Madzi ambiri abwino amakhala ndi chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa komanso madzi oundana, ndipo gawo laling'ono lokha limagawidwa m'madzi atsopano. Ndipo ngakhale kuchuluka kumeneku kungakhale kokwanira pazosowa za anthu onse, ngati sichingachitike chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwam'nyanja.

Kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo kwa zaka zana lino kwadzetsa kuipitsa kwamphamvu kwa mabeseni amadzi, zomwe zikuwonjezeka chaka chilichonse.

Zoyipa zonse zimagawidwa m'magulu atatu:

Cofala kwambiri mankhwala oipitsa monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zitsulo zolemera, mafuta ndi mafuta, zinthu zosiyanasiyana zopanga. Kuwonongeka kwamakhemedwe ndizofala kwambiri komanso kosalekeza, kukhala ndi mphamvu pa hydrosphere. Mwambiri, kudziyeretsa kwathunthu kwa madzi achilengedwe ndi mtundu uwu wa kuipitsa sikungatheke.

Mkuyu. 1. Kuipitsa kwamadzi ndi zinthu zamafuta

Kuti zoyipa zachilengedwe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana. Kuwonongeka kwa bakiteriya kumatsitsidwa kuti kufalikira kwa bowa, protozoa, mabakiteriya azilombo, ndipo ndizakanthawi.

Kuphatikiza pa mitundu ikuluikulu ya kuipitsa, ma hydropheres amatulutsanso madzi ndikubwezeretsa nkhuni, zinyalala za m'nyumba ndi mafakitale, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi azikhala zopanda pake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chilengedwe chisasokonekere.

Mkuyu. 2. Zinyalala zam'nyumba m'madzi achilengedwe

Zotsatira zakuvunda kwa hydrosphere

Zida zamadzi ndizachuma chachilengedwe chomwe chimapangitsa zonse kukhala ndi moyo wabwino padziko lapansi. Koma ngakhale atakhala ambiri opatsa chidwi, anthu akwanitsa kukhala pamavuto. Ndikosavuta kulingalira kuchuluka kwa moyo womwe udzakhalepo padziko lapansi ngati kuwonongeka kwa ma hydrosphere kwachitika.

Asayansi apeza kuti kuwonongeka kwa madzi am'nyanja kumabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu piramidi, kuchepa kwathunthu kwa kulumikizidwa kwa chizindikiro mu biocenosis, kuwonongeka kwa moyo wamunthu komanso kufa kwa ambiri oimira chomera ndi nyama padziko lapansi.

Choopseza chapadera pazamoyo zonse zapadziko lapansi ndi kuwonongeka kwa ma radio wa hydrvelo. Zida zowononga ma radio radio ndi bomba lenileni, lomwe limatha kugwira ntchito nthawi iliyonse, likufafaniza zinthu zonse padziko lapansi.

Pofuna kupewa kuwonongeka kotsiriza kwa zinthu zamadzi, mitundu yonse ya zopangidwe imayenera kuyambitsa matekinoloje atsopano, makamaka, ozungulira othandizira madzi. Tithokoze chifukwa, madzi akumwa samasungidwa m'malo osungira zachilengedwe, koma amathandizidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito kopitilira kamodzi pakupanga njira.

Mkuyu. 3. Njira yothandizira madzi

Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe

Magetsi amaphatikiza madzi onse aulere omwe amatha kuyenda motsogozedwa ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi mphamvu yokoka. Awa ndi madzi am'nyanja, nyanja, nyanja, chipale chofewa, pansi, mtsinje, m'mlengalenga (munthawi ya nthunzi, chifumbi).

Monga tanena m'Gawo la 2.2.3, pali madzi okwana pafupifupi 1.5 biliyoni 3 amadzi amchere padziko lapansi (97%). Malo apamwamba ndi 361 miliyoni km 2. Pamtunda pali 40 miliyoni 3 (3%) yamadzi abwino aulere. Mwanjira yoyenda mitsinje yapadziko lapansi mobwerezabwereza, kuchuluka kwa madzi abwino omwe amafunikira chamoyo ndi pafupifupi 0.04 miliyoni km 3, kapena pafupifupi 0.1% ya buku lonse.

