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Mitundu: Placerias - woyamba wa zolengedwa zoyamwitsa

Placerias (Placerias) - dicynodont wamkulu, yemwe adakhala kumapeto kwa Triassic (zaka 221-210 miliyoni). Mafupa a Placerias atapezeka anapezeka koyamba mu ma Carney amana ku North America (Arizona). Buluzi adayamba kufotokozedwa ndi Lucas mu 1904 ndipo akuimira mitundu yokhayo ya Placerias hesternus.

Placerias ndi a banja la a Kannemeyeridae. Ndi nthumwi yayikulu ya gulu lino la nthawi yomaliza kukhala padziko lapansi.

Dicynodont yakale imapanga chigaza chachikulu chokhala ndi mutu wapamwamba kumbuyo kwa mutu. Mlomo wa nyanga ya Placerias ndi mawonekedwe a dicynodonts onse.

Placerias (lat.Placerias)

Popanda ma fang, adapangidwa mwamphamvu, makamaka amuna, nsagwada. Utali wonse wa nyamayo unali wamtali pafupifupi 3, kutalika kwa 1.6 mamita .. Ndi kulemera kwake pafupifupi tani.

Mafupa a Placerias.

Placerias anali ndi thupi lozungulira komanso lokhala ndi miyendo yolimba ndi mchira wamfupi. Kutengera pofufuza mbali yamatsenga ya chigaza, akatswiri a ma paleont atawona kuti buluzi wadyera pazomera. Mlomo wake wolimba komanso wolimba umatha kuthandiza nyamayo kuti ichotse khungwa pamitengoyi. Chiwerengero cha nyama zomwe zapezeka zakale, komanso mawonekedwe ake zimafotokoza zaubweya wa zolengedwa izi. Anthu osiyanasiyana a Placerias amawonetsa dimorphism popanga ma siki.

Kukula kwa Placerias.

Fuko la Placerini likuyimiridwa ndi mitundu ina iwiri ya dicynodonts - Mogreberia (Moghreberia) kuchokera ku Late Triassic nyengo (Morocco) ndi Ishigualastia (Ischigualastia jenseni) kuchokera ku Carney nyengo (Argentina). Mitundu iwiri ya dicynodonts ndi yayikulu komanso yofanana ndi Placerias. Kusiyana kuli kapangidwe ka chigaza. Mogreberia anali ndi ma fangs enieni, Ishigualastia analibe ma fang ndipo mafupa a m'nsagwada amapitilira. Komabe, Ishigualastia anali wamkulu kwambiri pamtundu wa dicynodonts ndipo anali wolemera kuposa tani.

Chitsanzo cha Placerias.

Mu nthawi ya Karney, ma crocodilomorphs anapezeka. Oimira izi zapamwamba - ravizuhi ndi presozuhi mwina amasaka ma dicynodonts. M'dziko lathu, m'chigawo cha Orenburg, pakufukula kwa Middle Triassic nyengo, zidutswa za taya la kumtunda kwa dicinodont yaying'ono yofanana ndi Placerias zidapezeka. Momwe amapezekera amatchedwa Edaxosaurus edentatus.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Kusintha kwa theiodonts

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, Tatarinov adalankhula za lingaliro ili mu 1976. Ndi iye - bambo amene anazindikira kukula kwa zolengedwa zoyamwitsa m'magulu osiyana a terapsids, ma synapsid ndi mariodonts. Pambuyo pake, adasankha tanthauzo lodziwika bwino loti mammalian theriodonts.

Kukula ndi kusinthika kwa zolengedwa zoyamwitsa kuyambira zakale mpaka zamakono, malinga ndi ofufuza, zidayamba zaka 225 miliyoni zapitazo. Izi ndichifukwa choti nthumwi zina zanyama zakhala ndi mwayi wokweza kuchuluka kwa kagayidwe kazinthu, kuwonjezera kutentha kwawo kwa thupi komanso kuthekera kuzilamulira zokha. Maluso atsopano omwe adatsagana ndi kusintha kwa ndege yathupi:

• Kapangidwe ka mitu yamaukosi.
• Kukula kwa minofu ya zida za taya.
• Mano amasintha.
• M'kamwa mwa mafupa awiriwo munapangidwa nyama, chifukwa nyama zambiri zimatha kupumira pakudya.
• Mtima udagawika m'zipinda zinayi, kotero magazi ochepa komanso a venous samasakanikirana.

