Mwachilengedwe, pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya ngamira za bactrian zomwe zimasiyana wina ndi mzake m'mikhalidwe yamoyo:

1. Zawo. Ku Mongolia, amatchedwa Bactrian.
2. Zakutchire. Dzina lawo lina ndi Haptagai. Mitundu yaying'ono yotchulidwa mu Buku Lofiyira chifukwa chotsatira kutha kwa kutha.

Zamoyo zonse komanso zoweta, zimasangalatsidwa ndi mawonekedwe ake akuluakulu. Amuna kutalika kwake ndi episodically mpaka 2.7 metres, kulemera kumafika mpaka 1 tani. Ngamila zachikazi ndizocheperako pang'ono, kukula kwake kumasiyana kuchokera 500 mpaka 800 kg. Mchira wa ngamila umakhala ndi burashi kumapeto kwake, kutalika kwake kuli pafupifupi mamita 0.5. Ngamila ziwiri za ngamila zimayenda, pafupi ndi kunenepa kwa nyama, zimakhala zotanuka, zili chilili, ndipo mumkhalidwe wanjala zimakhota mbali kapena pang'ono, zikulendewera pamene zikuyenda. Mimbulu imadziunjikira mafuta m'thupi, chomwe ndi chofunikira pophikira nyama. Kukhoza kwa kudzikundikira kwamafuta amthupi ndikochepa kwa makilogalamu 150. Kuphatikiza apo, zimbudzi zimateteza wovalayo kuti asatenthe kwambiri potseka kumbuyo kwake pa siginecha kuti asaonekere mwachangu ku kunyezimira kwa dzuwa. Kutalika pakati pa mahps ndi 40 cm, kukulolani kuti mupange pakati pawo ndi chishalo cha wokwera.

Miyendo ya ngamila zokhala ndi mbali ziwiri ndi yayitali, mapazi ali ndi mbali ziwiri, pansi ndi pilo yolimba, kutsogolo kwa lumo kuli ngati pala. Mawonekedwe a miyendo iyi amalola ngamila kuti ziziyenda pamwala kapena m'malo otayirira malowo kuwonjezera pa ntchito zapadera. Ndizachidziwikire kuti ngamila zapakhomo zimakhala ndi corpus callosum yophimba mawondo awo ndi chifuwa, zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi anzawo akumtchire.

Khosi la nyama limapindika, lalitali kwambiri, kuchokera pansi pa okondedwa amawerama, kenako nkuwuka. Mutu wake ndi waukulu kwambiri, womwe umakhala pamwamba pa mzere umodzi ndi mapewa. Ma eyelashes apawiri, maso okhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Mphuno zili mumtundu wa ming'alu, ma mugs ndi ochepa kwambiri. Mlomo wapamwamba umakhala wambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kumvetsera kutafuna zakudya zolimba.

Chovalachi chimapakidwa makamaka mumithunzi ya mchenga, nthawi zina chimafikira mtundu wakuda kapena wofiirira. Anthu odzipangiratu nthawi zambiri amakhala (a bulauni, koma pali oimira amtunduwu wa imvi, yoyera, yakuda. Ngamila zowala ndizomwe zimawoneka zosowa kwambiri.

Kapangidwe ka ubweya wa ngamila umaimiridwa ndi tsitsi lopanda kanthu kuzunguliridwa ndi undercoat, ngati kuti kuteteza ngamira kuti isasinthe mu kutentha komanso kutentha kwa mlengalenga. Mtunda wa chovalachi umayambira 5 mpaka 7 cm, m'malo omwe nsonga zam'mphepete ndimmunsi mwa khosi kumvera chisoni ndikutali - mpaka 25. M'nyengo yozizira, chovalachi chimakhala chotalikirapo ndipo chimatha kutalika mpaka 30 cm. Ndudu za ngamila zimagwera masika mchaka, nthawi yawo ikasungunuka. M'masabata atatu otsatira, madzulo atawoneka chovala chatsopano, iwo amayenda pameta komanso osavala.

M'mawu a anthu awa akufanana ndi bulu. Kulira kwawo kopsa mtima kumayendetsedwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kulemera, pamene kuli kofunikira kuwuka pamabondo awo kapena kutsikira kwa iwo ali katundu.

