Gogol wamba
Gulu la asayansi

Gol wamba (Latin Bucephala clangula) - mbalame yakubadwa kwa bakha, bakha wapakatikati wopindika wokhala ndi mutu waukulu wokuzungulirani, mulomo wamfupi komanso nthenga zina zakuda ndi zoyera. Kugawidwa munkhalango yam'mphepete mwa kumpoto - ku Europe ndi ku America. Imakhala chisa m'maenje a mitengo m'mphepete mwa dziwe; mu nthawi yoswana imasungidwa pamiyendo, mu clutch pali mazira 5 mpaka 13 omwe ali ndi mtundu wowoneka bwino. Mosiyana ndi abakha ena ambiri, magulu akulu amapezeka kawirikawiri nthawi yokonza (kupatula zomwe zimachitika nthawi yakusungunula), nthawi zina zimachitika m'magulu ang'onoang'ono omwazikana. Nyengo m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso mitsinje yayikulu yamadzi - mitsinje, nyanja ndi malo osungira. Kulikonse ochepa, koma m'malo ena mbalame wamba. Amamadya makamaka ma invertebrates am'madzi.

Mawonekedwe

Bakha wa Chunky wokhala ndi mutu waukulu komanso khosi lalifupi. Kutalika kwa 42-50 masentimita, mapiko 65-80 masentimita, amuna kulemera kwa 750-1245 g, akazi kulemera kwa 500-1182 g. Korona amawonekera pang'ono ndikuwonetsedwa, chifukwa cha momwe mawonekedwe ammutu amatengera mawonekedwe amakono. Mlomo ndi waufupi komanso wokwera m'munsi, wokhala ndi marigine yopapatiza. Wamphongo wavalidwe laukwati ali ndi mutu wakuda wokhala ndi chitsulo chobiriwira, malo oyera oyera kuzungulira pansi pa diso pamunsi pa mulomo. Utawaleza wachikasu, mlomo wakuda. Pachifuwa, m'mimba ndi mbali zabwino zoyera, pamapewa okhala ndi pigt yakuda ndi yoyera. Ambiri am'mbuyo ndi mchira wake ndi wakuda. Mapiko ake ndi a bulauni, kupatula "kalilole" wamkulu pamapiko achiwiri, kunsi kwa mapikowo ndi kdima. Miyendo ndi lalanje yokhala ndi nembanemba yakuda, kuphatikiza nembanemba kumbuyo kwa chala chakumaso.

Yaikazi imawoneka yosiyana kwambiri, yokhala ndi mawonekedwe azithunzi za bulauni. Mutu ndi woderapo ndi kolala yoyera yoyera. Utawaleza ndi wachikaso kapena choyera, mlomo ndi imvi, ndipo imakonda kukhala ndi lalanje kapena lalanje kumtunda. Thupi lakumwambalo ndi laimvi lofiirira, loyera lakumunsi. Pamwamba pa mapikowo pali sopo wakuda, wokhala ndi galasi loyera ngati laimuna. Kuphatikiza apo, pamwamba pa kalilole pazophimba pali mikwingwirima ina iwiri yoyera. Miyendo imazimiririka poyerekeza ndi amuna - achikasu kwambiri kuposa lalanje. Mukuvala kwachilimwe, champhongo chimakhala chofanana ndi chachikazi, komabe, chimasunga mapiko awo ndi malo amodzi, osati atatu, owala. Mbalame zazing'ono pafupifupi sizimasiyana ndi zazikazi zazikulu, koma zimakhala ndi iris.

Nthawi zambiri pamakhala ma subspecies awiri omwe amasiyana wina ndi mzake kukula kwake komanso kutalika kwa mulomo: Eurasian B. c. clangula ndi wokulirapo Amereka B. c. americana. Olemba ena amazindikira kuti mitunduyi ndi yofanana monopypic, chifukwa ma subspecies onsewa amakhala osakanikirana mbali ina, ndipo kusintha kwa mulomo kumatchedwa otchedwa "wedge" (mu biology, chizindikiridwe cha chizindikiro chimasintha pang'onopang'ono mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zakuthupi ndi malo).

Voterani

Panthawi yowonetsera, matupi aimphona amaponya kuboola kwa "bi bizz, modabwitsa", nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kakhwawa kouma komanso ofanana ndi kufinya kwa hare. Akazi amayankha ndi "burrr-burrr", nthawi zambiri pa ntchentche - mawu ofanana amapangidwa ndi akuda. Kuphatikiza pa liwu, gogol imatha kumveka ndi kulira kwamphamvu kwa mapiko akuchimuna akuuluka. Kuomba mluzu kumadziwika ndi abakha ambiri, koma gogol yokha ndi yomwe imamveka bwino.

Mitengo yazokongoletsa

North America imaganiziridwa kuti ndi kwawo kwa gogol, komwe mbalameyo idayamba kusamukira ku Asia, kenako kufalikira kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Malo osungiramo ziweto amadzaza nkhalango yowonongera. Pa kontrakitala yaku America, imachoka ku Alaska kupita ku Newfoundland kumwera pafupifupi kumalire a Canada ndi America. Ku Eurasia, logawidwa kum'mawa kwa Switzerland, mayiko omwe kale anali Yugoslavia ndi Scandinavia, kufikira zilumba za Sakhalin ndi Iturup kummawa. M'madera a Baltic, Poland, Germany, Czech Republic ndi Great Britain zimachitika mowirikiza (mwachitsanzo, ku Britain Isles kokha m'chigawo cha Caledonia Forest).

Zimapezeka kwambiri m'nkhalango zakumpoto chakum'mawa, kuphatikizaponso taiga ya Siberia. Kumpoto kwa Europe ku Russia kumalowera kumwera ku Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, madera a Ryazan, ku Kazakhstan kumwera mpaka kumtsinje wa Ileak, kum'mawa chakumpoto kwa dzikolo mpaka 53 ° C. n., kum'mawa chakum'mwera chakumwera kudutsa chigwa cha Irtysh kupita ku Lake Zaysan, pomwe malire a malowa amadutsa m'dera la chigwa cha Black Irtysh, chigwa cha Tannu-Ola, zigwa za mitsinje ya Jida ndi Chikoi. Kupitilira apo, malire akumalo alowera kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China, kenako ndikugweranso malire a Russia m'chigawo cha Bolshaya Ussurka.

