
* Izi zikutanthauza 'kunong'ona kumapiri komwe kumachokera kubanja lomwelo monga chinchillas. Mokwanira pali mitundu inayi.
Monga nyama zam'mbuyomu, amakhalanso ochezeka, amoyo komanso osangalala. Yapezeka ku Peru, Bolivia ndi Ecuador. Chodziwika kwambiri ndi Peruvia pushak (L. Cuvieri), yomwe imawoneka ngati kalulu, kokha ndi miyendo yayitali ya kumbuyo ndi mchira waukulu wosayerekezeka. Ubweya wofewa kwambiri, wautali umakhala ndi utoto wamtundu wa phulusa, nkutembenuzira malo chikasu. Ubweya uwu umadziwika kuchokera kwa amalonda omwe amadziwika ndi dzina la chinchillon ndipo alibe phindu lililonse.
Ofanana kwambiri ndi Vishkash chinchillas (Lagostomus), ali ndi thupi lakuthwa komanso kumbuyo kolimba, miyendo yakutsogolo imakhala ndi mikono inayi, miyendo yakumbuyo, yayitali kwambiri, ndi yopindika. *
* Plain viskacha - mitundu yayikuru kwambiri ya banja (kutalika kwa thupi 50-60 cm, mchira womwe ma visiska amakhazikika popindika matipi a tiyi - masentimita 15 mpaka 20), mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yoyera imatulukira muzzle.
Mutu wozungulira, wotupa m'mphepete, umatha ndi phokoso lalifupi, lokhazikika. Milomo ndi masaya ali pansi ndi zokutira, kutulutsa kokhala ngati chitsulo, ndewu zazitali. Pafupifupi makutu, amaliseche, opanda phokoso - a saizi yayitali, maso okhala ndi ambiri nawonso ndi ochepa. Thupi lovekedwa ndi ubweya wakuda, pafupifupi lakuda kumbuyo ndi imvi kumbali, koma loyera pansipa. Kutalika mpaka 50 cm, mchira 18. Whiskeys ndiwofala pampas ku Patagonia, komwe amakhala m'malo otetezeka. *
* Malo okhala ndi Viskach - ma viskacheros - koloni yofananira ndi misewu yotsika yokhala ndi mipanda yolumikizira 20-30 yokhala ndi mipata yayitali ndi zipinda zokhala ndi malo ozama a 1-1.5 m kupezeka, monga malo okhala marmot, kwa makumi ambiri ndi mazana a zaka. M'malo okhala, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo, zolengedwa zamtundu uliwonse ngakhale mbalame zina, mwachitsanzo, owomba m'mapanga, amakhala.
Amadya pamizu ndi udzu. Malinga ndi mayendedwewo, ma viskashas ndi ofanana ndi timadontho-timadontho, timangosangalala kuposa iwo. Monga agua, amanyamula zinthu zosiyanasiyana kumabowo ndikuziyika mulu kutsogolo kwa khomo, ngati kuti zinthuzi zitha kukhala zoseweretsa. A Gauchos, akudziwa izi, nthawi zonse amapita kukayang'ana zinthu zotayika kwa "ma visa". Nyama zimachotsa mosafunikira zonse m'maenje awo. Mawu awo ndi achilendo, osasangalatsa kapena osachedwa kulira. Viskash sathamangitsidwa nyama yawo ndi ubweya wokha, komanso kuthamangitsidwa mwankhanza, mabowo osefukira ndi madzi kapena utsi wautsi, popeza mahatchi a chechos, akugwera m'mabowo awo, adadula miyendo yawo. Viskasha akudzitchinjiriza yekha osati agalu, komanso ngakhale kuluma ndi miyendo, koma, popanda kuvulaza kwambiri omaliza.
• Whisky adachita chidwi ndi zinthu zonyezimira komanso zowoneka bwino zomwe zimunjenjemera pakhomo lanyimbo.
