Wofunsidwa wa Biology Science L. SEMAGO (Voronezh). Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi I. Konstantinov.

Sparrow ndi mbalame yosangalatsa, yokondwa, yanzeru komanso yosangalatsa kucheza. Popanda izi, mawonekedwe a mzindawu ali ngati kuti akusokonekera. Ku Tiksi yaku polar, sindinachite chidwi kwambiri ndi dzuwa la pakati pausiku, osati ndi zipupa zazitali zamiyala pakati pa chilimwe, osati ndi ma poppies, koma chifukwa chosakhalapo mpheta m'misewu. Mzinda, koma wopanda mpheta!

Zaka khumi ndi ziwiri zapitazo, mu No. 3 ya magaziniyi ya 1986, nkhani yanga pa House Sparrow idasindikizidwa. Pazaka zambiri, kuwunika kwatsopano kwapeza, malingaliro atsopano apangidwa, omwe ndikufuna kugawana nawo owerenga. Kodi iye - mpheta yoyandikana naye ndi chiani?

Amakhala nthawi zonse ndipo amawoneka ponseponse, koma sanakhaleko zaka zapitazo, kapena kafukufuku wapaderali pano sanapereke chithunzi chokwanira cha banja lake komanso chikhalidwe chake. Amalekerera tokha kwambiri za iye. Takhala moyandikana kwanthawi yayitali, koma tikudziwa chiyani za mbalameyi? Amadziwika kuti nthawi yamadzi wamkazi amakhalira katatu kapena kuchulukitsa mazira anayi kuposa momwe amafunikira kubereka m'moyo wodekha. Zowonadi, moyo wokhala mumzinda wapafupi ndi munthu umadzaza ndi kusintha kosadziwika komanso kowopsa. Pewani zodabwitsazi, mwina mpheta imathandizira banja lokhalokha. Inde, inde, osamwetulira.

Kholo la Sparrow liyenera kuzindikira ndi kutamandidwa. Mwamuna ndi abambo oterewa amafunabe kuti azikafunsidwa ngati mbalame. Sindingakumbukire bwino lomwe yemwe ali ndi lingaliro loti popanga banja mwanjira yamakono, munthu amabwereka zinthu zambiri zofunika pabanja ndi makolo kuchokera kwa mbalame, kuphatikiza woyandikana naye wapafupi - mpheta. Mawonetseredwe akunja a chikondi cha muukwati ndi kukhulupirika mu mpheta nyumba ndizoletsa komanso sawoneka kuposa mpheta yamunda. Ngakhale chinkhoswe cha nyundo, pomwe fuko lonse la mpheta limakhala m'matumba, zimachitika mosadziwika, monga akunena, popanda mboni, alendo, kuvina ndi kuyimba.

Koma ndiye pali phokoso liti, pafupifupi chaka chonse, komanso zosokoneza zazing'ono, anthu akumsewu akuwapeza? M'mitundu yonse yosamukasamuka komanso yosambira, mbalamezi zimangokhala ndi nthawi yochepa komanso nthawi, pomwe mpheta zimayamba pang'onopang'ono itatha nyengo yachisanu, ikamera masika, zimafa pomwe zazikazi zikakhala pamazira, zimadzuka ndi mphamvu. Koma apa mpheta zimakhalanso nkhuku, ngakhale sizikhala zofananira monga nthawi yoyamba, ndipo amuna opumirawo amakhala chete. Ndipo molting atayamba mu Julayi, zovala zimasintha, aliyense amadzitsitsa: osatero. Mukuvala kwatsopano, abambo amatenga chisangalalo chakumapeto, chomwe sichizima kuti chisade chisanachitike.

Kutemera kwa Sparrow popanda kukokomeza kulikonse kungatchulidwe kuti chibwenzi, chifukwa nthawi zambiri kumachitika kokha mwa akazi. Ngati ili pamodzi, ndiye kuti chilichonse chikuwoneka bwino. Mpheta, ataona mpheta yosungulumwa pansi, pamtengo, padenga, ikuwuluka mwamphamvu kwa iye ndipo, ngati kuti nthawi yomweyo ikunjenjemera, ndikuponyera mutu wake, ndikutsitsa mapiko ake ndikukoka mchira wake, ikuyamba kugwedezeka ndikugwedeza mwamphamvu: tsopano, ndikuti, ndili! Komabe, pali mtundu wina wa mzere womwe sungadutsidwe: mutha kumenyedwa, koposa apo, waukulu. Nthawi ina ndinawona mpheta ikufulumira mwachangu ndikudumphira m'nthambi yomwe panali mkazi, ndipo iye nthawi yomweyo adailunga ndi mkwiyo kotero kuti zonse ziwiri zidagwa kuchokera kutalika kwa mita 6. Ali kumbuyo kwake. Ndipo adamugoneka, atagona, ngati kuti akudzikuza ndi tepi yofiira. Popeza anali atathawa, koma osazizira, anapitilizabe kukhala ndiulemu, koma patali ndi ulemu, komabe, m'malo molola, anakumana ndi zoyesedwa zatsopano kuchokera kumbali yake. Pazifukwa zina, Sparrow samawonetsa kukoma mtima.

Maonekedwe a chibwenzi alibe ntchito. Itha kukhala yoyera, ngati mtanda wonyezimira, kapena yakuda kuchokera ku utsi wamafuta m'mafinya, imatha kuthamangira kwa mkazi yemwe wakopa chidwi kuchokera pamseu wapanjira: zotsatira zake zidzakhala chimodzimodzi.

Nthawi zambiri, mpheta ziwiri zimalumphira kamodzi kwa mpheta imodzi, osaganizira wina ndi mnzake, ndipo, atatulutsa mabere awo, amalumpha, pafupifupi kuti agwirizane ndi mapiko awo. Chikhomo chimodzi kutsogolo, chimodzi kuchokera kumchira. Ndikosavuta kulimbana ndi awiri, ndipo wamkazi, kwinaku akumwetulira, ndikugaya misempha m'malo mwake. Amuna amasintha mchira wake, kwinaku akugwira umodzi mwaiwo. Tom ayenera kuti anali atapwetekedwa, ndipo, potuluka, amawuluka. Amawuluka, koma yachiwiri imanyamuka, kugwiritsitsa mchira wake. Komabe, njira zotere sizithandiza kupeza lingaliro lokondera.

