Mtundu wa integument umasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bulauni. Pali anthu amtundu wopepuka ndi mtundu wa mpiru. Mimba imakhala yopepuka, nthawi zina imakhala ndi mikwingwirima yaying'ono kapena mawanga, bulauni yakuda pakhosi.

17 - 25 mizere yapakatikati ya scute imadutsa thupi. Black Cobra yaying'ono, mpaka 1.5 metres.

Madontho akulu akulavula cobra (Naja ashei).

Kumulavulira cobras kumakhala ku Asia. Mitundu ikuluikulu yokhala ndi zolaula zakuda ndi zakuda zakuda zimapezeka ku Africa. Amatha kulavulira poyizoni, kugwera m'maso mwa adani pamtunda wa masentimita 60 molondola kwambiri.

Ululu wa kulavulira cobras umalowanso pakati pa mano olowera m'mano, womwe umatsegukira kunja kwa dzino, ndipo mabowo akuchotsa poizoni ali ozungulira ndipo ali pafupi ndi maziko a dzino. Poterepa, poizoniyo "amawombera" patsogolo.

Mwakutero, njokayo yokhala ndi minyewa yapadera imakakamiza kwambiri tiziwopsezo tambiri. Mitundu ya kulavulira cobras - lalikulu kulavulira cobra, wakuda ndi woyera mzere, collared, nkhanu zakuda, kulavulira cobra.

Cobra wa ku Central Asia umaphulikanso ndi poizoni, koma poizoniyo umalowerera m'dzenje pansi, pomwe lilime limatuluka.

Kudya kulavulira cobras

Kumulavulira cobras kumadyetsa zovala, abuluzi, ndi achule. Zimasaka mbalame, makoswe ang'ono, njoka zazing'ono komanso ngakhale njoka zapoizoni kwambiri - mava ndi ma kraits.

Kumulavulira cobras kumabaya poizoni wamphamvu kwambiri m'thupi la womenyedwayo. Amaluma mano awo kuti awagwire ndipo sawamasula nthawi yomweyo, izi zimapangitsa kuti poizoni adulidwe ndipo wovutikayo amalimbikitsidwa mosavuta.

Kodi ma cobras amalavulira motani?

Kodi mimbulu imalavulira bwanji, ndipo chimalongosola kulondola kwa munthu amene akuzunza ndi chiyani? Koma kafukufukuyo adapeza kuti njoka sizitha kulavulira poyizoni, zimaponyera poizoni m'mitsinje yopyapyala kuchokera m'mabowo a mano owopsa ndi kupindika kwapadera kwa minofu. Bruce Young, wogwira ntchito ku Yunivesite ya Massachusetts, adaika moyo wake pachiwopsezo poyesa kulavula cobras.

Wasayansiyo anakwiyitsa njokayo, ndipo chida china chapadera pamutu pake cholumikizidwa ndi kompyuta chinathandiza kuwona kayendedwe ka mamba.

Kuti poizoniyu usalowe m'maso mwa woyeserera, adatetezedwa ndi magalasi apadera. Kusuntha kwa mphalaphala kunakonzedwa ndi kamera ya kanema. Tidatenga "malovu" opitilira 100 kuti timvetsetse momwe machitidwe a cobra amachitidwira molondola kwambiri. Kulavula malovu kumayambitsa ma 200 millisecond kutsogolo komwe kuli malo omwe angafune kuwonekera pambuyo pake. Monga njoka imatha kutsogola kuthamangitsa nyama yake.

Kuthamanga komwe poyizoni akuwonekera m'maso a wozunzidwayo kuli patsogolo pa zochita zawo ndipo njokayo ipambana nkhondo.

Kuphatikiza apo, poizoniyo asanatulutsidwe, khunyu ikayamba kuzungulira mutu wake, imayamba kugwira minofu ndikuchotsa poizoni. Poizoni amapakidwa ngati aerosol mwanjira ya mtambo ndipo nthawi zonse amakhudza maso onse awiri.