• Ma Viscats amapanga mawu osiyanasiyana: kudya mokweza, ndikunjenjemera, kumata monyinyirika komanso kukhosomola pamalo opanda phokoso, pozindikira mdaniyo ali patali, amapanga kufuula kwakukuru komwe kumafanana ndi kutuluka kwa nkhumba, kenako ndikusintha ndikusemphana ndi kuthawira mdzenje kuchoka pachiwopsezo - akulira mosamva.
Bodza lachitatu: Chinchillas siziwonetsedwa ndi luso lapamwamba.
Ena amakhulupirira kuti chinchillas si nyama zanzeru kwambiri, koma aliyense m'nyumba mwake momwemo yemwe amakhala ndi nyama yaying'onoyo amatsutsana molimba mtima ndi zomwezi. Zowonadi, mwanzeru za nyama iyi ikuyandikira khoswe, yemwe, monga mukudziwa, ndi imodzi mwazinyama zanzeru kwambiri komanso zopatsa mphamvu kwambiri.
Bodza # 4: Chinchillas Shed
Musadalire iwo amene amamenyera zowona izi. Monga amphaka ndi agalu, chinchillas molt kawiri pachaka. Ubweya wotsalawo ukhoza kutsalira pazovala zanu ngakhale nyama itachita mantha mukamayigwira. Izi ndizachilengedwe, chifukwa pafupifupi ubweya wa nyama iliyonse, umakhala ndi nkhawa kapena nkhawa.
Momwe mungasungire mapiri onyenga?
Katundu wosakhala wamafuta angagulitsidwe ndi omwe amagulitsa osapereka omwe samapanga malo osungirako nyama, zomwe zimatanthawuza kuti malonda amawonongeka mwachangu, kenako ndikugwera mumbale yamakonda anu. Ogulitsa nawonso amachimwa posakaniza zinthu zapamwamba komanso zotha ntchito, ndipo ngakhale ndi mndandanda wama bajeti.
Yankho labwino 1
Momwe mungasinthire manja a chinchilla?
Makolo anga akhala akuswana ma chinchillas kwanthawi yayitali, ndipo, monga ananenera, ayenera kuphunzitsa nyamayo kuyambira miyezi yoyambirira ya moyo.
Kunyamula nthawi yomweyo sikuli koyenera. Choyamba, kumenya kumene, ndiye kuti ndikakalamba pang'ono, mutha kumunyamula ndikukhala nawo pang'ono, pang'onopang'ono kuonjezera kuti chinchilla chizolowere.
Ponena za achikulire - sindiyankha mosaganiza. Nyama imatha kumera mosiyanasiyana, ndipo ikadakhala kuti yapanga kale malingaliro apadziko lapansi ndi anthu.
Inde, zonse zimatengera chiweto chokha. Amatha kuzolowera mwachangu, ndipo zimachitika kuti patapita zaka zochepa alibe chidaliro.
Yankho labwino 2
Sakani ndi mutu
Mapeto: 1,145 Ndalama za nsanamira 46355 RUB (Tsatanetsatane) Makonda: 1,126 Makonda adalandila: 1,830Kodi whiskey ndi ndani ndipo ukudziwa chiyani za iye?
mu 606 nsapato 160%
Viskasha ndi nyama yomwe ndi ya makoswe ndi banja la chinchilla. Viskashs amagawidwa kukhala zigwa, zomwe zimakhala makamaka mu gawo la kontinentiyo ndipo kuli ma viskas okhala m'mapiri omwe amakhala m'malo otsetsereka kumapiri ndipo amatha kupezeka pamalo okwera mpaka mikono 5,000. Kontinenti yomwe amakhala ndi South America.
Ma whiskeys amawoneka osangalatsa kwambiri, mbali imodzi amawoneka ngati kalulu kapena gologolo, ndipo kumbali ina pali zofanana ndi kangaroo. Osegula ma pree amasiyana ndi mapiri kukula kwawo. Ndizokulirapo kuposa abale ammapiri. Mutu wa nyamayi ndi wofanana ndi mutu wa Kalulu, mchirawo ndi wokulirapo ndipo umafanana ndi mchira wa agologolo, koma miyendo imafanana kwambiri ndi kangaroos.
