Mbatata Yobiriwira Wamkazi
Gulu la asayansi

Globodera rostochiensis Wollenweber, 1923

Mbatata Yobiriwira Wamkazi (Latin Globodera rostochiensis) - mtundu wodziwika bwino wa nematode womwe umamera pamizu ya mbatata ndi tomato, umakhudza mbewu zina kuchokera ku banja la nightshade.

Kukula kwa mbatata ya mbatata kumapezeka pamizu ya chomera. Zomera zodwala zimapanga zofooka zomwe zimatembenukira chikasu msanga. Thumba laling'ono limapangidwa, ndilochepa, ndipo nthawi zina kulibe.

Mbatata ya mbatata imayambitsa zowononga kwambiri m'minda yam'minda ndi m'minda yochepetsedwa, komwe mbatata sizinasinthidwe kapena kubwezeretsedwa pamalo ake oyamba mchaka chachiwiri kapena chachitatu. Zowonongeka pamera zingakhale 30-80%. Kuphatikiza pa kutaya mwachindunji, pali zotayika chifukwa choletsa kapena kuletsa kayendedwe ka zinthu kuchokera kumadera oyambitsa matenda, popeza kuti nematode ya mbatata ndi chinthu chokhacho chomwe chimayikidwa kunja ndi mkati.

Mbatata nematode imagawidwa makamaka mu gawo la cysts, omwe amatsatira zinthu zomwe zimakhudzana ndi dothi lovunda ndipo zimayendetsedwa kutali. Nthawi zambiri, ma cysts amatengedwa ndi zinthu zodzala, nthaka yotsalira pa tubers, mbewu za mizu ndi mababu, madzi amvula ndi mphepo.

Nematode ndi nyama zoyanjana. Akazi amakhala ndi mazira ovala, ma oviducts, chiberekero, komanso chitseko chosavala bwino chomwe chimatseguka mbali yamkati ya thupi. Wamphongo amakhala ndi testis imodzi yomwe ikudutsa mkati mosemphana ndi vas. Amalowa m'matumbo a kumbuyo atangotsala ndi anus. Feteleza ndi mkati. Wamphongo amakhala ndi masingano odukiza, mothandizidwa ndi iye amabweretsa umuna kuti umuna usathe.

Amachokera ku Andes waku South America. Yoyamba kupezeka ku Europe mu 1913 ku Germany ndi mbatata zotengera kunja. Amapezekanso ku Africa, Asia ndi Australia. Inapezeka koyamba ku USA mu 1941, ku Canada mu 1960s, ku Mexico m'ma 1970.

Mbatata nematode

Tonsefe timagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikiza kulima mbatata ndi nkhondo yolimbana ndi kachilomboka ku Colorado mbatata, akuti kulibe ndipo sikungakhale tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mbatata. Othandizira kuthana ndi zamankhwala nawonso amayang'ana kwambiri nkhondo yolimbana ndi kachilomboka ku Colorado mbatata, mphutsi zake, pakuwonongeka kwa ovipositor, komanso zolemba zokhudzana ndiukadaulo waulimi wa mbatata kachilomboka mbatata wa Colorado ndi kulimbana nawo nthawi zambiri kumatchulidwa.

M'malo mwake, nthawi zina nematode imakhala yowopsa kwambiri kuposa kachilomboka ka mbatata ya Colorado, komwe ndi kachilombo kowopsa kwambiri, komwe, mosiyana ndi kachilomboka ka mbatata ya Colorado, nthawi zina kumakhala kovuta ndipo nthawi zina nkosathetsa.

Biology ya tizilombo

Nematode palokha yaying'ono yozungulira worm-parasite, kukula kwawo kumatha kuonedwa kuti microscopic.

Ma Nematode ndi zolengedwa zachilengedwe, izi zidapezeka posachedwa, kale zimakhulupirira kuti nematode ndi hermaphrodite. Mawonekedwe a thupi la mathupi achikazi amazunguliridwa; amadziunjikira mazira. Chakumapeto kwa nyengo yotentha, ma nematodes achikazi amafa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kupangika kwa cyst, yomwe ili ndi chipolopolo chowoneka bwino. Pambuyo pake, mphutsi zimatuluka mu cyst.

Mwambiri, nyengo ya nematode imadalira kwambiri mitundu, ndipo matenda akumdothi amapezeka nyengo zingapo zotentha.

A nematode adadziwitsidwa kudziko lathu, makamaka mwangozi ochokera ku South America zaka zoposa 100 zapitazo. Ku Russia, nematode idayamba kuzindikiridwa kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana lomaliza ndipo imafalikira m'madera onse popanda kupatula.

Mitundu ya Nematode

Padziko lapansi pali mitundu 20 ya nematode.

Pazomera mbatata, mitundu ingapo ya nematode ndiowopsa:

• tsinde nematode,
• ndulu
• nematode agolide,
• tsamba nematode,
• nematode amakhala otumbululuka.

Kusiyana pakati pa mitundu ya nematode iyi mu utoto wawo, momwe amapezekera, malo okhala.

Tsinde nematode

Ili ndi kutalika pafupifupi 1.5 mm. Zimawopsa mbatata, popeza mphutsi zake zimalowa mu stolon ndi tubers za mbatata ndikupanga kupindika kwa zimayambira, zomwe zimatupa, zimakhudzanso maluwa ndi mphukira. Kukula kwa nematode kotereku kumatha kukhalabe kwothandiza mpaka nyengo isanu, chipolopolo chake ndichopanda mphamvu ndipo ngakhale kutentha kwambiri sikungathe kuwononga.

Gall Nematode

Zimakhudza makamaka mizu ya mbatata. Anthu akuluakulu m'masiku oyamba m'moyo wawo amakhala oyera muutoto, pambuyo pake amakhala owonekera. Ma ndulu amtundu amalumikizidwa ndi mizu ya mbewu, chifukwa chomwe akatupa amatchedwa ma gall amapangira, motero dzina la nematode. M'masewera, ovipositor ndi nematode, ndipo kenako mphutsi.