Kusamukira

M'mitundu yambiri, mbalame zosamukasamuka, okhala m'ndende okhaokha zolembedwa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Europe. Nthawi zina, imasunthira kum'mwera ndi kumadzulo kwa malo osungirako nyanja, nyanja zazikulu, mitsinje, ndi malo osungira. Kuchuluka kwa madera akumpoto kumayenda kwambiri kunyanja. Mbalame zambiri za kumpoto kwa Europe zimatha nyengo yozizira ku Nyanja ya Baltic, kumpoto kwa Nyanja kumpoto kwa Denmark, Netherlands ndi Great Britain, m'mphepete mwa Ireland. Kuchokera kumadera akumwera kwambiri, komanso kuchokera ku Europe ku Russia, mbalame zimawulukira kummawa kwa Adriatic, kumphepete kwa Greece ndi ku Black Sea, kuchokera ku Western Siberia kupita ku Caspian. Kuphatikiza apo, gawo lina la mbalame limakhala m'madzi akuya aku Western ndi Central Europe. Ku Far East, malo osungira nthawi yachisanu amakhala m'malo ozizira opanda nyanja kuchokera ku Kamchatka mpaka China, Taiwan ndi zilumba za Japan. Ku North America, mbalame zimangobisala kudera lakumadzulo ndi kum'mawa, ku Gulf of Mexico, komanso ku Mississippi River Valley kumpoto kwa dera la Great Lakes.

Habitat

Nyanja yotchedwa nesting biotope ndi nyanja yayikulu kwambiri, mitsinje yopanda phokoso yokhala ndi mitengo yamatchi m'mphepete mwa nyanjayo (mbalameyo imatha kudumphira mmwamba mpaka 10 m, komabe sizipezeka m malo osungirako ndi akuya mamita opitilira 4, pomwe nthawi zambiri imangokhala malo osungika pang'ono ndi madzi otseguka) . M'nyengo yozizira imakhala kunyanja, nthawi zambiri m'malo osaya, miyala yamadzi yokhala m'mphepete mwa miyala ndi malo otetemera, m'mitsinje ya mitsinje ikuluikulu, kumwera kwa mzere m'miyala yayikulu yamadzi yopanda chisanu.

Kuswana

Imafika pa msinkhu wazaka ziwiri. Awiri amapanga ngakhale madera osuntha nthawi yozizira, komabe, chifukwa amuna ndi akazi nthawi zambiri nthawi yozizira m'malo osiyanasiyana, anthu ambiri amakhalabe okha mpaka nthawi yamasika yophukira. Ma gogi amabwera kumalo osungira monga awiriawiri kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, koyambirira, pomwe matupi ambiri amadziyidwa ndi ayezi ndipo malo oyamba okha ndi omwe amapezeka - ambiri mwa Marichi. Mpaka pomwe zitsulo zimatsegulidwa, gogol imakhala m'matumba a madzi oundana kapena mu chowawa. Atafika, ma drake amayenda ndikuchita zawonetsero, mawonekedwe odziwika kwambiri pamadzi ndi motere: yamphongo imatambasulira khosi patsogolo, kenako ndikuponyera mutu wake kumbuyo ndikukweza mlomo wake kuthambo, kwinaku ikukankhira mwamphamvu ndi mapazi ake, ndikukweza kasupe wopopera.

Zoweta awiriawiri kuyambira Epulo kapena Meyi. Chisa chimakonza m'maenje a mitengo pamtunda wa 15 m pamwamba pa nthaka, monga lamulo, osati kutali ndi madzi. Imagwiritsa ntchito ma voids achilengedwe mu mitengo ikuluikulu ya aspen, spruce, thundu, paini komanso yotsika kwambiri, mofunitsitsa imakhala zisa zachikasu ndimabowo ochita kunyengedwa omwe amaimikidwa pamitengo ndi mitengo. Imakonda mitengo yokhayokha yokhala ndi malo otseguka mozungulira, m'malo mwa nkhalango zowirira. Nthawi zina, imakhazikika pansi, pomwe mumakhala mizere yam'madzi, yopanda tanthauzo la chitsa kapena kubisala chisa pakati pamizu yamitengo kapena mitengo. Ngati mikhalidwe ilola ndipo palibe chosokoneza cha anthu, ndiye kuti imakhala m'malo okhala pafupi ndi nyumba kapena misewu. Nthawi zambiri chisa chomwechi chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwazaka zambiri, kuphatikiza zaka zingapo motsatira mzimayi yemweyo. Dera lozungulira chisa silisungidwa, koma gulu lirilonse limakhala ndi gawo lawolawo la malo. Zinyalala ndi fumbi la nkhuni pomwe wamkazi amafinya thonje losaya, komanso chimfine chomwe bakitchi chimang'amba pachifuwa pake ndikuwonjezera chisa pambuyo poyikira mazira oyamba.

Mu clutch mumakhala mazira 5 mpaka bulauni kapena amtundu wobiriwira, koma nthawi zambiri manambala awo amasiyanasiyana kuyambira pa 8 mpaka 11. Nthawi zina abakha awiri amayikidwa mu chisa chimodzi, ndipo mwanjira iyi clutch imatha kukula mpaka mazira 20 kapena kupitirira. Zikakhala zoterezi, chisa sichimasamalidwa konse ndipo ana onse amafa. Mazira ndiokulirapo: kukula kwake ndi (52-67) x (39-46) mm. Kumaswa kumayambira ndi kuyikira dzira lotsiriza ndikumatenga masiku 29-30, mkazi m'modzi amakhala. Poyamba, iye amachoka pachisa nthawi ndi nthawi napita kukafunafuna chakudya, kuphimba mazira pansi, koma m'masiku 10 omaliza amakhala ndi ndewu kwambiri. Choyimbirachi chimakhala pafupi ndi chisa kwa masiku 7- 7, kenako chimachoka kwina ndikuwuluka kupita kumadera osungunulira nyengo. Anapiye omwe adabadwa adakutidwa kuchokera kumtunda ndimtambo wakuda, pansi pazoyera pansi. Masana, amauma mu chisa, kenako ndikudumphira pansi, ndikufalitsa mapiko awo ngati parachute, ndikutsatira amayi awo kumadzi. Ana azaka zakubadwa zamasamba awiri amatha kuyenda bwino m'madzi, adyetse okha ndikumalandira, ngakhale mphamvu ya kuuluka imawonekera pakatha masiku 57-66 okha. Anapiye omwe akwera kumapiko (kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia nthawi zambiri amapezeka masiku khumi oyambirira a Ogasiti) pang'onopang'ono amasamukira kumadzi akulu, ndipo mu Seputembara-Okutobala, anthu ambiri amasamukira kumadera achisanu.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Amadyanso ma invertebrates am'madzi, omwe amadya kwambiri pansi kapena pazomera zam'madzi, nthawi zambiri pamphala yamadzi. Amakhala pamadzi nthawi yambiri, amafika pakuya mita 4 kapena kupitilira apo ndikugwiritsa ntchito oposa theka la miniti pansi pamadzi. M'chilimwe, zakudya zimadalira tizilombo ndipo mphutsi zake - ntchentche za caddis, njoka zamagazi, nsikidzi zamadzi, nkhandwe, nsikidzi, midges, etc. Nthawi yozizira, zimadya nkhono zambiri ndi crustaceans. Imadyetsanso kunthaka, ma amphibians ndi nsomba zazing'ono, pakuchepa pang'ono ndi mbewu, mizu ndi magawo azomera zam'madzi.

