Ufumu: | Eumetazoi |
Chinsinsi: | Pamtunda |
Subfamily: | Kapreolinae |
Jenda: | Mazamu |
Masamas (lat. Mazama) - mtundu wa zolengedwa zoyamwitsa za banja lakhola (Cervidae) Amakhala ku nkhalango za ku Central ndi South America. Pafupifupi mitundu ingapo yomwe ilipo mu mafuta amtundu wamkati, mwa akatswiri azinyama palibe mgwirizano wonse, IUCN imazindikira mitundu khumi yosiyana. A Mazama amachokera pachilankhulo cha Nahuatl ndipo amangotanthauza "mbawala".
Mawonekedwe
Nyanga za mazam zilibe kanthu ndipo zimangokhala ndi njira zazifupi zokha, chifukwa chomwe chimafanana ndi obwera, omwe mulibe ubale wapamtima. Kukula kwa mazam kumasiyana mitundu ndi mitundu. Mazama yolumikizira, yolemera makilogalamu 10 ndipo kutalika kwake ndi 40 cm, sikakulimba kuposa kalulu. Mitundu iwiri yayikulu kwambiri, mazama ofiira ndi imvi, kutalika kwake 70 cm ndi kulemera kwa 25 kg, ali ofanana ndi nguluwe. Chovalacho ndi monochromatic ndipo chimasiyana kuchokera ku imvi kuwala mpaka mtundu wofiirira-utoto kutengera mtundu.
17.04.2019
Mazama akuluakulu, kapena mazama ofiira (lat. Mazama americana), ndi nyama yopanda ubweya wazakudya yochokera ku Deer (Cervidae). Dzinalo mu zilankhulo za Aztec Nahuatl limatanthawuza "mbawala." Pali mitundu 9 ya nyama ya mtundu wa Mazama.
Kusintha kwawo msonkho (gulu ndi dongosolo) zimachititsabe mikangano pakati pa akatswiri azamanyama. Mpaka pano, mabizinesi 12 adadziwika. Ndi mawonekedwe akunja, ambiri aiwo ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu. Mabukuwa amagawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu, omwe amagawidwa ndi malo a mitsinje ya Amazon. Wina amakhala kumadzulo, ndi ena kummawa.
Kulongosola koyamba kwamtunduwu mu 1777 kunachitika ndi wasayansi wazachilengedwe ku Germany a Johann Christian Polycarp Erksleben pamaziko a zoyerekezera zaku Cayenne ku French Guiana. Anamupatsa dzina loyambirira la Moschus americanus, poganiza kuti ndi wachibale wa a Sibk a musk deer (Moschus moshiferus).
Maonedwe
Mitundu yonse iwiriyi ndiodziwika bwino m'nkhalango za America.
- Greater Mazama (Mazama americana) amakhala m'malo okhala mvula kuyambira ku Mexico kudutsa ku Central America kupita ku Brazil ndi Uruguay.
- Mazama a Grey (Mazama gouazoubira) sichikupezeka ku Central America, yonse yonse imagwirizana ndi mtundu wa Mazamy wamkulu.
Mitundu yotsalayo imakhala m'nkhalango pamalo otsetsereka a Andes. Nthawi yomweyo, amakwera kutalika kwa 5,000 m kuchokera pamwamba pa nyanja.
Kufalitsa
Malo okhala amapezeka ku Central ndi South America. Imafalikira kuchokera kumwera kwa Mexico kudutsa ku Venezuela ndi Colombia kupita kumpoto kwa Argentina. Ochuluka kwambiri amakhala ku Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, Suriname ndi Uruguay.
Greater Mazama imakhala m'nkhalango zowala komanso zam'malo otentha. Imapezekanso kunja kwa nkhalango ndi mars. Nyama imasinthidwa kuti ikhale m'malo ovuta komanso owuma. Momwe amathandizira kupewa malo otseguka.
Ma mazamu ofiira amabweretsedwa pachilumba cha Trinidad ku Pacific, komwe adayamba kuzika mizu. Ku Tobago, amaonedwa kuti ndiosowa.
Khalidwe
Nyama yokhala ndi miyendo iyi imakhala yokhayokha kunja kwa nyengo yakukhwima. Masana, imabisala m'chuma chovuta, ndipo nthawi yamadzulo imayamba kudyetsa ndikudyetsa mpaka m'mawa.
Big Mazama imakhala mdera la mahekitala 50 mpaka 100.