Eya, ndipo pamene amuna atatu, asanu, amuna khumi ndi awiri otumphukira akakamira pa mkazi m'modzi, palibe ulemu ndi phwando laulemu: malo oyipa amaseweredwa ndi kufuula, mavuvu, nthenga zosasangalatsa. Anthu amatenga mwambo wa mbalameyi kumenyera mumsewu. (Apa zikunenedwa kuti mpheta zimakonda kumenyana chimodzi kapena, kawirikawiri, banja kwa anthu angapo komanso mwakachetechete, ndipo oyandikana nawo alibe chidwi ndi nkhondo iyi kapena zotsatira zake: sizathu, amatero.) Kuwona pachithunzichi kwa osakhudzana ndikukumbukira kuti china chomwe chakwiya ndi chosagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha mbalame, gulu la mpheta linasangalatsa mpheta yosasangalatsa ndikusangalala. Koma kukuwa ndi kugwedezeka, mmalo modzicepetsa ndi kudzicepetsa, kumayambitsa mkwiyo mu mpheta momwe mumasekondi asanu kapena asanu ndi limodzi mulu wonsewu umabalira kuti.

Mwanjira ina ndinayang'ana zotere. Anthu awiri oyandikana nawo adazunguliridwa ndi amuna anayi ovala zakuda. Mmodzi mwa akazi nthawi yomweyo adawuluka, ndikukakoka imodzi mwa izo, koma nthawi yomweyo adabwerako - imodzi - ndikuyimilira phewa ndi mnansi. Atatu onse otsala aja adangokhala amtopola, ndipo chopindika chokhala ndi mapiko khumi pafupifupi mphindi imodzi chidathamanga pansi pa mapazi a omwe akudutsa, pansi pa magalimoto atayimirira poyimitsa.

Tanthauzo la msewu waukulu "wopanga machesi" pang'onopang'ono lidayamba kuonekera patapita zaka zowerengera mpheta zamnyumba m'mizinda ndi m'midzi ya Russian Plain, ku Poland ndi Bulgaria. Kumapeto kwa dzinja, pomwe mpheta zonse ndi zachikulire, pomwe zonse zikuwoneka, pomwe mpumulo ubwera m'moyo wa mbalamezi (mpheta ndi kadzidzi, zopereka zatsopano kuchokera ku mpheta, chisanu zimasowa, nthawi yaulere imawonekera pofunafuna chakudya), idawerengedwa padera amuna ndi akazi. Tili ndi masauzande. Ndipo paliponse panali amuna ambiri. Pafupifupi, zinaoneka kuti mpheta zana ndi makumi asanu pakuyamba kwa nyengo ya kubzala zimatenga mpheta zana limodzi ndi makumi asanu. Koma mpheta ndi yododometsa, mbalame zomwe zili panjirazi zakhala zikhulupirika kwa wina ndi mzake kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo lingaliro loti anyaniwa, pomwe akukhathamiritsa, akuwoneka, ngati ntchentche zojambulidwa, kwa bwenzi lachiwiri la moyo, zimasowa zokha. Ndipo yemwe sanakhale ndi banja kuyambira nthawi yakugwa kapena mkazi wamwalira nthawi yozizira, amayembekezeka kukabzala nyengo yotsatila, ndipo adzagwiritsa ntchito mwayi uliwonse kukopa mkazi wosungulumwa kuti azikhala limodzi. Zimachitika, mwayi - wogwirizira amakumana ndi mbalame yamasiye. Kenako, atadumphadumpha kovina kachifupi, amawuluka kupita kumalo komwe amayang'anako chisacho kapena anakwanitsa kuchiimangacho, ndipo mpheta imawuluka. Ndipo palibe mwayi - pitani pazomwe muli nazo.

M'dzinja la chaka chachiwiri, pamene akazi achichepere a m'badwo watsopano atakhala mbalame zodziyimira pawokha, mbalame zakale (mpheta mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo ndizovomerezeka kuyitanitsa munthu wachikulire) sizidzawaphonyanso. Koma anzawo ambiri achimuna awa, mpheta za chaka choyamba, adzipeza m'malo mwa "amalume" awo ndipo adzayesa, ngati awo, kukopa mpheta yomwe ikuwoneka ngati yaulere. Kunja, mkazi wosiyana ndi wina aliyense ndi wosiyana ndi banja, koma wokwatiwa ndi zomwe amachita zimawonekeratu kuti ali bwanji. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake "kuphatikiza" kumeneku kumakhala kwachangu: fuse lonse limawotcha mwachangu kuposa machesi.

Komabe, kulephera kwa mpheta sikumusautsa, ndipo pachabe amayesetsa kuti asataye nthawi. Iye yekhayo amatha kuyala chisa malinga ndi malamulo onse amtundu, osakhala ndi banja. Sikuti matalala onse atasungunuka pano, palibe choti angatole pansi, koma akutenga kale choponderacho panthambi yowuma, akutola nthenga kumalo a nkhondo ya nkhunda, tikiti yolakika pamalo oimapo. Amanga bwino, osatero, ndipo munthawi yopumira amafuula mokweza - "chim-chim-chili". Iyi ndiye nyimbo yake yonse yamasika. Awiriwa amagwira ntchito limodzi, ndipo nthawi yotentha, akukonzekera ana achiwiri kapena achitatu, wamkazi nthawi zambiri amatero popanda kuthandizira amuna. Mu chisa chotsirizidwa, ndiye ambuye. Akangoyenda chisa nthawi ya makulidwe, amakhala ngati mlonda pakhomo.

Wosadetseka ndi mpheta yopanda mantha ndikuteteza nyumba. Amatha kubwezeranso wolowerera wamphamvu komanso wowopsa wa zisa zakunja ndi wakuphayo - kudula kuti iye athawe mwamphamvu kwa mwini mkwiyo. Imakhala molimba mtima kuwononga nyenyezi, nthawi zina imakhala yankhanza, koma siyimvera wankhondo wamkulu komanso wamphamvu. Kulimbana kosafunikira pakati pa mpheta pakokha sikuli pafupipafupi monga momwe mbalame zimatetezera malo okhala, ndipo zifukwa zake zimawonekera kwa okhawo, koma zikuwoneka kuti nsanje, ngati ikuchitira mwano kwa wolimba, siyotalikirana ndi malo oyamba. Sparrow mwanjira inayake popanda chidwi amayang'ana chibwenzi chamtundu wa akazi awo, kukhala wotsimikiza kuti sangathe komanso kukhulupirika kwake. Koma pakalibe ma suti awiri kapena atatu, amathamangira kukathandiza, kukokera olimbikira kwambiri ndi nthenga, koma osatembenuza thandizo kukhala ndewu. Palibe ndewu yeniyeni yomwe yadziwika chifukwa chodyetsa, nkhani sizipitilira zoopseza chabe. Ngati chidutswa ndi mpheta mwamphamvu, ndiye kuti amazigwira, ndikuwuluka, ndipo palibe amene amuthamangitsa, ngati khwangwala. Palibe amene angayese kulanda kuchokera kwa mnansi ngati atangoisunga mkamwa mwake: ichi ndi chuma chake. Koma mukasiya, aliyense azithamanga. Ndipo ngati pali chakudya chochuluka, ndiye kuti mpheta singathe mwachangu kukulira mapira kapena mapira yokha - poyamba imawuluka pambuyo pake.