Kuwombera kwambiri panthawi yophunzira komanso ma electromyography a minofu ya njoka kunatsimikizira kuti njira iyi "yalavulira" ndi poizoni imapangitsa mwayi wofika patali. Ndipo kumbali inayi, poizoni yemwe samasokoneza pachabe, koma amapereka nsembe.

Kulavula Cobras - Njoka Zapoizoni

Kulavulira cobras kuponyera poizoni m'maso mwawo kuti achititse khungu. Kuphatikiza apo, poizoniyu amachititsa kupweteka kwambiri.

Kwa anthu, poyizoni wa mtundu uliwonse wa cobra ndiowopsa, momwe mphamvu yake imakhalira m'thupi ndi yosiyana.

Mafuta oopsa a cobra ku Central Asia ndi ocheperako, kufa chifukwa cha kuluma kwake osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kumachitika maola ochepa kapena masiku. Zoopsa za mfumu cobra zimagwira ntchito kwambiri ndipo zimatsogolera kuti munthu afe mu mphindi 30.

Ngakhale njovu imapwetekedwa ndi poizoni wa mfumu.

Kufalitsa kwa Kulavula Cobras

Kumulavulira matewera mu cobras mu Januware - February. Mu clutch nthawi zambiri mumakhala mazira 6-15. M'mwezi wa Epulo kapena Meyi, zazikazi zimayikira mazira munthaka, m'malo momasuka pakati pamiyala, pamulu wa udzu kapena masamba. Zachikazi sizisiya cholowa ndipo zimateteza zazikazi zaku India ndi achifumu achifumu zimakonza chisa chapadera. Potere, zokwawa zimatola zinyalala mumiyala ndi kutsogolo kwa thupilo mulu, kenako kuyikira mazira. Unyolo umatetezedwa ku zilombo ndi amuna ndi akazi mpaka ana awonekere.

Pa nthawi yakuswana, zilombo zamtunduwu zimakhala zankhanza kwambiri ndikuukira cholengedwa chilichonse chomwe chikuyandikira chisa. Kulavula msanga cobras pa nyama yaying'ono kwa nthawi yoyamba. Matupi awo amatulutsa poyizoni pang'ono. Cobras achichepere amakhala ndi khungu.

Ali mu ukapolo, obwezeretsa amakhala zaka 29.

Maula obiriwira a brown amasinthidwa kuti akhale akapolo. Pofuna kukonza, ndikwabwino kuti mutenge repitilia osati m'malo, koma kuti mugule ma cobras ang'onoang'ono osinthika. Mtundu wawo ndi wachikasu, koma alibe matenda. Kuphatikiza apo, njoka zazing'ono zimatha kusintha mwachangu ndipo zolemba zawo ndizochepa.

Terarium imasankhidwa mu mainchesi 120 x 50 x 50 masentimita. Kutentha kumayikidwa pafupifupi 25-280C, zobwezeretsa zimatha kupirira 34380C pazachilengedwe. Mchenga wosakanizika ndi mitsinje imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo lapansi.

Zokongoletsera mu terrarium ikani zidutswa za miyala yamchenga, kudula kwa mitengo, mbewu zamkati mumiphika. Madzi amaperekedwa m'mbale yaing'ono yakumwa.

Yaikazi imayikira mazira 6 mpaka 15 nthawi yachilimwe. Mu terrarium yokhazikitsidwa bokosi lobereka ndi vermiculite. Mazira amakula pamtunda wa 28 - 30 degrees C ndi chinyezi 80%. Pa chinyezi chotsika, mazira amafafaniza ndi madzi. Pakatha miyezi iwiri, njoka zazing'ono zimatuluka.

Cubs molt koyamba ali ndi zaka 9 mpaka 12. Kenako kite imatha kudyetsedwa. Mukapolo, zakudya zimangokhala ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono ndi mbewa. Mutha kupatsa ana dzombe.