Golden Nematode

Imawononga mizu mozungulira, pomwe imatulutsa poizoni, yomwe imawononga kwambiri mbewu. Vesode iyi imaberekanso kudzera mu ma cysts, omwe nthawi zina amakhala mpaka mazira 700.

Mumtundu wamtunduwu, ma cysts amalimba kwambiri, samwalira ndipo sagwa mothandizidwa ndi kutentha kwambiri, kapena mothandizidwa ndi kutentha pang'ono, atero, nthawi yachisanu. Ngakhale ma radiation ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo sangathe kuwononga ma cysts a nematode agolide. Golden nematode cysts imatha kukhala ndi zaka 11.

Ma golide a nematode a golide amatha kupezeka mukakumba tchire la mbatata, amawonedwa ngati mipira yaying'ono yomwe ili ndi mtundu wagolide, kuchuluka kwake nthawi zina kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri.

ZOFUNIKIRA

Mukakumba tchire ndikupeza mitundu ingapo ya ma cysts pa iwo, simungayese kuwagwedeza!

Chifukwa chake mudzangokulitsa zinthuzo, ndipo ma cysts adzagwera panthaka.

Kodiodetsa ngozi ndi chiani?

Nematode amagwira mwamphamvu mizu ya mbatata, stolons, tubers. Kutha kuloza zimayambira popanda zovuta zambiri.

1. Zomera za mbatata zimayamba kutsalira pakukula, zimapereka zokolola zochepa, ndikufa zikakulirakulira kwambiri.
   
2. Tubers zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi nematode nthawi zambiri zimayamba kuvunda. Ma tubers oterowo samadyedwa mu chakudya, ndipo sizingathandize kuziyika mosungira.
   
3. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale nematode atalowa chomera pang'ono, nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda. Ndipo ngati kuwonongeka kwakuthupi kuli kochepa, ndiye kuti ma virus omwe amayambitsidwa ndi nematode azichita ntchito yawo ndikuwonongerabe mbewuyo.

Kuyambira mbatata zamatumbo mutha kutaya mbewu pang'ono
ndipo nthawi zina kuposa kachilomboka.

Kuchepetsa mbewu nthawi zambiri kumapitirira 50% ndikufika 80%.

Kuopsa kwa mbewu ndikokwera, chifukwa nthawi zina sizingatheke kuthana ndi nematode, ndizoletsa zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Nematode iwo amafesa makamaka mu gawo la chomera chomwe chili pansi pa nthaka, ndipo nthawi zina amapanga makonzedwewo ndikuwonjezera kuzindikiritsa ndi kuzindikira kwa tizilombo.

ZOFUNIKIRA

Nematode SIYO chowopsa kwa anthu

Mungamvetse bwanji kuti mbatata idagundidwa ndi nematode?

M'malo mwake, ndizovuta kudziwa nematode pa mbatata koyambirira, chifukwa nematode amakhala mobisa.

Nthawi zambiri, wamaluwa amadziwa kuti mbewu za mbatata zimakhudzidwa ndi nematode m'njira zingapo:

• Masamba adayamba kutuluka chikasu, kutaya maseru,
• Zomera zikafota,
• Kusintha pa mphukira ndi maluwa a mbatata nthawi zambiri kumadziwika.

Mutha kudziwa kukhalapo kwa nematode ndi zizindikiro izi, ndiye kuphatikiza. Komabe, chopanda izi ndikuti mbewu zikafuna, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosatheka kuzisunga.

Zizindikiro zoyambirira za nematode pazomera za mbatata ndi

1. chikaso chofinya chakumapeto kwa masamba, pomwe palibe zifukwa zina,
   
2. Kupitilira apo, ndikotheka kulankhula za kukhalapo kwa nematode pazomera za mbatata ngakhale pang'ono pang'onong'ono ndikutupa pamimba - ichi ndi chizindikiro chabe tsinde nematode,
   
3. Kupitilira apo, ngati muwona kuchepa pang'ono kwa masamba am'munsi ndikuwonekera popanda chifukwa china, ndiye izi zikuwonetseranso kupezeka kwa nematode,
   
4. ndipo ngati pa mbatata itakhala yaying'ono masamba ndi maluwa, izi zikhozanso kutiuza za kukhalapo kwa nematode pazomera.

Ngati mbatata zamatumba zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nematode, ndiye kuti sizingakhale pachimake, ndipamwamba pamitengo ya mbatata nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa.

Mukakumba mbewu zotere, ndiye kuti pamizu yawo mudzapeza makulidwe - zimawonetsa kukhalapo kwa ndulu, koma ngati muwona mipira ya cyst, ndiye izi zikuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa nematode agolide.

Ngati mukukayika, ndikukulangizani kuti mulankhule ndi akatswiri amodzi mwa olamulira, popeza nematode ndiwowopsa komanso yokhazikika. Kudziwona ndi kuwononga kwa nthawi ino ya funguyo ndiye chinsinsi cha kupitiliza kwathunthu kwa mbatata m'derali.

Mankhwala

Kuti muwongolere bwino ma nematode, ndikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pagulu nematicides.

1. Ndikotheka kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kuchokera pagulu lolumikizana, monga

2. Ndizovomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito mafinyaomwe mu mawonekedwe a mpweya amalowera tizilombo ndi kupha, awa ndi mankhwala:

Njira za nkhondo

Sizothandiza kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya infusions ndikumenya nkhondo kuti muthane ndi nematode, mukungotaya nthawi ndi mphamvu zanu pachabe, palibe nzeru kuchokera kwa iwo kapena zingakhale, koma ndizochepa kwambiri. Pankhaniyi, kukonzekera kwachilengedwe kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri kuposa mankhwala wowerengeka malinga ndi decoctions ndi infusions, ndipo sizingavulaze chilengedwe kuchokera pakukonzekera kwachilengedwe komanso infusions ndi decoctions.