Makhalidwe ndi malo a mbalame Gogol

Monga ndanenera kale Gogol mbalame amatanthauza kuyenda m'madzi abakha, kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 0.5 m, kulemera kwa 1.3 kg mwa amuna, ndi makilogalamu 0.9 mwa zazikazi ndi mapiko a 0.7-0.8 m. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti cholembera chachikulu amasintha kutengera nyengo ndi malo okhala. Wamphongo wa mbalameyi amadziwika kuti ndi wabwino kwambiri mu banja la abakha. Mosiyana ndi zazikazi, imakhala ndi imvi yokhala ndi pansi komanso mutu wofiirira.

M'chithunzithunzi mbalame yamphongo komanso yachikazi Gogol

Thupi lake limakutidwa ndi maula, omwe amakhala akuda pamwamba komanso oyera pansi, mutu wake umakhalanso wakuda ndi tint wobiriwira, wokhala ndi masaya oyera oyera komanso mulomo wakuda. Kutengera ndi kukula ndi kutalika kwa mulomo, gogol ndi njira zaku Europe ndi ku America. Popeza malo okhalamo ndi ochuluka mokwanira, bakha awa amatha kuwoneka ku North America (omwe amati ndi malo obadwira mbalame), ku Europe ndi Asia.

M'mayiko aku America imatha kupezeka ku Alaska, ndipo ngakhale kufupi ndi malire a Canada, komanso ku Europe - kum'mawa kwa Switzerland, Scandinavia, Yugoslavia, ngakhale ku Sakhalin. Mwachitsanzo, kumayiko a Great Britain gogol ndi mbalame yachilendopopeza imatha kupezeka kokha m'nkhalango za Caledonia.

Ndi mbalame yosamukira, motero, kukazizira, imawulukira kumadera akumadzulo kapena kumwera kuchokera komwe imakhala. Ambiri mwa madera amenewa ndi Denmark, Netherlands ndi Ireland.

Khalidwe ndi moyo wa gogol mbalame

Imakhala chisa m'nkhalango zowirira pafupi ndi malo opanda kwambiri komanso osambira. Zisa zawo zili m'maenje a mitengo, chifukwa chake mbalame'zi zimachedwanso "timabowo". Kuphatikiza apo, abakha awa samapanga nyumba zawo kuti amangopeza mabowo opanda kanthu.

Mitengo yotchuka kwambiri pakati pa abakha ndi mitengo yolimbirana kwambiri yomwe imakhala ndi malo ambiri omasuka, osakulirapo. Pali nthawi zambiri zaulu wa "hare" kapena zibowo zopanda kanthu, koma ndizosowa kwambiri.

Popeza izi nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa zovuta kupeza malo okhalamo, mbalamezi zimakhala zaukali mwachilengedwe ndipo zimathanso kumuvulaza woponderezawo.

Chiyambi ndi malo okhala

Mbalame zamtunduwu ndizodziwika bwino m'nkhalango zowuma za kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, zimakhala m'madzi opanda nyanja, maiwe ndi mitsinje ya North America (yomwe imawerengera komwe kudaberekera kumeneku), Canada, kumpoto kwa Russia, Scandinavia ndi mayiko a Baltic. Nthawi yakuswana, amafunika mitengo yayikulu, yolimba yopezera chisa pafupi ndi dziwe ndi mitsinje. M'nyengo yozizira amakonda kukhala panyanja, osaya, otetezedwa ndi mphepo komanso madzi opanda madzi oundana, komanso mitsinje ndi nyanja.

Moyo ndi kutalika kwake

Gogol ya bakha imaganiziridwa mbalame yosamukira, popeza kuchuluka kwa anthu kumapita kumadera akumwera kukazizira nyengo yachisanu, ndipo kumayiko ena okha ku Europe abakha ndi omwe amakhala ndi moyo wokhazikika. Mbalame zimasamukira pagulu laling'ono la anthu 15-20, ndipo kusamukira kumachitika makamaka usiku ndi m'mawa.

Nthawi yosamukasamuka kwa abakha a gogol imayamba pakati pa nthawi yophukira (kumapeto kwa Seputembara - Okutobala), ndipo abulu amabwerera kumayambiriro kwa February, pomwe thaw yoyamba pamitsinje ndi m'madziwe ikuwonedwa. Pakutha kwa Epulo, nthumwi za mtunduwu zimapezeka kumadera akumpoto komwe zimakhala.

Kuti zisamale, mbalame zimasankha nthambi zazitali za mitengo kutalika kwake mpaka mita 15, zimatha kukhazikika m'maenje ndi zomasuka zachilengedwe za conifers, oak kapena birch, kapena m'maenje ochita kupanga. Ndiye chifukwa chake olondera mbalame adadzipatsanso dzinalo - Duplenki. Chisa chomwe chija ndi chomwe chimapumira, pomwe pansi pake pamatha kukhala tchipisi, masamba kapena zomangira zam'mbuyomu. Pafupipafupi, mbalame zimapanga zisa mu udzu, mabowo a kalulu, pamalo pakati pa ma rhizomes a mitengo kapena mitengo.