Amayika kwambiri malire a chuma chake ndi ndowe ndi mkodzo. Pakupaka mutu kumbali ya mitengo yamtengo yamtengo, imasiyira chinsinsi timinsempha ta fungo lonunkhira ngati musk. Ma tag awa ndi njira yofunika kulumikizirana pakati pa oimira mtunduwu.
A Jaguars (Panthera onca) ndi cougars (Puma concolor) amagwiranso ntchito kwa achikulire osaphula. Achinyamata amakhala ovutitsidwa ndi ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), matayala (Eira barbara) ndi mbalame zodyedwa.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Mazama ofiira amadya zipatso, mizu, bowa, maluwa, mphukira, masamba a mitengo ndi zitsamba. Mwanjira yochepera, zitsamba zosiyanasiyana zimadyedwa.
Nyamayi imakonda kuyang'anidwa m'minda yamafamu, momwe imakonda kudya zakudya monga chimanga ndi nyemba.
Zakudya zimatengera nthawi ya chaka. M'nyengo yamvula, zipatso zakupsa zimakhalamo, ndipo pachilala osabereka amakhala ndi masamba ndi udzu.
Kuswana
Makulidwe akuluakulu a mazamas chaka chonse. Kutha msinkhu kumachitika pazaka pafupifupi 13. Amuna okhwima m'magulu amapanga ndewu zamiyambo kuti akhale ndi ufulu wobereka. Amaluma ndikumenya aliyense ndi nyanga.
Mimba imatenga masiku 200 mpaka 225.
Monga lamulo, wamkazi amabweretsa mwana wamphongo. Imapaka utoto wonyezimira wowala bwino ndi mawanga oyera. Poyamba, amakhala m'malo otetezeka pakati pa zitsamba zowirira. Popeza adalimbitsa, m'masiku ochepa mwana amapita ndi amayi ake kuti adyetse. Amayamba kusinthira kubzala zakudya ali ndi miyezi iwiri.
Kuyamwa mkaka kumatenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Akamaliza, mbawala posachedwa zimangodziyimira pawokha.
Kufotokozera
Kutalika kwa thupi 90-255 masentimita, mchira 12-16 cm.Ulitali kufota 60-80 cm. Amuna ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa zazikazi. Kugonana kwamanyazi ndi kofooka.
Amuna onse awiri ali ndi nyanga zazing'ono zowongoka mpaka 10 cm kutalika pamitu yawo.
Mtundu wa ubweya umatha kusintha kuchokera ku bulauni mpaka bulauni. Mimba, kutsogolo kwa khosi, malo omwe ali pachibwano ndi mkati mwa miyendo ndi oyera. Mbali yakumbuyo ndi kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi imvi. Anthu ena amakhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda yakuda ndi mawanga akuda kumbuyo kwawo.
A Greater Mazama amakhala ku vivo kwa zaka 10-12.
Kupezeka kwa mazama bororo
Chimodzi mwa mitundu yawo yomaliza - mazama am'madzi adapezeka mu 1908. Koma chilengedwe chinadabwitsa asayansi modzidzimutsa: mu 1992, ku Brazil, pafupi ndi mzinda wa Capayo Bonito, kunatulukira mtundu watsopano wa akatswiri, womwe umadziwika kuti Mazama Bororo. Mu 1996, adayikidwa ngati mtundu wodziimira pawokha.
Zizindikiro zakunja za mazam bororo
Zomwe zimachitikira kunja kwa Mazama Bororo ndizapakatikati pakati pa kufotokozera kwa Mazama Nana ndi Mazama Americanana.
Maonekedwe a thupi ndi kapangidwe ka bororo ndi ofanana ndi a M. Nana. Utoto wofiirira wofiirira wofanana ndi Mazama Americanana.
Maso a tsitsi lowongolera la mazama a bororo ndi lofiirira wowala bwino lomwe ndi utoto wowoneka bwino. Wosakhulupirira amakhala ndi kutalika pafupifupi 90cm, kutalika kwake kufota ndi masentimita 40. Maboro a Borozo amalemera pafupifupi 20 kg.
Malo omwe amagawidwira Mazama Bororo
Mazama Bororo amakhala ku Andes. Imapezeka pamwamba m'mapiri, pafupifupi mamita 3,000. Malo okhala Mazama Bororo ndi ochepa m'nkhalango zotentha za Atlantic kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Brazil. Mtunduwu wa biotope umadziwika kuti ndi umodzi mwamafuta ochulukirapo padziko lapansi.