Madzi otentha

Mwa njira zotchuka zowongolera, mwina zothandiza kwambiri ndizogwiritsa ntchito madzi otentha kuti akuwaza ndi dothi.

1. Ntchito madzi apamwamba otentha awa.
   
2. Nthaka iyenera kumasulidwa ndikuthiridwa mowolowa manja ndi madzi otentha.
   
3. Ndikofunika kubwereza njirayi kangapo kuti muchotsere mankhwala m'nthaka komanso pakuya mozama kwambiri.

Zikuwonekeratu kuti kulima dothi poyithira ndi madzi otentha ndikoyenera kubzala m'malo ang'onoang'ono. Koma m'malo ambiri, kuyambira maekala 10 ndi zina zambiri, ndikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kukonzekera kwa mankhwala.

Kodi mungapewe bwanji nematode kuti asawoneke pa mbatata?

Popeza kuti nematode ndiyokhazikika komanso osamala kwambiri, motero ndikofunikira kuyesetsa kuti chilichonse chisawonekere pamalowo.

Njira za Agrotechnical ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi njira zodzitetezera kuposa njira zodzitetezera kapena njira zopewera tizilombo.

1. Chifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, njira yodzisungira yolepheretsa mawonekedwe a nematode ndikuteteza ma tubers ku kuukiridwa kwake ikugona m'mabowo mutabzala mbatata ya anyezi ya mankhusu ochepa.
   
2. 
   
3. M'malo opita ku tchuthi mutakulitsa mbatata pa iwo, ndikupangira chimbudzi chobiriwira chotsatira njira zonse za agrotechnical pachikhalidwe chimodzi kapena china.

1. Kubzala zinthu

Njira zodzitetezera zimaphatikizapo kutsitsa pamalowo pokhapokha wathanzi tubers mbatata popanda chizindikiro chochepa kwambiri cha tizilombo tawo munjira ya cysts kapena mkati ngati nematode amoyo.

Zofunika panthawi yake mankhwalakubzala mbatata, makamaka ngati pali chiopsezo cha matenda kapena kuipitsidwa kwa dothi.

Mwachilengedwe ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito nemato zosagwira mbatata,

1. Zoyimira zoyambirira ndizo:

2. kuyambira pakati koyambirira:

3. Kuyambira pakati pa nyengo:

4. Kuyambira pakati-mochedwa:

Mbewuzi zimadziwika ndi kuti mphutsi zikalowa mu tuber, zimayamba kuumitsa minofu, ndikumatseka tizirombo tomwe timakhala mu tuber, pambuyo pake mphutsi zimafa.

2. Kutembenuza mbewu

Onani malamulo otembenuza mbewu. Njira zowongolera kapena kuteteza kumatenda a mbatata zimaphatikizapo kusintha kwachaka komwe akukonzekera kukulitsa mbatata.

Chachikulu ndichakuti musabzale mbatata pamalo amodzi kwa zaka makumi angapo motsatizana, izi zikuthandizani kuti mabacteria, ma virus, tizirombo tosiyanasiyana m'nthaka kuphatikiza nematode.

3. Kusamalira

Nthawi zonse pangani mbeu yabwino ya mbatata, kuthana ndi mbewu zotopetsa, mbewu za mbatata, ndipo ngati mbeu zopezeka ndi kachilomboka zikapezeka, zichotseni pamalowo ndikuwotcha kunja kwa gawo lake ndipo musaziyike mu milu ya kompositi mpaka zaka 11.

Zotsatira zake, titha kunena kuti nematode ndiyowopsa, yokhazikika pokhapokha, kupewetsa maonekedwe ake, kuwongolera nthawi komanso kuyang'anira nthawi ya nematode kudzathetsa kuchitika kapena kunyalanyaza kukhalapo kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'dera lanu.

MALANGIZO OGULITSIRA

• Za polojekiti
• Ikani pulogalamu yam'manja
• Kuti muchotse mgwirizano, lembani ku [email protected]

Kugwiritsa ntchito zida za polojekiti antonovsad.ru ndizotheka pokhapokha ndikuwonetsa komwe kukuchokera komanso komwe kulumikizana kwachidziwikire

Antonov Garden - malo okangalika okhala chilimwe

Tikukuitanani ku kona yathu yabwino! Ndife okondwa kuyankhula komanso kuyembekezera zosangalatsa zomwe alimi wamaluwa omwe amadziwa wamaluwa ndi oyesa omwe angatipatse malangizo ndi kuyankha mafunso .. Tikukutenga mwachidwi zolemba, zophunzitsa mavidiyo, zithunzi ndi makalasi apamwamba mu Russia yonse kuti ipange zida zabwino komanso zosangalatsa werengani ndi kuwona.

Tsopano pali zolemba 2000 za kulima tomato, nkhaka ndi tsabola, chisamaliro cha apulo, peyala ndi maula, kubzala mbewu za mbande, mu zobiriwira komanso panthaka, mapangidwe a mitengo ndi zitsamba, kudina ndi kudina masamba, kuvala maluwa.

Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti nzika za chilimwe zizindikire nthawi yokhayo yobzala ndi masiku abwino obzala, kuthirira, kuthira feteleza ndi kudulira. Kuti tichite izi, timasindikiza pafupipafupi kalendala yamakono ya Lunar ndikutumiza mndandanda wazinthu zanyengo kuyambira Januware mpaka Disembala.

Magawo ali ndi zolemba zambiri paukadaulo waulimi wa zipatso, zipatso, maluwa ndi ndiwo zamasamba. Pali njira zachinyengo za ulimi wamadera onse ozizira. Mukadzala liti anyezi ndi adyo m'malo opusa? Kodi kusamalira mphesa mumsewu wapakati? Ndi mitundu iti yosankhira Kum'mawa Mpaka? Kodi pogona maluwa ku Siberia?