Mitundu yamaipukutu wama hydrosphere

Gawanikirani zinthu zina zowononga mpweya mwachilengedwe: mchere (pafupifupi 42%), organic (pafupifupi 58%), kwachilengedwe (bakiteriya), ndi chinthu: mafakitale, nyumba, fecal, mwa kusungunuka: osasungunuka, osungunuka, ndi zina.

Zoyipiritsa zam'mimbamo zimaphatikizapo mchenga, dongo, slag, mchere, ma alkali, mafuta amchere, etc.

Zoyipitsa zachilengedwe mwanjira zimagawidwa masamba: udzu, chomera ndi zotsalira za chakudya, mapepala, mafuta, nyama: Kuwonongeka kwa ziweto, kuwerengetsa nyama, kuweta ng'ombe zang'ombe, zikopa zauvi, ma biofactories.

Magwero akuwonongeka kwa hydrosphere - ndi chinthu kapena mutu womwe umabweretsa zodetsa, ma tizilombo kapena kutentha m'madzi. Ndi madzi akumlengalenga ndi madzi osungunuka m'mizinda, madzi akunyumba komanso mafakitale, ziweto zam'madzi komanso madzi apansi oyipitsidwa ndi feteleza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Pafupifupi 30 biliyoni m 3 yamadzi omwe sanasambitsidwe amatsitsidwa m'matupi amadzi chaka chilichonse. Choyambitsa chachikulu cha kuipitsidwa kwamadzi am'nyanja ndi kuthira kwa mafuta. Kuwonongeka kwa kachitidwe ka madzi kumakhala kowopsa kuposa kuwononga chilengedwe, chifukwa njira zakuyeretsa zamadzi ndizoyenda pang'onopang'ono.

Kuwonongeka kwa mitsinje ndi matupi amadzi. Amayipitsidwa ndi madzi akumwa kuchokera kumabizinesi akunyumba ndi m'matauni, madzi amigodi, migodi, minda yamafuta, mpweya wowononga chilengedwe, kutaya kwamayendedwe, zinthu zaulimi ndi kukonza mbewu za mafakitale, zinyalala za mafakitale, zinyalala zamatabwa pokolola ndi kupanga matabwa. Zina mwa zinthuzo ndi monga: surapyidi, zotakasa zopangira, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi mankhwala ena ophatikizika, malo otsetsereka a fecal, ndi zina zambiri.

M'malo ambiri okhala anthu ambiri mitsinje yadetsedwa. Madzi a mitsinje ngati iyi samangomwera, koma simungasambiremo. Mtsinje wa Nile ndi mtsinje wakale wa anthu, pachaka umalandila pafupifupi mamiliyoni 100 a zinyalala zoyipa ndi zonyansa. Ku India, kuyambira 1940 mpaka 1950, matenda obwera chifukwa cha madzi owonongeka adachititsa kuti anthu pafupifupi 27 miliyoni aphedwe. Rhine yasandutsidwa chitseko cha ku Europe. Chimphona chimodzi chokha, Bayor, chimatulutsira matani 3,000 a zinthu zapoizoni pachaka. Ku Main, ma plums okhala ndi poizoni ochuluka matani 800 amaperekedwa ndi Farbercht Hoechst. Pafupifupi 25 km 3 / chaka chamadzi amataya kulowa mumtsinje waukulu kwambiri ku Europe Russia, Volga, kotunga madzi pafupi ndi Volgograd pa 240 km 3 / chaka. Kutaya madzi osavomerezeka kumakhala kochepera pa 1/10, pomwe muyezo uyenera kuchokera pa 1/20 mpaka 1/30.

Madzi akumwalira. Mwachitsanzo pa izi ndi Nyanja ya Aral, yomwe ikufa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kupezeka kwa madzi pokhudzana ndi ntchito yomanga ngalande ya Karakum komanso kuchuluka kwa madzi a mitsinje ya Amu Darya ndi Syr Darya kuthilira. Limodzi mwa Nyanja Yaikulu ku America - Nyanja ya Erie - limasandulika dziwe lamadziwisi, momwe madzi okwanira 6 m 3 akuchotsa zonyansa mpaka mamiliyoni 40 m ndikuchotsa mafakitale pachaka. Wopukutidwa makamaka ndi zonunkhira za ma pulp mill, Nyanja ya Ladoga komanso nyanja yoyera kwambiri padziko lapansi - Baikal.