Mazama Bororo
Zolinga zakuchepera kwa chiwerengero cha mazama bororo
Zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha ma Borozo mazam m'chilengedwe ndikuchepetsa kwambiri malo, kugawanika kwa malo ndi kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango zam'malo otentha chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Kafukufuku wa anthu bororo mu 2005 adaonetsa zotsatira za anthu pafupifupi 4,500. Chiwonetsero chonse chaanthu chimapezeka pagombe laling'ono la Amazon kumalire a mayiko awiri aku Brazil a Parana ndi Sao Paulo. Kukhazikika kwa mitundu yachilengedwe imafalikira pamalo a 3600 kilomita lalikulu.
Mazama bororo
Borzo borrea ndi mtundu wosowa wa nyama zokhala ndi ziboda zomwe zikufunika kutetezedwa ndipo ili pa mndandanda wofiira wa IUCN. Gulu la akatswiri lalinganiza dongosolo loti achitepo kanthu pofuna kuteteza nyamayi, kuphatikizapo kuwunika momwe zilili kuthengo.
Madzi aku Boros amakwera pamtunda wa 5,000 m kuchokera pamwamba pa nyanja.
Chifukwa chake, chizindikiritso cha nyama zakuthengo za Brocket yofiyira iyenera kukhala gawo loyamba posungiramo nyamazo, popeza nthumwi yoyimilira iyi imadziwika chifukwa chazomwe ili mu ukapolo.
Zojambula za Morphological ndi cytogenetic za Mazama bororo zadziwika mwa anthu angapo omwe amapezeka ku Brazil. Nyamazo akuti adazigwira kunkhalango yakum'mwera kwa Atlantic. Komabe, palibe ngakhale umodzi mwa nyama zamtunduwu womwe walembedwa.
Kafukufuku pa kuzindikiridwa kwa mazam bororo mu chilengedwe
Kafukufuku wodziwitsa mazam bororo adakhazikitsidwa mchaka cha 1998.
Kufufuza a Bwera a Mazama sinali ntchito yovuta.
Kupezeka kwa mitundu iyi m'malo zinyalala zamtchire kunatsimikiziridwa kudera lamapiri la Paranapiacaba kumwera kwa São Paulo ku Brazil. Mwa anthu ogwidwa, mawonekedwe a cytogenetic a magazi anawunikidwa mu 2000 ndi 2002. Zotsatirazo zidatsimikiza kulumikizana kwawo ndi kavalidwe kakang'ono ka Brocket ku Intervales State Park.
Zotsatira zake, mu 1998, umboni wa kupezeka kwa Mazorum bororo kuthengo udatsimikiziridwa ndipo zofunikira zakuyambira zidapezeka kuti zifotokoze za mtunduwu. Kuphatikiza apo, njira idapangidwa kuti iphunzire kulumikizana kwa agwape m'malo ake achilengedwe.
Dera lofufuzirali silinasankhidwe mwamwayi, chifukwa ndi m'chigawo chino kuti malo achilengedwe achitetezo omwe ali m'malire a madera angapo omwe Mazoro Bororo amakhala mosamala. M'derali muli zikhalidwe zonse za kukhalapo kwa zosowa zam'madzi zam'madzi: malo okhala chinyezi komanso malo osinthika okhala mtunda wovuta kwambiri komanso malo ovuta omwe ali ndi malo okwera pakati pa 30 ndi 1200 metres pamwamba pa nyanja.
Cholinga chachikulu pagawo loyamba la kafukufuku chinali kuzindikira malo omwe nyama zimaderamo.
Okhala m'deralo - alimi, osaka malo osaka nyama, osaka nyama ndi ozunza ochokera m'malo osiyanasiyana asanu ndi awiri, amayenera kupereka zidziwitso zamitundu ya agalu omwe amapezeka m'derali. Tchulani mtundu wawo ndi otsogolera, akakhalidwe, ndi zikhalidwe zachilengedwe: kukula, utoto, malowa, zakudya, kubereka.
Zakudya za mazama bororo zimakhala ndi masamba, zitsamba ndi zipatso.
Zomwe zidapezedwa zimatipatsa mwayi kudziwa madera omwe angapezekepo Borozo mazam, kuthandizira nyama zakutchire ndikuzindikiritsa pulani yake, yofunikira kumapeto kuti tipeze anthu osadziwika. Kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane kwa njira zakusaka kwakomweko kunali kofunikira phunziroli.