Habitat

Kuswana ngamila zam'madzi awiri ndizofala kwambiri kuposa kale m'malo omwe ali ndi zipululu komanso malo okhala ndi miyala, ngakhale kuti kulibe madzi achilengedwe ndi zomera. Chofunikira kuti cholinga chawo chikhale ndi nyengo youma, chinyezi kwa iwo sichivomerezeka. Madera akuluakulu okhala (mitundu ya ngamila ndi Mongolia, Asia, Buryatia, China, komanso phalanx ya madera ena odziwika ndi nyengo youma.

Ngamila za Bactrian, zosagwirizana. Nyerere. kutengera kulumikizana kwawo ndi nyama zakutchire kapena zoweta, zolengedwa zokhoza kukhala ndi moyo mu nthawi zina zovuta kukhala zovuta kwa anthu amtundu wina wa chinyama. Izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuthekera kwawo kukhala mu nthawi zozizwitsa) ngati nyengo yotentha, yowuma kapena nyengo yozizira kwambiri.

Pofufuza magwero amadzi, nthumwi zoyimira zamtunduwu zimatha kuyenda mtunda wautali mpaka makilomita 90 tsiku lililonse. Kubwezeretsanso thupi ndi madzi, amayendera mitsinje yachilendo, mvula yakanthawi. M'nyengo yozizira, kuthirira pafupi ndi mitsinje imasinthidwa ndikupeza madzi ofunikira kuchokera pachikuto cha chisanu.

Maonekedwe ndi chikhalidwe

Kutentha ku Haptagai ndi Bactrian ndikusiyana. Ngamila zoweta zimakhala zamantha komanso zodekha pamakhalidwe awo. Anthu amtchire ndi amanyazi, nthawi yomweyo amakhala aukali. Popeza ali ndi chidwi ndi maso akuthwa, amawona zoopsa kuchokera kutali ndikuthawa. Kuthamanga kwa Haptagai kumatha kufika 60 km. pa ola limodzi, ndipo kupirira ndi kwakukulu kwambiri, ndipo kuthamanga kwawo kumatha kukhala masiku awiri ndi atatu, mpaka mphamvu zitatha ndipo ngamira imagwa kuti itope. A Haptagai amawopa ngamila zoweta, akumaziona ngati adani awo kuposa theka la akambuku kapena mimbulu.

Ndi mutu wake wamkulu komanso kukula kwake kwa thupi, ngamila zokhala ndi mbali ziwiri sizikhala kutali, sizitetezedwa ndi zilombo zikaukiridwa, ndipo zimabangula kapena kulavulira. Nthawi zambiri, ngakhale akhwangwala amatha kuthyola mabala a ngamila popanda kukumana ndi kukana. Asanaukitsidwe ndi adani, ngalawa yam'chipululu ndiyosatetezeka.

Mbale, yomwe ngamila imalavulira, imayimira kuwonjezera pamenepo zam'mimba za nyama yomwe yasokonekera.

Nthawi yachisanu yozizira kwambiri imapangitsa kuti ngamila zisasokonekere, sizitha kusefukira mosavuta m'chipale chofewa, ndipo ndizopeza chakudya chambiri. Pezani ndi kusaina kuti muthandizire ngamila zapakhomo. Akavalo amabwera kuthamanga mu chisanu, kum'manga ndikuwathandiza ngamila kuti zizitola chakudya chomwe chapukutidwa pansi pa chisanu. Nyama zonenepa zimafunikira zokha malo omwe nyama zosavomerezeka zidadutsamo.

Mabuku azakudya zopatsa thanzi

Zakudya zopatsa thanzi zophatikiza ngamila ziwiri zokhala ndi matendawa zimayimiriridwa ndi kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi, zomwe ndizofunikira (= zosafunikira) kwa onse oimira nyama. Zimphona zimadya zitsamba zaminga, mphukira za bango, udzu wovuta. Amadyetsa zakudya zosafunikira (= zosafunikira) zakudya zodzala zokha; zotsalira ndi zikopa za oyimira zilombozo ndizoyenera pazakudya zawo. Amathanso kufa ndi njala kwanthawi yayitali, kuletsa kudya sikungawononge thanzi lawo. Ndipo mumawona kudya kwambiri kumayambitsa kunenepa kwa nyamayo, mwakutero kusokoneza ntchito ya ziwalo zake zamkati. Mwambiri, ngamila ndizosavomerezeka pachakudya, zimadyetsa udzu wa aspermic, chimanga chosiyanasiyana ndi mkate wowuma.