Madzi apansi panthaka amaipitsidwa ndi madzi. Ngakhale madzi oundana amadetsedwa ndi mpweya. Mu madzi oundana a Greenland, zomwe zimatsogola mu 1969 poyerekeza ndi 1953 zidawonjezeka maulendo 20 ndipo zimaposa kukula kwa madzi oundana nthawi 500.

Kuwonongeka kwa nyanja. Zimachitika: chifukwa cha ntchito zamafakitale, zaulimi ndi nyumba za anthu, zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa mitsinje yomwe ikuyenda munyanja, chifukwa chakutaya mwachindunji zinyalala ndi zonyansa zakunyanja, chifukwa cha mafuta omwe amatayika kuchokera kwa akasinja pakugwa kwawo. Zina mwazotulutsa zimapanga manyowa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi nyanja zamchere, ndikupanga phytoplankton yochulukirapo, kukula kwa mwala wobiriwira wobiriwira ndipo, chifukwa chake, zimadzaza ndi malo akulu amadzi ndi kufa kwa zamoyo zina zam'nyanja. Tsopano yafika pamlingo kuti nyanja, ngakhale ili ndi ntchito zazikuluzikulu zosungiramo zinthu zodziyeretsa, sizitha kubwezeretsanso umunthu wake ngati sunathandizidwe. Choyamba, izi zimagwira ntchito pamadzi amkati: Caspian, Mediterranean, Baltic, Red, Aral ndi nyanja zina. Malinga ndi kumaliza kwa J.I. Cousteau, popanda kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu kubwezeretsa madzi mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean, imakhala yakufa m'zaka 40 zokha.

Poyamba pakati pa zinyalala zanyanja ndi mafuta. Chifukwa chake, ngozi yomwe idachitika pachitsime pafupi ndi Santa Barbara ku California mu 1969 idatsatana ndi kuwaza kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kunyanja kwamilita pafupifupi mafuta 100,000. Ngozi ya supertanker "Torri Carion" kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa England idayambitsa kuipitsidwa kwa nyanja matani 17,000 amafuta. Ndipo zitsanzozi zitha kutchulidwa kwanthawi yayitali. Chifukwa cha kutayika kwa mafuta, kupanga koyambirira kwa nyanja pazaka 25 zapitazi kwatsika ndi 15-25%. Zina zodetsa madzi am'nyanja ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zinyalala zochokera kuzitsulo zachitsulo ndi zamankhwala, makamaka zomwe zimakhala ndi zitsulo zitatu zolemera: zebaki, mkuwa ndi lead. Chifukwa chake, pafupifupi matani masauzande 5000 a mercury amamasulidwa kumalo am'madzi chaka chilichonse.

Zovuta zakuvunda kwa hydrosphere pa zomera, nyama ndi anthu

Mvula ya Acid zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mafuta oyaka ndi makala a mafuta ndi zinthu zamafuta, zimawononga udzu, ndikuipitsa madzi apansi panthaka. Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa acidity ya pH 2.4 kudalembedwa mumzinda wa Pitlochry ku Scottish. Kumpoto kwa Scandinavia, nyanja zamchere zidapangidwa. Ku Austria mu 1983, mahekitala 200,000 a nkhalango anakhudzidwa. Imfa ya m'nkhalangoyi imabweretsa kukokoloka kwa malo otsetsereka m'mapiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ngozi zakugwa komanso kugwa kwa nthaka kugwe. Zomera zimasanduka mabwinja.

Kuchokera pakuchotsa madzi osasinthika kukhala matupi amadzi, nsomba ndi zomera zam'madzi zimafa. Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi nthawi zonse ndi munthu yemwe amakhala ndi zoipitsa zovomerezeka kangapo kuposa MPC kumabweretsa matenda osakhazikika a khungu, m'mimba, ndi chiwindi. Ndi zochulukirapo za MPC, poyizoni ndi kufa ndizotheka. Kuwoneka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'madzi kungayambitse mliri, monga kolera.