Kupezeka kwa nguluwe wapadera kunayesedwa m'nkhalango yachinsinsi yomwe ili pa Joao XXIII hacienda, ndi madera awiri otetezedwa: Carlos Botelho State Park ndi Intervales State Park, komwe kusaka ndikuwononga zachilengedwe kumaletsedwa ndipo zachilengedwe zasungidwa. Mazoro a Borozo adabisala usiku pafupi ndi misewu ya agwape, amagwiritsa ntchito kuvala kwapamwamba, ndowe, mkodzo ndi chimbudzi cha ndulu kupatula nyama zomwe zidamangidwa kuti zikope nyama.
Munthu woyamba adagwidwa mu June 2000.
Zithunzi zojambulidwa ku Intervales Park zimatsimikizira kuti nyama zokhala ndi miyendo ya kumapazi ndizaku Bazz. Msodzi wowoneka ngati agwape amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti agwire agwape, omwe mwanjira zawo anali kusaka nyama zamtundu wina zapakati: agwape, ophika mkate, agouti. Msampha uwu, womwe umapangidwa kwa masiku angapo, unapangidwa ndi bamboo, womwe umapewera kuvuta kwambiri kwa nyama yomwe yakodwa mumsampha. Ikani momwe kayendedwe ka mazam, idagwirira ntchito nyama italowa, ndikungotseka chitseko. Kuwunikira kunazindikira kusuntha kosinthika kawirikawiri kudzera mumsampha. Ndipo nyama yoyamba inagwidwa mu June 2000.
Akatswiri azachilengedwe amati mtundu wina wa mtundu wa Mazama ubisala m'nkhalango za Amazon. Malinga ndi akatswiri, madera akutali kwambiri a dziko lathuli pali mitundu ya zinthu 300 zomwe zimafunikira kupezeka ndi kudongosolo. Pankhani imeneyi, nkhalango zachikazi za Amazon zimawonetsedwa kuti ndizabwino kwambiri.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Mazama Bororo - wokhala m'nkhalango wamba
+ Mitundu 9 ya zokwawa, mwachitsanzo, akamba amasamba, omwe amasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wowala:
+ Mitundu 7 ya amphibians,
+ Mitundu 24 ya nsomba,
+ za Mitundu 1000 ya tizilombo!
M'nkhalango ya paini ya Buzuluk muli mitundu yonse ya kumpoto - yoyera, elk, lynx, capercaillie, ndi kumwera - nkhumba zodutsa, gawo loyimitsa, tinsalu wamba, monga okhala m'nkhalango - agologolo, nkhandwe ya m'nkhalango, mitengo yodula mitengo, komanso okhala m'malo otetezeka a steppe - steppe thovu, hamster, makoswe, manda a manda.
Nyama zoyamwa nazo - m'modzi wakale kwambiri wa Boron. Mwachitsanzo, wogwira ntchito ku Russia monga chinyama adakhalako zaka pafupifupi 30 miliyoni. Chiwerengero cha muskrat m'matupi amadzi a Buzuluk boron ndi otsika kwambiri, chifukwa chake nyamayo idalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira RF ndi dera la Orenburg. Mwa zolengedwa zomwe sizitha kudziteteza, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati hedgehog ndi shrew ndizofala wamba. Chozungulira chofalikira chimakhala chokulirapo nthawi ziwiri komanso zambiri.
Matumba amakhala m'malo apadera pakati pa nyama. M'nkhalangomo mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya mileme, osiyana ndi wina ndi mnzake osati kunja kokha, komanso m'moyo, zakudya, kavalidwe, njira zamaulendo apamtunda ndi malo osambira nyengo yachisanu. Nyama zoyamwitsa izi, kukhala zausiku mu njira yawo ya moyo komanso kusakhudzidwa ndi kadyedwe kake, ndizopindulitsa kwambiri pakudya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - udzudzu, kafadala wa May, njenjete za usiku, zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu m'nkhalango. Monga mbalame zosamukira kumayiko ena, mileme imawuluka nthawi yachisanu ndikubwerera kumadera awo komwe ikadabereka.
Khola yoyera pagawo la nkhalango ya paini ya Buzuluk ndi yofala, koma yambiri, ndipo khola la bulauni ndi losowa kwambiri. Anthu okhala m'nkhalangozi pakati pa makoswe sakhalanso ambiri - agologolo ndi dormouse. Squirrel nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'nkhalango zamapine, dormouse - m'minda yokhwima yokhala ndi dothi lokwera.
