Mbawala zamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wa agalu, dongosolo la ciconiiformes. Mbalamezi zimadziwika mosavuta, zimasiyanitsidwa ndi miyendo yayitali, khosi lalitali, thunthu lalikulu komanso mlomo wautali. Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi mapiko akulu ndi amphamvu, ndizochulukirapo ndipo zimalola mbuluzi kuwuluka mlengalenga.

Miyendo ya mbalamezi imangokhala ndi gawo pang'ono, zala zakumiyendo zilibe ziwalo. Makulidwe a agulu ndiakulu kwambiri: unyinji wa mbalame yayikulu umachokera ku kilogalamu atatu mpaka asanu. Nthawi yomweyo, zazikazi ndi zazimuna sizimasiyana, ndipo kwenikweni palibe mbalame zakugonana mu mbalamezi.

Ng'ombe yakum'mawa kapena yakuda-yoyenda ndi Stork (Ciconia boyciana).

Mu maula ambiri a adokowe mumakhala mitundu yakuda ndi yoyera, m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kutengera mitundu.

Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya mbuluzi:

• Chigoba chofiirira (Ciconia episcopus)
• Chingwe cha Chakuda (Ciconia nigra)
• Chikwangwani chofiyira (Ciconia boyciana)
• Nguluwe wa mbewa (Ciconia abdimii)
• White Stork (Ciconia ciconia)
• Dokowe wokhala ndi ubweya wa Chimalaya (Ciconia sefei)
• American Stork (Ciconia maguari)

Kodi mbawala zimakhala kuti?

Mbalame zochokera ku mtundu wa aguluguwa zimakhala ku Europe, Africa, Asia, kuwonjezera pa izi, mbalame zamtchire ndi South America zimakhalamo.

Zamoyo zam'mwera zimakhala moyo wakungokhala, agulugufe akumpoto amasintha nthawi. Mbalamezi zimakhala m'magulu awiriawiri kapena osati ambiri. Asanawuluke kumapiri otentha, agulu amasonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a 10-25.

American Stork (Ciconia maguari).

Mitundu yonse ya mbuluzi imadalira matupi amadzi, chifukwa chake imayesetsa kukhazikika pafupi ndi madzi. Koma ena amakhalabe chisa m'nkhalangomo, kuwulukira kudziwe lokha chakudya.

Kodi dokowe amadya chiyani?

Mndandanda wa adokowe umakhala ndi nyama zazing'onoting'ono: nyongolotsi, mabulangete, mahule, achule, njoka, abuluzi ndi nsomba. Ana agalu amayang'ana chakudya chawo m'madzi osaya, nthawi zina ndikulowera m'malo osiyanasiyana. Dokowe ukaona nyama, imalunjika m'khosi mwake lalitali kutsogolo ndikuboola wolayo ndi mlomo wake wonse wakuthwa. Kenako mbalameyo imeza mwachangu “chakudya” chake chamadzulo.

Zokhudza kubadwa kwa agulu mu chilengedwe

Mbalamezi ndizomwe zimachita monisankhana, i.e., posankha bwenzi, zimangokhala ndi iye yekha. Mnzanu watsopano atha kuonekera pokhapokha woyamba atamwalira. Mbidzi zimamanga zisa zawo kuchokera kumitengo yambiri. Pakati pa chisa, china chake ngati thireyi yokakamira chakonzedwa. “Nyumba” ya mbawala ndi ntchito yolimba yomwe imatha kupilira mbalame zingapo zazikulu izi. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti makolo akamwalira, mmodzi mwa anapiye amalandira chisa cha ana.

Mwambo wamtundu wa mbawala zakumpoto kwa Far: wamwamuna ndi wamkazi, ndikuponyera mitu yawo, ndikudula mulomo.

Dokowe wachikazi nthawi yakukula imayikira mazira 2 - 5, nthawi ya makulitsidwe imakhala masiku 34. Makolo onse awiri amakulitsa ana mtsogolo, wina akamachita zinthu ngati ana, wachiwiri amamugulira chakudya.

Zizindikiro zofananira

Malinga ndi nthano zakale, ngati banja la adokowe lidapanga chisa padenga kapena pafupi ndi nyumbayo, eni ake amayembekeza mtendere, bata ndi chitukuko. Agulugufe pawokha nthawi zonse amakhala akugwirizana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi chowonjezera m'mabanja, sizothandiza pachabe kuti anthuwa amati "dokowe wabweretsa" za mwana wakhanda kapena mwana wosabadwa. Mbalame zabwinozi nthawi zonse zimapangitsa chidwi ndi ulemu pakati pa anthu, izi zinali kale, ndipo zikuwonedwa ngakhale masiku athu ano.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Kodi mawu oti "mbawala" adachokera kuti?

Kumene mawu oti "dokowe" sanakhazikitsidwe mwatsatanetsatane, chifukwa chake pali mitundu yambiri yamomwe idachitika. Mawu ovomerezeka amapezeka m'zilankhulo zakale za Sanskrit, Russian Russian, Germany, Chisilavo. Mtundu woyenera kwambiri wamatembenuzidwe a liwu lachijeremani "Heister", omwe m'malo ena ku Germany amatchedwa magpie. Mwinanso, mawuwa adasinthidwa kukhala "Geister", kenako nkukhala "Stork". Ndikosavuta kupeza fanizo pakati pa maula ndi chigamba, chizindikiro chawo chokhacho chokhudzana ndi mtundu wa maula. Titha kumaganiza kuti limagona potengera dzina la chinsomba. M'madera osiyanasiyana a Russia, Ukraine ndi Belarus, pali mayina osiyanasiyana am'mudzimo pa mbalameyi: bushel, butol, busko, batan, chernoguz, leleka, jaboed, geister, botsun ndi ena. Kuphatikiza apo, dokowe amatchedwa ndi maina a anthu: Ivan, Gritsko, Vasil, Yasha.