Nyama izi zimadyetsa, ngati makoswe ambiri okhala ndi njere, zipatso, udzu, nthambi. Whiskey ya m'mapiri imadya lichens, moss ndi mizu yomera. Makoswe amakhala m'magulu a anthu pafupifupi 30, makoswe otsetsereka ndi nyama zapakhomo, koma abale am'mapiri amakhala moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Pangani timabowo tawo munthaka ndipo potero amaphwanya mizu ya mbewu, chifukwa anthu amderali amawononga ngati tizirombo. Izi ndi nyama zoseketsa komanso zowoneka ngati zovulaza padzikoli.
Mapeto: 819 Ndalama za nsanamira 56325 RUB (Tsatanetsatane) Makonda: 3,101 Makonda adalandila: 2,772Idasinthidwa komaliza ndi Lubezin pa 01/14/2020 nthawi ya 10:43.
muma 559% 338%
Whiskey ndi ndani?
Viskasha ndi nyama yomwe ndi ya makoswe ndi banja la chinchilla. Viskashs amagawidwa kukhala zigwa, zomwe zimakhala makamaka mu gawo la kontinentiyo ndipo kuli ma viskas okhala m'mapiri omwe amakhala m'malo otsetsereka kumapiri ndipo amatha kupezeka pamalo okwera mpaka mikono 5,000. Kontinenti yomwe amakhala ndi South America.
Ma whiskeys amawoneka osangalatsa kwambiri, mbali imodzi amawoneka ngati kalulu kapena gologolo, ndipo kumbali ina pali zofanana ndi kangaroo. Osegula ma pree amasiyana ndi mapiri kukula kwawo. Ndizokulirapo kuposa abale ammapiri. Mutu wa nyama ndi wofanana ndi mutu wa kalulu, mchirawo ndi wokulirapo ndipo umafanana ndi mchira wa agologolo, koma miyendo imafanana kwambiri ndi kangaroos.
Nyama izi zimadyetsa, ngati makoswe ambiri okhala ndi njere, zipatso, udzu, nthambi. Whiskey ya m'mapiri imadya lichens, moss ndi mizu yomera. Makoswe amakhala m'magulu a anthu pafupifupi 30, makoswe otsetsereka ndi nyama zapakhomo, koma abale am'mapiri amakhala moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Pangani timabowo tawo munthaka ndipo potero amaphwanya mizu ya mbewu, chifukwa anthu amderali amawononga ngati tizirombo. Izi ndi nyama zoseketsa komanso zowoneka ngati zovulaza padzikoli.
Viskasha ndi makoswe a chinchilla omwe mawonekedwe ake ndi osangalatsa komanso okongola. Nthawi yomweyo imafanana ndi kangaroo ndi kalulu, komanso chilichonse chili ndi mchira, ngati gologolo.
Nyama imadya udzu, njere, nthambi zamtchire, zipatso zosiyanasiyana. Whiskey ya m'mapiri imagwiritsabe ntchito mizu yomera, lichens, moss.
Chinthu china chosiyanitsa ndi Viskasha ndi nthawi yakudzuka. Ma whiskeys amtunduwu amagwira usiku, koma zokutira m'mapiri ndizogwira masana.
Nyama zimakhala m'magulu akulu, chiwerengerocho chimafika mpaka anthu 30 m'makampani, omwe ali ndi kayendetsedwe kovuta kwambiri. Chifukwa cha chiyani, munthu amawasakira, popeza dothi lachonde likuwonongeka.
Wongonayo ali ndi kachitidwe kake ka chitetezo chake: pakhomo la mabowo amaikamo ng'ombe, pomwe amadzigwetsa fungo lawo, amakoka miyendo yawo pansi ndikufuula kwambiri akakhala pachiwopsezo.
m'mizere 1,906 48%
Nyama imadya udzu, njere, nthambi zamtchire, zipatso zosiyanasiyana. Whiskey ya m'mapiri imagwiritsabe ntchito mizu yomera, lichens, moss.