Clutch nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mazira 7-10 obiriwira wobiriwira maolivi kapena obiriwira, omwe amadzimangira okha masiku 30. Nthawi zina zimachitika kuti ziwiri zazikazi zimayikira mazira mu chisa chimodzi, pomwe mbewuyo idzaphedwe, pomwe imasiyidwa osasunga mbalame zonse.

Atabadwa, anapiyewo amawuma ndipo patatha tsiku limodzi adumpha kuchokera pachisa kuti apite kukasungira wamkazi. Pazaka zingapo masabata, abuluwa amatha kudumphira m'madzi ndikupeza chakudya chawo, ngakhale amatha kuwuluka ali ndi zaka 1.5-2 zokha.

Kutalika kwa mbalame ndi zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri komanso zisanu ndi ziwiri ndipo zimatengera zinthu zosiyanasiyana: kutengera kwa adani a anthu komanso zachilengedwe, nyengo yanyumba, komanso nyengo zachilengedwe.

Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe

Mbalame ya gogol Ndi ya abakha obaya otchire ndi ornithologists, imafika kutalika kwa 46 cm ndi kulemera kwa 1.1 kg, mtundu wocheperako umakhala ndi kulemera kosaposa 450 g, ngakhale kuli mbalame zina zomwe zimalemera 2 kg.

Pamatupi a gogi pali mutu waukulu wopindika wokhala ndi chisoti chachifumu komanso mulomo wakuthwa kwambiri, m'munsi ndikugundika mpaka kumapeto. Nthawi yomweyo, khosi ndiloyenera abakha - osakhala akulu komanso ofupikitsa.

Mtundu wa abakha amtunduwu ndiosiyana: nthawi yakukhwima, amuna Gogol mbalame mu chithunzi Zikuwoneka ngati zonyezimira, maula akuda pamutuwo amakhala ndi chitsulo chamtundu wamtundu, malo oyera oyera okhala ngati mawonekedwe ozungulira amawonekera pamunsi pa mulomo. Maso amasinthanso - ma iris amakhala achikasu owoneka bwino, mtundu wa mulomo umayamba kuda.

Mimba, mbali ndi chifuwa cha mbalameyo zimakhala ndi maonekedwe oyera oyera ngati chipale, ndipo kuluka kwa nthenga zakuda ndi zoyera zimakongoletsa mapewa.Msana, ngati mchira, ndi wakuda, koma mapiko ake adawoneka akuda ndi abulauni. Ma palesi a lalanje amakhala ndi timabowo tofiirira tomwe timathandiza kuti mbalameyo izikhala pamapazi olimba mtima.

Zachikazi sizowala pang'ono: mawonekedwe ake samasiyananso, thupi lake ndi laimvi, mutu ndi khosi lofiirira komanso mphete yoyera ya nthenga imayang'ana kumbali yakumbuyo kwake. Mapiko aamuna ndi achikazi ali ofanana kwambiri, ndipo nthawi yotentha, amuna akamataya kowala kwawo, zimakhala zovuta kusiyanitsa mbalame ndi akazi.

Gogol ndi mbalame yosowa Komabe, m'chilengedwe muli mitundu itatu ya abakha awa, omwe ndi osiyana ndi kukula kwa thupi:

• wamba zimapezeka kwambiri m'malo azachilengedwe. Mtunduwo umakhala wosiyanitsa, wosiyana kwa wamwamuna ndi wamkazi ndipo zimatengera nyengoyo: masika, kuyesako kumakhala kowala, potero kukopa bakha. Nyengo yakukhwima itatha, imasungunuka ndipo imasiyanitsidwa pang'ono ndi yaikazi. Ndizosangalatsa kuti asayansi ena amatha kusiyanitsa magawo awiri amitundu yodziwika bwino kwambiri - American ndi Europe, poganizira kulemera ndi kukula kwa mulomo kukhala mawonekedwe apadera. Komabe, kusiyana koteroko kumaonedwa ngati kungoyambitsa zochitika zachilengedwe, ndipo mitunduyo ndi yongopeka,

• ochepa ofanana ndi woyimira wamba wamtunduwu, koma ochepa kwambiri kukula kwake. Kumbuyo kwa amuna kunali kwakuda, m'mimba ndi mmbali mwayera ndi matalala, akazi ndi otuwa, osatuluka, okhala ndi tinsalu chakuda kumaso,

• Chi-Icelandic zofanana ndi zofanana, mbalame za mitundu yosiyana komanso zaka zomwe zimakhala kunja kwa nthawi yobereketsa sizimadziwika. Kutayamba kwamasamba, mapiri a Icelander amasintha mtundu: nthenga zofiirira pamutu, ndipo mawonekedwe ake osakanikirana amasiyanitsidwa ndi malo oyera okhala ndi konsekonse. Mlomo wa lalanje umachita khungu ndipo umatembenuka.

Nyani zamtundu uliwonse ndizokulirapo kuposa zazikazi, ndipo mapiko a mbalame yakale imafika masentimita 85. Gogol imasungidwa bwino pamadzi ndikusambira mwachangu, koma pamtunda pang'onopang'ono.

Moyo & Habitat

Gogol ndi mbalame yosamukira, imakhazikika kum'mwera kapena kumwera chakumadzulo kwa malo okhala, kusanja magombe a nyanja kapena madzi ambiri. Koma kuphatikiza zisa za abakha, nkhalango zobiriwira nthawi zambiri zimasankhidwa, komabe, zimapezekanso m'minda yokhazikika ku Europe ndi Asia, anthu ochepa amakhala ku North America.

Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Europe kwakhala malo okhalamo ena mwa oyimira mitundu. Mtundu wa mbalame zaku Iceland ukupezeka pafupi ndi mitsinje, nyanja ndi nkhalango za ku Iceland ndi Greenland. Anthu ena amapezeka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa America ndi Labrador.

Zochepa gogol amakhala Kokha kumpoto kwa America North America, nthawi yozizira imayenda kudutsa mbali yayikulu makamaka kupita ku Mexico. Khazikikani mozungulira mitsinje yaying'ono yamadzi oyera, pewani malo otseguka a tundra.