Tsiku lililonse timawawerengera za momwe titha kusungira mbande, titeteze mbande zachinyamata pamavuto ndikupatsa okhala kumidzi chakudya chokwanira komanso zakudya zoyenera. Alendo ali okondwa kugawana zomwe awona momwe anthu okhala m'malo obiriwira komanso mabedi akupezere mphamvu. Pamodzi tikuyang'ana njira zothanirana bwino ndi matenda ndi tizilombo toononga, tikuwerengera zikhalidwe za umuna ndi umuna.

Mukufuna kudzitamandira tomato wamkulu kwambiri? Kusankha pickles zabwino kwambiri zamchere? Sakani kukolola koyambirira? Kuyesera njira zodalirika zothetsera namsongole? Khalani omasuka kufunsa mu gawo la Mafunso ndi Yankho ndikupeza mayankho amafulumira komanso olondola. Akatswiri odziwa ntchito, akatswiri asayansi ya zakuthambo, ofufuza komanso akatswiri amiseurs anzeru adzayambitsa monyada ma hacks apadera ndi maupangiri.

Wamaluwa mwachidwi amapanga mafuta ochulukirapo odzala ndi kukongola kwa mbewu komanso kukolola mowolowa manja! Tiuzeni momwe mudakhazikitsira alendo ochokera kumabedi, zomwe zakumayiko akutuluka kuti mumayesa. Onetsani zithunzi ndikulongosola zomwe zapezeka m'mundamu. Okonza ndi owerenga asangalala kudziwa kuti ndi okhwima m'chigawo cha Transbaikalia ndi Primorye, dera la Leningrad ndi Moscow. Kugulitsa ndi kugula mbande? Mukuyang'ana mbewu zosowa zambiri? Ikani zotsatsa zachinsinsi pa kugula ndi kugulitsa, kusaka ndi kupereka ntchito.

Mukafuna kutenga nthawi yopuma ku bizinesi yanu yokondedwa, yang'anani maphikidwe Othandiza - kuti mukhale ndi thupi labwino komanso gome lokoma. Masks osavuta ndi mafuta kunyumba, kukonzekera kosangalatsa, masaladi, zipatso zokongoletsedwa ndi kanyenya - zonse zomwe zimakondwera ndi nyengoyo ndikufanana ndi kukoma kwa zipatso zatsopano usiku wamadzulo. Munda wa Antonov ndiwosangalala kwa aliyense yemwe kukhala kwawo m'chilimwe ndikulima kwake kumakhala kosangalatsa komanso chidutswa cha moyo!

Kutanthauzira kwa tizilombo

Kuthengo, kuli mitundu yopitilira 20,000 ya nematode - zozungulira, zomwe zambiri ndi tiziromboti. Anawabweretsa ku Europe kuchokera ku South America, ndipo kwa zaka zoposa zana tsopano, m'maiko aku Europe, alimi ndi olima dimba akhala akulimbana ndi mliriwu.

M'dziko lathu, tizirombo woyamba adadziwika mkati mwa zaka za zana la 20, tsopano nematode amapezeka m'malo onse.

Kodi nematode ndi chiyani? Ichi ndi nyongolotsi yama microscopic yomwe imalowa mumizu, stolon, tubers mbatata, imalowa m'mitengo, yomwe imachedwetsa ndikuletsa kukula kwa tchire. Mitundu yambiri ndi dioecious, osati hermaphrodites. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi matupi ozungulira momwe mazira amadzisonkhanira.

Pakumapeto kwa chilimwe, zazikazi zimamwalira, ndikupanga chotupa chamkati ndi chipolopolo cholimba, kuchokera pomwe mphutsi zimatuluka. Kutalika kwa mphutsi kumadalira mitundu, kufalikira kwa dothi ndi majeremusi kumachitika zaka zingapo.

Ma tubers amavunda, sangathe kudyedwa, kusungidwa. Nematode ndiwonyamula matenda osiyanasiyana mavairasi, omwe amachulukitsa kuwonongeka komwe kumayambitsa. Mitundu yamitundu yozungulira imeneyi sikuopsa kwa anthu.

Ndikosavuta kuthana nayo, chifukwa mphutsi zimawonetsa kukana tizirombo toyambitsa matenda, zimafalikira makamaka pamtunda wa mbewu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuzindikira kwa nthawi yake kukhala kovuta.

Zosiyanasiyana

Mitundu ingapo ya nematode ndiowopsa pamapoti a mbatata:

Kusiyanako kukukongoletsa utoto, komanso moyo, malo okhala mphutsi za parasitic. Zofunikira:

• tsinde nematode imafika kutalika pafupifupi 1.5 mm, ndiyowopsa kwa mbatata, phwetekere, biringanya, nyemba, adyo. Mphutsi za mphutsi zimalowa mkati mwa stolon ndi ma tubers a mbatata, chifukwa chomwe kusintha kwa zimayambira (maluwa), maluwa, mphukira zimachitika. Cysts ilipo pafupifupi zaka 4-5, chipolopolo chawo chimawonongedwa ndi kutentha kwambiri,
  
• ndulu - imafalikira pamizu ya mbatata, komanso pazomera zina za banja laling'ono. Poyambirira, akulu (achikulire) ndi oyera, ndiye kuti mtundu umasintha kuti uwonekere. Nematode imagwira pamizu, pomwe amatupa (ma galls) ndi mazira ndi mphutsi,
  
• golide - kuwononga mizu, kumasula poizoni yemwe amawononga mbewu. Kubalana - kudzera ma cysts, aliyense amatha kukhala ndi mazira a 600-800. Cyss zamtunduwu wa nyongolotsi sizimagwa pamtunda wambiri komanso wotsika, pamayendedwe a radiation, kukhudzana ndi ziphe zachilengedwe. Nthawi ya moyo wama cysts mpaka zaka 10. Zimapezeka pakukumba tchire, pomwe mipira yaying'ono yowoneka bwino yagolide imawoneka pamizu.
  

Zindikirani! Mukakumba chitsamba choyambukiridwa, simungagwedezere mizu, apo ayi mitsuyoyo imagwa ndikugwanso munthaka.

