Siponji wokongola wa lalanje (Tethya aurantium) ndi m'modzi mwa masiponji wamba (Demospongiae). Mtunduwu udafotokozedwapo kalekale - kuyambira 1766, wolemba zachilengedwe waku Germany P. S. Pallas (Peter Simon Pallas).
M'mayiko olankhula Chingerezi, chinkhupulechi nthawi zina chimatchedwa "siponji ya mpira wa gofu."

Orange lalanje limakhala ndi thupi lozungulira, lotalika masentimita 2 mpaka 10. Pamwamba pa thupi la chinkhupulachi chimakutidwa ndi ma warts angapo ndi ma tubercles, omwe, kuphatikizapo mtundu wachikasu wa lalanje, amapatsa nyamayi kufanana ndi chipatso - lalanje.
Kumtunda kuli kamwa yaying'ono - bowo lomwe ma chokocyte omwe amatulutsa mtsinje wamadzi. Nthawi zina zimasakanikirana ndi zinthu zina zamtundu wamkati mwakuti zimawoneka kuti siponjiyo ili ndi milomo ingapo. Ngati mutayang'ana pakamwa pa lalanje lam'madzi, mutha kuwona kuti ndulu yachifumu ya silicon imayimiriridwa ndi singano zopotapota pozungulira ndi zinthu zakumaso zomwe zimapangidwa ndi singano zazing'ono zooneka ndi microsclera ndi mainchesi 30-100 μm ndi ma spicule akuluakulu osasangalatsa okhala ndi 510 - 850 maikuloni kutalika. Siponji imalumikizidwa ndi gawo lapansi ndi nimbus, yopangidwa ndi masiponji akuluakulu osatulutsa, omwe nthawi zambiri amakutidwa ndi wosanjikiza pansi.
Malangizo a singano yamafuta amatuluka pamwamba pa chifuwa, kulumikizana kwotalikilapo ndi thupi la siponji kungayambitse mkwiyo pakhungu la manja.
Mtundu wa siponji imeneyi umatha kusiyanasiyana ndi wachikaso wonyezimira ndi lalanje.

Mitundu ya lalanje yamnyanja imakhala ndi nyanja zambiri za Nyanja ya Atlantic, kuphatikiza Gulf of Guinea, Nyanja ya Mediterranean, gombe la Atlantic ku Europe (pamaso pa Norway), zigawo zakumadzulo kwa Atlantic, kuphatikizapo Pacific.

Malalanje am'nyanja amapezeka mwaokha ndi m'midzi, m'matanthwe, m'miyala ndi m'miyala yaying'ono mozama mpaka mamita 150. Amawonetsedwa ngati ntchentche wosayimira, wosakonda kukhala m'madzi osaya, m'malo opanda madzi. Nthawi zina amakhala m'mapanga am'madzi.

Monga masiponji odziwika bwino, lalanje yam'nyanja "imagwira" michere ya microscopic, yomwe imapereka mpweya kwa "ambuye" wawo, ndiye chakudya chake, kuchotsa ma oxide a m'thupi ndi kupaka utoto wonena mosiyanasiyana. Zomera zophiphiritsa izi zimakhala mkati mwa thupi la siponji, m'mayendedwe ndi m'chipinda chake chothiririra.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, asayansi adasokonezeka - kodi ma microplants awa amatha bwanji kupanga photosynthesis mumdima wathunthu, mkati mwa thupi la siponji? Zowonadi, pakuchita kwanthawi imeneyi, kuunika kumafunikira.
Kupeza kosangalatsa pamutuwu kunapangidwa ndi gulu la asayansi aku Germany ochokera ku Stuttgart, omwe adazindikira kuti mbewu zofanizira zimalandira kuwala kudzera mu ulusi wa mafinya amtundu, womwe gawo lawo limaseweredwa ndi chotupa cha chigoba.
Chifukwa cha singano, maupangiri omwe amatuluka pamwamba pa thupi la chinkhupule, ma ray opepuka amatha kulowa mkati mwake mwamdima, ndikuthandizira mbewu kukhalapo ndikuchita ntchito zawo zothandiza kwa masiponji.

Kuyesa komwe asayansi adapanga kunali kosavuta: chinkhupule cha lalanje lam'nyanja chimayikidwa m'chiwiya chamdima, momwe adayambitsa chidutswa cha pepala lowoneka bwino. Pakuwunikira pamwamba pa chinkhupule, mawonekedwe anawoneka papepala, lomwe linali moyang'anizana ndi malekezero a spicule, omwe anali mafupa oyambira. Ofufuzawo adabwereza kuyesaku ndi mtundu wina wa chinkhupule chomwe chinalibe ma spicule okhala ndi maupangiri otuluka pamwamba pa thupi. Pakuwunikira chinkhupule chotere mumoto wamdima, pepala la zithunzi lidakhalabe losagawanika. Mapeto ake amadzitsimikizira okha.