Maonekedwe a zinyama

Late Cretaceous amadziwika chifukwa chinali nthawi iyi kuti zolengedwa zoyambirira zimawonekera. Oimira akale, makamaka, ndi chitetezo cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mawonekedwe awo anali ofanana kwambiri: cholengedwa chamwazi wamagazi ofunda ndi malaya otuwa komanso miyendo yamiyendo isanu. Mphuno yakutali inali ndi mawonekedwe a phenoscis ndipo inathandizira nyamayo kufunafuna tizilombo ndi mphutsi.

Zambiri mwa zinthu zakale zakale zomwe zapezeka mu Cretaceous deposits of Mongolia ndi Central Asia. Makolo awo amatchedwa obwezeretsa omwe ali m'gulu la nyama za synapsid. Gululi ndi lomwe linapanga gulu lazinyama zobiriwira. Pakati pawo, oimira anzawo akuwonekera, omwe adakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi zinyama.

Ma Synapsid

Nthawi ya Mesozoic idapanga zikhalidwe zonse zachitukuko zokhala nazo zokwawa ndi zonse zomwe zimakonda kukhala ndi abuluzi enieni. Mbiri inawakumbukira pansi pa dzina "ma dinosaurs." Nyama zinali kuyesera kupulumuka pakati pawo, motero adakakamizidwa kuti achepetse kukula kwawo, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwawo ndikupita mumthunzi, wokhala ndi gawo lachiwiri lachilengedwe, ndikupatsa ulemu kwa nyama zina. Kusangalala kwawo kudzayamba mtsogolo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo komanso kutsika kwa kupweteka kwa pakhungu.

Dictodon

Zaka zokhala ndi zotsalazo zichokera zaka 252 miliyoni. Ichi ndi imodzi mwazinyama zakale kwambiri, zomwe zinali ndi ma taya pachifuwa. Kutalika kwa thupi lake sikunapitirire masentimita 80. Diictodon ankakhala kudera lamakono ku Europe ngakhale asanaoneke oyamba. Pambuyo pake, kuchokera kwa iye komwe makolo a zolengedwa zoyamwitsa adatsika.

Dvinia

Ichi ndi chilombo chooneka ngati nyama, cha gulu la cynodonts. Nthawi yawo ndi kutha kwa nthawi ya Permian. Otsalira oyamba anapezeka m'dera la Arkhangelsk. Mafupa ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 250 miliyoni. Ofufuzawo amakhulupirira kuti zolengedwa zoyamwitsa zonsezo zimachokera kwa iwo.

Nyamayi inali pafupifupi masentimita 50 kutalika. Inali ndi chovala chaubweya komanso mano ofanana ndi zida za nsagwada za abere. Zovuta:

• Pankhope panali chida chovala, vibrissa, chomwe chimathandiza pakusaka.
• Kukhala ndi magazi ofunda, chifukwa chomwe nyamayo sinadalire kutentha kwake.

Mwachiwonekere, mzera wobadwirawu unali wopatsa chidwi. Ngakhale zambiri zofanana, ubongo wake unali wakale kwambiri kuposa wa zolengedwa zosavuta kwambiri.

Didelfodon

Zaka za zotsalazo zikuchokera zaka 65 miliyoni zapitazo. Dera lomwe mungakhale - USA, Montana, Australia, South America. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinyama zakale zomwe zimatsika.

Kutalika kwa didelphodone sikunapitirire mita imodzi, ndipo kulemera kwake kunali pafupifupi 20 kilogalamu. Iye anali ndi maso owoneka bwino, choncho anthu ena amaganiza kuti chilombocho chinali munthu wokhala usiku. Amadya nyama zazing'ono, tizilombo, mazira a dinosaur ndi zovunda zilizonse zomwe zimapezeka.

Mtetezi

Chinyama choyambirira chooneka ngati hatchi, chotchedwa brontotherium, chomwe chinakula kuyambira kumapeto kwa Eocene mpaka pakati pa Oligocene. Maonekedwe ake amafanana ndi chipembere kapena mvuu yayikulu, yomwe inali ndi miyendo yayikulu ndi miyendo itatu. Misa - 1 toni. Zoyipa zakuthwa zakwera pa nsagwada kumtunda ndi kutsika, zimakupatsani mwayi kutsina udzu pafupi ndi dziwe.