Chinthu china chosiyanitsa ndi Viskasha ndi nthawi yakudzuka. Ma whiskei amtunduwu amagwira ntchito usiku, koma olemba mapiri masana.
Nyama zimakhala m'magulu akulu, chiwerengerocho chimafika mpaka anthu 30 m'makampani, omwe ali ndi kayendetsedwe kovuta kwambiri. Chifukwa cha chiyani, munthu amawasakira, popeza dothi lachonde likuwonongeka.
Wongonayo ali ndi kachitidwe kake ka chitetezo chake: pakhomo la mabowo amaikamo ng'ombe, pomwe amadzigwetsa fungo lawo, amakoka miyendo yawo pansi ndikufuula kwambiri akakhala pachiwopsezo.
Viscash ichi si nyama yayikulu kuchokera kubanja la chinchilla. Nyama izi zimakhala ku South America. Kunja, ali ofanana ndi akalulu, koma chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake osangalatsa amatchedwa "nthabwala yamtundu".
Pali mitundu iwiri ya nyama.
Amakhala ku Argentina, Bolivia, Chile ndi Peru. Thupi ndilotalika 32-40 masentimita ndi mchira wautali 23-32. Ali ndi makutu akulu. Chovala chawo ndi chakuda komanso chofewa ndi imvi kapena mtundu wachikaso chakuda. Pamimba, imakhala yopepuka.
Amakhala pamalo okwera 900 mpaka 5000 m, m'malo amiyala ndi ouma omwe amakhala ndi masamba. Gulu m'magulu mpaka 80 anthu. Zojambula zosiyanasiyana ndi miyala yamiyala ndi miyala imakhala nyumba.
Amadyetsa masamba osiyanasiyana - mosses, zitsamba, lichens. Chiyembekezo chamoyo ndichidule kwambiri - zaka 2-3 zokha.
Chizungu chooneka bwino chimasiyana ndi paphiri. Ubweya wamfupi komanso wofewa uli ndi mtundu wosiyana pang'ono - kumbuyo ndi kofiyira, kaso kumbali komanso koyera pamimba. Pali mawanga owoneka bwino pamasaya ndipo pamwamba pamaso.
Amuna, mosiyana ndi akazi, ndi okulirapo. Unyinji wawo umachokera ku 5 mpaka 9 makilogalamu, kutalika kwa thupi - 68-82 masentimita, kutalika kwa mchira - 15-20. Kulemera kwa akazi ndi 3.5-5 kg, kutalika kwa thupi - 53-73 cm, kutalika kwa mchira - 13-17 cm.
Zimadyanso kuzomera zonse ndi msipu.
Mapeto: 1,145 Ndalama za nsanamira 46355 RUB (Tsatanetsatane) Makonda: 1,126 Makonda adalandila: 1,830Idasinthidwa komaliza ndi SoVa32, 01/14/2020 pa 11:46.
mu 606 nsapato 160%
Viscash ichi si nyama yayikulu kuchokera kubanja la chinchilla. Nyama izi zimakhala ku South America. Kunja, ali ofanana ndi akalulu, koma chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake osangalatsa amatchedwa "nthabwala yamtundu".
Pali mitundu iwiri ya nyama.
Amakhala ku Argentina, Bolivia, Chile ndi Peru. Thupi ndilotalika 32-40 masentimita ndi mchira wautali 23-32. Ali ndi makutu akulu. Chovala chawo ndi chakuda komanso chofewa ndi imvi kapena mtundu wachikaso chakuda. Pamimba, imakhala yopepuka.
Amakhala pamalo okwera 900 mpaka 5000 m, m'malo amiyala ndi ouma omwe amakhala ndi masamba. Gulu m'magulu mpaka 80 anthu. Zojambula zosiyanasiyana ndi miyala yamiyala ndi miyala imakhala nyumba.