Nematode yotuwa imafanana ndi mitundu yagolide, imatchulanso mitundu ya ma cyst, koma mtundu wa ma cysts siwachikasu, koma bulauni. Mphutsi zosiyanasiyana za masamba zimagwirizana ndi masamba a mbewu, zomwe zimayambitsa kuphwanya kwa photosynthesis ndi kuwononga mbewu.

Zizindikiro za Zowonongeka za Mbatata

Sizovuta kwambiri kudziwa tizilombo patsamba lino, chifukwa limakhala pansi pa nthaka pazomera. Wamaluwa nthawi zambiri amalira ngati awona kutuwa ndi kutakasuka kwa tchire la mbatata, matalala opunduka kapena maluwa ang'onoang'ono. Koma zizindikirozi zimawoneka ngati mizu ndi mizu yachikhalidwe itakhala ndi kachilombo, ndipo chomera sichingapulumutsidwe.

Mfundo yoti ikamatayidwa ndi nyongolotsi yooneka bwino imatha kupezeka ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi:

• chikaso cholimba popanda chifukwa chodziwika chimasiyira
• kupindika (kutupa) kwa tsinde (tsinde nematode),
• kufota masamba am'munsi ndikuwombera kuthengo,
• masamba ndi maluwa osadziwika bwino.

Nthawi zina, ndikuwonongeka kwambiri, pamakhala kuchepa kwamaluwa, komanso nsonga zamtunda. Pamizu yazomera zomwe zakumbidwa, makulidwe (ndulu) kapena mipira yambiri ya ma cysts (golide nematode) amawonekera.

Zindikirani! Ngati akukayikira kuti mphutsi zobzala zimawonongeka ndi mphutsi za nematode, akatswiri ochokera kwa oyang'anira ayenera kuyitanidwa.

Mankhwala

Ngakhale ochirikiza ntchito zokulima zachilengedwe amavomereza kuti ndizothandiza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala polimbana ndi mphutsi za nematode. Kuphatikiza apo, osati mankhwala opha tizilombo, koma opangidwa "chemistry" - ndalama kuchokera ku gulu la nematicides.

• kulumikizana - Karbofos, Lindane, Phosphamide,
• fumigants - gwiritsani ntchito parasite, ikulowa mthupi mwake mwa mawonekedwe a mpweya, Chloropicrin, Nemagon, Carbation.

Kuphatikiza pa mankhwala, kukonzekera kwachilengedwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuphatikiza Metarizin ndi Basamil.

Zithandizo za anthu

Polimbana ndi tizilombo, ma infusions azitsamba ndi mankhwala osagwira.

Zomwe zimachotsa tizilombo tina ndipo timathandiza kupewa ndi kuchiza poyambira siziyenera kukhala ndi nematode.

Zotsatira zopanda pake mukamawononga mphutsi za tsinde zimapatsa mwayi padziko lapansi ndi madzi otentha. Koma njirayi ndiyosavuta kuyichita m'minda yaying'ono, pomwe mankhwala azigwiritsidwe ntchito paminda yayikulu ya mbatata.

Nzika za chilimwe zimayesanso kubzala pafupi ndi bedi la mbatata za marigolds, fungo lake lomwe limasowetsa mphutsi.

Njira za Agrotechnical

Njira zaulimi ndizowonjezera zodzitetezera zomwe zimalepheretsa nematode a mbatata kuti asawonekere pamalowo. Zina mwa izo ndi:

• atagona m'mabowo mutabzala ma tubers a mankhusu anyezi kuwononga mphutsi,
• kusintha kwa malo obzala mbatata,
• kulima kokakamizidwa nthaka (kufesa manyowa obiriwira, kupumira pamalowo),
• kutsatira njira zonse zaukadaulo wazikhalidwe zamakono.

Njira zopewera

Nematode ndi tizilombo tosakhazikika komanso kosakhazikika, kotero ndikosavuta kuiletsa kuti isawoneke m'mundamu kuposa kuwononga nthawi ndi ndalama pakulimbana kovuta nthawi zonse.

• kubzala ma tubers athanzi,
• tizilombo toyambitsa mbatata musanabzale,
• kutsatira malamulo a kasinthasintha wa mbeu. Nthawi zambiri, okhala chilimwe amabzala mbewu pamalo amodzi kwa zaka makumi ambiri, ndichifukwa chake mabakiteriya, mavairasi, tizirombo timadziunjikira m'nthaka, ndipo chiopsezo chogwidwa ndi matenda chimachulukitsa kakhumi.
• kukonza masamba asanadzalemo ndi madzi otentha,
• kuchulukitsa munthawi yake, kudulira, kuthirira mbewu,
• kuchotsedwa kwa zinyalala za mbewu kuthengo (ponse pa nthawi ya kukula ndikututa mbatata).

Zoweta zimabzala mitundu ndi mitundu yosakanizidwa ya mbatata yolimbana ndi kuukira kwa nematode (onani tebulo).

Mumtundu wotere, mphutsi zikayambitsidwa, minyewa yake imayamba, ndipo tizilombo timatumba timatumba. Mphutsi za nematode amalephera kudya, kenako nkufa.

Pomaliza

Maonekedwe a nematode pa mbatata amafananizidwa ndi tsoka lachilengedwe, chifukwa tizilombo tosiyanasiyana timayambitsa chikhalidwe. Kupewa kwamphamvu kudzakuthandizani kuti muthane ndi nematode, komanso kutsatira njira zaulimi wa mbatata ndi njira zotetezera munthawi yake.

Zowonongeka ku Golden Potato Nematode

Pa magawo oyamba matenda, ndizovuta kwambiri kuzindikira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Zizindikiro zotsatirazi zikuwoneka ngati mbatata ya mbatata:

• Zomera ndizomera kale kwambiri,
• kufa kwamasamba pang'ono,
• Unyinji wobiriwira umazirala msanga ndipo umayamba kusanduka chikasu,
• mapesi ndi opindika
• maluwa pang'ono kapena kusakhalapo kwathunthu,
• kufa kwa tchire, mitsitsi yaying'ono,
• Mizu imasanduka yofiirira.