Moyo wa Sparrow ndi wolemera muzochitika zazing'ono komanso zazing'ono, zomwe sitikuzindikira, zomwe sitikudziwa. Mwachitsanzo, "amalume", omwe nthawi ya masika amatha kukhala omenyana ndi anyamata achichepere, nthawi yotentha amasamalira magulu a nyama zazing'ono. Samalanga aliyense chifukwa cha kusamvera, amaphunzitsa aliyense ndipo amabweretsa lamulo loti "Alamu!" ndi "Gwirizanani!". Munali mu m'badwo uwu, pamene achichepere akadali zovala za ana, kuchenjezako kwakukulu kopitako kunadza. Mutha kuwongolera mpheta yomwe ili pachikhatho cha dzanja lanu, koma mwana yemwe wangomaliza kumene sukulu, amangokhala chilombo mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake. Izi si mlongo. Mpheta sizikudziwa kufa kwa wachibale, ndipo alibe chidwi ndi mpheta yakufa. Imfa ya mmodzi kapena angapo pamaso pa aliyense siliphunzitsa kalikonse. Awa si akhwangwala.

Mumzinda mwanga ndinayankhanso funso limodzilimodzi: "Chifukwa chiyani mpheta zimakhala zochepa, kodi ma radiation amalira banja lawo?" Ayi, osati poizoniyu. Vorobyov idachepa mumzinda, koma chifukwa eni mtawuni adasiya kuwadyetsa mowolowa manja. Kumbukirani, mwachitsanzo, momwe kuchuluka komanso kunenepa kumakhala, koma mpheta zomwe zidadyetsedwa bwino zimadzazungulira m'makola ndi m'makola, kumakangana wina ndi mnzake komanso ndi nkhunda pamiyala ya ma pie ndi pasties. Tsopano akukhalabe m'malo owotchera zinyalala komanso zinyalala.

Mpheta, zopindulitsa kwambiri, zinapezerapo mwayi woteteza nkhunda zosadukiza pambuyo pa chikondwerero cha ku Moscow cha chaka makumi asanu ndi chiwiri. Makumi aanthu adazungunukira kulikonse komwe amadyetsa nkhunda. Madzulo, osawuluka usiku, adatsitsa mabingu akale ndi ma tweets. M'mawa, phula pansi pausiku linali ngati pansi pansi pa phula lansomba. Koma posakhalitsa chikondi cha "dziko lapansi" chaumbombo komanso chosasimbika chidayamba kuzirala, ndipo mmalo mwathumba la njere, nkhunda zidayamba kuthira nkhunda. Ndipo apa mpheta zakunyumba ndizomwe zidasowa. Kenako zinafika poipa. Koma ngakhale sitikuwonanso gulu lakale, fuko lamaphokoso silifa, ndipo m'chilimwe ambiri a ife sitinaloledwe kuwonerera maloto oyamba m'mamawa pazenera.

Wamkazi Sparrow Wamkazi

Mbalame yam'madzi yodziwika bwino imawoneka wamba komanso yosasangalatsa kwenikweni kwa ambiri. Pakadali pano, ubale wathu ndi iye ndi chitsanzo chowoneka bwino chazovuta komanso zovuta kuzindikiritsa kuvulaza kapena kupindula kwa mitundu yina ya zolengedwa kwa anthu.

Mpheta zamtundu wa mbalame zoluka (Ploceidae), ambiri omwe amakhala ku Africa. Chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri owomba nsalu ndi mbewu ya chimanga, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimadzetsa mavuto ku zikhalidwe za mbewu izi. Owomba, monga lamulo, ndi mbalame zokhalamo, nthawi zina zokha zimawuluka ndikuyendayenda, koma nthawi yomweyo zimasunga magulu akulu ndi zisa m'midzi. Izi zimapezeka mwanjira zambiri mu mitundu ya 15-17 ya mpheta zenizeni - oimira mtundu Wodutsa.

Zathu nyumba mpheta (Odutsa wamba), mwina imodzi mwazolowera kwambiri kukhala pafupi ndi anthu mbalame. Ku Middle East, ku Europe, mpheta yomwe ili kutali ndi anthu sizimapezeka. Anthu atakhazikitsidwanso kuchoka kudera la Chernobyl pambuyo pa ngozi yomwe inachitika pamalo opangira magetsi a nyukiliya mu 1986, mpheta ija idasiya kumakumana kumeneko, ngakhale mitundu ina ya mbalame idatsalira kukhala m'malo ano.

House Sparrow ndilofala kwambiri: ku Europe konse (kupatula Arctic, kumpoto chakum'mawa, kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi pakati pa Asia), kuphatikiza ndi British Isles, Norway, Asia Little, ndi Hindustan Peninsula. Amakhala ku Arabia, North ndi East Africa. M'zaka za zana la XIX. Mtunduwu udawonetsedwa kumpoto ndi South America, zilumba zingapo za Nyanja ya Caribbean, kumwera kwa Africa, Australia, New Zealand, ndipo pambuyo pake zidakwanitsidwa. Mu theka lachiwiri la XX century. Nyumba Sparrow idawonekera ku Iceland, Kenya, Senegal, ndi Azores. Ku America, idakulitsa mtundu wake mwachangu makilomita 20-50 pachaka: kwa zaka 40 kukhazikika ku Mexico, kwa zaka 55 kufalikira kuchokera ku Chile kupita ku Ecuador.