Choopsa chachikulu pa zinthu zamoyo ndikuyipitsidwa kwa nyanja ndi malo am'mphepete mwa mitsinje yamafuta yomwe yawonongeka (pafupifupi matani 10 miliyoni / chaka), pakagwa ngozi pamakina oyendetsa nyanja, komanso pakutsuka kwa akasinja (pafupifupi matani 2 miliyoni / chaka). Mwambiri, ngozi zotere zimadzetsa ngozi ku malo omwe mafuta amatsikira m'madzi, chifukwa mafuta ndi mafuta amafuta amawononga zinthu zambiri zamoyo, makamaka plankton, chakudya choyambirira cha nyama zam'madzi zambiri.

Magwero akuwonongeka kwa hydrosphere

Vuto lalikulu ndi kuwonongeka kwa mpweya wamagetsi. Akatswiri amati:

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• mabizinesi akampani
• ntchito zanyumba ndi anthu wamba,
• kayendedwe kazinthu zamafuta,
• ulimi
• zoyendera
• zokopa alendo.

Madzi oyipitsa

Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane zochulukira za zochitika zenizeni. Ponena za msika wamafuta, kutulutsa mafuta pang'ono kumachitika pakuchotsa zinthu zopanda pake kuchokera kumayala am'nyanja. Izi sizowopsa ngati mafuta omwe amachitika pa ngozi za tanker. Poterepa, banga lamafuta limaphimba dera lalikulu. Anthu okhala m'matupi amadzi akutsika chifukwa mafuta salola kuti oxygen idutse. Nsomba, mbalame, anyani, ma dolphin, anamgumi, ndi zolengedwa zina zonse zikuwonongeka, mwala umatha. Pamalo okhetsera mafuta, ma fomu akufa, kuphatikiza, kapangidwe kazinthu zamadzi zimasintha, ndipo zimakhala zosayenera pazosowa zamunthu aliyense.

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Kuwononga kwa mitsinje ndi nyanja

Nyanja ndi mitsinje yomwe ikuyenda ku kontrakitala ikuvutika ndi zochitika za anthropogenic. Kwenikweni tsiku lililonse, zinthu zosafunikira za ku nyumba ndi mafakitale zimaponyedwa mwa iwo. Feteleza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo amathanso kugwera m'madzi. Zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti madera azikhala ndi zinthu zambiri zam'mera, zomwe zimapangitsa kukula kwa algae. Nawonso, amamwa mpweya wambiri, womwe amakhala nsomba ndi nyama zamtsinje. Izi zitha kubweretsanso ku kufa kwa dziwe ndi nyanja. Tsoka ilo, madzi akumtunda nawonso amawonongeka chifukwa cha mitsinje, ma radio radio, kwachilengedwe, komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zolakwa za anthu.

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Zachuma madzi ndi chuma cha dziko lathuli, mwina zochulukirapo. Ndipo ngakhale unyinji waukulu uwu wa anthu udatha kubweretsa mkhalidwe woyipa. Kuphatikizika kwa makemikolo, momwe mlengalenga mumathira madzi, komanso okhala m'mitsinje, nyanja, nyanja, komanso malire amadzi am'madzi. Ndianthu okha omwe amatha kuthandiza kuyeretsa malo am'madzi kuti apulumutse malo amadzi ambiri kuti asawonongeke. Mwachitsanzo, Nyanja ya Aral ili pafupi kutha, ndipo matupi ena amadzi amayembekeza kutha. Mwa kusunga hydrosphere, tidzapulumutsa miyoyo yamitundu yambiri ndi zinyama, komanso tisiyira madzi kwa mbadwa zathu.

Udindo wamadzi

Madzi amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pakubadwa kwachilengedwe komanso nyengo. Madzi ndi zosungunulira zamayiko onse. Udindo wofunikira wamadzi padziko lapansi ndi chifukwa cha zinthu zake zachilengedwe.

Madzi amakhala ndi kutentha kwambiri kwa 4.18 J / g · K (kutentha kwa mpweya ndi 1.009 J / g · K). Pansi pazachilengedwe, madzi amayenda pang'onopang'ono ndikuwotha pang'onopang'ono, ndikuwongolera kutentha padziko lapansi.