Ngati madera omwe ali ndi zitsamba zokhazikika mosiyanasiyana akuwonekera pamunda wa mbatata, ichi chingakhale chizindikiro cha mlingo wa nematode. Monga lamulo, Zizindikiro zikuwonekera bwino masiku 40-50 mutabzala tubers.

Kuopsa kwa anthu a mbatata yagolide mbatata sikupezeka pachiwopsezo cha iye mwini pomwe mbewu za mizu zimadyedwa, koma kuchepa kwa zokolola, komwe kumatha kufikira 80% ndi kusakwanira konse kwa malowo chifukwa chodzala mbewu zoyandikira kwa zaka 10.

Kodi mbatata zagolidi zimafalikira bwanji ndikuziwongolera

Ngakhale kuti nematode ndiyopezeka pazinthu zokhazokha, malo okhalamo akupitilirabe. Cysts kuchokera kudothi lovunda amanyamulidwa:

• ndi mphepo
• nsapato, zida,
• ndi madzi amvula
• ndi zinthu zobzala.

Ngati zizindikiro za nyongolotsi za parasitiki zapezeka, funso la momwe mungathanirane ndi mbatata za mbatata zomwe zakhazikika m'nthaka zimakhala zofunikira. Kalanga, ngakhale mankhwala oopsa a Tiazon sangathetse vutoli, chifukwa ma cysts satha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ziphe. Ntchito zonse cholinga chake ndi kukhala ndi kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu:

1. Mukakolola, dothi limakonkhedwa ndi laimu mu dothi lina; mukakumba limasakanikirana ndi dothi.
2. Mukabzala tubers, phulusa lambiri lomwe limaphatikizidwa ndi supuni imodzi imodzi ya zitosi za mbalame ndi manyowa atatu owonjezera m'manja amaphatikizidwa pachitsime chilichonse.
3. Kuti muwonongere mphutsi mutabzala, mutha kulima dothi ndi yankho la mbalame zitosi. Pachifukwachi, manyowa amadzimadzi amadzimadzi amadzi amwe amapanga kuchuluka kwa 1:20. Pa lalikulu. m amadya kuchokera ku 5 mpaka 10 malita a yankho.
4. Kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, kuti tithandizire kutulutsa mphutsi kuchokera ku cysts, tincture wa mbatata wakonzedwa. Kilogalamu imodzi yamayendedwe amafunika kuphwanyidwa, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito chopukusira nyama, kutsanulira malita 10 a madzi ndikuumiriza tsiku limodzi. Urea imawonjezeredwa panthaka, kenako yankho lomalizira (chidebe chimodzi pa 10 sq. M).
5. Panthawi yopeza ndalama, feteleza wa mineral amabweretsedwa mu timipata mtunda wa 5-6 cm kuchokera ku zimayambira.

Monga njira yothanirana, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tisinthe kasinthasintha wa mbewu ndikulima nyemba kapena mbewu monga mbatata. Maumboni ayenera ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikutsukidwa. Mitundu ya mbatata yolimbana ndi nematode ingabzalidwe:

• Aspia, Makangaza,
• Pushkin, Lukyanovsky,
• Oyambirira Zhukovsky, Picasso, Frigate,
• Prolisok, Latona, Crystal,
• Belorussia, Karatop, Asanachitike.

Kukula kwa tsinde nematode pa mbatata

Kwa nthawi yayitali, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda adalakwika chifukwa cha stalk anyezi nematode ndipo zaka 60 zokha zapitazo kusiyana pakati pa mitundu iwiri yokhudzana kudalongosoleredwa. Matendawa ndiwosangalatsa, pafupifupi mayiko onse padziko lapansi.

Mtundu wa nematodewu umakhudza ma tubers nthawi yakula komanso nthawi yosungira m'masitolo azamasamba. Kuphatikiza apo mbatata, imatha kufesa mbewu zina: beets, nkhaka, phwetekere, nyemba, maungu. Mbatata tsinde nematode imadziwika ndi ma microscopic kukula kwa 0.7-1.4 mm, thupi lalitali loonda komanso lopindika pang'ono la mkaka. Zipere zimasiyana ndi makolo awo pamlingo wocheperako komanso njira yolera yopitilira patsogolo.

Nthawi zambiri matendawa amapezeka muchiberekero cha chiberekero pakumakula. Nematode amalowera kudutsa pansi pa chitsamba kupita kumapanga. Kuthekera kwa nyongolotsi yolowa mu dothi lovunda, momwe mphutsi za zikhalidwe zakale zinatsalira, sikusankhidwa. Mazira a tsinde nematode amalimbana ndi kutentha pang'ono ndipo samafa ndikamazizira nthaka.

Mphutsi zimapitilira 4 ndikuyamba kukhala anthu okhwima. Mkazi wolimba amaikira mazira 250 mkati mwa tuber. Pakukhazikika kotentha kwa boma + 20-24 ° C, kukula kwa m'badwo umodzi kuyambira masiku 20 mpaka 25. Kutentha komwe mkazi amatha kubereka ana kumakhala kwakukulu: kuyambira + 3 ° C mpaka 37 ° C. Mkulu chinyezi, mvula komanso yonyowa nyengo zimakhudza bwino chitukuko ndi kubalana kwa tsinde la mbatata.

Mukakula, mutha kuona zambiri "zopindika", kukula kwa tsinde. Zizindikiro zopatsirana ndi majeremusi nthawi zambiri zimadziwika mukakolola:

• pansi pa khungu mumatha kuwona malo oyera otayirira - malo omwe mumapezeka zirombo,
• Pambuyo pake, khungu limakwiririka, limafota, limalekanitsidwa mosavuta ndi zamkati zomwe ndizomera,
• mawanga amdima okhala ndi chitsulo chachitsulo amawonekera pa tubers, omwe amayamba kukula pang'ono,
• ndi matenda oopsa, masamba ndi ming'alu, ndi zomwe zili mkati mwa mwana wosabadwayo ndi zinthu zochulukitsitsa.