Zambiri mwa zotsalira zimapezeka ku North America. Zaka zawo zatsimikizika pamlingo wazaka 35 miliyoni zapitazo. Malinga ndi ofufuza, moyo wawo unali wokumbutsa za mvuu zamakono. Masana anagona m'madzi osaya, ndipo madzulo amapita ku udzu.

Makhalid

Awa ndi anyani akuluakulu. Amakhulupirira kuti abale ake adadzakhala makolo akale a anthu amakono. Nthawi ya mawonekedwe awo ikugwera nyengo kuyambira zaka 6 miliyoni zapitazo.

Ankakhala ku Africa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, amuna awiri kapena atatu, akazi angapo ndi ana wamba. Maziko a chakudya chawo anali mbewu ndi njere. Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuchepetsa ma fangs ndi chiyambi chakuyenda mowongoka, popeza pakati pa ntunda zazitali, zoyenda ndi miyendo inayi, kudali kovuta kuwona zolusa.Chisinthiko chaubongo wa zolengedwa zoyamwitsa chidalipo pachigawo choyambirira, kotero kuchuluka kwa nkhani ya imvi kudali kotsika pazomwe zili m'bokosi lakale la anthu akale.

African Australopithecus ndichizindikiro chomwe kutalika kwake sikupita masentimita 150. Ofufuzawo akuti adagwiritsa ntchito miyala, nthambi ndi zidutswa za mafupa, kuti ntchito yake ikhale yosavuta. Mzere wake umachokera ku Afar Australopithecus, womwe umadziwika kuti ndi kholo la mtundu wa anthu.

Munthu wakunja

Oimira mochedwa aanthu. Amakhulupirira kuti Neanderthals adawonekera ku Africa zaka 400,000 zapitazo. Pambuyo pake, adakhazikika ku Europe ndi Asia (munthawi ya ayezi). Mamembala omaliza aanthu adamwalira zaka 40,000 zapitazo.

Kwa nthawi yayitali, ofufuza onse adawona ku Neanderthal kholo lokhalo la anthu amakono. Chiphunzitsochi chadziwika tsopano kuti mitundu yonse (Neanderthals ndi anthu amakono) adachokera ku kholo limodzi. Kwa kanthawi, iwo anali kukhalamo.

Kukula kwa Neanderthal wamba kunali pafupifupi masentimita 163, thupi linali lamphamvu komanso lamphamvu, limasinthidwa kumagawo okhala ndi zovuta m'moyo. Chigoba chake chinali chamtondo, chokhala ndi nsagwada zamphamvu ndi zamphamvu, zotumphukira m'maso. Kapangidwe ka chigaza chimawonetsa masomphenya akuthwa komanso zoyankhula. Amadziwa kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosavuta ndipo adakhala mtundu wa anthu.

Nyama zoyambirira

Mwa oimira akale, tiziwiti thukuta limasinthidwa kuti lipange gland ya mammary. Mwinanso, poyamba sanadyetse ana awo, koma anali oledzera, kuwapatsa mwayi wambiri wamadzi ndi mchere. Mano adasinthira kenako, ndikugawana zolengedwa zoyambirira kukhala magulu awiri - cuneotheriid ndi morganukodontid.

Chingwe china, chomwe chimatchedwa pantotherium, chimasinthidwa bwino ndi momwe moyo ukusinthira mofulumira. Kunja, amafanana ndi nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimadya tizilombo, mazira ndi ana a nyama zina. Kwa nthawi imeneyi, kukula kwa ubongo wawo kunali kocheperako, koma kale yokulirapo kuposa nyama zina. Mapeto a nthawi ya Mesozoic inali yodziwikiratu zamtunduwu, ndikuzigawa m'magulu awiri osiyana - apamwamba okhala mmalo mozama komanso otsika.

Kumayambiriro kwa Cretaceous, nyama zam'malo zidawonekera. Monga momwe kupitila kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe kwasonyezera, mitunduyi yakhala ikuyenda bwino kwambiri.

Kukula kwa zolengedwa zakale kukhala nyama zamakono

Beetles adakhalapo ndi Upper Triassic. Zotsalira za zolengedwa zakale zakale zimapezeka ku Jurassic deposits.

