Wokwera ang'ono awa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kutalika kwa mamilimita, kutalika kwa mapiko awo kumachepetsedwa kwambiri (mkuyu. 8.120), ndipo tinyanga tambiri timakhala tosongoka. Ambiri mwa okwera awa ndi endoparasites makamaka a mbozi za Lepidoptera ndi mphutsi zina zamtundu wa Hymenoptera, zomwe amaziwombera mkatikati mwa thupi lawomwe amakhala.
Zomera zoterezi zimachedwa tiziromboti. zopinga, kapena majeremusi achiwiri. Mitundu yocheperako yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chalcid imakula m'mbewu zosiyanasiyana kapena mumitengo ya mbewu, makamaka mbewu monga chimanga. Kwa gulu losakhala parasitiki la clover semede Bruchophagus platypteramphutsi zake zimamera mkati mwa mbewu ya clover ndi nyemba, Harmolita triticiamene mphutsi zake zimayenda m'makola a tirigu, ndipo H. grandis (Mkuyu. 8.120). Kwanuko komanso zaka zingapo R. tritici zimayipa kwambiri mbewu za tirigu.
Chokondweretsa chachikulu ndi moyo wapadera komanso wapadera wazinthu zina zazing'ono za banja Agaonidae. Izi chalcides amapanga mkuyu zirconia. Amunawa ndi opanda mapiko ndipo amakhala moyo wawo wonse mkati mwa zirconium momwe adakulira, pomwe amaphatikiza umuna utatsala pang'ono kusiya mavuvu omwe ali ndi matenda a chalcides. Akazi amaphika ndikuuluka kuchokera kumaluwa kupita kukaluwa pofunafuna mazira oyenera kuyikira mazira. kusintha mungu pa thupi lanu ndikumapukusa maluwa onse omwe adapitako. Iyi ndi njira yokhayo yomwe nkhuyu zimapukutidwa.
Mitundu yambiri yamkuyu yolimidwa sifunikira kuti mungu upange zipatso, koma zipatso za nkhuyu zosankhidwa za Izmir sizimakula popanda mungu. Kuti ndikulitse mitunduyi ku North America, ndinayenera kuyambitsa mungu wawo Blastophaga psenes.
8.120. A. Wheat ndulu isosome Harmolita tritici
Opanda zingwe (pakatikati) ndi mapiko (B) amtundu waukulu wa nodular Harmolita grandis (= Philachyra aptera)
Maonekedwe a Chalcid
Kwenikweni, okwera awa ndi ochepa, koma amathanso kukhala ndi mawonekedwe akulu, osawoneka ndi maso osavuta. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi mamilimita 0,2-0,5, ndipo nthawi zina, amatha kutalika kuposa 1 centimeter. Kutengera ndi mitundu, anthu achikulire a chalcid amatha kukhala ndi mtundu wina.
Mapiko a Chalcid ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera - mitsempha iwiri yokha yomwe imapezeka pa mapiko aliwonse.
Mphutsi zimakhala za kukula kwa milimita 0,1-0.3; zimamera m'mazira ndi matupi a tizilombo tonyamula. Thupi la mphutsi ndiwowonekera, loyera. Thupi limakhala ndi magawo osiyana. Mphutsizi zimasokosera mkati mwamantha.
Mating chalcid
Akakhwima, chalcid chachikazi chimapita kukafunafuna kachirombo koyenera, nthawi zambiri monga munthu payekha kapena mazira. Atakwera nyama, yaikazi imayika mazira ake mkati mwake. Ndi chifukwa cha njirayi kuti kuyika kwa tizilombo kumatchedwa okwera.
Mphutsi za Chalcid parasitizing pazomera zam'madzi, limodzi ndi eni ake, zimatha kukhalabe pansi pamadzi kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo mitundu ina ya chalcid satha kupuma mpweya ndikukhala popanda madzi, sipapita kumtunda, koma ikusambira pogwiritsa ntchito mapiko kapena miyendo.
MaCalcides ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.
Pali mitundu ina ya ma chalcides omwe amatsogolera moyo wazomera pamasamba; iwo amayikira mazira awo mu masamba kapena makutu a mbewu za tirigu.