Masiponji, monga kagulu kakang'ono kophunziridwa ka nyama zam'madzi, amasungunuka m'matupi awo njira zambiri zosangalatsa komanso zoyambira zaukadaulo. Kodi zotsegulira zotsekera za siponji zagalasi zopangidwa ndi chilengedwe? Palibe zodziwika bwino kwambiri zomwe munthu adazipanga pogwiritsa ntchito zonyamula zodalirika komanso malamulo aukadaulo, masamu, kuwala, zamagetsi, sayansi, etc., ndi zina zotere, zomwe zingapikisane ndi wolemba chilengedwe, yemwe sathamangira kuwulula zinsinsi luso lawo.

Basket wa Venus - chinkhupule chokongola modabwitsa

Kodi malalanje amnyanja amawoneka bwanji ndipo chifukwa chiyani amatchedwa choncho?

Siponjiyu waziwika kwa munthu kwa zaka zoposa 200. Idayamba kufotokozedwa koyamba ndi wasayansi waku Germany Peter Pallas mu 1766.

Sea Orange (Tethya aurantium).

Chifukwa chiyani lalanje? - mumafunsa. Onani chithunzichi ndikumvetsetsa zonse: mawonekedwe a nyamayo ndi ozungulira. Imakutidwa ndi ma tubercles komanso "warty", ngati peyala la lalanje. Ndipo pamapeto pake, mtundu: ndi lalanje.

Pawiri pamtunda wa lalanje lam'madzi ndizomwe zimayambira 2 mpaka 10 cm. Mbali yakumtunda ya "mpira" wa chinkhupule imakhala ndi nestata yapadera, yomwe nyamayo imanyamula mtsinje wamadzi.

Komwe malalanje am'nyanja amakhala

Mitundu yake imayandikira nyanja zambiri za Nyanja ya Atlantic. Siponji yamtundu wamtunduwu imapezeka mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean, m'mbali lonse la gombe la Atlantic ku Europe (mpaka ku Norway palokha). Kuphatikiza apo, malalanje am'nyanja "amakula" kumadzulo kwa Atlantic: ku Pacific, mwachitsanzo.

Nyanja Orange

Mwa onse oimilira masiponji papulaneti, malalanje am'madzi amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi osaya, nthawi zambiri amapezeka pafupi ndi gombe.

Malalanje am'nyanja amakhala m'makoloni, nthawi zina amakhala okha.

Malalanje am'nyanja amabwera onse osakwatira komanso omwe amakhala m'malire. Zimakhazikika pamiyala, ndipo nthawi zina zimakonda mapanga am'nyanja.

Monga nthumwi zina za masiponji, malalanje am'nyanja ali ndi malo achilendo mkati mwawo - algae. Moyenera, algae ali mu mtundu wina wa "ukapolo" pafupi ndi siponji. Chifukwa cha "mgwirizano" wodabwitsawu, masiponji am'madzi amadzipezera okha mpweya wabwino, womwe umafunikira kuti kupuma komanso kugwira ntchito bwino kwa thupi lonse.

Malalanje am'nyanja ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi zipatso zamtchire.

Kuphatikiza apo kuti algae amapatsa chinkhupule ndi okosijeni, amakokeranso zinthu zonse zosafunikira kuchokera mthupi la chinyama, ndikuchiyeretsa. masiponji ndi opindulitsa kwambiri, simukuganiza?

Masiponji - "opanga" matekinoloje atsopano

Izi zitha kuwoneka ngati zopeka poyamba, koma ndani wina koma chilengedwe chomwe chimatiphunzitsa zonse zatsopano komanso zapang'onopang'ono. Chifukwa chake masiponji nawonso adathandizira. Mwachitsanzo, pakuphunzira mafupa amitundu ina ya masiponji, omwe amaganiza mwachilengedwe mpaka pazinthu zazing'ono kwambiri, asayansi amatenga njira zatsopano zaumisiri ndikupanga zodabwitsa mu sayansi.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Zina za nyumba zokulirapo za zipatso

Chikhalidwe chilichonse chimakhala ndi zake zomwe zikukula, koma pali malamulo angapo apabanja lonse.