Chumba - kufotokozera, kufotokoza, chithunzi. Kodi mbawala zimawoneka bwanji?

Mbawala ndi mbalame zazikulu. Mtundu waukulu kwambiri wamtundu wa Ciconia ndi mbulu Woyera. Kutalika kwamunthu wamwamuna ndi wamkazi ndi 110 masentimita, mapiko amafika 220 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 3,6 kg. Imodzi mwa mtundu wocheperako, dokowe wokhala ndi mbewa, imalemera pafupifupi 1 kg, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi 73 cm.

Mlomo wa dokowe ndi wautali, katatu kutalika kwa mutu, ndipo umakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana. Imatha kukhala wowongoka kapena wowongoka pang'ono kumtunda (ngati mbawala ya Far East). Pansi pake ndi yayitali komanso yayikulu, yakuthwa kumapeto, yatsekedwa mwamphamvu. Lilime ndi losalala, lakuthwa komanso, poyerekeza ndi mulomo, yaying'ono. Ming'alu yam'mphuno ndi yopapatiza kwambiri, yotseguka pomwe mnyanga, yopanda mawonekedwe ndi mizere. Mtundu wa mulomo mwa anthu akuluakulu amitundu yambiri ndi wofiira. Chumba chobiriwira chakuda ndi chakuda. Mu mbalame zazing'ono, zosemphana ndi zoona ndizakuti: anapiye amtundu wakuda amakhala ndi mlomo wofiyira kapena lalanje, ndipo anapiye amtundu wina, milomo yakuda.

Zovala zamitundu yosiyanasiyana za aguluzi zimakhala zofiirira, zofiirira kapena zoyera. Pamutu, maula sapezeka pachimake, zingwe ndi khungu kuzungulira maso. Khosi la mbalame ndi lalitali. Vutoli limakhala lodziwika bwino ngati khosi likugwedezeka pang'ono, mutu umayendetsedwa kutsogolo, ndipo mulomo umapuma pakati pa nthenga. M'dera la goiter, nthenga zimakhala zazitali, zodula.

Ana a agwada amakhala ndi ma sempweya am'mimba omwe amadzaza ndi mpweya wotulutsidwa, chifukwa amalumikizidwa kuzipinda zam'mphuno. Matumba awa ndi ang'ono, ali pansi pa khungu ndipo amagona m'mbali mwa khosi kumunsi kwa mutu. Dongosolo la thumba limayambitsa kusiyana pakati pa khungu ndi minofu.

Mapiko a dokowe ndiwotalika, wozungulira, mapiko awo amapangidwa ndi nthenga 3-5. Nthenga zamkati pampiko ndizitali. Akapindidwa, amafikira kutalika kwa nthenga zoyambirira.

Zikamauluka, mbalame zam'madzi zimayandama pansi. Izi zimatheka chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwapadera kwa mafupa a m'chiguduli ndi kapangidwe kake ndi mapiko ake ndi mkono wokulirapo ndi phewa lalifupi. Izi zimadziwika ndi mbalame zazikulu zomwe zikuuluka, kuphatikizapo mbalame zodyedwa. Pa mapiko pa chala choyamba cha dzanja pamakhala kansalu.

Kuuluka kwamtunda kumadziwikanso ndi mbalame monga ziwombankhanga, chiwombankhanga chagolide, mahatchi, ming'alu, buluzi, zikhanda.

Mchira wa nthenga ndi wamtali kutalika, wowongoka, wozungulira pang'ono paphiripo. Ili ndi nthenga 12 za mchira.

Ziwalo zam'mbuyo za mbalame ndizitali kwambiri. Metatarsus imakhala yofanana kutalika kwa tibia. Kuphatikizika kwa tibia ndi mafupa achitsulo kumapangidwa mwanjira yoti protrusion yomwe ili pamutu wamtundu wa tibial ilowe m'malo opumulira omwe ali pamutu wachitsulo, ndipo ligament yapadera imakonza kulumikizana uku, kuti mafupa asafooke. Zotsatira zake ndi kulimba kwa mwendo wamtambo, kugwira thupi mwamphamvu, popanda ntchito ya minofu. Chifukwa cha izi, dokowe, atapereka thupi bwino, amatha kuyimirira kwa mwendo umodzi, koma osatopa. Kapangidwe ka miyendo imayambitsa kusunthika kwina - kufulumira ndi kutsika kwa gait.

Zala zazala zazifupi ndizochepa. Pafupifupi aliyense pali chopondera khungu. Zala zakumaso zimalumikizidwa pansi ndi tinthu tating'ono tachikopa, ndipo chala chakumaso chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthira pansi. Kapangidwe kameneka kamaonetsa kuti dokotalayo ndi wovuta kuyenda m'malo amtunda, ndipo amathira nthaka yolimba. Tibia sichothandizidwa ndi zoposa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kutalika kwake. Gawo lobisika la tibia ndi metatarsus yonse ndi yokutidwa ndi mbale zazing'onoting'ono. Misomali ndi yotakata, yosalala, yosalala.