Wamphongo ndi wamkazi wamkazi nyumba

Kukula kwa mitundu ingapo ya mpheta kumapitilira ku Europe. Apa zimakhazikika nthawi yomweyo kumpoto ndi kumwera chakum'mawa, ku Central Asia. Kummwera, mpheta zamnyumba zimatha kupezeka kale kudera la Aral Sea komanso m'chigwa cha Syr Darya. Adawonekera ku Far East: kudera la Amur, ku Primorye.

Monga aluso ena - mbalame za kum'mwera, mpheta sizikhala ndi zikhalidwe kuti zizikhala nyengo yozizira yakumpoto (ngakhale mbalameyi idawonedwa mokweza m'mapiri - ku Swiss Alps pamtunda wa mamita 3,000, ku Himalayas - 4.6 chikwi m). Koma, motsatira malo okhalamo anthu, mpheta imalowerera ngakhale malo opanda tundra ndipo tsopano imapezeka kumpoto kwa Yakutia, kamwa ya Pechora, mdera la Murmansk. M'midzi ndi m'matawuni, nyumba ya mpheta ndipo kuno, kumadera ozizira, imapeza malo abwino okhala: imakhala m'makola ndikutseguka kwa nyumba, amadya zinyalala, zotsalira za tirigu, mbewu, buledi kuchokera ku granaries, malo osungira, zonyansa. Kufalikira kwa nyumba ya mpheta kumakhala kumpoto, komwe kumalumikizana ndi anthu, koma ku Central Asia, kumwera kwa Turkmenistan, kumatha kukhala malo okhala ndi malo okhala.

Ku Europe, kuchuluka kwa mpheta za nyumba m'malo ena kumatha kufika ma 400awiri pa 1 km2. Malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, mpheta zam'makomo 60-200 miliyoni zimakhala ku Europe. Ku Russia - opitilira miliyoni 30 (mwina mpaka miliyoni 100). M'mizinda yaku Ukraine, mpheta, mwina, zimaposa mbalame zina zonse, kuphatikiza ndi nkhunda ndi ma corvid okhala ndi zotsalira.

Komabe, kuchokera theka lachiwiri la XX century. kuchuluka kwa mpheta kumadera angapo a Western Europe (makamaka, ku Germany, Holland, Great Britain, ndi Czech Republic) kunayamba kuchepa. Chifukwa chake, ku England kuyambira 1970, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kunatsika kuposa 2/3, ndipo izi zikuchitikabe, kotero mpheta zam'makomo ziyenera kutetezedwa. Kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha mpheta kumaonekeranso m'mizinda yathu yayikulu.

Pali zifukwa zingapo. Kusintha mahatchi okhala ndi magalimoto kumapangitsa kuti mabwalo azikhala ochepa - malo oyenera kudyetsa (malo otsalira a oat) komanso malo ogona. Mapangidwe atsopano a nyumba, momwe muli mipata yocheperako komanso malo otseguka, mpheta zosafunikira malo abwino kumanga zisa.Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa malo obiriwira m'mizinda, kukolola koyambirira kwa mbewu za tirigu ndikusintha m'malo mwa mbewu zamasamba, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo muulimi kumachepetsa mpheta - mbewu za zakutchire ndi zotsalira za tirigu m'minda ya mbalame zazikulu ndi tizilombo zomwe mpheta zimadyetsa ana. Ku Kiev, m'malo omwe akutukuka, nyumba zambiri zosanjikizana ndizosavomerezeka chifukwa cha malo okhala, pomwe malo osungirako malo amathandizidwanso ndi ziphuphu zokhala ndi mitengo yotsika, kuchuluka kwa mizere ndizochepa kwambiri: amangoganiza zakunja, pafupi ndi misika, malo opanda kanthu kapena m'malo omwe nyumba zakale zimakwera.

Kupanga malo otsekemera a tirigu ndi malo ogulitsira, gululo la minda ya nkhuku komwe tiribe tirigu, kumathandizanso mpheta chakudya: m'mbuyomu ankakhala momasuka popereka nkhuku ndi ziweto pamafamu.

Zowona, zochita za mpheta ndizapulasitiki, ndipo ambiri amatha moyo wamakono. Mbalame zamtundu uliwonse zimawulukira munsi mobisa, komanso ngakhale pasiteshoni ya metro, yomwe ili pafupi ndi dziko lapansi. M'mizinda, mpheta zimabera bwino mpendadzuwa ndi chimanga m'misika, mwachangu m'manja mwa amalonda. Mwansanga, ndikuwombera, gwiritsani tirigu ndikuwuluka. Mpheta sizimawopa kuyeseza: zimangoulukira mbali ndipo posachedwa ayesanso kuba njere. Zina mwa izo, makamaka m'nyengo yozizira, zimawulukira m'misika yosanja ndi m'malo obisika, komwe zimakhala kwa nthawi yayitali. Mu greenhouse, iwo amazinga mbande ndi masamba. Ku malo osungira nyama, mpheta zimawulukira m'khola ndipo zimadya njere ndi mkate.

Ngakhale kuti palibe kuopa anthu (kufunafuna chakudya, mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimadumphira pansi pa mapazi a anthu, zimatenga magawo awiri), zikafuna kuzigwira kapena kuziwombera, mpheta zimawuluka mwachangu kuchoka pamalo owopsa, zimatsimikiza chidwi chodzikweza komanso chosasangalatsa. Chifukwa chake, kugwira mpheta sikophweka. Koma mbalame zazing'ono zimazolowera ku ukapolo ndikubereka bwino mu ndege. M'zaka zaposachedwa, okonda mbalame ku England, Belgium, ndi Netherlands adayamba kupanga maonekedwe oyera (oyera) oyera ngati mbalame zokongoletsera mzimba za mpheta.

Mwachilengedwe, mpheta zambiri zimakhazikika m'maenje osiyanasiyana, m'makoma a nyumba, m'makola, nthawi zambiri m'makoma a zisa zazikulu za mbalame - agulugufe, chiwombankhanga, ma herons. Kum'mwera kokha (mwachitsanzo, ku Central Asia) mpheta zamnyumba nthawi zina zimamanga zisa zotseguka pamitengo.

Mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika m'magulu awiriawiri, koma m'malo ena, mwachitsanzo ku England, zimawonetsa chizolowezi chomenyera atsikana.

Mpheta zimayamba kubereka kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, pomwe kutentha kwamphepo kumakhazikitsidwa - 6-10 ° С. Nthawi zambiri, mpheta yamnyumba imakhala ndi ana atatu - kuyambira kasupe mpaka pakati pa chilimwe. Kudera lotentha, komwe mpheta zamnyumba zimaberekera chaka chonse, ana 4 amapezekanso pachaka, koma izi ndizosowa.