• Zomera za citrus ndi thermophilic, zosalolera konse chisanu. Komabe, nthawi yozizira, kutentha m'chipindacho kuyenera kuchepetsedwa. Kuperewera kwa dzuwa kumapangitsa kuti mbewuyo ithe, masamba akugwa. Kuti musunge mbewuyo, ikani pansi pa nyali masana kapena chepetsani kutentha.
• Ma macrito akufuna kwambiri kuwala kwa dzuwa, apangeni iwo kumwera kapena kum'mawa zenera. Ngati mukufuna kubzala zipatso zanu mu wowonjezera kutentha, sankhani malo otseguka ndi dzuwa.
• Chiwerengero choyenera cha kutentha ndi chinyezi cha zipatso za malalanje ndi +18 madigiri ndi 70%. Kuti mukwaniritse zofunika, konthani mbewu ndi madzi ofunda kangapo patsiku.
• Pakupanda nyengo yotsika yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchepa kwapadera kwa nyengo, mbewu zimangokhala kunyumba osapitilira zaka 4.
• Patulani chomera nthawi zonse komanso chokwanira, koma onetsetsani kuti nthaka ili ndi nthawi youma.

Zambiri za kukula kwa mandarin

Chimandarini ndimtundu wamaluwa wodziwika kwambiri pakukula kwawo. Anakondana ndi wamaluwa masamba obiriwira atsopano, maluwa oyera osalala, ndi zipatso zowala. Komabe, ma tangerine omwe amabzala pakhomo amakhala ndi phindu lokongoletsa, chifukwa cha asidi ochulukirapo satha kudya. Mandarin amafunika kuthirira nthawi zonse komanso kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa. Mtengowo ukamakula, madzi ambiri amayamba kutuluka ndipo amafunikira. Koma samalani kuti musakokomeze nthaka, mizu yake ndivuto kukhala m'madzi. Kuvala kwapamwamba ndi feteleza wa mineral ndikofunikira kwa tangerine mu masika, musanafike maluwa.

Thirani madzi a mandarin ndi feteleza 1-2 pa sabata. Chitani nawo kapangidwe ka korona wamtengo mu mitengo yaying'ono ya mandarin, kutsina akulu mphukira kuti nthambi zokulitsa. Chotsani zonse kupatula ovary kamodzi. Zipatso zochepa zimamera pamtengo, ndiye kuti adzakhala wamkulu. Chaka chamawa, onjezerani kuchuluka kwa thumba losunga mazira. Samalirani mtengowo ndi ma tangerine, ndikuyankhani ndi kukongola kosangalatsa kwa maluwa ndi kununkhira kwa zipatso zabwino kwambiri.

Mawonekedwe a lalanje

Kukula mtengo wa lalanje kunyumba ndizosangalatsa. Kukula mwachilengedwe mpaka 7 m kutalika, nyumbayo ndi yochepera 3 m kunyumba.Kubyala malalanje, tengani mbewu kuchokera pamtundu wodyedwa kapena phesi kuchokera pamtengo wakale. Ndiosavuta kubereka, koma mtengo wobzalidwa kuchokera pambewu sizidzayamba kubereka chipatso kuyambira zaka 7. Kudula ndi njira yachangu. Kusamalira lalanje ndikofanana ndi kusamalira ma citruse ena: kutsirira pafupipafupi komanso kokwanira, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, kuvala pamwamba kwambiri kasupe nyengo isanayambe. Koma palinso mawonekedwe: musamasule pansi pazomera, kuti muwononge mizu yovuta.

Kuti mubzale lalanje, tengani mbewu za zipatso zakupsa, konzekerani chidebecho, mudzazeni ndi malo osakanikirana ndi nthaka yabwino. Kuzama kwa kubzala mbewu ndi pafupifupi 1 cm, mtunda pakati pa kubzala suli wosakwana 5. cm. Yembekezerani mphukira yoyamba pasanathe milungu iwiri. Pakadali pano, gwiritsani ntchito njira yochepetsera, siyani mizu yamphamvu, chotsani ofooka. Ikani zophukira zotsala pansi pa filimu kapena mtsuko. Kubzala kutentha, kuchotsa wowonjezera kutentha usiku uliwonse kwa theka la ola. Ikani mitengo yazing'ono yamtsogolo m'miphika yosiyana pambuyo pakuwonekera masamba awiri.

Kuyika kwachiwiri kudzafunika mbewuzo zikafika kutalika kwa 20 cm, kenako nkuyamba kupanga korona wa mtengo wamtsogolo. Sankhani malalanje kukhala malo owonekera pawindo ndipo musawakhudze, kusintha kwazomwe kumayambitsa kumayambitsa masamba. Zipatso za lalanje zimakongoletsanso zachilengedwe zokha, kuti mulandire malalanje okoma komanso owutsa mudyo kumafuna zaka zambiri zosankha.

Pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zoyambirira zakulima zipatso, mudzalani zipatso zomwe mumakonda, mphesa, ndimu, laimu, citron kunyumba. Ndi chisamaliro choyenera, ma citruse kwa zaka zambiri amasangalatsa omwe amabwera ndi maluwa.