Kuchulukana kwa madzi kumakhala kwakukulu pa 3.98 ° C ndipo ndi 1.0 g / cm 3. Mlingo wamadzi amachepetsa onse ndikuwonjezera kutentha. Izi anomaly zimapangitsa kukhala m'madzi matupi ozizira nyengo yozizira. Popeza madzi oundana ndi opepuka kuposa madzi (kachulukidwe kake ndi kotsika), imapezeka pamwamba ndipo amateteza madzi oyambira kuti asazizire. Ndi kuchepa kwina kwa kutentha, makulidwe a ayezi amawonjezereka, koma kutentha kwa madzi pansi pa ayezi kumakhalabe pamlingo

4 ° C, yomwe imalola moyo wam'madzi.

Zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsa kwa hydrosphere

Kuwonongeka kwa madzi kumadziwonetsera ngati kusintha kwa zinthu zakuthupi komanso za psychanoleptic, kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu za sulfates, chloride, nitrate, zitsulo zoopsa, kuchepa kwa mpweya womwe umasungunuka m'madzi, mawonekedwe a radioactive zinthu, mabakiteriya okhala ndi michere ndi zina zina. Akuyerekeza kuti madzi opitilira 420 km 3 amatulutsidwa chaka chilichonse padziko lapansi.

Zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsa kwa hydrosphere ndi:

• madzi oyipa akunyumba
• madzi akunyumba,
• thirirani madzi ochokera kumthaka,
• minda yolima ndi malo akulu oweta ziweto,
• zoyendera zamadzi.

Zonyansa zonse zamadzi zosakanikirana zimagawika m'magulu atatu:

1. Zachilengedwe: - tizilombo tating'onoting'ono - mavairasi, mabakiteriya, mbewu - zomera, yisiti, nkhungu,
2. Zoyipitsa zamankhwala: zoyipitsa zofala kwambiri ndizopanga mafuta ndi mafuta, othandizira, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zitsulo zolemera, dioxin, phenols, ammonia ndi nitrite nitrogen, etc.
3. zodetsa zakuthupi: zinthu zowulutsa ma radio, zinthu zotayilitsidwa, sludge, mchenga, sludge, kutentha, ndi zina zambiri.

Mitundu ya Madzi Oipa

Kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala kumatha kukhala organic (phenols, mankhwala ophera tizilombo), zochita kupanga (salt, acid, alkalis), poizoni (zebaki, arsenic, cadmium, lead), osakhala poizoni. Eutrophication ndichinthu chogwirizanitsidwa ndi kulowa m'matupi amadzi a michere yambiri (mankhwala a nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous) mu mawonekedwe a feteleza, zotetezera, zinyalala za nyama.

Ku Russia, kuchuluka kwa zinyalala kumapitilira MPC m'matupi amadzi ambiri (Table 6). Ikakonzedwa mpaka pansi pa matupi amadzi, zinthu zovulaza zimasokonekera ndi miyala tinthu tambiri, oxidised - yochepetsedwa, yopendekeka. Komabe, monga lamulo, kudziyeretsa kwathunthu sikumachitika.

Kuipitsidwa kwa mabakiteriya kumaonetsedwa pakupezeka mabakiteriya okhala ndi tizilombo, ma virus, protozoa, bowa, ndi zina zamadzi.

Kuipitsa thupi kungakhale wailesi, makina, matenthedwe.

Zinthu zomwe zili ndi ma radio radio mumadzi, ngakhale pang'ono, zimakhala zowopsa. Zinthu zoyatsira ma radio zigwera pamadzi oyenda ndi madzi mutayikamo zinyalala zowononga, zinyalala zimayikidwa, ndi zina zambiri.Zinthu zamagetsi zimalowa pansi panthaka chifukwa cha kunyentchera padziko lapansi ndi tsambalo lotsatira pansi, kapena chifukwa chogwirana ndi madzi apansi ndi miyala yoyatsira ma radio.

Kuipitsa kwamakina kumadziwika ndi kupindika kwa zosakanikirana zosiyanasiyana zamadzi kulowa m'madzi (sludge, mchenga, silika, ndi zina), zomwe zimatha kusokoneza maonekedwe a organoleptic.