Utoto wa agulu siosiyana kwambiri ndipo umakhala ndi mitundu yakuda ndi yoyera. Mtundu wakuda ukhoza kukhala ndi utoto wobiriwira kapena wachitsulo. Utoto wa mbalame zazing'ono umasiyana pang'ono ndi wamkulu pang'ono. Palibe kusiyana mu mtundu wa amuna ndi akazi, komanso kusintha kwa utoto ndi nyengo. Anapiye a nkhumba amakhala ndi mtundu wa imvi; akuluakulu, fluff ndi oyera kapena imvi.

Oimira genus Ciconia alibe mawu, popeza amakanidwa ndi syrinx (mawu a mbalame) ndi minofu yake. M'malo mofuula, dokowe limadula mulomo wake, ndiye kuti, imagwirana nsagwada. Anapiye oyeraCiconia ciconia) komanso kudziwa momwe angakondwerere. Mbawala zakuda (Ciconia nigra) samakonda kusweka ndi mulomo wawo: mawu awo ali ngati chifuwa kapena kufuula. Ming'alu ya agalu imatha kubuma, kulira, kulira ndi kulira.

Kodi mbawala nthawi yachisanu imakhala kuti?

Dokowe yemwe amakhala kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi mbalame yosamukira komwe imakhala zaka zambiri chisanayambe kuzizira. Khola lakumananso ndi pano: mwachitsanzo, chinzimbe chakuda chomwe chimakhala ku Japan sichimachoka nyengo yachisanu. Agulugufe okhala ndi timiyala tating'ono, agulu opaka timiyendo tating'ono, agulugufe aku America komanso timabow tobovu ta ku Malawi nawonso sawuluka kum'mwera, chifukwa amakhala m'malo otentha, kumene amapatsidwa chakudya chaka chonse. Kusamuka kwakanthawi kumapangidwa ndi abulu oyera, agulu akuda ndi agwape akummawa a Far Eastern (omwe amalipiritsa)) amakhala ku Europe, Russia, China.

Kuchoka kwa achule oyera ndi akuda ochokera kumadera a ku Europe ndi Asia kumayambira molawirira kwambiri. White imawuluka kumapita kachitatu kwa Ogasiti kapena koyambirira kwa Seputembala. Mbawala zakuda zimasamukira kale kale: kuyambira pakati pa Ogasiti, mwachitsanzo, kumadera ena a Eastern Europe. M'madera ena, mwachitsanzo, kudera la Amur, zidapezeka kuti agulugufe akuda amachoka mchaka chachiwiri cha Seputembala: kwa mbalame izi ndiye tsiku lochedwa. Mulimonsemo, pofika pakati pa Okutobala, malo okhala zisa za dokowe amakhala opanda kalikonse.

Mbalame zimapanga ndege masana, pamalo okwera kwambiri, osayang'anira dongosolo linalake. Mbawala zouluka makamaka pamtunda, zimachepetsa magawo a njirayo. Izi ndichifukwa choti kukwera kwa mafunde akakwera pamwamba pamtunda ndikofunikira pakuuluka. Mbawala zimadutsa pamadzi pokhapokha itaona tsidya linalo. Pofika kumapeto, mbalame zimabweranso.

Agulu ena akuda ndi oyera, omwe amakhala kum'mwera kwa Africa, sabwerera kwawo, atakonza madera okhala.

Pansipa, pamafotokozedwe amtunduwu, zimafotokozeredwa mwatsatanetsatane zokhudzana ndi malo a agulugufe ndi komwe amachokera.

Kodi mbulu amadya chiyani?

Ana agalu amadya nyama zokha. Zakudya zake ndizosiyanasiyana, koma zimakhala ndi nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimaphatikizapo:

• Ziweto: mimbulu, makoswe, mbewa, ma voles kumunda ndi makoswe ena ngati mbewa, agologolo oyika maanga, agalu achichepere, maula, ma arm. M'midzi, agulugufe ena amatha kusaka nkhuku ndi agogo,
• anapiye ang'ono
• mbala ndi zapamtunda: achule, mikanda, abuluzi osiyanasiyana, njoka (njoka, njoka),
• tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tambiri ndi mphutsi zawo - dzombe ndi dzombe lina, mbawala, chafiri, mavu a masamba, ziwala, zimbalangondo,
• masoka am'madzi am'madzi, am'madzi am'madzi, nyongolotsi,
• Ponena za nsomba, mitundu ina ya agulu, monga yoyera, sakonda kuidya. Anapiye akuda amadya pafupipafupi. Dokowe wakuda amadya nsomba zokha.

Kutengera ndi nthawi ya chaka, chakudya chamadontho amasintha. Madziwe ang'onoang'ono akauma ndikukhala ochepa nthomba, tizilombo tambiri timadyedwa. Ana agulu amameza nyama yawo yonse. Zotsalira zoperewera (nthenga, ubweya, mamba, etc.) mbalame zimangokhala ngati zingwe.

Mwa njira, adokota amatha kudya njoka zapoizoni osadzivulaza. Mwachiwonekere, iwo samagwidwa ndi poizoni.

Mbalame zimadyera m'malo otseguka: kumapiri, kumapiri a mitsinje ndi madambo, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, malo otsetsereka ndi malo ena omwe amawonekera bwino. Ngakhale aguluguwe amawoneka pafupipafupi, iwo eni amatha kuwona zoopsa ali kutali.

Ana agalu, monga mbalame zonse zazikulu, amasamala kwambiri. Paulendo wa pandege komanso usiku amakhala limodzi. Mbalame zimadyera mosiyana, koma nthawi yomweyo musataye kulumikizana ndi abale.