Mukakhala mphepete mwamnyumba - kuyambira 2 mpaka 10, nthawi zambiri mazira 3-7, nthawi zambiri amakhala kumwera kuposa kumpoto. Koma, mokulira, mazira ochepa mu clutch ndi anapiye omwe ali mchisa, ndiye kuti sadzafa pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana ndipo onse adzatuluka mu chisa. M'madera akumidzi, anapiye ochulukirapo amakhala ndi moyo kuposa mzinda waukulu, momwe muli tizilombo tating'onoting'ono: avare ana atatu amphaka mu mzindawo ndi 3-4 kumidzi.

Mpheta zamnyumba zimakhwima mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo, koma mbalame zina zimakhwima pofika miyezi 5.5-8. Ndiye kuti, anapiye oyambira masika akukula kale ndi kugwa, amayamba kuyesa kuswana: amalimbana, amayesa kumanga zisa. Koma sichimafika pakubereka kwenikweni kwa ana. Mpheta zomwe zimakhazikika m'dzinja zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yachisanu kukakhala usiku, ndipo zimayamba kubereka m'ngululu. Mpheta zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito chisa chimodzi kwa zaka 2-3.

Malinga ndi zowonera zingapo, mpheta ziwiri (ndi nyumba) zimapangira awiriawiri moyo wonse. Ndipo moyo wawo siwotalikirapo: ngakhale mpheta zonse za 9- ndi 11 zidadziwika, ambiri aiwo sanakhale ndi moyo mpaka zaka 4. Mbalame zazing'ono zambiri zimafa m'nyengo yozizira yoyamba, motero nthawi yambiri ya mpheta ndi miyezi 9 mpaka 21.

House Sparrow ndi mitundu yokhazikika; nthawi zambiri imawuluka kunja kwakhazikiko nthawi zambiri osapitirira 2-3 km. Koma nthawi yozizira, mpheta zimasamukira kumadera akutali kwambiri kumpoto, nthawi zina pamtunda wautali, komanso zimawulukira ku Near East kuchokera kumwera kwa Central Asia. Kusunthaku kumalumikizidwa ndi nyengo pazaka zina, ndikupezeka kwa chakudya.

Mwa mbalame zazing'onozi, gawo lalikulu limakhalabe pafupi ndi zisa zawo, ndipo ochepa okha amawuluka kwa makilomita angapo. Chakumapeto kwa chilimwe - koyambilira kwa nthawi yophukira, ana a mpheta zazing'ono amaphatikizidwa ndikuphatikizana kuti asonkhane m'malo amphere (mbewu, tirigu). Pakadali pano, amakhala usiku m'magulu akulu, panthambi za mitengo ndi mitengo, ndipo pokhapokha amatha kusamuka kuchokera kumalo obadwira. Chifukwa chake, kukhazikikanso kwa mpheta zamnyumba kumachitika.

Chakudya cha mpheta ndizosiyanasiyana. Amadyetsa anapiye ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, tomwe timakhala tizirombo tambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku Moldova, tizilombo topitilira 60% zomwe mpheta zomwe zimabereka zimapatsa anapiye awo amtundu wina wamavuto azachuma. Ku Ukraine, mpheta zimadya chakudya chokhala ndi mitundu pafupifupi 103 ya ma arthropod, 66% mwaiwo ndi kachilomboka, kuphatikiza kafadala, mavuvu, ndi michere. Mpheta zimabweretsedwa ku anapiye ndi ntchentche, ndi mbozi. Koma kumapeto kwa chilimwe, mpheta zachikulire zimasinthira chokhacho kubzala chakudya, kuphatikiza mbewu za chimanga cholimidwa m'minda. Pamenepa, amakhulupirira kuti m'mphepete mwa kasupe ndizothandiza, chifukwa amadyetsa anapiye ndi tizirombo touluka, ndipo kugwa kumatha kukhala koopsa. Inde, mpheta zimabweretsa phindu lalikulu kumapeto kwa chilimwe - koyambirira kwa chilimwe, anapiye achiwiri (chilimwe), ana, akukula, ali ndi mwayi wotha kubzala chakudya. Pakutha kwa chilimwe, chakudya cha mpheta chimatha 1/5 kukhala ndi mbewu za mbewu zobzalidwa. Malinga ndi zomwe apenya ku Moldova ndi ku Hungary, mpheta zam'makomo zimadya mbewu za mitundu 8 ya mbewu. M'dzinja, mpheta yamnyumba imadya tirigu wambiri mpaka 5-6 patsiku; chakudya chake chimakhala ndi mpendadzuwa, hemp, mpunga, mabulosi, mapira, ndi tirigu. Malinga ndi zomwe awonera, ku Western Ukraine nyumba mpheta zambiri zimatola mbewu zambiri m'munda kuposa kuzikola m'makola a chimanga. Mpheta zingakhale zovulaza m'minda yamphesa ndi mabulosi.

Mu nthawi yophukira-yozizira, chakudya cha mpheta makamaka mbewu za zakutchire, zotsalira za chakudya cha anthu. Chifukwa chake, nthawi imeneyi, mpheta sizimavulaza. Koma akhoza kukhala mpikisano wankhuku mu chakudya m'mafamu a nkhuku, komwe amatha kuwuluka kudzera m'mapaipi ndi ma bowo komanso amayesa kuyala chisa kumeneko, monga zidawonedwera kunsi kwa nyumba zanyumba. M'malo obiriwira, momwe mpheta imawulukira pamingala popanda zovuta, iye amawonda mbande za nkhaka zoyambirira.

Komabe, "kupindulitsa" ndi "kuvulaza" kwa mpheta munyengo zosiyanasiyana ndizotsutsana. Mpheta zambiri zimavulala mchaka pang'onopang'ono kuphukira pamitengo yazipatso, osati tizilombo zovulaza zokha, komanso akangaude othandiza komanso mbalame zazikazi zimabweretsedwa ku anapiye. Kwenikweni, mpheta zimasonkhanitsa mitundu yambiri ya chakudya chamoyo. Komanso, malinga ndi zomwe apangidwa ku Moscow, amatha kudyetsa anapiye awo osati ndi tizilombo, koma ndi njere ndi zakudya zina zam'mera. Izi mwina zikuchitika chifukwa cha kusowa kwa tizilombo tamoyo mkati mwa mzinda waukuluwo ndipo sikothandiza kwa anapiye - pomwe kutukuka ndi kupulumuka kwake kunali kocheperako poyerekeza ndi kumidzi, m'madambo omwewo.