Aphelinids
Aphelinids ndi tiziromboti tambiri tating'onoting'ono komanso nsabwe za m'mimba zomwe zimayambitsa masoka ambiri. Pafupifupi mitundu ya 1100 ya ma aphelinids omwe adzipatula, mitundu yambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira kuthana ndi tizilombo.
Kutalika kwa aphelinides pafupifupi mamilimita 1-5. Mutu umakhala wocheperako mpaka pansi, pamakhala mikondo yoluma. Kumbuyo kuli kofupikira komanso kotakata kuposa pamimba. Pamimba pamimba. Mapikowo ndi ochepa, ali ndi mawonekedwe.
Sayansi imadziwa mitundu 22,000 ya chalcid.
Mphutsi za Afelinid zimakhala mkati mwa mphutsi zazirombo ndi zakunja, zikukhala zonyamula.
Kufotokozera kwa tizilombo
Mphutsi zimamera mkati mwa chomera kapena dzira lake. Mitundu yayitali ndi 0,1 - 0,3 mm. Thupi limakhala loyera komanso lowonekera, lopangidwa ndimagawo osiyanasiyana. Ziphuphu zimapangidwanso mkati mwa wozunzidwayo, pambuyo pake wamkulu amasankhidwa kunja.
Anthu achikulire amatha kukhala ndi khungu losiyana kutengera mtundu. Avereji zazikulu kuchokera ku 0,5 mpaka 0.5 mamilimita. Pafupifupi sentimita kapena kupitilira.
Ali ndi mapiko apadera. Pa mapiko aliwonse pamakhala mitsempha iwiri yokha.
Amadyetsa timadzi tokoma ndi mungu. Mitundu ina imayamba kunyentchera kapena imadya hemolymph yaonyamula mtsogolo.
Akakhwima, anyaniwa amayang'ana kachiromboka koyenera (nthawi zambiri mphutsi) kapena kulumikizana ndi munthu wina ndikuyika mazira mkati, ndikusenzetsa chakudyacho. Chifukwa chake, amatchedwa okwera.
Tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono tambiri tomwe timatulutsa timadzi tambiri timatsalira m'madzi ndipo timatha kukhalamo kwa nthawi yayitali. Mitundu ina nthawi zambiri imakhalapo yopanda madzi komanso mpweya wopumira. Zimayandama mothandizidwa ndi mapiko ndi miyendo, osafikira kumtunda.
Pali mitundu ina yomwe imamera pamizimba ndikuyika mazira mu spikelets a chimanga kapena masamba a mbewu zina zolimidwa. Tizilombo timeneti timayambitsa chiwopsezo chachikulu pa ulimi.
Agonides
Agaonidae parasitize pa nkhuyu. Mitundu yoposa 750 ya agonides akufotokozedwa.
Tizilombo tating'ono timatalika mamilimita asanu. Amuna amasowa mapiko. Pali mitundu yomwe amuna samakhala ndi miyendo imodzi - m'malo mwake, okwera awa ali ndi zovala zochepa.
Mazira amaikidwa mkati mwazipatso za mkuyu. Chimadziwika kuti chomera chomwecho chimadzithandiza chokha ndiku mungu.
Aphelins
Aphelinus amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu kuthana ndi aphid yamagazi yomwe imalowetsa mitengo ya maapulo m'minda ya zipatso.
Komwe makolo adabadwira ndi North America. Aphelins adakhazikika ku Europe. Ponseponse, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamankhwala amadziwa mitundu 50 ya zinthu zopindulitsa zoterezi kwa anthu.
Makulidwe a aphelinus wamkulu ndi kuyambira mamilimita 5 mpaka 15. Thupi limakhala lakuda, nthawi zina limakhala ndi mawonekedwe achikasu. Parasitize pa magazi ndi balere nsabwe.
Eurytoma schreineri
Eurytoma schreineri ndi phytophage yomwe imadya maamondi, ma plums, ndi maula a chitumbuwa. Pafupipafupi, tizilombo timayambitsa ma apricot, yamatcheri ndi yamatcheri. Kufalikira Mdziko la Europe ku Russia.