Kodi mbawala zimakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?

Kutalika kwa moyo wa mbuluzi kumadalira mtundu ndi malo okhala. Ana agalu oyera amakhala zachilengedwe pafupifupi zaka 20 mpaka 21 (malinga ndi zina, mpaka zaka 33), ali mu ukapolo, chizindikiro ichi chikhoza kukhala chapamwamba. Ana agogo a Kum'mawa omwe ali mu ukapolo adakhalako zaka 48. Chiyembekezo chambiri chokhala ndi moyo zakale zokhala mu ukapolo ndi zaka 31, pomwe mu vivo chiwerengerochi ndi zaka 18.

Mitundu ya agulu, mayina ndi zithunzi

Mitundu yotsatirayi ndi yamtundu wa dokowe (Ciconia):

1. Ciconia abdimii (Lichtenstein, 1823) - dothi loyera,
2. Ciconia boyciana (Swinhoe, 1873) - dokowe wolipidwa wakuda, dokowe waku China, dokowe waku Far East, Dothi loyera la Far
3. Ciconia ciconia (Linnaeus, 1758) - dombo loyera:
   • Ciconia ciconia asiatica (Severtzov, 1873) - Turkestan oyera,
   • Ciconia ciconia ciconia (Linnaeus, 1758) - Cizungu, ku Europe,
4. Ciconia episcopus (Boddaert, 1783) - dokowe wokhala ndi mbewa:
   • Ciconia episcopus episcopus (Boddaert, 1783),
   • Ciconia episcopus microscelis (G. R. Grey, 1848),
   • Ciconia episcopus kunyalanyaza (Finsch, 1904)
5. Ciconia nigra (Linnaeus, 1758) - dokowe wakuda,
6. Ciconia maguari (Gmelin, 1789) - Nguluwe waku America,
7. Ciconia mkuntho (W. Blasius, 1896) - Chitsamba cha ubweya wa Malaika.

Lotsatira ndi kufotokozera zamtunduwu.

• Chikopa choyera(Ciconia ciconia)

amakhala kumadera ena a ku Europe (kuyambira kumwera kwa Sweden ndi Denmark kupita ku France ndi Portugal, kumayiko a Eastern Europe), ku Ukraine, ku Russia (kuchokera ku Vologda Oblast kupita ku Transcaucasia), ku Central Asia ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa (kuyambira kumpoto kwa Morocco kupita kumpoto Tunisia). Malinga ndi malo okhalamo, magulu awiri a nkhumba zoyera ndizosiyanitsidwa: European (Ciconia ciconia ciconia) ndi Turkestan (Ciconia ciconia asiatica) Bungwe la Turkestan subspecies ndilokulirapo kuposa European; limapezeka ku Central Asia ndi madera ena a Transcaucasia.

Thupi la agulu loyera limakhala ndi mtundu woyera, womwe umadziwika ndi dzinalo. Nthenga zokha zomwe zili kumapeto kwa mapikowo ndi zakuda, ndipo mpaka mbalamezo zitawongola, zikuwoneka kuti thupi lonse lakumunsi ndi lakuda. Kuchokera apa kunabwera dzina lodziwika bwino la mbalameyo - Chernoguz. Mlomo ndi miyendo yake ndi zofiira. Anapiyewo amakhala ndi milomo yakuda. Khungu la Bare pafupi ndi maso ndi mulomo ndi lofiira kapena lakuda. Iris ndi yakuda kapena yofiirira. Masikulidwe a mapiko ndi 55-63 cm, mchira ndi 21.5-26 cm, metatarsus ndi 17-23,5 cm, mulomo ndi masentimita 14 mpaka 20. Kutalika kwa thupi kumatha kufika 1.02 m. Mapiko ndi 1.95-2, 05m Dokowe yoyera imalemera makilogalamu 3.5-4.4. Akazi ndi ocheperako kuposa amuna.

Ana agalu oyera, omwe amakhala kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa kwa Europe, amawuluka kum'mwera m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mbidzi zokhala kumadzulo kwa Elbe zimawulukira ku Strait of Gibraltar ndikugonjetsa malo ochepa kwambiri. Popeza adakwera pamwamba pa Spain, akonzekera kupita ku Africa. Pamenepo, amapitilizabe kumadzulo, ndikuwoloka gawo la Sahara, nkhalango zowoneka bwino ndikuima ku South Africa. Zitsamba zobwera kum'mawa kwa Elbe zikuuluka kupita ku Bosphorus, ndikuwuluka mozungulira Nyanja ya Mediterranean kudutsa Syria, Israel, kudutsa kumpoto kwa Nyanja Yofiira, Egypt, ndikuwuluka mumtsinje wa Nile ndikupita ku South Africa. Mitundu yoyenda ku Turkestan ya dokowe yoyera nthawi zambiri nyengo yozizira ku India, ku Ceylon, koma anthu ena amadikirira nyengo yozizira m'chigawo cha Syr Darya ku Central Asia komanso kumapiri a Talysh ku Transcaucasia.

Mbawala zoyera zimakhazikika pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, chifukwa ndi zofunikira kuti iwo azitha kumanga zisa zawo “pamapiri opangidwa ndi anthu”. Anthu pawokha nthawi zambiri “amathandizira” mbalame pomanga, kupanga chisa cha chisa chake ndi manja awo kapena kupanga maziko ake: mawilo kapena nsanja zapadera zomwe mbalamezo zimayika chisa chawo chamtsogolo pamiyala, mitengo kapena nyumba zapafamu.