Kulumidwa kumodzi kwa khungubwe lalikulu lomwe limakhala ndi poizoni, ndikokwanira kupha anthu 20.

M'nyengo yozizira, kuchuluka kwa chakudya kumakhala kochepa, chifukwa chimbudzi cha zokwawa chimachepetsa nthawi yozizira. Mitundu ya nyama zamtundu wachilendo ziyenera kudziwa kuti ma bulob brown ndi njoka zapoizoni, zobisika. Mukamasunga zolengedwa zamtunduwu, muyenera kuvala chigoba chodzitchinjiriza kuti mankhwalawa asamathere!

Mkhalidwe Wosamalira Great Brown Cobra

Cobra wamkulu wa bulauni ayang'anizana ndi chiwonongeko. Mtundu wa nyama zamtchirezi umakhala m'mphepete mwa Kenya, komwe madera omwe njoka imapangidwa kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, anthu amangoononga chifuwa, osasiya mwayi wopulumuka.

Kuopa njoka zapoizoni kwambiri kumasokoneza zochita. Ndipo akatswiri akudziwa kuti cobra wamkulu wa bulawuni ndiwothandiza pakampani yake. Nthawi imodzi, amatenga mamililita 6.2 a poizoni wolemera magalamu 7.1 kuchokera kuphika. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera mankhwala.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Maonekedwe ndi zakudya

Spitting Cobra (Naja pallida ) - njoka yaying'ono yayitali kutalika kwa 70 cm mpaka 1 mita (mulitali 1.5 mita).

Zakudya zofiira za cobras ndizosiyanasiyana, zimadya chilichonse chamoyo, kuyambira nyama zazing'ono mpaka mbalame, mazira, abuluzi ndi njoka, mu ukapolo chilichonse chimangokhala ndi makoswe ndi mbewa zazikulu zazikulu. Makamaka ana onyentchera amatha kuyamba kudya dzombe.

Poizoni wa cobra wofiyira

Kulavula zakudyaku kunalembedwa dzina lawo chifukwa chotha kuwombera poyizoni m'maso mwa mdani mtunda wautali wa mamitala atatu molondola kwambiri.

M'malo mwake, njokayo sikatulutsa poizoni - kutulutsa kwa "tambala wakupha" kuchokera pamafungo owoneka ngati ndewu zoonda kumachitika chifukwa cha minyewa yakuthwa. Zinapezeka kuti cobra imayembekezera kusuntha kwa mutu ndipo, motero, diso la womenyedwayo, limalavulira "ndi kutsogolera" mamilion 200 - panthawi inayake pomwe maso a wozunzidwayo adzakhala pambuyo pa nthawi yovutayi. Kuphatikiza apo, pakukula kwakukulu, kwachiwiri kuti sumuyo isanatulutsidwe, njokayo idayamba kuzungulira mutu wake ndi minyewa ya mutu ndi khosi ndikupitilizabe kusuntha, ndikutulutsa madziwo. Chifukwa chake, poizoni amapopera njira zophatikizira, kugwa ndi kuthekera kwakukulu pamaso pa mdani, komanso m'maso onse nthawi imodzi. Kuyesaku kunawonetsanso kuti cobra imatulutsa poyizoni mwanjira osati ya ndege, koma m'malo mwa aerosol.

Kumulavulira umakaniko

Kumulavulira cobras, zithunzi zomwe zimatha kuwoneka m'zinthu zathu, zimawombera poyizoni kudzera m'misewu yokhotakhota yomwe ili m'mano. Malo otseguka otseguka amatha kutseguka mwachangu. Zinthu zapoizizi zimapangidwa kuchokera kumayendedwe chifukwa cha kupindika kwa minofu yapadera pakhosi la njoka. Apa ndipamene timadzipata timene timapezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale poizoni.