Amadyetsa masamba osiyanasiyana - mosses, zitsamba, lichens. Chiyembekezo chamoyo ndichidule kwambiri - zaka 2-3 zokha.
Chizungu chooneka bwino chimasiyana ndi paphiri. Ubweya wamfupi komanso wofewa uli ndi mtundu wosiyana pang'ono - kumbuyo ndi kofiyira, kaso kumbali komanso koyera pamimba. Pali mawanga owoneka bwino pamasaya ndipo pamwamba pamaso.
Amuna, mosiyana ndi akazi, ndi okulirapo. Unyinji wawo umachokera ku 5 mpaka 9 makilogalamu, kutalika kwa thupi - 68-82 masentimita, kutalika kwa mchira - 15-20. Kulemera kwa akazi ndi 3.5-5 kg, kutalika kwa thupi - 53-73 cm, kutalika kwa mchira - 13-17 cm.
Zimadyanso kuzomera zonse ndi msipu.
Zotumiza: 239 Ndalama za nsanamira 6152 RUB (Tsatanetsatane) Anakonda: 534 Makonda adalandila: 323Viscash ndi chinyama chochokera ku chinchilla cha banja la makoswe. Ili ndi miyendo yayikulu, miyendo yolimba bwino, yokhala ndi zikhadabo pamiyendo yakumbuyo kwake kukumba pansi. Thupi limakhala ndi kutalika pafupifupi 65 cm, mchira umafika mpaka 20 cm. Viskasha amakhala makamaka m'misika yamkati ku South America. Nyamayo imakhala ndi imvi yakuda pamwamba ndi ubweya woyera pansi. Pa nkhope pali zingwe zakuda ndi zoyera zomwe zimadutsa maso kuchokera pamphuno. Mchira wa whiskey uli ndi mawonekedwe okongola ofanana ndi funso. Nyama imatha kutsamira mchira wake ikakhala m'miyendo yake yakumbuyo ndikuyang'ana madera apafupi. M'mbuyomu, chiwerengero cha chilombochi chinali chokulirapo, koma chifukwa cha zovuta komanso mavuto omwe adabweretsa kwa anthu okhala komweko (alimi, abusa), makoswewo adawonongedwa m'malo ambiri omwe amakhala. Nthawi zambiri nyamayi imagwira ntchito madzulo komanso usiku ndipo, chosangalatsa, chimakonda kusonkha ndi kuyika zinthu zosiyanasiyana zonyezimira, komanso nthambi zowuma ndi nthenga za mbalame pafupi ndi bowo. Whisky ali ndi mawu osangalatsa kwambiri.Pomwe amadya, amatha kupanga phokoso ngati misonzi, ndipo akawona zoopsa, amayamba kufuula kwambiri.
muma 137 135 135%
Viscash ndi chinyama chochokera ku chinchilla cha banja la makoswe. Ili ndi miyendo yayikulu, miyendo yolimba bwino, yokhala ndi zikhadabo pamiyendo yakumbuyo kwake kukumba pansi. Thupi limakhala ndi kutalika pafupifupi 65 cm, mchira umafika mpaka 20 cm. Viskasha amakhala makamaka m'misika yamkati ku South America. Nyamayo imakhala ndi imvi yakuda pamwamba ndi ubweya woyera pansi. Pa nkhope pali zingwe zakuda ndi zoyera zomwe zimadutsa maso kuchokera pamphuno. Mchira wa whiskey uli ndi mawonekedwe okongola ofanana ndi funso. Nyama imatha kutsamira mchira wake ikakhala m'miyendo yake yakumbuyo ndikuyang'ana madera apafupi. M'mbuyomu, chiwerengero cha chilombochi chinali chokulirapo, koma chifukwa cha zovuta komanso mavuto omwe adabweretsa kwa anthu okhala komweko (alimi, abusa), makoswewo adawonongedwa m'malo ambiri omwe amakhala. Nthawi zambiri nyamayi imagwira ntchito madzulo komanso usiku ndipo, chosangalatsa, chimakonda kusonkha ndi kuyika zinthu zosiyanasiyana zonyezimira, komanso nthambi zowuma ndi nthenga za mbalame pafupi ndi bowo. Whisky ali ndi mawu osangalatsa kwambiri. Pomwe amadya, amatha kupanga phokoso ngati misonzi, ndipo akawona zoopsa, amayamba kufuula kwambiri.