Momwe mungapewere matenda ndi tsinde nematode

Zowonongeka zazikulu zimayambitsidwa ndi nyongolotsi ya parasitic kupita ku mbatata. M'masitolo azamasamba, kutayika kwa zokolola kumafikira kwakukulu. Chifukwa chake, njira zolimbana ndi mbatata ya mbatata ziyenera kutengedwa ngakhale mbewu zingapo zodwala kapena mphutsi 25-30 pa 1 kg imodzi zikapezeka.

Momwe mungathanirane ndi tizilombo:

1. Sungani ma tubers athanzi kuti musungidwe.
2. Sungani chinyezi chokwanira m'sitolo.
3. Osagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zakhudzika podzala.
4. Kuchotsa udzu pafupipafupi, kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa mchere pa nthawi yakula, kuwotcha zinyalala zam'mera, kukumba pansi kwambiri mutakolola.
5. Zikhalidwe zina, monga momwe dziko la nematode limakhalira lothandiza kwa zaka zingapo.

Zindikirani! Pambuyo pake mitundu siyikhala yovuta kukhudzidwa ndi tsinde nematode kuposa kukhwima koyambirira.

Gall nematode

Mitundu ya nematode imakhudza mbewu zonse momasuka komanso malo otsekedwa. Parasitates pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu, kuphatikiza mbatata. Imasanjidwa muzu ndi mizu. Akazi amayikira mazira mwachindunji pamizu. Mwa mitundu yonse ya mbatata za mbatata, amatsogolera chonde - mpaka mazira 2000, chifukwa chomwe neoplasms - mipiringidzo - mawonekedwe pamalo omwe ali ndi kachilombo.

Zowonongeka zimalepheretsa madzi ndi michere kulowa mu mbewu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kukula, chitukuko, ndipo, zimakhudza zipatso.

1. Kasinthasintha wa mbewu ndi kasinthasintha wa mbewu kugonjetsedwa ndi tizilombo.
2. Chithandizo cha dothi ndi nthunzi kapena kukonzekera kuchokera ku gulu la Avermectin, lomwe ndi zovuta kawiri kwachilengedwe komanso mankhwala.
3. Kuwonongeka kwa kubzala masheya, zida.

Kuperewera kwa chinyezi kumayambitsa chitukuko cha kuchuluka kwa anthu ndikuchulukitsa kwa ma ndulu a ndulu, chifukwa chake, pazaka zowuma, kufalitsa kwawo kwakukulu kukulembedwa.

Zizindikiro za Mbatata Nematode

Nthawi zambiri, nematode imapezeka m'malo pokhapokha kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka kumakhala kofunika kwambiri. Chizindikiro chimodzi chosadziwika bwino ndi kupezeka kwa “dazi” pamtunda wa mbatata: pakati pa masamba obiriwira, tchire zingapo zimasanduka chikaso popanda chifukwa.

Mukatenga chitsamba chodwala ndi muzu, ndiye kuti pansi pake, kwambiri, ma tubers ochepa kwambiri amapezeka. Pansi pagalasi yokulitsa pamizu titha kuwoneka tinthu tating'onoting'ono tachikasu "mchenga" - cysts. Koma ngakhale ngati palibe ma cyst akuwoneka, chitsamba chopanda chopanda bwino chimayenera kunyamulidwa mosamala ndi ma tubers ndi mtanda wa dotolo (pafupifupi 1 kg) ku labotale. Pamenepo, akatswiri adzazindikira kupezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa mbatata zamatumbo.

Njira zothandizira kupewa ndi kuwongolera mbatata nematode

Mbatata nematode ndi mdani wobisika, ndipo imitha kugonjetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana. Palibe njira zothandiza komanso zotetezera kuwonongedwa kwathunthu kwa mbatata nematode kwa anthu. Komabe, musataye mtima. Ku Europe, majeremusi awa adawoneka kale kwambiri kuposa ku Russia, kuli malo ena okhala okhaokha, komabe, kututa kwa mbatata kumeneko (makamaka Dutch) ndikokwanira.

Zingachitike kuti tsamba lanu lili m'dera lokhalamo anthu, ndiye kuti, kutsatira malamulo ena, mutha kukula mbatata zabwino.Chokhacho chofunikira kukumbukira: mbatata zochokera kumadera okhala ngati malo okhazikika zitha kudyedwa kapena kukonzedwa m'mabizinesi akomweko, koma sangagulitsidwe kumadera ena.

Kuti muthe kulimbana ndi mbatata ya mbatata, zimatenga nthawi yopitilira khumi movutikira, koma anthu ake amatha kuchepetsedwa kwambiri asanakwanitse zaka ziwiri.

Ngati kuchuluka kwa nematode sikupitirira 3-5 cysts pa 100 cm³ ya nthaka, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sikhala ndi vuto lililonse mbatata. Zachulukidwe zimachepetsedwa kwambiri pomwe 10-16 kapena kuposerapo ma cysts amapezeka mu 100 cm³ nthaka.

Pali njira zingapo zosavuta komanso zotsika mtengo zothanirana ndi mbatata za mbatata:

Kutembenuza kwambewu. Mbatata sizingabzalidwe chaka ndi chaka patsamba lomwelo. Ngati simugwiritsa ntchito njira zina, koma ingodzalitsani mbatata pamalo amodzi osakwanitsa zaka zitatu kapena zinayi, malowa adzadwala kwambiri ndi mbatata ya mbatata pasanathe zaka 45 pambuyo pake.

Ngati chiwembucho ndi chochepa kwambiri, ndipo palibe mwayi woti kasinthidwe kazomera mutha kubzala mitundu ya mbatata yogonjetsedwa ndi nematode: Sante, Krinitsa, Red Scarlet, Atlant, Rosaru, Vesnyanka, Uladar, Breeze, Veras, Lileya, Janka, Lapis lazuli, Scarb, Zhuravinka, Rodrigo. Mizu ya mitundu imeneyi sikuti imangoletsa tiziromboti, koma imapha mpaka 80% ya mphutsi za nematode.