Miyeso ya maula a ma plum kuyambira 4 mpaka 6 mamilimita. Akazi ndiakulu kuposa amuna. Mtundu wakuda. Miyendo yachikasu. Mapiko ali ndi mtsempha umodzi. Mazira amakhala ndi phesi, lalitali, lokhala ndi mitambo (yamagalasi).
Wamkazi amayikira mazira mu zipatso zazing'ono mbewu yake isanayambe kuuma. Zipatso zowonongeka kwambiri zimagwa pamitengo pakati pa chilimwe, osafikira kukhwima.
Mphutsi zimabisala m'mafupa a chipatsocho. Ndikayamba masika, limatulutsa timadzi tambiri. Izi zimatenga mpaka milungu itatu. Munthu wamkuluyo pang'onopang'ono (m'masiku awiri mpaka asanu ndi limodzi) amazunguza nkhono ya fupa la zipatso ndikukutuluka. Ngati kasupe ali wouma ndipo fupa linauma kwambiri, mphutsi zimafa mkati mwake.
Theka la mphutsi zimayambiranso nyengo yachisanu popanda kugwa.
Torymus druparum
Torymus druparum imalowetsa mitengo ya maapulo ndi mapeyala. Kugawidwa ku Central Asia ndi Europe. Imapezeka ku North America.
Kukula kwa munthu wamkulu yemwe amadya nthangala ndi kuyambira pa 2,7 mpaka 3.5 mamilimita. Mtundu wa khungu. Tizilombo ta miyendo ndi miyendo yachikasu. Akazi amakhala ndi ovipositor wakunja. Dzira la oblong mawonekedwe ndi ndondomeko.
Kuchulukitsa mphutsi mu zipatso zakugwa. Zimasilira masika, koma gawo limodzi la tizirombo limatuluka mu mbewu. Mphutsi zotsalazo zimatumizidwa kuti zikazizirenso nyengo yachisanu.
Zipatso zowonongeka zimatha kutha, koma ambiri amasala pamtengowo ndikucha. Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa omwe amadya mbewu kumachitika chifukwa cha nazale zomwe zikupanga mitundu ya apulo ndi mitengo ya peyala.
Chiberekero cha nyerere zodula masamba ndizochulukitsa 700 za kulemera kwa mamembala ang'ono kwambiri am'mudzimo. Zowoneka zodabwitsa kuchokera m'moyo wa tizilombo titha kupezeka pa ulalo wa https://stopvreditel.ru/rastenij/lesov/muravi-listorezy.html. .
Chochititsa chidwi
Pazovuta za chalcid, anthu amapezeka ndi chikhalidwe chomwe sichigwirizana kwathunthu ndi cholinga chawo chachilengedwe. M'modzi mwa omwe adayimira ma parishi amenewa adadziwika kuti "adamponya" mlimiyo khutu pomwe winayo amagwira ntchito m'munda wake. Khutu pambuyo kuluma kwavulala, ndipo tsiku lachitatu mkazi wa womwalirayo adazindikira momwe ... mphutsi zazing'ono zimatuluka mchilondacho. Chithandizo chamankhwala kuchipatala chapulumutsa moyo wa munthu. Madokotala anachotsa mphutsi pafupifupi 400 zomwe zinali zitatuluka kale m'mazira kuchokera khutu lamkati.
Munthu akhoza kungolingalira zomwe zingachitike kwa munthu wosaukayo ngati sanapite kwa dokotala wa opaleshoni panthawi.
Mwamwayi, anthu monga Costa Rican kapena Ocular Kamikaze ndiwongosiyanitsa zachilengedwe, zomwe mpaka pano, anthu akumana nazo m'modzi.
Pindulani ndi kuvulaza
Tizilombo ta Chalcides ndiwovuta, ngati okwera onse.
Mitundu ina imavulaza njere, mitengo yazipatso, zipatso ndi mphesa, zimawononga njuchi. Ena, m'malo mwake, amayang'anira kukolola kwathu.
Tekinoloje yotsatirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi tizirombo toyandama. The majeremusi pupae kachilombo mu labotale ndi chalcides amamangiriridwa ndi makatoni apadera. Pakuphatikiza khadi ndi tsinde la mbewuyo, mutha kukhala otsimikiza za mbewuyo.