Pambuyo pake, zolengedwa zachilengedwe zokhala ndi mitundu yambiri zimachokera ku nyama zokhala ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Kumayambiriro kwa nyengo ya Cretaceous, magawo awiri ogawanika, ndikupanga mzere wa cetaceans ndi makoswe. Awo omwe amadya tizilombo amapanga mizere yambiri: mileme, anyani, ma neurites, ndi zina zotero. Zamoyo zopanda nyama zomwe zinalekana, ndikupanga zolengedwa zodziyimira pawokha, zomwe pamapeto pake zinayambitsa nyama zolusa komanso zosakonda. Kuchokera pamabodza akale, otchedwa creodonts, mapini adasinthika, kuchokera kwa oyamba akale - artiodactyls, artiodactyls ndi proboscis. Pamapeto pa nthawi ya Cenozoic, zolengedwa zachilengedwe zanyumba zomwe zidakhala munyengo yayikulu zachilengedwe. Mwa izi, nyama 31 zidapangidwa, 17 mwa izo zikukhala lero.

Nyama zakale kwambiri ndizomwe zimadya tizilombo. Kunja, amafanana ndi nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimatha kukhala pamtunda ndi mitengo. Tizilombo tosunthira m'mitengo, m'mene zimasinthira miyendo ya zinyama, tinayamba kupanga mapulani, kenako kuuluka, ndikupanga mileme. Mitundu yokwanira idakulira, zomwe zidawalola kupita kukasaka masewera akuluakulu, omwe adawalola kupanga gulu la olemba. Popita nthawi, adapereka njira kwa makolo akale a nyama zamakono kuchokera ku Garnivora. Amphaka otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi anaonekera ku Neogene.

Ku Paleogene konse, nyama zolusa zimapanga mizere iwiri yofanana: zikhadabo ndi zoweta zapadziko lapansi. Malipini ankakhala matupi onse amadzi ndipo anakhala mafumu a nyanja.

Oimira ena a creodonts, omwe adasinthiratu zakudya zawo zamasiku onse kuti adye zakudya, adakhala makolo opanga mpweya, kutanthauza oyamba kumene.

Ndi chiyambi cha Eocene, mizimu ya makoswe, aardvark, anyani, ndi ma neurotubes olekanitsidwa ndi safetivores ndipo adapanga zolengedwa zachilengedwe zodziyimira payokha.

Kusintha kwa mbalame ndi zinyama zikupitilira mu nthawi yonse ya Cenozoic. Maluwa oyambilira adawonekera, omwe adakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakudya kwam'mawa tsiku lililonse. Zamoyo zimasintha nthawi ndi nthawi, zomwe zimapangitsa nyama kuti izolowere moyo watsopano. Mbalame zakale ndi zolengedwa zakale zomwe zidakwaniritsa zolinga zawo zidasintha ndipo pang'onopang'ono zidasowa, ndipo ana awo m'badwo uliwonse watsopano adakula komanso kukhala angwiro. Koma njira zakulekanirana kwa ma kontinentiyo zidapanga madera olekanitsidwa ndi dziko lonse lapansi, momwe mitundu yoyambirira ya nyama imakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri.

Pa tsiku lokhala ndi alendo, Australia idapatuka kumayiko ena. Popita nthawi, South America idachoka ku North. Zotsatira zake, mitundu yachilengedwe yomwe imakhala m'gawo lino idadzipangira payokha.

Niche yachilengedwe yayikulu ku South America idasungiratu malo okhala, omwe, chifukwa chosowa mpikisano, adapitilizabe kukulira. Kuchokera pazinyama zazing'ono zokongoletsa zomwe sizidapitirire kukula kwa phenamu m'magawo awo, adasanduka nyama zazikulu, zotchedwa tiger-toothed tiger.

Panthawi ya kusinthidwa kwa gulu la mammala, mitundu ikuluikulu ya anyani, armadillos ndi sloths idawonekera. Khola lokhalapo la nyama zokhala marsupials ndi zolengedwa zanyanjayi zimatha kumapeto kwa Pliocene. Pakadali pano, gulu laling'ono limapangidwa, kulumikiza North ndi South America. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu nthawi yayitali kwambiri, nyama zakumwera zimakumana ndi anansi awo akumpoto. Omwe anali oyambira kwambiri, motero amafafaniza anthu okhala pansi ndi osagawana nawo. Ma armadillos akuluakulu ndi malo osalala okha ndi omwe angapite kupitirira dera lakumpoto, mpaka kukafika kudera la Alaska.