Kuwonongeka kwa mafuta kumalumikizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa madzi achilengedwe chifukwa cha kusakanikirana kwawo ndi madzi amakanika. Kutentha kwa madzi akumwa kuchokera kuzomera zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi zida zamphamvu za nyukiliya ndiwokwera kuposa 10ºC kuposa kutentha kwa matupi amadzi ozungulira. Ndi kutentha kowonjezereka, kusintha kwa mpweya ndi kapangidwe kazinthu m'madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchulukitsa kwa mabakiteriya a anaerobic, kumasulidwa kwa mpweya woopsa - N₂S, CH₄. Amamasuwa am'madzi, kuthamanga kwa microflora ndi microfauna.

Zochitika zachilengedwe

Kuteteza madzi padziko lapansi kuti asawonongedwe, njira zotsatirazi zoteteza zachilengedwe zimaperekedwa.

• Kukhazikitsa matekinoloje opanda madzi komanso opanda madzi, kukhazikitsa njira zobweretsera madzi - kupanga njira yotsekeka yogwiritsira ntchito madzi am'madzi akuchimbudzi ndi apanyumba, pomwe madzi amvula akuwonongeka nthawi zonse, ndipo kulowetsedwa kwawo kukhala matupi a madzi osaphatikizidwa.
• Chithandizo chamadzimadzi.
• Kuyeretsa ndi kuteteza matenda opezeka m'madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka madzi ndi zolinga zina.

Choyipitsa chachikulu cha madzi apanja - Madzi owonongeka, chifukwa chake, kukonza ndikukhazikitsa njira zabwino zochotsetsera madzi amadzi ndi ntchito yofunika mwachangu komanso mwachilengedwe.

Kukonza

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa zinthu zomwe zayimitsidwa pamadzi otaika (mchenga, ma dongo, mafinya, ndi zina). Makina oyeretsera amatengera njira zinayi:

• kupsinjika,
• kuchirikiza
• pokonza gawo la zochitika za ma centrifugal mphamvu,
• kusefa.

Kusefa kumatha kuzindikirika mu katakidwe kabwino. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa zikuluzikulu komanso zopanga kuchokera kumadzi otaika (madzi akumwa pa zamkati ndi mafakitale ndi zovala). M'lifupi mwa mipata ndi 10-20 mm.

Kukhazikika kumayikidwa chifukwa chakutsitsidwa kwaulere kwa zosafunika ndi kachulukidwe ρ> ρ yamadzi kapena kukwera koipitsidwa ndi ρ Pestov Sergey 2013 (c)

Kuwonongeka Kwa Madzi a Dziko Lonse

Kupanga mafuta kumatha kuchitika pamtunda kapena kumtunda. M'magawo onse awiriwa, zinthu zoyengedwa zimamasulidwa kumalo okhala. Kuchuluka kwa kutulutsa kotereku sikungatheke, koma kwanthawi yayitali. Zotsatira zake, mafuta ali ndi kachilombo - nyanja, maiwe, pansi, nyanja ndi nyanja.

Kuipitsidwa kwamafuta kumatha kuchitika mukati:

• ngozi za akasinja operekera zida kapena zinthu,
• zinthu zosayembekezereka pamapulatifomu amafuta,
• zinthu zadzidzidzi pamapaipi omwe anaikidwa pansi pa nyanja ndi nyanja.

Zowopsa zazikuluzikulu zamakampani pazaka 30 ndi izi:

• ngozi yomwe idachitika ku Guanaraba Bay komwe kudzetsa ngozi yaku chilengedwe ku Rio de Janeiro,
• Zowopsa zonyamula maboti pamphepete mwa Spain,
• mafuta owonjezera mafuta ndi ma hydrocarbon kuchokera ku akasinja ku Philippines,
• kuwonongeka kwa akasinja awiri ku Kerch Strait kudapangitsa kuti mafuta awonongeke ndikufa kwa nyama ndi nsomba zam'madzi,
• Tsoka lalikulu kwambiri la mafuta mu Gulf of Mexico.

Zoipitsa

Ma detergents ndi gwero la kuwonongeka kwa hydrosphere. Izi ndi zinthu zomwe zimawonjezeredwa ku zotsekemera. Amachepetsa mkangano wamadzi. Izi zimatsogolera kukulira kwa thobvu ndikuyeretsa bwino malo kuchokera pakuipitsidwa.