Makoswe ndi nyama zochulukitsitsa kwambiri m'nkhalangomo. Pakati pa zomata, beaver mosakayikira ndi yosangalatsa kwambiri. Zonona Chodabwitsa, choyambirira, ndi luso lawo lomanga. Amasinthasintha mwanjira zosiyanasiyana kukhalapo, koma sangakhale ndi moyo popanda madzi ndipo nthawi zonse amakhala m'mphepete mwa matupi amadzi. Beavers bwino kukumba mabowo akuya, ndipo m'mphepete mwa nyanja, amakonda mabowo amitundu ina. M'malo okhala ndi m'mphepete mwa madambo, amamanga zomanga pansi - "nyumba", nthawi zonse pafupi ndi gombe, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi panjira yayikulu komanso zingapo.
Zazanyama zodyedwa, mitundu 13 imakhala m'nkhalangozi. Yaikulu kwambiri ndiyo nkhandwe, yomwe imayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu, ndikudziwongolera m'makwalala nthawi yakuthengo ikukolola. M'nyengo yozizira, chisanu chambiri amasaka abuluzi, nkhumba zamtchire, anyani achinyamata. Chaka chilichonse, pamakhala zochitika za nkhandwe zomwe zikuvutikira ziweto zapakhomo.
M'nkhalango muli nkhandwe zopitilira 150 ndipo ndimakhala anthu angapo agalu a fodya, wotchuka m'chigawo cha mitundu, komanso - woimira amphaka mu nyama zathu - lynx.
Zinyama zomwe zimadyera kwambiri ndi anyani. Izi zikuphatikiza ma badger, martens, otentha nkhalango, zonyansa, masoka, ma elm ndi ma mink a ku America. American mink ndi mtundu watsopano wa boron; idatulutsidwa m'chigawochi ndicholinga chofukizira. Popeza kuti pang'onopang'ono idalowetsa mink yaku Europe, idatha matupi a boron ndipo imakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa muskrat.
Mitundu itatu ya artiodactyl imakhala m'nkhalango, komabe, ndi abulu okha basi ndi agwape omwe amawoneka ngati amtundu wachilengedwe. Kuyambira 1936, kwazaka zambiri m'nkhalango ya Buzuluk pine ayeseza kuchititsa kuti tsekwe zizigwira. Iwo unkanyamula katundu, unkakwera pa chishalo ndikuyika pa maula.
Malo okhala nkhwangwa zazikuluzo ndi nkhalango zomwe zimasinthasintha ndi mitsinje ndi mitsinje. Chakudya chake chachikulu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zitsamba, masamba ndi mphukira zazing'ono zazitsamba, ma acorn, zipatso, ndi m'minda - mphukira za mbewu zosiyanasiyana. M'nyengo yozizira, imadya udzu wouma ndi masamba, nthenga za nkhono ndi zonyansa kuchokera ku mitengo ikuluikulu komanso mitengo.
Mbalame ndizosowa kwambiri vertebral burs: pali 132 mwa iwo 13 kulamula. Mwa mitundu iyi, mitundu 90 ya chisa, yambiri imasamukira. Pakakhala nkhalango 35 mitundu. Kuchuluka kwa mbewu ndi zipatso za mitengo ndi zitsamba zimakopa mbalame kuno nthawi yozizira. Pafupifupi mitundu 10 ya mbalame zakumpoto nthawi yozizira imakhala m'nkhalango za payini ndi alder pafupi ndi nyumba zawo. Nkhalango zoyandikana ndi mitengo yotsala ndi yomwe imazindikira malo omwe mitunduyi imakhala.Panthawi yosamukira, mitundu ina 28 yosamukira kumadera kukaona dera la boron.
Mwa zokwawa za boron, zosowa m'malo ena a dera la Orenburg, ziyenera kudziwika kuti ndi dambo lotentha, buluzi wamitundu yambiri, phula losalimba, njoka wamba. Mwa zina mwa zolengedwa zachilengedwe zomwe sizikupezeka m'nkhalangoyi ndi omwe amapezeka kale zatsopano, dziwe ndi achule.
Mwa mitundu 24 nsombaokhala ku Samara, Brovka ndi madzi ena a boron ayenera kugawidwa Nyongolotsi yofulumira yaku Russia, yolembedwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation. Kukhazikika kwa malo okhala mitsinje mumtsinje wa Borovka ndi mtsinje wa Chertalyk sichinatsimikizidwe kwanthaŵi yayitali.
M'modzi mwa omwe amayambitsa bungwe la Buzuluksky Bor paki ya Y.N. Darkshevich - adapanga ulendo wapadera wobweretsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame ndi nyama za kuthengo.