• Dokowe wakuda(Ciconia nigra)

mtundu womwe umapewa anthu. Kukhazikika kwake kumakhala kofikirako kwakukulu ku Eurasia: kuchokera ku Scandinavia ndi ku Iberia Peninsula kupita kumadera akutali a Kum'mawa. Gawo lakumpoto logawika limafanana ndi 61 ndi 63 zofananira, chakumwera chimadutsa ku Balkan, Crimea, Transcaucasia, Iran, Central Asia, Mongolia, komanso pakati pa China. Gulugufe wakuda nyengo ya Africa, ku India ndi China. Ku Africa, mbalame siziuluka mopitirira kuposa Ikweta. Zowona, kumwera kwa madera enieni a anthu omwe amabwera kumeneko nthawi zonse osamukirako ndikukhalabe kwathunthu.

Mtundu wa mbalame zamtunduwu umawongoleredwa ndi wakuda, pomwe maula akuda amatulutsa amadyera, amkuwa kapena ofiirira. Nthenga zoyera zimamera kokha pakatipa kakang'ono, kumbuyo kwa chifuwa ndi zigawo za axillary. Mlomo wa mbalame umayenda pang'ono kupita m'mwamba.Miyendo, mulomo ndi khungu kuzungulira maso ndi zofiira. Iris ndi yofiirira. Achichepere amakhala ndi maula oyera, pomwe miyendo ndi mlomo wa ana aang ono zimakhala ndi imvi yobiriwira. Kulemera kwa dokowe wakuda sikupitirira 3 kg, thupi limatha kutalika mita 1. Kutalika kwa mapiko kumasiyana kuchokera pa 52 mpaka 61 masentimita, kutalika kwa metatarsus ndi 18-20 masentimita, mchirawo umakula mpaka 19-25 masentimita, ndipo kutalika kwa mulomo kumafika masentimita 16-19.5.

Dokowe wakuda amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira, zilumba pakati pa madambo komanso malo ena osafikirika. Amakonza zisa pamitengo yotalikirana ya mitengo yayitali, 1.5-2 mita kuchokera pa thunthu. Amakhala ndi nthambi za makulidwe osiyanasiyana ophatikizika pansi ndi tambo. M'malo opanda mapiri, mbalamezi zimasankha miyala, miyala, ndi zina. Awiri a agalu nthawi zonse amakhala ndi zisa padera achibale. Nkhondo nthawi zambiri zimakhala pamtunda wa 6 km kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzake. M'malo ena, mwachitsanzo, Eastern Transcaucasia, mtunda pakati pawo umachepetsedwa 1 km, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale zisa ziwiri zimapezeka pamtengo womwewo.

Mu clutch pali mazira atatu mpaka 5, omwe ali ocheperako kuposa agulu loyera. Mbawala zamtambo zimakutidwa ndi oyera kapena imvi, ndipo milomo yawo imakhala lalanje kumunsi ndipo imayera chikasu pamapeto pake. Choyamba, ana agalu akuda amama, kenako amakhala m chisa ndipo atatha masiku 35 mpaka 40 atayamba kuimirira. Ana agalu amtunduwu amatuluka chisa m'masiku 64-65 atabadwa. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina, agulu akuda amatha kufuula. Amatchulira mawu okwera komanso otsika, ofanana ndi "chi-li". Mbalame zamchere sizimakhota nthawi zambiri komanso zimakhala phokoso kwambiri kuposa nthenga zoyera.

• Chikwangwani choyera(Ciconia abdimii)

Uwu ndi mtundu wamtchire wa ku Africa womwe umachokera ku Ethiopia mpaka ku South Africa.

Imodzi mwa agulu aang'ono kwambiri, mpaka 73 cm. Kulemera kwa mbalameyo ndi kilogalamu imodzi. Mtunduwo umayang'aniridwa ndi wakuda, yoyera yokha chifuwa komanso kufinya. Mlomo, mosiyana ndi mitundu yambiri, ndi imvi. Miyendo ndi yofiyira. Chodabwitsa pakati pa mbawala yoyera ndi kupindika kwa khungu kuzungulira maso mkati mwa nthawi yakukhwima. Maso pawokha ali ndi utoto wofiira. Akazi ndi ocheperako kuposa amuna. Ikani mazira 2-3.

• Chumba choyera(Ciconia episcopus) ili ndi masamba atatu:
  • Ciconia episcopus episcopus amakhala kumapiri a Hindustan, Indochina ndi Islands Islands,
  • Ciconia episcopus microscelis opezeka ku Uganda ndi Kenya - mayiko otentha ku Africa,
  • Ciconia episcopus kunyalanyaza -Munthu wokhala pachilumba cha Java ndi zilumba zomwe zili pamalire a mayiko aku Asia ndi Australia.

Kutalika kwa mbuluzi kumasiyana masentimita 80 mpaka 90. Nape, khosi ndi chifuwa chapamwamba cha mbalame ndizoyera komanso zotentha. Nthenga zokhala m'mimba ndi mchira wake ndi zoyera. Mutu pamwamba ndi wakuda, ngati kuti wavala chipewa. Mapiko ndi thupi lakumaso ndi lakuda bii, ndimtambo wofiyira pamapewa, ndipo malekezero a mapikowo amatembenuka ndimtambo wonyezimira. Ana agulugufe oyera amakhala m'magulu kapena awiriawiri pafupi ndi madzi.