Pafupifupi azimayi 200 a Trichographma bricae amatuluka ku mphutsi zomwe zimayambitsa matenda, zomwe zimayambitsa mbozi. Njira yodzitchinjiriza imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nkhaka, biringanya, phwetekere, tsabola, komanso ma sitiroberi ndi ma raspberries, mavwende, mavwende, maluwa okongoletsera.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumapewetsa kugwiritsa ntchito poizoni ndikuthandizira chitetezo chazinthu zogulitsira anthu.
Trichographmatids
Ma Chalcides amayenda modabwitsa. Mtunduwu umamera pa agulugufe ndi njenjete, komanso kachilomboka. Pafupifupi mitundu 800 ya trichographmatids amawerengedwa. Chizindikiro cha okwera awa ndi miyeso yawo ma microscopic - kutalika sikupitirira 1 millimeter.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ctVv9i_haN8Females amapanga oviposition pamiphutsi ya kafadala ndi agulugufe, makamaka amapanga tizirombo - thukuta lozizira ndi kabichi. Mitundu ina imawononga njoka zam'mimba, nsikidzi ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tam'madzi. Banja la okwerali limagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kwa njenjete ya apulo.
Leucospidae
Mtunduwu umamera ma mavu ndi njuchi, ndikuwonongeka kwa njuchi. Gawani mitundu pafupifupi 130 yamtunduwu wa chalcid. Kutalika kwa thupi la akulu kumadalira mitunduyo, makamaka ndi mamilimita 4 mpaka 17.
Zina mwa ma chalcids zovulaza ma njuchi ndi njuchi. Okwera awa ndi akulu kwambiri, ndipo mtundu wawo ndi wofanana ndi wasp. Mimba ndi yolimba, yotalikika.
Mutuwu ndi wokulirapo wokhala ndi tinyanga tatifupi. Mtundu waukulu wa thupi ndi wakuda wokhala ndi mawanga ndi mikwaso yambiri ya chikaso. Miyendo ndi chikaso.
Munga wa Plum
Ma Chalcides ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, kutengera mitundu ndi malo omwe amakhala. Mtundu wa okwera ndi phytophage, umavulaza maula, maamondi ndi chitumbuwa, nthawi zina, zimakhudza ma cherries, ma cherries ndi ma apricots. Okwera awa amapezeka mwaunyinji ku gawo la ku Europe la dziko lathu.
Korona zazikazi zazikazi ndizokulirapo kuposa zazimuna. Kukula kwakukulu kwa anthu ndi mamilimita 4-6. Thupi limakhala ndi mtundu wakuda, pomwe miyendo imakhala yachikasu.
Mapiko okhala ndi mtsempha umodzi. Pa mazira pamakhala timitengo tambiri. Mazira ndi magalasi, mitambo.
Akazi amayikira mazira mu zipatso zazing'ono mpaka fupa litaumitsidwa. Kuchokera pamenepa, zipatso zimayamba kugundana, osapsa.
Mphutsi ya plum longhorn imakhala nthawi yozizira m'mafupa a fetal, ndipo kumapeto kumatha. Izi zimatenga pafupifupi milungu itatu. Mkulu wamapula wamkulu amadzula mwana wosabadwayo m'masiku 2-6 ndipo atuluka.
Kukakhala kouma, mafupa amakhala olimba kwambiri ndipo mphutsi zimafa. Theka la mphutsi yozizira kachiwiri.
Plum amadya
Okwera amenewa amagunda mapeyala ndi mitengo ya maapulo. Amapezeka ku Europe ndi Central Asia, kuphatikiza apo, amapezeka ku Sulfur America. Kukula kwa mamuna wamkulu wa amadontha ndi mamilimita 2.7-3,5.
Thupi limakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira, ndipo miyendo ndi tinyanga zachikasu. Mazira amatha njira.
Mphutsi zimatha nyengo yozizira zipatso zotsika. Ziphuphu zimachitika mchilimwe, koma gawo limodzi la tizirombo timasankhidwa kunja, ndipo mphutsi zotsalazo zimangokhalanso nyengo yachisanu.
MaCalcides amapanga zokonda kwambiri. Zipatso zowonongeka ndi omwe amadya nthangala zitha kugwa, koma ambiri aiwo amapsa. Zowonongeka zazikuluzikuluzi zimayambitsidwa ku nazale momwe mitengo yamapira ndi mitengo ya maapulo imabzalidwa.