Pambuyo pocoka pakamwa pa cobra, zinthu zapoizoni zimatha kufika pamlingowo pamtunda wa mamita atatu. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wapadera zimawonetsa, njoka zotere zimatha kudziunjikira poizoni, zomwe zimakhala zokwanira "kuwombera" angapo nthawi imodzi.

Makina ofotokozedwawo amawona mu malovu aku Africa. Mitundu ya ku Central Asia imathanso kuwombera poyizoni mtunda wautali. Komabe, mumtundu wa poizoni wamtunduwu umatuluka mu dzenje lapadera pansi pa lilime, m'nsagwada yam'munsi.

Cholinga chachikulu cha makina oteteza ndi kulowetsa zinthu zakupha m'maso mwa mdani, kaya ndi nyama kapena munthu. Atazindikira kuopsa kwake, njoka imakweza mutu wake ndikuyigwira. Kenako pali malovu, omwe amawongoleredwa pang'ono pamwamba pamutu wa mdani. Pofika komwe akupita, poizoni m'nthawi yochepa imayambitsa kuphimba kwa diso. Zotsatira zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala khungu lathunthu la womenyedwayo. Komanso, zinthu zapoizoni zimakhumudwitsa khungu, zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa kapangidwe kake.

Nthawi zina kulavulira cobras kumalakwitsa. Koma izi zimachitika pafupipafupi. Chifukwa chake chimakhala chosankha chabwino kuchokera pa zomwe mukufuna. Nthawi zina, nkhanu za m'maso zimapangitsa kuti maso awo aziwoneka bwino pazovala za munthu.

Ubale ndi munthu

Masiku ano, kulavulira cobras kuli pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Zodzoladzola zoterezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'magawo momwe munthu amathandizira. Poopa poizoni wakupha, anthu amachotsa njoka izi mwadala, osaganizira ngati zochita zoterezi ndizomveka pazinthu zina.

Mwa zina, munthu amachita kusaka nyama zotere. Cholinga ndicho kuchotsa khungu la njoka, komanso poyizoni wofunika. Zotsatirazi zimakhala ngati chofunikira kwambiri pakapangidwe kamankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Njoka zapoizoni ndizo zolengedwa zoopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ambiri amakhulupirira, ngakhale iyi si malingaliro oyenera. Komabe, zimawopsa anthu ndi nyama. Mutha kuganiza kuti kukhala ndi chida chachikulu ngati chiphe, simudzakhalabe ndi njala, simudzapondedwanso. Koma aliyense akuganiza choncho, osati njoka zokha. Ambiri aiwo amadziwa kuti asanadye, amayenera kumuyang'anira kwa ola limodzi, akubisalira. Ayi, ziribe kanthu momwe chida chanyanjayi chilili, sichodalirika. Tsopano, ngati nkotheka kutumiza mivi kukakumana ndi mdani. Mwachitsanzo, monga amwenye. Zouluka zilibe mivi, koma mitundu ina ya nkhanu ndi angapo amadziwa kulavulira poyizoni.

Mwa njoka zowombera njoka, nkhanu zakuda (Naja nigricollis) ndizofala ku Africa konse, collared cobra (Hemachatus haemachatus) ndikulavula cobra waku India (Naja naja sputatrix). Mano owopsa a njoka izi amakonzedwa mosiyana kuposa anzawo, mwachitsanzo ,. Njira yomwe poizoniyo umalowetsamo poizoni sitseguka pomwepo, koma kutali ndi iwo, zikuwoneka kuti ndi yabwino kwa iwo kulavulira.

M'malo mwake, njoka sizimulavulira poyizoni, chifukwa kulavulira kumaphatikizira kuphatikiza ndi malovu, ndipo izi zimawombera chakudyacho mwachindunji kuchokera pa njira yomwe imatsegulira dzino. Komanso, njoka zimawombera mwaluso kwambiri komanso patali kwambiri - kuchokera awiri mpaka anayi, ndikuyang'ana kutsogolo. Ngati poizoni walowa m'maso, nembanemba la mphuno kapena mkamwa mwa kanyama kakang'ono, ndiye kuti limafa. Tangolingalirani momwe apaulendo oyamba omwe anali ku Africa kapena Southeast Asia, ndipo atakumana ndi kulavulira njoka, adachita mantha.