Ku gawo la Eurasia ndi North America, magawo onse a kusintha kwa zolengedwa zachilengedwe anadutsa opanda njovu komanso njovu. Chifukwa cha ma paleontologists, kupanga mahatchi, komwe makamaka kunachitika ku North America, kunawerengedwa mwatsatanetsatane. Mkulu wawo wakale amadziwika kuti ndi hyracoteria kapena eogippus, yemwe kukhalapo kwake kumagwera pa nthawi ya Paleocene. Chakudya cha gyracoterium chinali masamba okhwima a zitsamba, ndipo mayendedwe awo m'malo ozungulira anali othamanga kwambiri.

Malo odyetserako ziweto zakale ankapereka mwayi kwa mahatchi kuti asayang'ane chakudya, kubudula baka ndi mphukira zazing'ono, koma kuti azidyetsa modekha m'zidikha zazikulu. Oimira ena amtunduwo adangoyendayenda kuthengo lalikulu, kusamalira kukula kwa phokalo. Adapanga nyama ya m'chiuno, yomwe kenako idafalikira ku Europe ndi North America. Pazomwe amadya anali mbewu zazing'ono ndi masamba pamitengo ndi zitsamba. Iwo anali ndi mpikisano pamaso pa ziphuphu zazing'onoting'ono zokhala ndi miyendo yayitali, yomwe anthu sakanatha kupirira kuthana ndi mahatchi ndipo anatha.

Zotsalira zina za mahulewo zinaoneka ngati mvuu zamakono. Pali mitundu ina yomwe idakula kwambiri. Wodziwika kwambiri mwa iwo anali Baluchiterium - nyama yayikulu kwambiri yomwe idakhalapo Padziko lapansi. Kukula kwa oyimira payekhapayokha amtunduwo kudutsa mita 6, zomwe zidawalola kufikira masamba ndi mphukira za mitengo yayitali kwambiri.

Kukula kwa njovu kunalinso kovuta. Mapangidwe awo omaliza adachitika munthawi ya Neogene.Panthawi imeneyi, mitundu ya Cenozoic ya makolo a njovu idayamba kutafuna chakudya mosiyanasiyana - kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo, kusunthira mbali imodzi. Kusintha kwakukuru mu zida za masticatory zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri a mutu wa njovu.

Nthawi ya Cretaceous idasinthanso gawo la oyambira. Adawoneka zaka 80 miliyoni zapitazo, mawonekedwe ake amafanana ndi nyama zamakono, monga tarsiers kapena mandimu. Ndi chiyambi cha Paleogene, magawidwe awo kukhala oyimilira otsika komanso a humanoid adayamba. Pafupifupi zaka 12 miliyoni zapitazo, ramapitek adawoneka - choyambirira choyamba chomwe chimafanana ndi anthu. Malo omwe amakhala ndi India ndi Africa.

Zaka 5 miliyoni zapitazo, woyamba wa ku Australia adatulukira ku Africa - achibale apamtunduwu, omwe ndi anyani, koma amadziwa momwe angayendere ndi miyendo iwiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zopangira kunyumba tsiku ndi tsiku. Pafupifupi zaka 2500000 zapitazo, adayamba kusinthana ndi ntchito za anthu, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mabwinja apadera a Australopithecus opezeka ndi paleontologists ku East Africa. Kuyamba kwa Paleolithic kudasiya chidziwitso m'mbiri chifukwa anthu oyamba adawonekera munthawiyi.

Zofunikira zazikulu za mafumu a nyama

Chifukwa cha chisinthiko, zolengedwa zoyamwitsa zafika gulu lalikulu kwambiri la ma vertebrates, omwe adatenga gawo lalikulu mu ufumu wa nyama. Bungwe lawo lalikulu liyenera kusamalidwa mwapadera:

1. Thermoregulation thupi, kupereka kutentha mosalekeza kwa chamoyo chonse. Izi zidapangitsa kuti zolengedwa zoyamwitsa zisamadalire nyengo zina.
2. Nyama ndi nyama zolengedwa. Nthawi zambiri, amadyetsa ana awo mkaka, amasamalira ana kufikira zaka zina.
3. M'gulu la mamiliyoni lokha ndi momwe masinthidwe adasintha dongosolo lamanjenje. Izi zimapereka kulumikizana kwathunthu kwamankhwala onse amthupi komanso kusinthasintha kwina kulikonse.

Makhalidwe amenewa adathandizira kufalikira kwa zinyama pamtunda, m'madzi ndi m'mlengalenga. Ulamuliro wawo sunangofikira dziko la Antarctic lokha. Koma ngakhale pamenepo mutha kukumana ndi mphamvu zamphamvu izi pamaso pa zinzake ndi zisindikizo.