Malo omwe amakonda kupezako chisa ndi dzenje lakale mumtengo, chifukwa chake anthu wamba Gogol amatchedwa timabowo, koma mbalameyo sapewa kukhazikika m'miyala yazinyama. Abakha amatha kukonza zisa kumtunda pafupifupi mita 15, koma izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuphunzitsa ana.

Yaikazi imatsikira pansi ndikutsalira pafupi ndi mtengowo, kukaitanitsa anapiyewo. Ana aang'ono ang'ono amalumpha kutuluka mu chisa ndikukonzekera mapiko, atagona pabedi la singano kapena moss.

Gogol ali ndi munthu wankhanza ndipo amukira munthu yemwe ali pafupi ndi chisa. Mu nthawi yakukhwima, mbalame zimakambirana pakati pawo ndikulira kwapadera, komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala kolakwika kudyetsa hares.

Zosangalatsa

• Mtundu wagolide wamaso a gogol, womwe amatha kusiyanitsa bwino ndi mtundu wa mutu, unapatsa mkatewo dzina lodziwika bwino la Chingerezi.
• Mu 80s ya zaka zapitazi, gogol adalembedwa mu Red Book chifukwa cha ochepa, koma anthu ake sanangosungidwa, komanso adawonjezeka mwa kuswana mikhalidwe yopangidwa mwaluso.
• Gogol ndi mbalame yaulere, m'mafamu momwe amafesedwa, abakha amalekanitsidwa ndi mbalame zina ndipo, ngati zingatheke, amasintha njira kuti adyetse ndi kuwasamalira, popeza mbalame sizimakonda kulowererapo kwaumunthu m'moyo wawo, nthawi yomwe ali mu ukapolo imachepetsedwa kukhala zaka 5-7. Inde, ndipo zomwe zili ku Gogol sizitha kutchedwa zosavuta - amafunika mwayi wopezeka ndi madzi, miyala ing'onoing'ono yosalala komanso mchenga wopindika. Bakha akunyumba amadyedwa nsomba zatsopano, mitundu yapadera ya zipatso za buckwheat ndi balere, zomwe zimawaviika m'madzi.
• Ana agalu oswedwa kumene amatha kudumphira pachisa chomwe chili pamalo okwera mpaka mita 15, kutsatira amayi awo osavulazidwa konse.
• Nthawi zina yamphongo imakhala pafupi ndi chisa masiku 5-8 atayikira mazira ndi mkaziyo, imangoteteza ana amtsogolo, koma osatenga nawo mbali pachiwonetsero ndipo samabweretsa chakudya cha bakha.

Gogol Hunt

Nthawi zambiri, kusaka abakha abakha kumayamba kugwa ndikupitilira mpaka nthawi yophukira, pomwe nthawi yokhadzula imayamba mu mbalame. Komabe, gogol ndizosiyana: nyama yake ndi yopanda pake ndipo imanunkhira nsomba, ndipo kulemera pambuyo pakudula ndizochepa kwambiri - nthawi zina 250-300 magalamu, chifukwa osaka sakonda mbalame.

Ngati bakha nyama yamtunduwu wadyedwa, ndiye kuti nyamayo yatsukidwa ndi khungu ndi mafuta osunthika, owotchera marinade osachepera tsiku, kenaka amawotcha kapena kuwotcha pamoto - msuzi wochokera ku gogol umakhala wopanda vuto komanso wonenepa kwambiri. Koma nthenga pansi ndi nthenga za abakha awa ndi ofunda komanso ofewa, makamaka mu kasupe, kotero pali okonda kuwombera gogol.

Akazi Mbalame za Gogol masika otetezedwa kuti asaphe - kusaka kumaloledwa pokhapakhomo, koma abakha amaletsedwa ngakhale kuchita mantha, chifukwa amawaswa mazira, kotero kusamukira kumalo osungirako zogona kumachitika ndi mfuti yosenda.

Nthawi zambiri, abakha achinyengo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokasaka gogol - amakopa chidwi cha amuna omwe amatuluka m'nthaka za bango ndi kugwera m'munda wowonekera kwa asaka omwe ali m'maboti pafupi ndi madzi kumbuyo.

Mwa Asilavo akale, mtundu wa googly unkawoneka ngati mtundu wapadera wa usodzi - umakhala ndi kutola mazira achisanu ndi mazira m'malo osungira akazi. Mazira ndi okulirapo, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma yolks awiri ndipo ndi oyenera kudya, koma akatswiri azakudya samalimbikitsa kuti azidya chifukwa chokhala ndi zopatsa mphamvu zambiri.

Bakha wokongola kwambiri wamtundu wa Gogol wakhala amakonda chidwi ndi akatswiri azachipatala, machitidwe ake ankhanza kwambiri mwaulemu kwa oyandikana nawo komanso mawonekedwe a kusintha kwamankhwala amuna amakopa ofufuzawo.

Nthawi ina kale, chifukwa cha kutchuka kwa mbalame zam'madzi zamtunduwu, zidatsala pang'ono kutha, komabe, chifukwa cha zoyesayesa pamodzi za asayansi ochokera mayiko a CIS, zidatheka kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa a Gogol. Ku Belarus, mu 2016, bakha uyu adalandira mphotho mu dzina loti "Mbalame Za Chaka", pamwambowu adalemba ndipo ndalama zokumbukira zomwe zikuwonetsa gogol zidalembedwa, ndipo kumusaka sikunali kokwanira.

Zolemba zamtundu ndi mbiri yakale

Gogi wakudya uja amakhulupirira kuti ndi mbalame yobadwira ku North America. Komabe, izi sizingatheke. Izi ndikuti chifukwa cha mbiri yakale, zitha kudziwikanso kuti mbalame za mtundu wa Gogol zimaleredwanso gawo la Kievan Rus yemwe adakhalapo kale. Amakhala amtengo wapatali chifukwa chokhala otakasuka komanso osudzulidwa pafupifupi kulikonse.

Pazaka za 80s za XX, abakha Gogol adakhala mtundu wosowa kwambiri chifukwa cha ochepa. Mitunduyi idalembedwa mu Red Book. Pakadali pano, gawo lofunikira lidachitika ndi ntchito za obereketsa, omwe adagwira ntchito yayikulu ndikufuna kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mbalame. Chifukwa cha izi, lero titha kuwona abakha a Gogol m'malo ambiri osungirako ku Russia.