Zowonjezera zimaphatikizapo:

• shafa osambira
• oyeretsa
• zokongoletsera ndi utoto,
• mapulasitiki ndi polyvinyl chloride,
• shampoos
• zopangira kutsuka mbale ndi pamalo,
• zotsekemera ndi ma gel osakaniza.

Ma detergents amatchedwanso opanga zinthu. Zinthu zothira feteleza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito paulimi kuphatikiza mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi feteleza wina, ndi othandizira ena.

Zodzoladzola komanso zotayira zimalowa mu dothi limodzi ndi madzi akumwa, zimaponyedwa munyanja ndi nyanja.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwazinthu zopangira mankhwala mu ntchito zaulimi kumabweretsa kuti zimawoneka pamadzi ndikusungunuka m'madzi, kugwera pansi pamadzi ndi mpweya, kumalowetsa gawo lamadzi oyera a hydrosphere. Mitsinje yomwe imayenda munyanja imanyamulanso zinthu zakupha.

Mineralization yamadzi

Kuipitsa kwamadzi ndi kovuta kwa zinthu zotsatirazi mu hydrosphere:

• mchere wamchere
• ma acid ndi mayankho awo,
• alkali
• zitsulo zolemera
• slag pakupanga zinyalala,
• ore tinthu tating'onoting'ono timene timapanga manyowa,
• dongo.

Kusasita madzi amchere kumathandizira kuipitsa ndi mtundu wa mchere. Kuchuluka kwa kuledzera ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimatsalira pambuyo poti madzi abweretse madzi ndikutsikira ngati mpweya wokhazikika.

Kuipitsa kwazitsulo

Zitsulo zolemera ndi mtundu wa poizoni. Amagwirizana mu machitidwe awo ndi magulu azinthu zofufuza, koma amakhala ndi zowononga kwa anthu ndi nyama. Kuchotsa kwawo ndikovuta. Zitsulo zolemera ndi mchere wawo zimakhalabe m'thupi kosatha, zimakhudza ziwalo ndi machitidwe a moyo, zimayambitsa masinthidwe ndi poyizoni.

Magulu azitsulo zolemera:

• zinthu zachilengedwe - nyengo zamiyala ndi dothi, kukokoloka, zochitika zamapiri,
• zinthu zoyambitsidwa ndi anthu zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kukonzanso ndi migodi ya michere, mafuta oyaka, ntchito zaulimi ndi magalimoto.

Mafuta oipitsa

Kutulutsidwa kwa mafuta ofunda kumathandizira kuti iye azitentha zinthu zachilengedwe. Zotsatira zake, ma hydrosphere amakumana ndi kuzizira kwambiri komanso kuwonongeka kwa mafuta kumachitika. Izi zimasokoneza moyo wam'madzi, womwe nyumba yake ndi madzi abwino komanso zitsime zamchere.

Chowonetsa bwino kwambiri momwe madzi amasefukira pazinthu zamoyo ndi momwe ziliri ndi chotchinga chachikulu. Chifukwa choti madzi am'nyanja atentha kwambiri ndi 1 ° C, matanthwe okhala m'matanthwe amayamba kufa. Ndipo njirayi imayamba kutenga zosasintha, zomwe zimafunikira yankho lavuto.

Kuipitsa

Zachilengedwe ndikukumana ndi katundu wamunthu. Zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsa ndi:

• polyvinyl chloride
• polyamide
• polystyrene
• polyester
• polyethylene
• lavsan
• ziguduli
• mphira.

Pulasitiki yosawonongeka imadzaza gombeli, ndikuwononga zamoyo.

Njira zopezera zakumwa m'madzi

Kuzindikira kwa hydrosphere ya Dziko lapansi kumachitika motere:

• kuipitsa mwachindunji - ndi njirayi, zinthu zovulaza zimalowa mwachindunji m'thupi lamadzi kuchokera kunja,
• kuipitsa kwachilengedwe - pamenepa, zinthu zakupha zimayamba kulowa m'nthaka kapena m'mpweya, kenako zimangolowa m'madzi.