Kumwa madzi, kuphatikiza madzi amchere, oyimira amtunduwu amatha kuchuluka kwakukulu, malita 100. nthawi imodzi ndi kusakhalapo kwa madzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Pafupifupi, pafupi ndi mtsinje, amapita kukamwa kuti athetse ludzu kamodzi pakatha masiku atatu. Kuphatikiza ndimadzi okhalapo milungu iwiri, atha kuchita popanda kuvulaza thanzi, m'malo mwa kusowa kwa madzi ndi udzu.

Kubalanso, kutalika kwa moyo

Ngamila zimafika pachikulire pakatha zaka 3-4. Pazaka izi, amatha kuchulukana. Nthawi yakukhwima yamtundu wamtunduwu imayambira m'dzinja. Munthawi imeneyi, anyani amphwayi amakwiya kwambiri, zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi kubangula kwawo, kuthamanga kwa thobvu, milomo, kuponya ena ndi kuponya ena. Amunawo amalimbana ndi omenyera, akumumenya ndikumumenya, akumapitilizabe kukwapula mpaka kufa kwa mdani. Ngamila zankhanza zolusa munyengo yaukwati zimayikidwa ndi ziphuphu ndikudziyesa kuti zikhale ndi anthu ena. Amphongo amtchire amakhala olimba mtima ndipo amatha kutsogolera achikazi chifukwa cha iwo eni, ndikuwononga amuna pomenya nkhondo.

Mimba imatenga miyezi 13, mwana wa ng'ombe amawoneka nthawi yophukira, kulemera kwake mpaka 45 kg. Wamphamvu kuposa mwana m'modzi wamkazi amabadwa kawirikawiri, kuposa awiri - kukwera. Mwana amatha kuyenda pambuyo pa maola awiri kuchokera nthawi yobadwa. Amadya mkaka wa amayi kwa chaka ndi theka. Makolo amasamalira mwana mpaka atakhwima. M'tsogolomo, amakhala wodziimira pawokha, wamwamuna watsopano yemwe adaphika kumene amasiya banja kuti apange gulu lake, pomwe mkaziyo amakhalabe ndi amayi ake m'busa.

Milandu yodutsa ngamila zamtundu umodzi komanso zokhala ndi mbali ziwiri zimadziwika, ndipo chifukwa cha ichi anthu amawoneka akukhala ndi gawo limodzi kutalika kwa msana wa nyama. Pava adalandira dzinali - Meyi, ndipo wamwamuna - Birtugan.

Kutalika kwa moyo ngamila zakutchire ziwiri zokhala ngati zaka 40, ngamila zoweta, osatopa ndi mayendedwe onse, pezani gawo la nyama zakuthengo, zikhale zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri kuposa anthu amtundu wawo.

Okapi

Ngamila zokhala ndi bulugamu, ma dromedaries, kapena ma arabia ndi zinyama, oimira banja la ngamila (Camelidae), omwe, pamodzi ndi ngamila zokhala ndi ma bingu awiri (ma bactrian), ndi am'mitundu ya Ngamila (Camelus).

Gwiritsani ntchito

M'mbuyomu, ngamila zazikulu zokhala ndi ngamila zamtchire zimayendayenda m'chipululu kumpoto kwa Africa ndi Middle East, koma tsopano kuli anthu wamba ku Asia ndi Africa, komwe amasungidwa ngati ziweto (zoyendera katundu ndi kukwera mahatchi). Magulu ngamila zamtchire zokhala ngati zokhazokha sizinasungidwe. Ku Australia kokha ndi komwe kwapezeka ng'ombe zowerengeka zokha.

Kufotokozera

Mosiyana ndi bactrian, dromeda imangokhala ndi hump imodzi. Kukula kwake kulinso kocheperako: kutalika kwa thupi ndi 2.3-3.4 m, kutalika 1.8-2.3 m. Unyinji wa wamkulu Dromedeli uli pamtunda kuchokera 300 mpaka 700 kg. Mchirawo ndi waufupi, mpaka 50 cm. Physique imakhala yochepa, miyendo ndiyitali. Ngamila yomwe ili ndi gawo limodzi imapakidwa makamaka utoto wachikasu. Chovalachi nthawi zambiri chimakhala chamchenga wamtundu, ngakhale chimatha kusiyanasiyana ndi zoyera mpaka zofiirira. Tsitsi lalitali limakwirira mutu kuchokera kumwamba, khosi ndi kumbuyo.