• Chitsamba cha ubweya wa Malaika(Ciconia mkuntho)

mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri, yomwe ili pafupi kutha. Padziko lonse lapansi pali anthu 400 kapena 500. Kukula kwa mbalame ndi kocheperako: kuchokera pa 75 mpaka 91 cm. Khosi ndi loyera. Mutu wa dokosi wavala chisoti chachifumu. Khungu lopanda tsitsi lomwe limakhala ndi mtundu wachikasu ndi wachikasu kuzungulira maso. Mlomo ndi miyendo ndizofiyira.

Ana agulu opakidwa ndi ubweya wa ku Melika amakhala pachilumba china cha Indonesia, ku Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei. Amakhala okha kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, ndipo amakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje yamadzi abwino ozungulira nkhalango.

• Dokowe waku America(Ciconia maguari)

nthumwi ya Dziko Latsopano. Amakhala ku South America.

Chimawoneka ngati mbere yoyera kukula ndi mawonekedwe. Kusiyana: mchira wakuda, khungu lalanje-lalanje kuzungulira maso, imvi kumapeto kwake ndi mulomo wabuluu kumapeto kwake ndi khungu loyera lamaso. Anapiye a nkhumba amabadwa oyera, amakuda ndi zaka, kenako ndikupeza mtundu waubwino. Kutalika kwa mbalameyo kumafika masentimita 90, mapiko ndi 120 masentimita, ndipo chinzake chimalemera 3.5 kg. Amanga zisa zotsika: m'matchire, pamitengo yotsika komanso pansi, koma nthawi zonse amazunguliridwa ndi madzi.

• Nguluwe yofiyirira (Ciconia boyciana)

Mtundu wokhala ndi mayina ambiri: Chiweto cha Amur, dokowe waku China, Far East kapena far Eastern oyera. M'mbuyomu, mtunduwu unkawonedwa kuti ndi mtundu wa nkhumba yoyera. Koma, mosiyana ndi yoyera, dokowe wokhala wakuda amakhala ndi mlomo wakuda utali kutiwongo kupita kumtunda, miyendo yofiyira ndi lingaliro, kachifuwa kofiyira, chovala choyera, ndi chofiyira chakumaso kumakhala kumapeto kwa nthenga zina zakuda.

Anapiye a agalu a Amur ali ndi milomo yofiirira. Mwa achichepere, zakuda zimasinthidwa ndi bulauni. Kukula kwake, mbalameyi imakhala yayikulu kuposa abale ake: kutalika kwa mapiko ndi 62-67 masentimita, mulomo ndi masentimita 19.5-26, kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 1,15 m, dokowe limalemera mpaka 5.5 kg. Tizilombo ta Kum'maŵa Kwambiri timadyera nsomba zokha, mwachitsanzo crucian carp, m'chiuno.

Mayina onse a mbalame akuwonetsa malo omwe amakhala: Far East (Amur Region, Primorye, Ussuri Territory), kumpoto kwa China. Kuphatikiza apo, mtunduwu umapezeka ku Japan ndi Korea. Gulugufe wakuda nthawi yozizira makamaka kumwera kwa China, pachilumba cha Taiwan komanso m'dera la Hong Kong. Magulu ena amasamukira nyengo yachisanu kupita ku North Korea, South Korea, Japan, nthawi zina kukafika ku Philippines, Myanmar, Bangladesh ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India. Ku Japan, mbalame zimakhala nthawi yozizira komanso nthawi yozizira, osati kuuluka kumwera nthawi yachisanu. Pafupi ndi mwamunayo, dokowe wakuda samakhala, amakonda kukhala chisa m'nkhalango mitengo yayitali. Tizilombo titha kukhala nthambi zazitali komanso zotsika. Amakhala olemera kwambiri kuti nthawi zina nthambi sizitha kuthana ndi kukokera pansi, chifukwa zisa zake zimagwera pansi. Mu clutch pali mazira 3-5.

Chumba cha Far East ndi mtundu wosowa wotetezedwa ku Russia, Japan ndi China. Zalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia, China ndi Korea, komanso mu International Red Book. Mwachilengedwe, palibe anthu oposa 3,000.

Kubadwa kwa mbawala

Ana agulu amatsogolera nkhosa, kupatula nthawi yakubzala. Mbalame zimamanga zisa kuti zigwiritsenso ntchito, zimaziyika pamitengo, miyala, m'matanthwe, padenga la nyumba ndi nyumba zina.

• Mbawala zoyera zimatha kukhala ndi gulu lonse. Mwa njira, mbalame zamtunduwu zimayenda ndi anthu ndikukhazikika osati pamitengo, osati kutali ndi nyumba za anthu, komanso pamadenga a nyumba, nsanja zamadzi, mapaipi a fakitole, nsanja zopatsira mphamvu, mitengo ndi zina. Ana agalu oyera amasankha nyumba za anthu, chifukwa ndi zothandiza kupeza nesting, ngakhale mbalame sizifunikira anthu oyandikana nawo.
• Mbawala zakuda zimakhala kutali ndi anthu.