Koma osati njoka zokha komanso osati matewera okha. Ma spadatter okhala ndi maudzu kapena phrenosomes ndi magazi awo. Chida chawo chachikulu ndi mutu wa mutu. Ndi thandizo lake, abuluzi amateteza njoka zapoizoni ndi nyama zina zazing'ono. M'malo mwake, samakonda kubweretsa nkhaniyi kumenyedwe, koma kuwopseza mdani pasadakhale. Pachifukwa ichi, chilengedwe chapatsa nyama chisinthidwe chodabwitsa. Munthawi yowopsa, minofu yapadera imakhala imodzi mwamitsempha yayikulu yamagazi. Izi zimabweretsa kuwonjezeka kowopsa kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi m'mitsempha ya mutu. Zida zazing'onoting'ono zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maso asakuwonekere ndipo sizikuphulika, ndipo magazi amafufutira kuchokera kumaso kupita kwa mdani. Kusamba kwamagazi kosayembekezereka nthawi zambiri kumayika owukira kuthamanga, ndipo chida chotere chimagwira pafupifupi mu radius ya mita imodzi ndi theka.

Kulavula ndere kumakhala ngati wosewera mpira wa basketball panthawi yakalavula.

Ma cobras a poizoni amenewa amakhala m'matanthwe komanso m'nkhalango za ku Africa komanso ku South Asia. Ndizokulirapo ndipo zimatha kutalika mamita 3. Amakhala ndi ulemu, kudya kwambiri osakhala ndi poizoni, kapena abale awo - cobras amitundu ina. Ndipo nthawi ndi nthawi musiyanitse zakudya ndi abuluzi akulu.

Tsitsani mdani kuti apulumutse

Kulavula malovu kumadziwika kuti ndi njira yodabwitsa yotetezera. Akakumana ndi mdani wamkulu kwambiri, yemwe ndi wosatheka kudya, amulavulira. Malovu otambalala amafika mita 2. Cholinga cha njoka ndichotsimikizika - maso a wolakwayo. Ndipo amafika pamlingo wodabwitsa ngakhale kuchokera kutali kwambiri.

Cobra poiz ndiosakanikirana kwambiri ndi ma polypeptides a poizoni, ma enzyme ndi mapuloteni okhala ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Ma polypeptides okhala ndi poizoni kwambiri ndi neurotoxin I ndi neurotoxin II, omwe amachititsa ziwalo zamkati ndi kupuma. Ikalowa m'maso mwanu, poizoniyo imabweretsa ululu wadzidzidzi komanso wosalephera, womwe umatsogolera khungu. Pambuyo pake, atalowa m'magazi amaso m'magazi, poizoni amayambitsa kusokonezeka kwamatenda m'thupi. Mwamwayi, nthawi zambiri samapha.

Kuwona koyenera m'maso onse

Chifukwa cha kafukufuku wasayansi, zingapo zomwe zidawoneka zidapangidwa.

Munthu akangosintha maudindo a mutu, mamba am'tsatira. Munthu akasiya kusuntha, njokayo imapitilizabe kusuntha mutu wake mbali ndi mbali. Malinga ndi wasayansiyo, mayendedwewa amafanana ndi zomwe wosewera mpira wa basketball yemwe akufuna kusokoneza ndikusokoneza mdani asanaponyere mpira m'basiketi.

Kenako, sekondi imodzi isanatuluke poizoni, njokayo imayamba kuzungulira mutu ndi minyewa ya mutu ndi khosi ndikupitilira kusuntha, ndikutulutsa madziwo. Chifukwa chake, poizoni amapopera njira zophatikizira, kugwa ndi kuthekera kwakukulu pamaso pa mdani, komanso m'maso onse nthawi imodzi.