Ku South America, nyama zoyambirira zimakhala - Viskasha, wa banja la chinchilla. Nthawi yomweyo, amafanana ndi kalulu, gologolo ndi kangaroo.
Mawonekedwe
Pali zodyetsa mapiri komanso zigwa. Amasiyana kukula kwake: kutalika kwa thupi la oyamba kukhala pang'ono kupitirira 40 masentimita, ndipo owonekera ndiotalikirapo kawiri. Mchira wofanana ndi gologolo: wautali komanso wofiyira, mutu ndi makutu amafanana ndi kalulu. Miyendo yakutsogolo ndiyifupi ndipo miyendo yakumbuyo ndiyitali, ngati kangaroo. Ubweya ndi wamfupi komanso wandiweyani.
Zopatsa Thanzi ndi Khalidwe
Whiskeys amadya zitsamba, mizu yowutsa mudyo, nthambi, masamba, masamba, ndere. Nyama zam'mapiri ndizochulukirapo masana, ndi nyama yosalala usiku. Amakhala m'makola, amakhala m'mabanja a anthu opitilira 30. Nyumba zapansi panthambi zili ndi nthambi zambiri. Nthawi zina malo awo okwanira amatha kukhala pafupifupi sikweya mita. Chifukwa cha izi, sanakonde nzika zam'deralo, chifukwa amawononga mbewuyo ndikuwonongeka kwawo.
Miyendo yakumbuyo imapulumutsa ku ngozi, chifukwa chomwe liwiro lawo limafikira 40 km, ndi mchira wautali. Adawagwera pansi uku akufuula kwambiri.
Chiwerengero cha nyama chatsika posachedwa ndipo makamaka chifukwa cha zolakwa za anthu.
m'mizere 1,045 91%
Ku South America, nyama zoyambirira zimakhala - Viskasha, wa banja la chinchilla. Nthawi yomweyo, amafanana ndi kalulu, gologolo ndi kangaroo.
Mawonekedwe
Pali zodyetsa mapiri komanso zigwa. Amasiyana kukula kwake: kutalika kwa thupi la oyamba kukhala pang'ono kupitirira 40 masentimita, ndipo owonekera ndiotalikirapo kawiri. Mchira wofanana ndi gologolo: wautali komanso wofiyira, mutu ndi makutu amafanana ndi kalulu. Miyendo yakutsogolo ndiyifupi ndipo miyendo yakumbuyo ndiyitali, ngati kangaroo. Ubweya ndi wamfupi komanso wandiweyani.
Zopatsa Thanzi ndi Khalidwe
Whiskeys amadya zitsamba, mizu yowutsa mudyo, nthambi, masamba, masamba, ndere. Nyama zam'mapiri ndizochulukirapo masana, ndi nyama yosalala usiku. Amakhala m'makola, amakhala m'mabanja a anthu opitilira 30. Nyumba zapansi panthambi zili ndi nthambi zambiri. Nthawi zina malo awo okwanira amatha kukhala pafupifupi sikweya mita. Chifukwa cha izi, sanakonde nzika zam'deralo, chifukwa amawononga mbewuyo ndikuwonongeka kwawo.
Miyendo yakumbuyo imapulumutsa ku ngozi, chifukwa chomwe liwiro lawo limafikira 40 km, ndi mchira wautali. Adawagwera pansi uku akufuula kwambiri.
Chiwerengero cha nyama chatsika posachedwa ndipo makamaka chifukwa cha zolakwa za anthu.
Kodi nzeru zamphaka ndizitali motani?