Ponena za nthawi yophukira, ndiye kuti mbewu zosamangidwa zokha, komanso maudzu osiyanasiyana amatenganso gawo lofunikira mu thanzi la mpheta. Chifukwa chake, malinga ndi zomwe apeza ku Germany, mbewu za udzu zimatha mpaka 36% ya chakudya chambiri cha mpheta. Chifukwa chake, kuwunika kwa mpheta kapena kupindulitsa kwa mpheta kumadalira kwambiri malo omwe akukhala kuposa nyengo. M'mizinda yayikulu, makamaka kumpoto, mbalamezi ndizowopsa, chifukwa zimateteza malo obiriwira ku tizirombo ndikuchepetsa kufalikira kwa udzu. Kummwera, kumadera olima, mpheta zimatha kuvulaza nthawi zina. Koma, kachiwiri, osati kulikonse. Kumadzulo kwa Ukraine, mpheta yam'madzi siziwona ngati mbalame yovulaza, ndipo kumwera chakum'mawa kumatha kuvulaza mbewu za mbewu ndi minda yamphesa. M'mayiko a ku Europe, komanso ku Kazakhstan, mpheta zamnyumba zimalembedwa ngati mbalame zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto m'minda yazipatso ndi minda: zimakhwima ma cherries, currants, mphesa, barele, tirigu, mpendadzuwa, ndi zina zambiri. Ndipo kum'mwera kwa Central Asia, komwe kuchuluka kwa mpheta zakunyumba sikokwanira, sikumawerengeredwa ngati vuto lalikulu.

Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwambiri mmalo ena, mpheta yam'makomo ndiyofunika kwambiri. Mu zisa zake, nsikidzi, nkhupakupa zimakhala - mpaka mitundu 20 ya majeremusi. Mpaka 12% mwa mpheta zomwe zimadwala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Othandizira a typhoid, paratyphoid, anthrax, kamwazi, chifuwa chachikulu, tularemia, Q fever, ndi staphylococci amapezeka mwa iwo. Zowona, kufala kofala kwamatenda a anthu ndi mpheta sikunatsimikiziridwebe. Koma mpheta zimatha kusuntha nthata zowononga ku nkhokwe momwe zimafalitsira matenda a nkhuku: nthomba, diphtheria, khungu usiku, chifuwa chachikulu.

M'mizinda yayikulu, mpheta yam'makomo imakhala ndi adani ochepa - nthawi zina amphaka ndi mbalame zamphawi zimawagwira. Chifukwa chake, woyang'anira kuchuluka kwa mpheta m'mizinda ndi makamaka matenda ndi majeremusi. Ndipo, monga tanena kale, zosintha m'matauni, zikubweretsa kuchepa kwa chakudya komanso kuchuluka kwa malo oyenera kubzala.

Mpheta

Kuphatikiza pa mpheta ya mnyumbayo, imakhala yofalikira ndipo mpheta (Passer montanus) Amadziwika ndi kukula kwake kakang'ono - kakang'ono kuposa ka brownie ndi mpheta zina ku Europe. Pamwamba pamutu pake ndi zofiirira, champhongo ndi chachikazi ndizovala zofananira (mosiyana ndi wamwamuna wowala bwino pa mpheta ya mnyumbayo). Malinga ndi njira ya moyo, mpheta ili m'njira zambiri zofanana ndi brownie, komanso ilinso ndi zake. Dzinalo "mundawo" limadziwikitsa kupezeka kwamtunduwu m'minda, m'midzi, m'matawuni ang'onoang'ono. Koma kusungidwa uku ndikofunika kwambiri. Dzina lachi Ngerezi la mpheta yam'munda ndi "mpheta yamtengo." Inde, ku Western Europe mitundu imeneyi nthawi zambiri imakhala m'nkhalango zakale, m'mapaki, m'minda ndi m'mapaki nkhalango. Kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa masanjidwewo, nthawi zambiri kumakhala zisa m'midzi, ndipo nthawi zambiri kumakhala m'nkhalango. Ku Primorye ndi Sakhalin, mpheta imakhala pafupi ndi anthu. Ku Central Asia, pa mpheta zonse za komweko, amadziphatika kwambiri ndi anthu, sikuti amakhala kutali ndi komwe amakhala, ndipo pano amatha kutchedwa "brownie". M'madera otentha a Southeast Asia, mpheta zimakonda kukhazikika m'mizinda. Zowona, m'mizinda imapezeka ku Europe komanso mpheta nyumba, koma nthawi zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku Kiev, tidawonera kunja kwa mzindawu, pafupi ndi malo osawoneka bwino komanso m'mapaki amtawuni. M'malo mwake, mtunduwu umakhala m'mizinda yonse ya Ukraine ndipo pano akuyenera kutchedwa "m'tawuni". Koma nthawi yomweyo, imadzala m'zigwa za mitsinje, m'misika momwe mitengo ndi matchire amakula, m'misewu, kunja kwa midzi ndi midzi yaying'ono, m'malo a nkhalango, m'malire a nkhalango m'minda, ndiye kuti ndi "gawo "komanso.

Mpheta imafalikira kudera lalikulu la Eurasia ndipo ikukulira kuchokera ku Asia kupita ku Europe, kuchokera kumwera mpaka kummawa mpaka kumpoto ndi kumadzulo, ndiye kuti, yosiyana pang'ono ndi mpheta yam'makomo. Sichapezeka kumpoto kwa Siberia, kumpoto kwa North North, kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Asia, ku India, Arabia, kumwera kwa Balkan Peninsula. Kumpoto, mpheta yonse imabwera patali kuposa brownie - mpaka 70 ° C. w. ku Norway, mphepete mwa Nyanja Yoyera, mkamwa mwa Pechora, Kola Peninsula, kumpoto kwa Urals, mpaka 64 ° C. w. ku Yakutia (apa iye, ngati mpheta yam'makomo, amangowona m'malo okhala anthu). Tidaziwona mu Pamirs ndi Himalaya pamtunda wa 3.5,000 m.

Mpheta yamphongo yamphongo ndi mpheta yamunda

Mpheta zimakonda kumanga zisa m'maenje osiyanasiyana, zotchinga m'makola, m'midzi - pansi pamadenga a nyumba. Monga mpheta yam'makomo, zisa ndi milulu yosalala ya nthenga, nthenga, ndi ubweya. Yaikazi imagwiranso mazira ambiri, yamphongo yokha imadyetsa iye ndi ana ake, imateteza chisa, monga mitundu ina ya mpheta.