Kuperewera kwa mpweya

Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa makina omwe amaloledwa kulowa m'madzi am'madzi, kuwonongeka kwa hydrosphere kungathe kugawidwa mu:

• yosakhazikika - mankhwala amalowa mumayendedwe azinthu mu hydrosphere, chifukwa chomwe zimatha msanga motsogozedwa ndi kwachilengedwa.
• kulimbikira - zinthu zowipitsa sizitenga nawo gawo m'zinthu zachilengedwe zopanga ma hydrosphere, potero zimadziunjikira ndikupitiliza kuipitsa madzi.

Kuti mupeze kuchuluka kwa matenda, gwiritsani ntchito mafuta a hydrochemical index.

Kukula kwa kufalikira

Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwake, pali:

• Chivomerezi chonse, chomwe chingapangidwe kulikonse padziko lapansi,
• kuchuluka kwa poyizoni wamadzi kumaderako, kumadera ena a dziko lapansi,
• kuipitsa komweko kumachitika m'matupi ena amadzi pomwe mabizinesi akuipitsa chilengedwe

Kodi chiwopsezo cha hydrosphere chowopsa chamoyo ndi chiyani?

Pali zovuta zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe zoyambitsidwa ndi kuwononga chilengedwe. Koma zonsezi zimakhudza:

• zolimbitsa thupi
• kukula kwathunthu,
• Kugwira ntchito moyenera
• kubereka ndi kubereka kwabwinobwino.

Chifukwa chake, kuteteza madzi kuti asadetsedwe amafunika kuyang'aniridwa pafupipafupi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira yothetsera vuto la poizoni wa hydrosphere.

Zotsatira zoyipa za neururic

Zitsulo zolemera, zomwe zimagwera chamoyo, zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa minyewa yamitsempha. Dongosololi limasiya kugwira ntchito mokwanira, zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto osiyanasiyana a mitsempha:

• mavuto amanjenje
• kupsinjika
• Kukhumudwa
• Autism
• zamagetsi ochepa aubongo,
• Autism sipekitiramu mavuto
• kubweza m'maganizo
• kugona kusokonezedwa
• migraines
• kuphwanya kwamisempha,
• kufooka kwa magazi m'mitsempha yaubongo,
• zikubweretsa kuphwanya kwa malingaliro amisala.

Zovuta za kubereka

Ngati kuchuluka kwa zodetsa nkofunikira, ndiye kuti thupi limatha kufa msanga. Ngati ndendeyo ili yotsika, ndiye kuti zinthu zapoizoni zimadziunjikira pang'onopang'ono m'thupi, kuchepetsa ntchito zake zopindulitsa.

Ndizinthu zowopsa komanso zoyipitsidwa ndi wailesi zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi zomwe zingapangitse kuti kutaya kubereka kubere.

Mavuto Amasinthidwe Amagetsi

Kusinthana mphamvu ndi gawo limodzi lofunikira pakugwira ntchito kwa thupi. Izi zimachitika pamlingo wothandizirana. Koma ngati ziwalo za cell ziwululidwa ndi zinthu zovulaza, ndiye kuti kusinthana kwa mphamvu kumasokonekera mwa iwo. Zotsatira zake, machitidwe a moyo mthupi amayamba kuchepa, kenako amayima ndipo thupi limatha kukhalako.

Njira zokhazikitsira zachilengedwe zam'mlengalenga

Kukula kwachuma kumafuna kutetezedwa kwa hydrosphere. Popeza kupititsa patsogolo kumabweretsa kutulutsa kosalamulirika kwa zakumwa zoyipa ndi zinthu, zomwe zingakhale zowononga kwambiri mkhalidwe wamadzi. Kuteteza haidrosphere kuphatikizanso kusefera kwamadzi oyipa.

Mphamvu ya magalimoto iyeneranso kuchepa. Mayiko angapo achitapo kanthu moyenera, tikusintha injini zamagetsi zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi.

Vuto lakuwonongeka kwamadzi ndi vuto lapadziko lonse lapansi, lomwe limafuna njira yolumikizirana, yokhudza kuyambitsa kuchuluka kwa kufalikira ndi ngozi yakuipitsidwa. Kuteteza hydrosphere kuti isawonongeke ndi mankhwala ndi amodzi mwa mavuto akuluakulu omwe amafunikira njira ndi zida zosiyanasiyana.