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Tsamba la Proza.ru limapatsa olemba mwayi mwayi wolengeza zolemba zawo pa intaneti malinga ndi mgwirizano wa ogwiritsa ntchito. Makina onse ophatikizira ndi a olemba ndipo amatetezedwa ndi malamulo. Kutenganso ntchito kumatha kuchitika pokhapokha povomerezeka ndi wolemba wake, zomwe mungafotokozere patsamba lake. Olembawo ali ndi udindo pazolembedwazo pamaziko a malamulo osindikiza ndi malamulo aku Russia. Mutha kuwona zambiri mwatsatanetsatane zatsamba ndi kulumikizana ndi oyang'anira.
Owona tsiku ndi tsiku a portza Proza.ru ndi alendo pafupifupi 100,000 omwe masamba opitilira theka miliyoni awonedwa malinga ndi gawo lomwe likupezeka kumanja kwa lembalo. Chidule chilichonse chili ndi manambala awiri: kuchuluka kwa owonera komanso kuchuluka kwa alendo.
Zomwe zili ndi tizilombo
Ma Chalcides ndi tizilombo tomwe timakhala ndi majeremusi ofanana ndi majeremusi. Izi ndi tizilombo tokhala ngati mapiko. Oyimira ambiri amasiyanitsidwa ndi sheen wachitsulo. Pangokhala ma isosomes akuda komanso omwe amadya nthanga (eurytomids) ndi ma mtundu wamtundu wamtambo wamtundu wamtundu, chitsulo chamakhalidwe chimasowa.
MaCalcides ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Kupanda kutero, sakanakhala parasitic pa abale ochokera mabanja ena ndi makalasi. Ma subspecies amtunduwu amasiyana kukula, kuyambira pang'ono pang'ono mpaka mamilimita 5-7. Ma Kalcid ali ndi mapiko okhala ndi mitsempha yofooka. Mwa njira, si abambo onse amtundu uliwonse omwe ali ndi mapiko. Zachikazi zimafunikira gawo ili kuti lifikire opereka akuluakulu. Kuperewera kwa makamu kumachitika pa gawo la kuyikira dzira.
Ena oimira ma chalcides amatchedwa okwera njira yomwe akazi amazikira mazira. Amakhala kumbuyo kwa kachilombo ka woperekayo kuchokera pamwamba, ndikuboola wovulalayo, ndikubaya mazira ake. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sife nthawi yomweyo, koma tili ndi kachilombo. Woperekayo asanamwalire, amadyetsa mazira ndi mphutsi za majeremusi.
Pali ma chalcides omwe amasankha nyama kukhala wopereka, ndipo woimira amodzi yekha wa hymenoptera amakonda anthu ngati nawo. Ichi ndi Costa Rican chalcid wa kamikaze.
Ma chalcides aku Costa Rican okha ndi oopsa kwa anthu
Mwa mitundu ya ma chalc amasiyana:
- ectoparasites, kuyikira mazira awo panja, pa kachilombo,
- endoparasites wokhala ndi ovipositor wautali, wokhala ndi mazira mkati mwake.
Sukulu yachiwiri komanso ngakhale ya tertiary imachitika. The otchedwa superparasites, pamene kachilombo akaikira mazira pachilombo parasitizing pa wina tizilombo kapena nyama.
Kodi masamba apansi a tizilombo ndi ati?
Mwachilengedwe, pali mabanja 24 a chalcides - mitundu makumi angapo ya mitundu. Zonsezi zikuwonetsedwa pagome.