Koma tizirombo timasintha mwachangu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti mitundu yosalolera ya nematode ibzalidwe kokha zaka zitatu zotsatizana, ndipo mchaka chachinayi, gwiritsani ntchito mbewu za mitundu yonse. Palinso njira ina: kukulitsa mitundu yolephera nemato yokha, koma isinthe zaka zinayi zilizonse.

Mu nthawi yophukira, nsonga zonse ndi namsongole zochokera m'dera lomwe muli kachilombo ziyenera kutenthedwa. Njira zoyenera kusamaliridwira ziyenera kuonedwa: zida zonse zogwira ntchito mukakolola ziyenera kutetezedwa ndi 4% formalin solution.

Feteleza wa mbatata nematode - poyizoni. Chifukwa chake, m'dzinja ndi masika, urea ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa kunthaka.

Ngati dera lomwe lakhudzidwa ndi nematode ndi laling'ono, ndikulimbikitsidwa kukumba dzenje lakuya mita imodzi, ndikutola timiyala tomwe tili ndi matendawa, ndikudzaza ndi urea pamlingo wa makilogalamu 5-6 pa 1 m³ wa greenery. Finyani zonse pamwamba ndi dziko lapansi kuchokera pamalo osavomerezeka.

Pamaso kumera, sankhani mosamala ma tubers athanzi okha, asambitseni ndikuthira mankhwala mu njira ya potaziyamu permanganate (0,5 magalamu 10 malita a madzi).

Mukabzala, gwiritsani ntchito ndowa za mbalame (nkhunda, nkhuku, zinziri) ngati feteleza. Ngati zinyalala ziuma, pafupifupi supuni imodzi iyenera kuwonjezedwa pachitsime chilichonse. Zinyalala zatsopano zimawerengedwa mu gawo la 1:10 ndi mbatata zothiriridwa kale.

Kwa nematode, kufalikira kwa mizu ya rye, marigold, marigold, nyemba (nyemba, nyemba, nandolo), mpiru, clover ndizowopsa. Mpaka 90% ya mphutsi zitha kuwonongeka ngati pakati pa Seputembu pamalowo kuti mubzale rye. Pamaso chisanu, mundawo uyenera kukumbidwa, ndipo udzu wowola ukhale ngati feteleza wabwino kwambiri mchaka. Nthangala, pamizu yomwe michere yopanga naitrogeni imapangidwa, nthawi zambiri imabzalidwa pakati pa mizere ya mbatata.

Adani achilengedwe a nematode ndi nyongolotsi. Mwa kuwonjezera chonde m'nthaka, nthawi yomweyo mupanga zomwe zimapangitsa kufalikira kwa nyongolomera.

Ngati kuchuluka kwa nematode kuli kwambiri, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oopsa mwachitsanzo, thionazine. Komabe, ndalamazi ziyenera kulipidwa molingana ndi malangizo osapitilira masabata 6 mutabzala.

Kukula kwa Mbatata Nematode Larvae

Potato nematode cysts, monga lamulo, osapitilira mamilimita 0.5-0.8, ali ndi mawonekedwe. Mu cyst pali pafupifupi mazana mazana atatu amphutsi ndi mazira, nthawi zina kuchuluka kwa mazira kumatha kufika mpaka 600 zidutswa.

Gawo loyamba la mphutsi limachitika nembanemba. Thupi la mphutsi limagawika m'magawo. Mtundu wake ndi woyera. Zida zapakamwa zimawoneka ngati mkondo wakuthwa, mothandizidwa ndi iwo nkhope imabowola minofu ya chomera ndikuledzera ndi timadziti.

Pamizu ya mbewu, mphutsi zimasunthika, zimadalira chakudya chamaselo. Pali magawo anayi a kukula kwamalutsi mu mizu. Pa gawo lotsiriza, amuna ndi akazi amawoneka.

Golden Mbatata Nematode (Globodera rostochiensis).

Kukula kwa mbatata za mbatata ndikufanana ndi kukula kwa tizilombo tambiri. Izi tizirombo molt pomwe cuticle imasinthidwa. Ngati nyengo ndi yotentha komanso yokhazikika, ndiye kuti tizirombo timakula pafupifupi masiku 43. Ngati mikhalidwe ilola, ndiye kuti mbadwo wachiwiri ungakhale. Pakukula, mphutsi zimafunikira kutentha kuposa madigiri 15, ngati kutentha kumachepera, ndiye kuti zochita za tizirombo zimatsika kwambiri.

Akuluakulu mbatata nematode

Matatato akuluakulu a mbatata ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa mphutsi. Maonekedwe amthupi mwa amuna ndiwolumikizidwa, wamtali, komanso wamkazi - mozungulira onse.

Kuchuluka kwa anthu azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana kumatengera chilengedwe. Kuchulukitsidwa kwa mazira kumadalira kuchuluka kwa michere yomwe zimadyedwa ndi mkazi. Akazi achichepere choyamba amakhala ndi mtundu woyera, womwe umasinthika ndi chikaso, kenako kukhala wonyezimira.

Amuna amakhala masiku pafupifupi 100. Ngati zinthu sizili bwino, ndiye amuna ambiri amabadwa.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba ku Europe, nematode ya mbatata anapezeka mu 1913, Germany, pamodzi ndi mbatata zotumizidwa.

Kubwezeretsa mbatata mbatata

Amuna amapita panthaka, kukafunafuna abwenzi ndikawaphatikiza. Akazi amakhalabe pamizu ya mbewu, mazira amapanga mkati mwake.

Mwapadera, kubala kwa parthenogenetic kumatha kuchitika. Kubalana kotero kumawonedwa ndi wotumbatika mbatata nematode, golide mbatata nematode ndi tsinde mbatata nematode.