Kubwerera ku nthawi yozizira, abuluzi nthawi zambiri amakonzanso chisa chija, amachikongoletsa ndi timitengo, udzu, ndodo. Chisa chatsopano nthawi zambiri sichitha kupitirira mita imodzi, ndipo chakale, chitamalizidwa, chitha kufikira 2.3 m ndikulemera masentimita. Zimatenga pafupifupi masiku 8 kuti amange. Pafupi ndi chisa choyamba, agulu loyera amathanso kupanga chachiwiri, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kugona kapena kuteteza chisa choyamba. Nthawi zina agulu aang'ono, omwe sanakonzekere kubereketsa, samafuna kumanga chisa chawo ndikuyesa kugwira ena. Poterepa, bambo wachikulireyo akung'amba mkamwa mwake ndi kudziponyera wotsutsana naye. Okwatirana ena amakhala ndi zisa za mbalame zodyedwa.

Chapakatikati, yamphongo imawulukira chisa kaye ndikuyitanitsa mnzake - wamkazi aliyense wouluka. Zimachitika kuti chibwenzi chakalechi chibwerera kwa champhongo, ndipo ngati malo ake atengedwa, ndiye kuti kulimbana kumachitika pakati pa achikazi. Wopambana adatsala, ndipo wotsutsa wake ayenera kuuluka. Akatswiri ambiri amatsatira mtunduwu kuti agulugufe ndi mbalame zodumphadumpha ndipo zimawulukira ku chisa ndi abwenzi awo okhazikika, ndipo sizipanga awiriawiri atangofika.

Kukonza kapena kumanga zisa zikamalizidwa, masewera aubwenzi amayamba. M'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya agulu, mwambowu ndi wosiyana.

Mumatumba oyera, gule wamwamuna kapena wamkazi, amagwedeza ndi milomo yawo ndikuyamba kuwoneka ngati wokongola, naponya mitu yawo kumbuyo. Khungu pamphumi ndi pakhungu limatupa, ndikupanga gawo la kummero, lomwe limagwira ngati kupundulanso. Mbidzi zimadula milomo yawo, ndipo mawu ake amatuluka amakhala ngati akusweka. Wamphongo amakhala wakhama kwambiri kuposa wamkazi. Imatha kuzungulira pamwamba pa chisa, kukwera ndi kugwa kwambiri. Ngati wamkazi amakhala mchisa, amayesetsa kuinyamula, ndikudula mnzake ndi mlomo wake ndikudziyandikira pafupi nawo. Akaziwo akadzuka, kulumikizana kumachitika, pomwe yamphongo imagwera kwa mnzake, ikugwedeza miyendo yake ndikukhomerera mapiko ake.

Anapiye akuda samaponyera mitu yawo ndipo samadula milomo yawo. Amawoneka kuti amagwadana wina ndi mnzake kapena kuyenda ndi khosi lalitali, woweramitsidwa mutu ndi mulomo atakanikizidwa kukhosi. Nthawi ndi nthawi, amakoka milomo yawo m'misempha ya mutu kapena khosi la mnzake.

Yaikazi imayikira mazira 3-5, kuyamba kuyambitsa kuyamwa iwo ngakhale isanathe kuikidwa. Mazira a dokowe ndi zoyera, ndi granular pamwamba, elong. Amalemera pafupifupi 120 g.

Kubwatchera kumatenga masiku 30. Makolonu onse amatchera tiana: Nthawi zambiri yamphongo imachita izi masana, ndipo wamkazi usiku. Chichewa amabadwa ali khungu, koma kuyamba kuwona patatha maola ochepa.

Ana agogo obadwa kumene amaphimbidwa ndi zoyera pansi, miyendo yawo ndi yapinki ndipo mulomo wawo ndi wakuda. Second fluff amawonekera patatha sabata. Ngati chithaphwi choyera, pakatha masiku 16, mbalamezo zimayamba kuyimirira. Pofika tsiku la 25 amangoima miyendo yonse, ndipo atatha masiku 10 amatha kuyimirira mwendo umodzi. Masiku 70 atabadwa, achichepere amachoka chisa. Anapiye akuda amamera pang'onopang'ono.

Sizovuta kudyetsa ana a nkhumba zowonda. Amuna ndi akazi onse amatenga nawo mbali pakudyetsa. Chimodzi mwa izo chili pafupi ndi anapiye, chinacho chikuuluka. Kuphatikiza apo, mwana wamwamuna wa dokowe amasintha chisa chake, kubweretsa zida zomanga zosiyanasiyana: nthambi, udzu, nthambi. Podikirira chakudya, anawo amadula mulomo wawo. Ngati makolo apukutira anapiyewo ndikutaya chakudya kummero, mbuluzi amazigwira ndikuuluka kapena kuzisonkhanitsa pansi pa chisa. Kukula, anapiye amang'amba chakudya kuchokera kwa makolo awo pamlomo.

Bambo ndi mayi amasamalira ana awo mokoma mtima. Mbalame, yomwe imakhala chisa chokhala ndi adokowe, m'masiku otentha imawateteza ku dzuwa, kuyimirira pamwamba pawo ndi mapiko otambalala. Makolo amabweretsa madzi m'milomo yawo kuti amwetsere tiana kapena kuti asambe. Koma ana, odwala, ofooka, okhala ndi majeremusi amangoponyedwa m'chisa ndi abuluzi.

Ana agulu akuyamba kuwuluka amakhala ochepa malo okhala chisa chawo. Banja lonse limasonkhana m'mudzimo. Kenako anapiyewo amawuluka kwina, ndipo pamapeto pake, mbalame zimayamba kupanga. Mbawala zimachoka m'mawa kwambiri: woyamba kenako wamkulu. Ndipo ngakhale achichepere amauluka popanda woperekeza, chitsogozo chimawatsogolera m'njira yoyenera. Zinakhazikitsidwa kuti nthawi yakuchokako sikugwirizana chilichonse ndi kuzizira, kapena zopanda pake. Koma nthawi yamoyo ya mbalamezi imakonzedwa mwanjira yoti ifike nthawi yotentha nthawi yeniyeniyo, yomwe imafunikira kubereketsa. Ana a agalu amayamba nesting ali ndi zaka 3-4. Nthawi zina izi zimachitika kale, patatha zaka ziwiri, kapena pambuyo pake - mpaka zaka 6.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa dokowe ndi heron?