Mpheta zam'makomo ndi zam'munda zimatha kupikisano malo okhalamo zogona- nyumba yayikulu nthawi zambiri imadzaza m'mundawo m'malo abwino. Nawonso mpheta zimatha kuyesa kupulumuka mbalame zina - mbalame zouluka, redstart, ngolo, titmouse - kuchokera kumalo awo okhala. Zikatero, mpheta zamtchire nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'magulu awiri: mbalame imodzi imateteza kunja kwa wogwidwa, inayo nthawi yonseyo imakhala chisa. Munda wogwira ntchito kwambiri umakhala ndi zisa za mbalame zazing'ono, makamaka m'nyumba zopikira mbalame. M'madera ena, nyumba zambiri za mbalame zimakhalamo ndi mpheta - awa ndi malo achitetezo akulu. Mchigawo cha Moscow, pafupi ndi St. Petersburg, ku Lithuania, mpaka 70-80% ndi zina zambiri za masamba omwe amapezeka m'malo obisalamo ndi zisa za mbalame. Starlings, komabe, amatha kuthamangitsa mpheta m'misasa iyi. Nthawi zambiri amatha kuteteza nyumba zawo komanso ma toni akuluakulu.

Kulimbana kwothawirako kumachitika pakati pa mpheta ndi maula, ndipo mpheta zingapo zimafera pomenya ndewu. Pali nthawi zina pamene gulu laameza lakhazikika m'chisa cha mpheta momwemo.

Mpheta zamtchire zimamanga zisa pamtunda wina ndi mzake, ndipo kumapeto kwa chilimwe, pamodzi ndi anapiye, omwewa, amalumikizana ndi nkhosazo m'malo odyetsa.

Mpheta zimagona kangapo katatu pachaka (mpaka kanayi m'malo otentha ku Asia). Mu clutch pali 3-8, nthawi zambiri mazira 5-6. Koma pofika nthawi yophukira, kuchuluka kwa mpheta kumawonjezeka nthawi yotentha kumatsikanso, nthawi zina ka 5 kapena kuposa. M'nyengo yozizira, mpheta zonse m'malo amodzi zimatha kuchepetsedwa mpaka 15% ya chiwerengero chawo cha chilimwe. Mbalame zina zimafa (ngakhale mpheta yamunda imatha kupirira kutentha mpaka -50 ° C nthawi yozizira), achichepere ena amapita kumalo atsopano.

Mpheta imakhala yolimba kuposa mpheta yam'makomo ndipo imatha kuuluka pambuyo pa mtunda wa makilomita atatu kuchokera komwe imakhala usiku. Kusamuka kwachizolowezi kwa mbalame zazing'ono kumafika pa 100 km, ku Japan - mpaka 500 km kapena kupitilira. Mbalame zina zochokera kudera la Leningrad zinawuluka kupita ku Portugal kwamakilomita 3,000,000 kuchokera komwe zimabadwira. Mtunduwu ulinso ndi kusamuka kwa nthawi yozizira.

Nthawi yomweyo, awiriawiri amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zisa zawo nthawi ziwiri zotsatizana, ndiye gawo limodzi lokha la mbalame lomwe limakonda kusamukira. Mpheta zam'munda, nthawi zambiri amakhala achichepere, omwe amafufuza malo abwino kwambiri okhala zisa kumapeto kwa chakudyacho ndipo samazikhalamo nthawi yachilimwe (pofanana ndi mpheta yamnyumbayo).

Monga brownie, mpheta yam'munda imadyetsa anapiye ake ndi tizilombo komanso akangaude. Malinga ndi zomwe ena awonera, ndizovuta kwambiri panthawi imeneyi kuposa mpheta yam'makomo. Koma mpheta zazikuluzikulu ndi anapiye akuwuluka mchisa kuti azidyetsa mbewu za zipatso ndi zipatso. M'madera olimidwa tirigu, mpheta yam'munda imawonedwa ngati tizilombo tambiri kuposa mpheta yam'makomo. Itha kuwononga mpaka 90% ya tirigu m'miyala yamtchire, mbewu zambiri za mapira, mpendadzuwa, hemp, etc.

Mpheta zamtchire zimakonda tirigu pamtunda wakukhazikika, amakhala m'magulu pamiyala ndi makutu ndikugwedeza mbewu zina pansi ndikulemera, pomwe zimakhomera. Koma amathanso kupeza nthangala za spikelets.

Gulu la mpheta zam'munda "zimagudubuzika" kudutsa mundawo mu mafunde - mbalame zina zimadyetsa, ndipo zina zimayang'ana pozungulira, zikaopsa, zimapanga mawu, mosiyana kutengera kuti chiwopsezo chimachokera pansi kapena mlengalenga. Kenako gulu lonse limachotsedwa ndikuwuluka, ngakhale kutsika pansi, ndikusintha kolowera, kapena, m'malo mwake, limakwera pamwamba.

Mazira ochepa

Kumwera kwa Ukraine, mpheta zimagwiritsa ntchito mpendadzuwa, ku Asia - mpunga. Mpheta imodzi imatha kudya ndikuwononga mbewu za ngala 11 za tirigu patsiku. Koma mu nthawi yamasika, patsiku lodyetsa anapiye, mpheta ziwiri zimawabweretsera tizilombo nthawi 300, kuphatikiza ndi mbozi khumi ndi mphutsi za mbozi - tizirombo tomera. Zowona, anapiye amadya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kwa sabata lopitilira, kenako amasinthana ndi zakudya za chimanga.

Nthawi zambiri pamakhala timagulu tosakanikirana tokhala m'nyumba ndi mpheta kuminda yodyera, ndipo ku Central Asia amaphatikizanso mpheta yakuda yamabele (Passer hispaniolensis), yomwe imathanso kuvulaza mbewu. Ku Central Asia ndi Kazakhstan, zambiri mpheta yaku India (Chizindikiro) Koma kumvetsetsa kutengera kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame m'minda sizovuta nthawi zonse, chifukwa chake nkovuta kudziwa udindo wa mtundu uliwonse kuwononga mbewu.