Kuyesaku kunawonetseranso kuti cobra imatulutsa poizoni mwanjira yoti si ya ndege, koma kuti utsi. Minofu yapadera imapukusira tinthu timene timatulutsa timiyala tomwe timayambitsa sumu. Kuphatikiza apo, minofu iyi imagwira ntchito ndi mphamvu kotero kuti kupopera kumatha kukwera mpaka 2 m, ndiko kuti, pafupifupi mpaka kutalika kwa maso a mdani.

Ngakhale kuti nkhope ya wasayansiyo idatetezedwa ndi mtundu wina wowoneka bwino, kuyesaku kudawoneka kochititsa chidwi.

Kulavulira cobras: kufotokozera ndi chithunzi

Kodi kulavulira cobras kumatanthauza chiyani? Kodi zirombo zoterezi zimabweretsa moyo wamtundu wanji? Kodi amadya chiyani ndipo amaswana bwanji? Kodi ndizotheka kusunga malovu amkati m'ndende? Zonsezi zifotokozedwa m'mabuku athu.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya njoka zomwe zimasiyana momwe zimatha kuthana ndi mdani ndi zinthu zakupha patali. Izi zikuphatikiza zotsatirazi:

• Chala chachikulu chofiirira.
• Central Asia cobra wofiira.
• Collared cobra.
• Cobra wakuda.
• Cobra yakuda ndi yoyera.

Collared Kumulavulira Cobra

Hemachatus haemachatus (BONNATERRE, 1790)
Imodzi mwabwino kwambiri, yosangalatsa komanso yosilira cobras ya ku Africa. Collared kulavulira cobra.

Mitunduyi ndi ya genotypic genus, komabe, imagwirizana kwambiri ndi mtundu wapakati wa Naja, makamaka ndi subgenus Afronaja, zomwe ndizomveka. Komabe, kuphatikiza kwathunthu kwa folidosis, kuchuluka kwa thupi ndi kubereka kwa mazira kumasiyanirabe izi ndi gulu la nkhanu zenizeni.

Ndipo kotero. Mtunduwu umakhala m'malo osefukira, achinyanja ndi nkhalango zowuma za South Africa, Zimbabwe, Lesotho ndi Swaziland. Komanso dera laling'ono lakumwera kwa Mozambique. Amakhala ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Chakudyacho chimakhala ndi mikanda, komabe, chimatha kusaka njoka zina.

Cobra iyi imadziwika m'njira zambiri.

Choyamba, malingaliro awa amawonjezeka molondola kwambiri komanso kutali. Kumulavulira kachulukidwe kakang'ono kameneka (mpaka 130 masentimita bwino) ma cobras okhoza kufikira 2.5 m !. Poyerekeza, cobra Ashe amatalika mamitala atatu m'chigawo cha 3 mita! Chifukwa cha kukula ndi kutalika kwa malovu, m'malingaliro anga alibe ofanana mgulu la Naja. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwidwa pano kuti malovu awo amwazika kwambiri komanso osalondola. Koma, mukumvetsetsa, ngati tikulankhula za kuwasunga mu ukapolo, ndiye kuti m'chipinda chaching'ono ngakhale kulondola kwakukulu kungakhale kokwanira.

Chachiwiri, nyamazo zimakhala m'malo ovuta a kum'mwera kwa Africa ndipo zimafunikira nyengo yozizira mwankhaza. Ngati cobras yambiri yozizira nthawi zambiri pamadigiri 20 - 23, ndiye kuti amafunikira osachepera 18, komanso 16!