Ponena za momwe mbalame imafotokozera, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti zimatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera ndi mtundu wa bakha. Mitundu ya Gogol nthawi zambiri imagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri yaying'ono: Eurasian ndi America.

Izi subspecies sizimasiyana mumalo okhalamo, komanso m'njira zina, makamaka, kukula kwake: mabungwe aku America ndi okulirapo kuposa mnzake waku Europe.

Kuphatikiza pa mikhalidwe ndi malo okhala, kukula kwa mbalamezo kungathenso kuzinthu zina, mwachitsanzo, nyengo. Amuna ndi amuna nawonso amasiyana kulemera: zoyambazo zimacheperachepera malinga ndi kuchuluka. Mwambiri, thupi la gogol ndi laling'ono komanso limatha kukhala pafupifupi masentimita 50 (chiwerengero chocheperako ndi masentimita 30). Mapikowo ndi akulu kwambiri ndipo amatha kutalika mpaka 90cm.

Ngati titha kufananizira kulemera kwa maofesi ena a ku Europe ndi ku America, titha kutchula zotsatirazi: pakugwa, munthu wa ku Europe sangadutse magalamu 900, pomwe waku America amatha kulemera kuposa kilogalamu 1.2.

Mawonekedwe a mbalame ya mtundu wa gogol ndi wozungulira komanso wowongoka, kutalika kwake ndiofanana. Khosi silili lalitali kwambiri, ndipo mulomo ndiwotalikirapo komanso wamfupi. Nthawi zambiri imapakidwa yakuda ndipo imasefukira mosadziwika. Kuphatikiza apo, mulomo wawerama. Miyendo ndi yochepa kwambiri, pamiyendo pali zikopa zaubweya zomwe zimapakidwa utoto wachikaso ndi lalanje.

Palibe amene angatchule mtundu wodabwitsa wa mbalamezi. Mitundu ya Gogol imasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yowoneka bwino yowoneka bwino. Khalidwe ili limatchulidwa makamaka nthawi yakukhwima.

Chosangalatsa: Mawu odziwika kuti "kuyenda wamaliseche", omwe tsopano ali kale mawu, amapezeka pokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha bakha wa mtundu uwu. Chofunikira ndikuti mbalameyo ili ndi njira yosazolowereka - bata imayendetsa mutu wake ndikuyenda pang'onopang'ono ndikuwomba.

Habitat

Ngati titembenukira kuzambiri zakale, titha kunena kuti kwa nthawi yoyamba mbalame za mtundu wa Gogol, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, zidapezeka ku North America. Komabe, pang'onopang'ono adasamukira ndikukulitsa malo awo okhala. Chifukwa chake, abakha amapezeka kumapeto kwa Asia, komanso m'malo a nkhalango ku Eurasia.

Polankhula za ziwerengero, palibe amene angadziwe kuti pofika 2000, ma 700 a abakha a Gogol adalembedwa ku Eurasia.

Ngati tikulankhula za gawo la dziko lathu, ndiye kuchuluka kwa mbalame za mtundu wa Gogol zitha kuwoneka m'malo ngati awa:

• Pakati pa Russian Federation
• Dera la Moscow
• Zilumba za Kuril
• Peninsula wa Kola
• Siberia,
• Kamchatka

Komabe, abakha awa sakhala m'dera lomwelo; m'malo mwake, mbalame sizisamukira. M'nyengo yozizira, monga mwachizolowezi, amapita kumwera kapena kumadzulo. Makamaka, zimatha kupezeka m'matupi amadzi a mayiko monga Denmark, Holland, Great Britain, etc.

Nyengo ya “nyumba” zotere nthawi zambiri imayamba pa Ogasiti ndi Okutobala, ndipo mbalame zimabwereranso kumalo awo kumapeto koyambirira.

Kufotokozera:

Bati wamtchire wamtundu wazitali kwambiri (kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 46 cm, kulemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 1.1). Mutu ndi wokulirapo, wokutidwa ndi mulomo wamtundu wamtambo m'munsi wokhala ndi "nsapato", khosi limakhala lalifupi komanso loonda. Amuna atavala zoyera zaukwati mitundu yokhala ndi msana wakudath, mutu wakuda wokhala ndi chitsulo chamtundu wamtambo ndi ma thunzi achikasu. Mapiko aliwonse ali ndi kalilole wamkulu yoyera wopingidwa ndi chingwe choyera. Pakati pamilomo ndi diso malo oyera oyera. Monga abakha onse oyenda mumadzi, imakhala yotsika pamadzi ndipo mchira wake umalowa m'madzi.

M'moyo wamba, zithunzithunzi zakumaso kwa dontho zimasinthidwa ndi maula ena a bulauni ngati wamkazi. Maso achikulire ndi chikaso chowoneka bwino, mwa achinyamata a khungu lakuda. Yaikazi imachita imvi ndi mutu wofiirira, pamimba yoyera komanso kolala yowala. Pouluka, mapiko akuthwa a Gogol amapanga phokoso lofuula, loyera komanso lopatsa ulemu kuposa mitundu ina ya bakha.

Zithunzi: mbalame - nkhuni wamba (zithunzi 25)

Habitat:

Imakhala m'madziwe amtchire komanso m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, wokhala ndi mitengo yayitali kapena ma puls okhala ndi mabowo ambiri, nthawi zina amatchedwa anthu a DUPLYANKA. Osasankha konse mbalameyo, posankha malo odyera, pamalo pomwe sipapezeka bowo labwino, imakhazikika pamakungwa a nyama kapena m'maenje opangidwa ndi anthu (makatani - googlyatniki).

Zinyumba zopangidwa, zopachikidwa pamtunda wa mamita 3-5 pafupi ndi madzi, zimatha kukopa mbalame kuti zizigoneka, m'malo osungirako nkhalango ndi nkhalango ndi khazikitsani mbalame iyi m'chigawo.

Nesting ndi kuswana:

Kuthawa kwa Gogol kumatha kudziwika kuti ndiothamanga komanso sonor. Pakuuluka, imasungidwa pawiri kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Maanja amatenga mawonekedwe m'nyengo yozizira kapena masika, paulendo wothawa zisa zawo. Kufika kumayambiriro kwa Epulo kumalo odyera, njira yosangalatsa yokhwima imayamba - wamwamuna ali pamadzi akuwomba m'manja Mapiko, natambasulira mchira wake, naponyera mutu wake kumbuyo ndikuyiponyera kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo, kwinaku ndikukankha ndi miyendo yake, imasunthira thupi kutsogolo, ndikukweza kasupe wa kasupe.