Mu ubongo wamphaka, asayansi amawerengera mamiliyoni 250 a mamiliyoni. Izi ndizosachepera kawiri kuposa agalu, omwe ali ndi ma neurons pafupifupi 530 miliyoni omwe ali mu ubongo wa cortex. Chifukwa chake, pali mtundu wina woti agalu ali okonzedwa kuti azikhala ndi nkhawa zambiri kuposa amphaka. Komabe, izi ndizongoganizira chabe - osati kuti kuchuluka kwa ma neurons kumalumikizana ndi luntha.
Nzeru zamphaka ndizovuta kuphunzira.
Amphaka ndi achidwi kwambiri. Izi ndi zowona. Koma nyama izi ndizosanjira: Mphaka amatha kumvetsetsa bwino zomwe mwiniwake akufuna, ndipo kubwereza-bwereza ntchito kumamukwiyitsa.
Amphaka amakhala ndi nzeru za sensorimotor zopangidwa mwaluso. Ngakhale muli agalu ndi anthu, chikhalidwe chimapambana.
Yankho labwino 6
Kodi aminophylline ndi chiyani?
Eufillin (yogwira mankhwala - Aminophylline) ndi bronchodilating othandizira (amachepetsa bronchi). Zotsatira zazikulu za mankhwalawa - zimatsitsimutsa minyewa ya bronchi, zimathandizira kugundana, zimapangitsa ntchito ya kupuma komanso minyewa yolimbitsa thupi, imalimbitsa malo opumira, imathandizanso kupuma, imathandizira kukhathamiritsa magazi ndi mpweya komanso imachepetsa kuphatikizika kwa kaboni, imapangitsa chidwi cha mtima. , amachepetsa mamvekedwe amitsempha yamagazi, amachepetsa kuthamanga kwa magazi mozungulira "kakang'ono" kayendedwe ka magazi, kumawonjezera magazi a impso ndi ena angapo.
Malinga ndi malangizo, zikuwonetsa kuti pakumwa mankhwalawa ndi: mphumu ya bronchial (mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe ali ndi vuto la mphumu komanso njira yina yananso), matenda osapatsirana a m'mapapo, mapapu, matenda opatsirana a m'matumbo, mapapu oopsa, " pulmonary "mtima, usiku ziphuphu.
Mankhwalawa adapangidwa ndi dokotala pakuwunikira kwamkati mosamalitsa.
Yankho labwino 2 6
Kodi mumamva bwanji mukamayendetsa ziweto?
Anameleus sakonda lingaliro lakuponyedwa kwa chiweto. Koma tsopano "munthu ndiye muyeso wa zinthu zonse." Ngati china chake sichabwino kwa munthu, timayesetsa kuchichotsa. Ndipo kuthamanga, kosavuta komanso koyenera - ndibwino. Kodi mnzako wocheperako wamkulu adayamba kuwonetsa mawonekedwe ake chikhalidwe chake mwanjira yapadera? Koma simunakonzekere izi komanso opanda mphamvu musanafike pamenepa? Inde, ingodulani mipira yake! Izi ndizomwe amachita ndi anzawo mavuto akakhala nawo. Bwerani, mphaka wanu sadzataya gawo lofunikira mthupi lake chifukwa chomenyera nkhondo kapena ngozi - bwerani. Muthandizeni ndi izi. Izi sizoyipa, ayi. Zolinga ndi zabwino. Simukufuna kutaya zinthu zabwino ndi zofunikira za cholengedwa ichi, koma kungocheza ndi zina zosasangalatsa. Tikusintha kwambiri dziko lapansi kuzosowa zathu, chifukwa tingathe, tili.
Adakweza mphaka wake kubadwa, kapena m'malo mwake, sizinasokoneze kukula kwake. Mukupita kwa nthawi, ananena momveka bwino komanso malo osayenera kuchita. Mphaka wabwino kwambiri wamatumbo akula. Anali tcheru ndi chikondi kwa iye, ndipo tsopano palibe vuto - kumvetsetsana basi. Koma sikuti aliyense ali ndi nthawi ya izi ndi mwayi - ndizosavuta kusintha kapangidwe ka mphaka kwa dokotala.