Mabanja a Chalcid | Zomwe zimayambitsa | Chiwerengero chodziwika bwino cha mitundu | Ndi liti ndipo amasankhidwa ndi ndani? |
---|---|---|---|
Agaonids (Agaonidae) | phytophages (pollinators of fig fig) | ≥757 | Bakuman 1848) |
Aphelinidae (Aphelinidae) | majeremusi a nsabwe za m'masamba, ma coccids, aleirodides. | ≥1100 | Thomson, 1876 |
Azotides (Azotidae) | Mtundu woyamba, mitundu 92, inali yodzilekanitsidwa ndi tawuni ya Aphelinidae | Nikol'sskaya & Yasnosh mu 1966 | |
Chalcidides (Chalcididae) | Parasitize pa gulugufe wa gulugufe, mphutsi zam'mimba. | ≥1500 | Latreille, 1817 |
Torymidae Torimides | ma phytophages, majeremusi a mazira a tizilombo omwe anaikidwa ndi kapisozi (ooteki) | ≥1500 | Walker, 1833) |
Pteromalidae (Pteromalids) | majeremusi a ma coleopterans (kafadala), Diptera, hymenoptera, kuphatikizapo omwe amakhala kumapeto kwa chalcides. | ≥4000 | Dalman, 1820 |
Eucheritids (Eucharitidae) | Parasitic pa nyerere (Formicidae) | 389 | Latreille, 1809 |
Ma Eulophids (Eulophidae) nthawi zina amaphatikiza ma subspecies a Elasmidae | majeremusi agulugufe, ntchentche, coccids. | Pafupifupi 4000 | Westwood, 1829 |
Masamba obwera (Eurytomidae) | Phytophages ndi parasitoids. Mitundu ya parasitism imakhala yambiri, milandu ya multi- ndi kleptoparasitism imadziwika. | ≥1200 | Walker, 1832 |
Trichographmatids Trichographmatidae | majeremusi a mazira amadya Lepidoptera, Coleoptera. | ≥700 | Holiday et Walker, 1851) |
Cinipoids, kapena mtedza (Cynipoidea) | Phytophages. Kapangidwe kokhala ngati mtedza | Pafupifupi 3000 | |
Tanaostigmatidae () | phytophages ndi ndulu mafomu | 88 | Howard, 1890 |
Signiphoridae (Signiphoridae) | Tizilombo toyambitsa majeremusi pazomera zokhala ndi mapiko a mbewu, zopatsa mphamvu. Hyperparasites of okwera encyrtids. | 78 | Ashmead, 1880 |
Eupelmidae | majeremusi Lepidoptera, diptera, Coccoidea | Mitundu ≥3900. | (Walker, 1833) (Westwood, |
Encyrtidae | tiziromboti Coccoidea, Lepidoptera | Mitundu 3600 | Walker, 1837 |
Eurytoma schreineri imadziwika kuti ndi phyto-tizilombo, chifukwa imayikira mazira mu ma amondi osapsa, chitumbuwa, mafupa a maula. The majeremusi sanyansidwa ndi apricot, chitumbuwa maenje. Chalcid, yomwe ili paliponse pakati pa Russia, imadziwika kuti plum bark. Chimakula mkati mwa 4-6 mm. Thupi ndi lakuda. Kukula, mkazi ndi wamkulu kuposa mnzake. Miyendo yachikasu. Pa mapikowo mtsempha umodzi wokha. Mazira a Vitreous ndi odaluka chifukwa cha phesi. Mosemphana ndi chimbalangondo, zipatsozo zimagwera pamitengo, osafalikira.
Costa Rican chalcide amakonda nyengo yotentha
Choyimira kwambiri chomwe chimawonedwa kuti ndi chamcid kamikaze cha ku Africa, chimasanganizira nyama. Izi majeremusi amakhala ku America. Awa, pakadali pano, m'modzi yekhayo wochokera ku chalcid yemwe amakhala pachiwopsezo chomanga munthu. Mu chithunzi cha Costa Rican chalcid kamikaze zitha kuwoneka kuti izi ndi tizilombo tosawoneka bwino kopanda matenda.
Ngoziyi ndi oviduct wautali, pomwe kachilombo kamayambitsa nyama yake, ndikuwombera wothira madzi ndi timazira tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayandama.
Mazira kwakanthawi kochepa amasintha kukhala mphutsi ndikupitilira kukula, ndikupweteketsa mtima kwambiri. Ngati munthu awonetsa kusasamala ndipo saonana ndi dokotala munthawi yake, ndiye kuti mphutsi zakukula zimatha kupha woperekayo.