Nthawi zina chisa chimakhala kutalika kwambiri pamtengo. Pansi pa dzenje pali lamba wofewa wofewa, wotumphuka kuchokera pachifuwa chachikazi ndi fumbi la nkhuni. Kuphatikiza kumayamba kumapeto kwa Epulo - Meyi koyambirira, komwe kumachokera mazira 5 mpaka 12 amtundu wobiriwira. Chisa chimodzi cha kuyikira mazira chitha kugawana ndi amayi angapo - gogolushki. Kuchita kuswa kumatenga masiku 27 mpaka 30, ndipo tsiku limodzi, anapiyewo akamawuma ndi kuwaza ndi malaya osakhazikika komanso mchira, amawombera mwamantha kuyambira pansi mpaka pansi, nthawi zina kuchokera kutalika kwa mita 15 amangofalitsa mapiko ndi mapazi opindika. Husky ozizira wamkazi, ikuwuluka mozungulira chisa, imasonkhanitsa ana ake mu udzu ndi kupita nayo kumadzi.

Fulu la anapiyewo ndi lakuda ndi mawanga oyera. Kuuluka koyamba kwa anapiye kumatembenuka miyezi iwiri. Ma jekete pansi a Gogol amatha mitundu yosiyanasiyana - amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi mpaka mphindi 2. Kukula kwa mbalame kumachitika mchaka chachitatu cha moyo wodziyimira pawokha.

Amuna, nthawi yakukhwima itatha ndipo zazikazi zayamba kuphatikiza mazira, nthawi yosungunula imayamba. Mu Julayi, amasonkhana pamagulu, omwe nthawi zina amakhala mazana a anthu, ndipo amasamukira kumalo abwino nthawi yosungunuka.

Kufalitsa:

Malo amakono akunyumba ya mbalame amapezeka m'dera lonse lakumpoto kuyambira North America mpaka Europe. M'nyengo yozizira amasamukira kum'mwera ndi kumadzulo kwa malo awo okhala. Malo akuluakulu omwe nthawi yachisanu imakhalako nthawi yachisanu amakhala m'madziwe amphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic komanso mitsinje yopanda kuzizira kwa Western Europe, m'mphepete mwa Sweden, Finland ndi Denmark.

Nesting ku Russia:

Kupyola kudera la Russia kudutsa malire kumpoto kwa magawidwe ake, gogol wamba amapezeka kumpoto kwa taiga ya Siberia, kuyambira ku Kola Peninsula ndi kumpoto kwa Arkhangelsk Region - pa mitsinje ya Ob ndi Yenisei komanso Kamchatka. Imakhala zisa nthawi zambiri kumadera a Yaroslavl, Ryazan, ndi Nizhny Novgorod (kumadera akutali kwa mitsinje ya Volga, Kama, ndi White). Mbalame zambiri zimakumana pagombe la South Caspian Sea, Nyanja Yakuda, Southern Urals, ndi Altai. Masamba nesting malo mu September - October.

Mfundo 9 zosangalatsa:

1. "Googol kuyenda" - popeza miyendo ya mbalameyi imakhala pafupi ndi mchira ndipo idapangidwa kuti ikhale ndi moyo wamadzi, gogololi silikuyenda pamtunda. Amangodumphadumpha miyendo yaying'ono yokhala ndi buluzi, ndikuyang'ana pachifuwa chake monyadira, ndikubweza mutu wake kumbuyo - mawonekedwe abwino awa adakhala chifukwa chofananizira bakha ndi munthu yemwe amayenda kwambiri.
2. Mbalame ndimagona kawiri komwe vuto la "nyumba" ndilo vuto loyamba, limalembedwa mndandanda wazosowa zanyumba. Ziwerengero zam'mimba zitha kuchepa chifukwa cha kudula mitengo nkhalango zakale zamadzi osefukira.
3. Zoti nesting amatenga mabowo, omwe amatsitsidwa ndi mitengo yamatabwa.
4. Madera onse osungiramo madzi amagawika pakati pa ana agogo aakazi pafupifupi 2-3 zodzala ndi malo otalika kilomita imodzi yamadzi. Poyerekeza ndi alendo, mbalameyo imakhala yaukali, imatanthawuza malire omveka bwino a gawo lake ndipo kawirikawiri samaphwanya. Padzawonekeranso gulu lina amathamangitsa ochita mpikisano, kuwakakamiza "kusamukira" kumadzi ena amadzi.
5. amodzi mwa mitundu 27 ya abakha okumba mu Russia.
6. Gogu wamba si mbalame yosaka chifukwa chazakudya zolawa, komabe, kuyambira nthawi zakale, gogolini yofewa komanso yofunda inali yoyamikiridwa. Makolo athu a Asilavo anali ndi mtundu wina wapadera wa malo asodzi - amuna a googolny, kuwonjezera pa fluff, omwe ma nogogolitsy amawongolera zisa zawo, adatola mazira a nogogolina.
7. Ku Republic of Belarus gogol wamba adalandira dzina la "Mbalame ya 2016". Pachochitika ichi, ndalama zasiliva ndi zamkuwa, zikwangwani, ndi maenvelopu osonyeza mbalame zidatulutsidwa. Belarusian ornithologists adadziyikira cholinga chowonjezera kuchuluka kwa malo okhala nesting ndipo, motero, kuchuluka kwa nesting Gogol ndi abakha abwere nawo.
8. Odziwika kwambiri komanso olembedwa ndi akatswiri a zamankhwala, malinga ndi zotsatira za gulu lankhondo, chiyembekezo chamoyo ndi zaka 14,

Dera la ku America la abakha amtchire ndi "Commonon Goldeneye", lomwe limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chingerezi kuti "Diso la Golden".

Momwe mungakopere abakha a Gogol ku chisa

Chifukwa cha zochita za anthu, kuchuluka kwa mitundu iyi kukuchulukirachulukira, motero funso loti apange maenje opanga zinthu kuti akope ndi kubereka mbalame likufunika kukhala lofunika kwambiri.