Monga mpheta yam'makomo, mundawo ndi wothandiza kumpoto, komwe kulimapo njere zochepa, komwe kuli minda yochepa. Kummwera, zaulimi, madera amatha kukhala ovulaza, koma kukonza kumafunikiranso pano. Ku Central Asia, mwachitsanzo, mpheta ndizothandiza kwambiri m'munda wa thonje - sizivulaza thonje, koma sonkhanitsani tizirombo. Koma chapafupi, pa mbewu za mbewu, ndikudula tirigu.

Mpheta zambiri zimangodya m'mphepete patchire ndipo siziwuluka pamwamba pake. malo ampumulo ndi mpheta zosanja.

Kubzala kwapadera zipatso zamabulosi atchire pafupi ndi minda kumasokoneza chidwi mpheta, zomwe zimachepetsa kutaya zipatso. Chifukwa chake, njira zachilengedwe zimachepetsa kuvulaza kwa mbalame, pomwe kuwononga kwawo mwachindunji nthawi zambiri sikuthandiza. Amadziwika kuti ku China pakati pa XX century. Kampani yayikulu idapangidwa kuti iwononge mpheta ngati mankhwala a mapira, mpunga, ndi tirigu. Koma zitatha izi, kuchuluka kwa tizirombo ta mbewu zomwezo kudakula kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, mdziko muno, zoyesa zowononga mpheta zinasiyidwa ndikuzindikiridwa ngati zofunikira, ngakhale zoyenera kutetezedwa.

Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake komanso kugawa kwake kambiri, mpheta zimagwira gawo lalikulu pazachilengedwe. Ndiwo chakudya cha adani ambiri. Ponseponse, pafupifupi mitundu 28 ya mbalame, zinyama, zouluka zimadya mpheta, mazira ndi anapiye. Awa ndi amphaka, agalu, agalu, abodza, kadzidzi, kadzidzi, akhwangwala, matsenga, njoka, ma shaki, njoka. Mu mbalame zina zamafuta - ma kestrel, kadzidzi wautali, kadzidzi - kuchuluka kwa mpheta zomwe zimadyedwa kumatha kufika mpaka 10%, ndipo mu derbnik - mpaka 25%.

Mpheta, monga mpheta yam'makomo, imadzinyamula payokha payokha: Mitundu 6 ya utitiri, mitundu yopitilira 20, mitundu yopitilira 23 ya majeremusi amkati ndipo, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake, imakhala ndi vuto linalake makamaka makamaka kwa mbalame zina.

Anthu nthawi zambiri amakhudza mwachindunji kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mpheta. Chifukwa cha misewu ya France pafupifupi 10% ya mbalame zonse zowomberedwa ndi magalimoto ndi mpheta zaminda. M'malo olima kum'mwera kwa mitundu, njira zapadera nthawi zina zimawononga mpaka 90% ya mpheta zam'munda, ndipo kumwera kwa Asia nthawi zambiri zimadyedwa. Koma ku Europe, malingaliro a anthu tsopano akukonda mpheta zamtchire - mtunduwu walembedwa pa Zakumapeto No. 3 pamndandanda wa Berne Convention for the Protection of Animal and Plants in Europe.

Zolemba

Golovanova E.N. Mbalame pamwamba paminda. - L: Agropromizdat, 1987.

Moyo wa nyama. T. 5. - M: Maphunziro, 1970.

Ilyenko A.I. Ecology ya mpheta zapakhomo ndi ma ectoparasite awo. - M: Sayansi, 1976.

Sparrow Passer montanus / Ed. G.A. Noskova. - L: Yunivesite ya Leningrad State, 1981.

Yankho

Mitundu iwiri ya mpheta: munda ndi brownie - mbalame zokhala, chilimwe ndi nyengo yozizira zimakhala pansi pamadenga a nyumba ndi ma sheds kapena kukhazikika pafupi m'matanthwe a mitsinje. Mitundu ina iwiri: Wamkazi ndi wamtambo-wakhungu - amabwera kwa ife kokha nthawi yotentha. Amawoneka ambiri m'mayambiriro a Meyi ndipo nthawi yomweyo amayamba kumanga zisa. Zisa zawo zokhala ndi udzu wouma zimapangidwa m'magulu pa mitengo yayitali, nthawi zambiri pamipanda. Sabata imodzi atafika, zazikazi zimayamba kuyikira mazira, masabata awiri atanyamula, anapiye akuwonekera. Makolo amawadyetsa ndi tizilombo komanso mbewu zamkaka zokhala ndi mikate yachikhalidwe choyambirira. Pakatha masiku 10-12, anawo amachoka chisa n kukauluka paokha kukadya mkate, ndipo makolo akuyamba kubereka ana atsopano.

Pamapeto pake, pakutha kwa Julayi, kuchuluka kwa mpheta kumawonjezeka katatu. Gulu lalikulu la mbalame zosakwanira mazana ndi zikwizikwi za mitu imawulukira kuminda, kudya mapira, tirigu, barele ndi mbewu za mbewu zina zolimidwa. Akuti mpheta iliyonse amadya pafupifupi magalamu awiri a tirigu patsiku.

Pafupi ndi famu kwa iwo. Karl Marx G.S. Umrikhin m'dzinja la 1955 anali pafupifupi mpheta zokwana 50, ndipo alipo ena ambiri m'midzi ina. Gulu lotere limawononga mkate wopitirira kilogalamu 100 tsiku lililonse. Ku famu yomweyi ya boma, hemp idachedwa tsiku limodzi. Mpheta zinapeza mundawo ndipo patangotha ​​tsiku pang'ono udafafaniza mbewu.

Mpaka nthawi yophukira, mpheta sizikhala bwino ndi anthu: zimadya njere zambiri ndi mbewu za mafakitale. Amakhala amwano. Mutha kuwathamangitsa m'minda mwanjira zilizonse: kufuula, kugogoda, kuwombera - gulu liziwolokera kutsidya lina ndikupitiliza ntchito yake.

Mitundu ya mpheta zosamukasamuka ku Central Asia ndi mbalame zowopsa ndipo zimatha kuphedwa.

Mpheta zimalumikizana ndi munthu kotero kuti amakhazikika pambuyo pamidzi yake. Simungathe kukumana ndi nyumba ya mpheta yomwe imakwera m'mapiri nthawi zonse, koma ku Chatyr-Kul, pamalo okwera pafupifupi mamitala 4000 pamwamba pa nyanja, amakhala, koma m'mudzimo. M'mbuyomu kunalibe mpheta zakuda zakuda pa Susamyr.