Chachitatu. Poganizira nyengo yotentha kwambiri, mtunduwu, siziikira mazira, koma imabereka njoka. Zomwe, zaachidziwikire, ndizopadera kwa gulu la cobra lathunthu. Kuphatikiza apo, malinga ndi magawo osiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwa ana kumatha kukhala 15 mpaka 30. Ndipo cholembera za cobra zidabweretsa zochuluka 65 panthawi imodzi! Zomwe sindimakhulupirira, koma ndizomwezo.

Chachinayi. Mitunduyi imakhala yozizira bwino kwambiri kutsanzira imfa. Ndipo amachitanso ngati njoka zathu) Amasekanso moseketsa ndikugwa pamsana pake, kutulutsa lilime lake ndi kugonja. Ikuwoneka bwino kwambiri, makamaka, kanthawi, njokayo itatulutsa ngati cobra choopsa!

Ponena za zomwe ali mu ukapolo, gawo lovuta ndilakuti amavutika kupeza. Kapena okwera mtengo. Ma hemahatus okongola okhala ndi zingwe kuchokera ku Europe adzagula ndalama zoposa ma euro 400 pamchira, ndipo mwina zochulukirapo. Ndipo, zachidziwikire, kuzizira kozizira kwambiri, ndi zotsatirapo zake zonse. Chakudya chovuta kupangira mitundu ya mikanda chimasiyanso chizindikiritso chake, komabe, chimasuntha mbewa ndipo, kawirikawiri, palibe mavuto ndi izi. Kupanda kutero, zomwe zili pamalopo sizimasiyana ndi zomwe zimapezeka mu mtundu wapakati, zomwe sizingakondwere.

Ululu wa njoka iyi ndi wamtundu wosakanikirana, koma kwa anthu ngoziyo siili yayikulu, yomwe ikadali konkriti kuphatikiza zomwe zili njoka yodabwitsayi. Ngati ingalowe m'maso, nthawi zambiri imatha ndi zowawa kwambiri komanso kutupa pang'ono, koma sindingayese. Ndipo kuluma kumayambitsa zotupa zakumanzere (kawirikawiri zimayendera limodzi ndi necrosis) nseru, chizungulire komanso kugona. Ziribe kanthu kuti zikuwoneka zowopsa bwanji - kufa kumapeto ndikochepa. Komabe, nthawi zonse pamakhala zosankha zina, ndiye musalowe m'malo.

Chabwino, ndipo pamapeto pake, zomwe tili nazo. Njoka yayitali-yayitali, nthawi zambiri yowoneka bwino, mawonekedwe a nkhanu zenizeni zokhala ndi zizolowezi ndi machitidwe onse omwe amakhalapo. Osati chiphe chakupha ndi kuyikira mazira. Malingaliro omwe amayesetsa kuti agwirizane bwino ndi malo achitetezo, ngakhale pali zovuta zina (ndipo popanda iwo!). Chifukwa chake, kusaka bwino, ndipo ndikhulupirira tsiku lina mudzagawana zithunzi za makola anu amiyala, momwe ndimafunira zabwino zonse!

Kulavulira cobra ndi ... Kodi kulavulira ndi chiyani?

Banja la Aspida (Elapidae)

Kumulavulira cobras - dzina lodziwika la mitundu ingapo ya njoka zomwe zimakhala m'matanthwe komanso m'nkhalango za Africa ndi South Asia ndipo zimatha "kuwombera" poyizoni m'maso mwa mdani. Mwachitsanzo, nkhanu zam'maso zodontha, zimatha kuwombera "mafuti" 28 motsatira, nthawi iliyonse kumasula poyizoni wa 3,7 mg. Kuchepetsa, kupweteka kwambiri, khungu kwakanthawi kapena ngakhale kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa cha kugwidwa kwa ziphuphu kumachitika chifukwa chogwirizana. Popita kusaka, nkhanu izi zimapha wozunzidwa ndi kuluma, monga njoka zina zapoizoni.