• Ana agalu ndi amodzi mwa dongosolo la ciconiiformes, banja la abulu. Herons ndi m'gulu la ma Ciconiiformes, banja la azikulu.
• Ana agalu ndi mbalame zomwe zimakhala ndi mbalame zambiri kuposa nkhumba.
• Mosiyana ndi agulugufe, khosi la zitsamba limakhala loonda kwambiri komanso lalitali.
• Pakuuluka, aguluguwa amapititsa khosi kutsogolo, komwe sikukutulutsa zitsamba.

Kumanzere kuli nsomba yayikulu ya buluu, kumanja kuli nguluwe yoyera. Wolemba chithunzicho kumanzere: Cephas, CC BY-SA 4.0, wolemba chithunzi kumanja: sipa, CC0.

• Kusiyana pakati pa dokowe ndi heron ndi kutalika kwa zala. Mbidzi ndi zazifupi kwambiri kuposa mbewa.
• Zitsamba zimakhala ndikugwira nyama m'malo osasamba, malo osefukira komwe ma stork, chifukwa cha zala zawo, zimakhala zovuta. Chifukwa chake, agulugufe amadya pamtunda kwambiri.
• Ana agulugufe amawuluka mlengalenga, pomwe ziwulu zimawuluka, zikuwuluka mapiko awo ndipo nthawi zina zimakonzekera.
• Mu stork, sternum imakhala ndi mawonekedwe apakati, mu heron, sternum ndi yayitali.
• Maudzu a agulu samasiya zisa kuti akwere mitengo. Mbuto zazing'ono zazikazi, m'malo mwake, zikuyenda kuchoka ku nthambi kupita ku nthambi, kugwiritsa ntchito miyendo, milomo, mapiko osapsa.
• Zitsamba sizikonza zisa m'miyala ndi m'miyala, mosiyana ndi agulu.

Grey heron kumanzere, mbulu wakuda kumanja. Wolemba chithunzicho kumanzere: Barbara Walsh, CC BY 2.0, wolemba chithunzi kumanja: Johann Jaritz, CC BY-SA 3.0 ku.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa kakhwangwala ndi dokowe?

• Agulu ndi akhwangwala ndi oimira osiyanasiyana. Dokowe ndi gawo la ciconiiformes, banja la abulu. Khwangwala ndi mbalame yochokera kuma cran, banja la akhanu.
• Mlomo wa akhwangwala siwotalikirapo ngati wa dokowe.
• M'minda yambiri yamakhola mumakhala nthenga zosalala, zazitali. Mu mbawala, zimakhala zolimba komanso zazifupi.
• Cranes amapanga mawu osokosera ndipo amveka kwambiri. Ana ambiri a dokowe alibe mawu (kupatula kwa dokowe wakuda), amangodziwika kokha mwa kuwonekera kwa mulomo.
• Kusiyana pakati pa mbalame kumawonedwa pakudya kwawo. Ana agulu amadya nyama zochepa zokha. Korona, mosiyana ndi dokowe, amakhala wowonda kwambiri: amadya zipatso ndi njere zamasamba, mphukira zamasamba osiyanasiyana ndi chimanga. Cranes amadya zochepa nyama.
• Cranes zimangokhala m'malo otetezeka. Kuphatikiza pa maiwe, abuluzi amasankhanso malo otseguka, kuphatikizaponso malo okhala.

Kumanzere kuli kakhwangwala waku America, kumanja kuli nkhata yoyera. Wolemba chithunzicho kumanzere: Ryan Hagerty / USFWS, Public Domain, wolemba chithunzi kumanja: dassel, CC0.

• Masewera achikwati a abuluzi ndi zikwangwani zimasiyana.
• Mbidzi zimamanga zisa zawo pamwamba pamtunda: pamitengo, mitengo, padenga la nyumba, miyala. Cranes sizimakhala pamitengo, ndipo zisa zimakonzedwa pansi. Zisa zaku Cranes ndizochepa kukula.
• Cranes imayikira mazira 1-2, abulu 3-5 mazira.
• Makolonu onse amapatsira mazira agalu, achikazi okha ndi akhwangwala, ndipo amphongo amateteza.
• Ma Cranes amapanga awiriawiri moyo, amakhala limodzi ngakhale akuwuluka m'gulu. Ana agulu amatha kupanga awiriawiri nyengo iliyonse.
• Akauluka nyengo yozizira, akambuku amakondana, agulugufe amawuluka pagululo.
• Makina oyendetsa ndege akuuluka nawonso amawuluka mapiko awo, akumangolira pansi. Mbawala zimakonda kuwuluka.
• Mitundu ina ya agulugufe, makamaka agwedwe oyera, saopa anthu ndipo amakhala pafupi nawo. Cranes amaopa anthu ndipo amakonda kukhala kutali nawo.

Kumanzere kuli khungubwe imvi, kumanja kuli nguluwe yoyera. Wolemba chithunzicho kumanzere: Vyh Pichmann, CC BY-SA 3.0, wolemba chithunzi kumanja: susannp4, CC0.