Zabwino komanso zovulaza
Monga majeremusi onse, ma chalcides ndi tizirombo. Koma iwo mwanjira zawo amayang'anira kuchuluka kwa tizilombo tomwe tili padziko lapansi. Mwa eni okwerapo pali tizilombo tambirimbiri tomwe timayambitsa mbeu zobzalidwa. Munthu waphunzira kubereka ena mwa okwera omwe amathandiza kulimbana ndi tizirombo ta m'munda ndi m'munda mwa kufalitsa ma chalcides pa iwo.
Ma chalcide ena amalumikizidwa makamaka kuti ateteze tizirombo ta m'munda.
Okwera ali ndi dzina lawo chifukwa, atakhala pamwamba pa chomera, amayikira mazira ake mmenemo. Mazira, akukulira, amalandila chakudya kuchokera ku tizilombo tomwe timapereka, yemwe, amataya mphamvu, kenako, akafa.
Chifukwa chake, ma chalcides anaostigmatidae ndi okwera pang'ono omwe amayikira mazira pazomera zopanga halogen. Tizilombo timeneti ndi ma chalcides. Amakhala ndi dzina lawo lodziwika kuti apanga zotupa za pathogenic ndi zophuka pazomera zomwe zimafa. Chifukwa chake, anaostigmatidae ndi tiziromboti tomwe timateteza maluwa.
Mitundu ina ya trichographmatids, yomwe ndi majeremusi a njenjete ya apulo, idaweta mwapadera ndikukhazikika pafupi ndi zipatso. Chalcides Leucospidae, kuphatikiza njuchi ndi maudzu, m'malo mwake imavulaza njuchi. Ndi kuyambitsa kutaya. Alimi a njuchi amayesetsa kwambiri kuti awachotse.
Zomwe zimadya
Monga tanenera kale, mu gawo la dzira, ndipo tizilombo tina tomwe timadya timadyera tomwe timadya. Akuluakulu - achikulire amadyera mungu ndi timadzi tokoma ta mbewu. Oimira ena a ma chalcides amadya mbewu za mbewu zobzalidwa, potero zimapweteketsa anthu.
Cynipoidea imamera pamitengo ya oak
Mtedza wakumpoto wa hemisphere (Cynipoidea) umadzala pazomera ndi mizu ya mitengo yazipatso, ndipo imapanga zipatsozo zomwe zimafanana ndi mtedza. Mtedza wa mizu, wofanana ndi nyerere wokhala ndi mapiko, umakonda mitengo ya oak. Amayika mazira pamitengo ya oak ndi mizu.
Blastophage mavu ochokera kwa banja la agonid amaikira mazira mu zipatso za mkuyu, ndipo motero amapukutira maluwa ake. Mitundu ya akulu a os-blastophages amadya timadziti ta nkhuyu.
Momwe zimaswana
MaCalcides amadziwika ndi ma chromosomes osatupa. Tizilombo timeneti timaberekera mazira omwe mkazi amayikira. Njira zakuikira mazira amitundu mitundu zimasiyana:
- matchuthi agalu kumaikira mazira a mbozi zina zazikulu,
- Pteromalus puparum - papupa wa azungugufe,
- encyrtids, aphelinuses - mthupi la tizilombo osakwanira kusintha, monga nyongolotsi, nsabwe za m'masamba, tizilombo tambiri.
- Leucospidae amamera pamavuto omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu. Mwachitsanzo, pa njuchi zanjuchi, kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwake,
- mu tizilombo - zilombo,
- Mbewu zanthe, chifukwa chake, chalcides parasitizing yofesa njere imayipa yambiri mu ulimi,
- m'mafupa ndi zipatso za mbewu ndipo mbali imodzi, zazikazi zazikulu zimayendetsa mbewuzo, zomwe zimawapatsa mwayi wopanga chipatso, ndipo inayo, amazigwiritsa ntchito zipatsozi
- ntchentche imawuluka, mosiyana ndi kamikaze chalcid, imagwiritsa ntchito mwayi nthawi yomwe munthu wagona, ndikuyika mazira kwa ogona.
Kodi maubwino ogulitsa tizilombo ndi ati? Za izi, onani vidiyo iyi:
Mazira amakula, amakula ndi kusanduka mphutsi, pamapeto pake kudya wopereka, amabwera kudzikoli ndikukhala wamkulu.