Khosi limakhala lotalikirapo mutu utakulitsidwa. Mlomo wapamwamba umakhala wofanana, m'mphuno mumakhala mawonekedwe osokonekera; ngati kuli kofunikira, ngamila imawatseka. Ma eyelashes ndi aatali kwambiri. Mawondo, mapazi, ndi ziwalo zina za thupi zimakutidwa ndimanga ambiri. Pali zala ziwiri zokha pamiyendo yokhala ndi mapiritsi a callus. M'mimba muli chipinda chambiri.
Nyamayi imatha kuzolowera kukhala malo okhala ouma. Imatha kukhala nthawi yayitali osamwa madzi, ndikusunga kuchuluka kwa thupi. Kuchepa kwa madzimadzi thupi la ma dromedaries mwaluso kumachepetsa. Chifukwa cha chovala chamkokomo, kutulutsa madzi mopitirira muyeso sikuloledwa, thukuta limasowa, ndipo thukuta limamasulidwa pokhapokha kutentha kozungulira kukwera pamwamba pa 40 ºС. Usiku, kutentha kwa thupi kumatsika, ndipo masana kutentha kwake kumachitika. Nthawi yomweyo, ma dromedaries salekerera chisanu chifukwa cha tsitsi lalifupi komanso locheperako poyerekeza ndi Bactrian.

Dromedary

Dromedary imatha kukhala ndi moyo wautali osamwa madzi (sabata pansi pa paketi ndi miyezi yopanda katundu). Kutaya kwamadzi m'thupi lake kumatha kuchuluka mpaka 40%, koma amamwa ngamila mwachangu kwambiri, potero amalipira madzi otayika. Pakupita mphindi 10, nyamayi imatha kumwa mpaka malita 100 a madzi.
Domalary's dorsal hump imakhala ndi mafuta osungirako, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono mphamvu. Ngamila zamadzimadzi zimasungidwa m'mimba.

Kugawa

Dromedari amagawidwa ngati chiweto kumpoto kwa Africa ndi Middle East mpaka India. Mitunduyi idayambitsidwa ku Balkan, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Africa ndi zilumba za Canary, komanso ku Australia. Ili m'gawo latsopanoli kuchokera pa anthu 100,000 mpaka 100,000, ndipo ndi gulu lokhalo lokwanira ngamila imodzi yomwe ili ndi nyama zambiri zakuthengo.

Khalidwe

Ngamila zokhala ndi gawo limodzi zimayenda bwino masana. Kuthengo, amapanga magulu omwe amatchedwa "harem", omwe amaphatikizapo amphongo amodzi, akazi angapo ndi ana awo. Akamakula, anyamata achichepere amapanga magulu osiyanasiyana a othandizira, koma palimodzi samakhala motalika. Nthawi zina pakati pa amuna amakhala ndewu (zoluma ndi kumenyedwa) komwe kumayambitsa udindo wa mtsogoleri mgululi.

Kuswana

Kusakaniza ngamila zazinyezi chimodzi kumachitika nthawi yozizira, chifukwa cha mvula. Mimba imatenga masiku 360 mpaka 440, kenako mwana m'modzi amabadwa, mapasa amabadwa kawirikawiri. Pamapeto pa tsiku loyamba la moyo, ngamila zatsopano zimatha kuyenda pawokha. Amayi amasamalira ana kwa zaka 1-2, ngakhale kuyamwa mkaka kumatenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yoyambirira yokha. Mimba yotsatira mwa mkazi imatha kubereka zaka ziwiri zokha pambuyo pobadwa. Kukula mwakugonana mwa akazi kumachitika zaka zitatu, mwa amuna pa zaka 4-6. Chiyembekezo chamoyo chikuchitika zaka 40-50.

Zowopsa

Masiku ano, ngamila zamtchire, zamtchire sizimapezeka. Ponena za ma dromedaries amtchire, palibe chidziwitso chochepa kwambiri chokhudza iwo mpaka asayansi ena amakayikira kuti adakhalapo kale. Koma komabe izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi zojambula za mphanga za ku Arabia Arabia, zomwe zimachokera ku 3000 BC. ndipo akuwonetsa kusaka ngamila zamtchire, ndi nsagwada yapansi pa dromedari yopezedwa ku Saudi Arabia (zaka 7,000). Amakhulupirira kuti ngamila zamtchire zokhala ngati zodzaza zija zidamwaliratu kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yathu ino.