Ndiosavuta kumanga nyumba, ndi bokosi mpaka 60 cm, 25 mulifupi. Makoma azikhala osachepera 2cm komanso mainchesi a notch 10 cm. Pansi pa bokosilo muyenera kuphimbidwa ndi dothi kapena masamba. Maenje amenewo amatchedwanso gogolyatniki. Kuti zitheke bwino bwino mabowo, amayenera kupachikidwa pamitengo pafupi ndi malo osungirako ambiri, ndipo mabowo amayenera kuwonekera bwino ndikuwonekera kwa mbalame zam'madzi.

Zolemba pa zakudya

Zakudya za Gogol ndichizolowezi kwa anthu onse pabanja la bakha. Mbalamezi ndizosiyanasiyana komanso zosaka bwino; zimapeza gawo lalikulu la chakudya chake kuchokera pansi kapena kuchokera kumadzi: zimatha kukhala crustaceans, nsomba zazing'ono, achule, leeches, invertebrates, crustaceans ndi mollusks. Abakha amathanso kudya zakudya zamasamba - mbewu, chimanga, mizu, zimayambira ndi mitundu yambiri ya algae. M'nyengo yotentha, zakudya zimakhazikitsidwa ndi tizilombo: chinjoka, midges, njenjete, nsikidzi ndi nsikidzi.

Mwambiri, zakudya zawo ndi izi:

• 32% ndi crustaceans
• 28% - tizilombo toyambitsa madzi,
• 10% - maolloll,
• 30% - chakudya china (masamba).

Popeza gogol ndiwosiyanitsa mwachilengedwe, malo omwe amakhala bwino atakhala muukapolo akhale kukhalapo kwa malo osungira ndi mitengo pafupi naye. Pakakhala nkhokwe zachilengedwe, zongogona zimatha kukhala nazo. Komabe, ndikofunikira kulingalira kuti palibe akazi opitilira atatu omwe akukhala pa kilomita imodzi yamadzi, popeza mbalame izi ndi za eni: amachepetsa gawo lawo, ndikuthamangitsa alendo ndi omwe akuchita nawo mpikisano.

Pokhala nesting, muyenera kumanga gogoliatniks ndikuwakhomera pamitengo yolima payokha. Ma gogoliatnik ayenera kukhala pamalo otalika osachepera 4 metres, apo ayi mbalamezi zimatha kuvutika ndi alendo osawadziwa komanso achidwi.

Mtunda wopita kumadzi uyenera kukhala wamtali wa 10, koma ukhoza kukhala ochulukirapo. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti anapiye ang'onoang'ono oswedwa posachedwa amabisa mtunda uwu. Kuti anapiye azitha kutuluka chisa mosavuta, mkati mwake mwa nyumbayo muyenera kukhala opanda mkangano, osakonzekera. Komanso, thabwa liyenera kuyang'ana komwe kuli madzi, ndipo dzenje liyenera kuphatikizidwa kumtengo ndikuyang'ana kutsogolo.

A Gogol ali ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe, makamaka agogo ang'onoang'ono, omwe amangidwa ndikusiya chisa, ndiosatetezeka kwambiri. Amatha kusakidwa ndi mbalame zodya nyama (maula ndi akhwangwala), zimbalangondo ndi ena omwe amadyera.

Kubereka ana

Kuti mubereke nyama zazing'ono, ndikofunikira kupatsa anapiye ndi mwayi wofikira kuchisungiko ndi kufikira, popeza anapiye amatumizidwa kumadzi kale tsiku lachiwiri atabadwa. Pakatha milungu iwiri, ana abakha amatha kudumphira m'madzi mokwanira ndi kudzipatsa okha chakudya, motero zazikazi sizifunikira chisamaliro. Komabe, amakhalabe pachiwopsezo chifukwa chogwidwa ndi adani komanso nyama zokhala ndi zilombo, motero ayenera kutetezedwa kwa iwo.

Makhalidwe abwino

Popeza gogol amadya makamaka chakudya chotengedwa m'madzi, nyama yake imakhala ndi phwete, kukoma kwa m'madzi ndi kununkhira, kuti achotse nyama yomwe idayesedwa pakhungu ndikuchotsa mafuta. Pachifukwa ichi, nyama ya gogol siziwoneka ngati yofunika pakati pa ophika ndi osaka. Komabe, ena amazindikira kuti ali ndi kukoma kwa hepatic.

Kupanga mbale ya gogol kukhala chokoma, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tizilimbitsa mtembo mpaka tsiku. Monga maziko a marinade, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito vinyo kapena viniga. Ndikofunika mwachangu kuwedza abakha, kuphika pa malovu kapena kuwaza, koma simuyenera kuphika nyama ya gogol.

Zomwe zakhala zamtengo wapatali komanso kulemekezedwa ndi gogol

Kuyambira kale, abakha a mtunduwu akhala akuwakonda chifukwa cha zofewa komanso zofunda, komanso mazira. M'mabuku ofotokoza za nthawi ya Kievan Rus, mutha kupeza umboni kuti panali nthawi inayake yolembedwa kuti gogly fluff, yomwe imatchedwa "gogolinny rut." Ndi anthu ophunzitsidwa mwapadera okha omwe adaloledwa kusonkhanitsa, ndipo fluff adachotsera zisa zomwe zatsala. Kuzungulira ma dziwe ndi dziwe ngakhale malo adafalikira pomwe analengedwera mbalame. "Bizinesi" yotereyi idawonedwa ngati bizinesi yotchuka komanso yopindulitsa.

Abakha amtunduwu amakhala ndi vuto lachilendo pamtunda, chifukwa chake mawu akuti "akuyenda maliseche" adawonekera. Mbalame zokhala ndi thukuta limasuntha kuchoka pawindo kupita pawindo, chifuwa chowonekera, kuyenda pang'onopang'ono komanso kofunikira.

Ziphuphu ndi mbalame zowala komanso zachilendo zomwe zimatha kukhala pafupi ndi munthu, kutengera zolowera pang'ono za mbalame m'moyo wa mbalame. Tidasanthula mwatsatanetsatane mafotokozedwe amtunduwu, makamaka zomwe zili komanso momwe zimaberekera, komanso kufunika kwa abakha a mtundu wa Gogol.