Cobra poiz ndiosakanikirana ndi ma polypeptides a poizoni, ma enzyme ndi mapuloteni okhala ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, kuphatikiza minofu ya mafupa ndi kupuma. Ikalowa m'maso mwanu, poizoniyo imabweretsa ululu wadzidzidzi komanso wosalephera, womwe umatsogolera khungu. Ikalowa m'magazi a m'magazi, chakupha chimayambitsa kusokonezeka kwakuthupi mthupi, nthawi zambiri sichimapha. Yachiwiriyi isanatulutse poizoni, njokayo imayamba kuzungulira mutu ndi minyewa ya mutu ndi khosi ndikupitilizabe kusuntha, ndikutulutsa madzi, kupopera mankhwalawo m'njira yophatikizana ndi ellipses, nthawi zambiri ikugwera pamaso pa mdani, ndi maso onse awiri nthawi imodzi. Minofu yapadera imapukusira tinthu timene timatulutsa tinthu tambiri kuti utsi wa poizoni utembenuke kukhala sipinira, ndipo ndi mphamvu kuti siponji imatha kukwera mpaka 2 m, kutanthauza pafupifupi kutalika kwa maso a mdani.

Mitsempha yama mano a njoka izi imakhazikika kumiyendo yakumanja ndikutseguka kwakunja kutsogolo kwa dzino, ndipo zotseguka zokhala zowongoka ndizokhotakhota kuposa zomwe sizimapindika, ndipo zimasunthidwa pafupi ndi tsinde la mano, kotero kuti poizoniyo, "ikadutsa" patsogolo. Pachifukwa ichi, njoka mothandizidwa ndi minyewa yapadera imakakamiza kwambiri mabuluzi a poizoni.

Ma cobras aku Asia, kuphatikizapo Central Asia cobra (Naja oxiana, amathanso kuthira poyizoni, koma zida zapoizoni ndizosiyana, ndipo makina owombera ndiwosiyana: atatenga poizoniyu mkamwa, njoka imakakamiza kuti iphulike kudzera mu dzenje m'nsagwada yam'munsi, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatulutsa lilime lake.

Kulavulira Cobra - Howling Pixel

Kumulavulira cobras - dzina lodziwika la mitundu ingapo ya njoka zomwe zimakhala m'matanthwe komanso m'nkhalango za Africa ndi South Asia ndipo zimatha "kuwombera" poyizoni m'maso mwa mdani.

Mwachitsanzo, nkhanu zam'maso zodontha, zimatha kuwombera "mafuti" 28 motsatira, nthawi iliyonse kumasula poyizoni wa 3,7 mg. Kuchepetsa, kupweteka kwambiri, khungu kwakanthawi kapena ngakhale kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa champhamvu ya chifuwa kumachitika chifukwa chayamba kumeza. Popita kusaka, nkhanu izi zimapha wozunzidwa ndi kuluma, monga njoka zina zapoizoni.

Mitsempha yama mano a njoka izi imakhazikika kumiyendo yakumanja ndikutseguka kwakunja kutsogolo kwa dzino, ndipo zotseguka zokhala zowongoka ndizokhotakhota kuposa zomwe sizimapindika, ndipo zimasunthidwa pafupi ndi tsinde la mano, kotero kuti poizoniyo, "ikadutsa" patsogolo. Pachifukwa ichi, njoka mothandizidwa ndi minyewa yapadera imakakamiza kwambiri mabuluzi a poizoni.

Ma cobras aku Asia, kuphatikizapo Central Asia cobra (Naja oxiana, amathanso kuthira poyizoni, koma zida zapoizoni ndizosiyana, ndipo makina owombera ndiwosiyana: atatenga poizoniyu mkamwa, njoka imakakamiza kuti iphulike kudzera mu dzenje m'nsagwada yam'munsi, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatulutsa lilime lake.

Zomwe zimakhudza chikhalidwe

• Mu mndandanda wazithunzi "LEGO Ninjago" (S2E5), umodzi mwa mitundu ya njoka, Venomari, umalavulira poyizoni, womwe, ukugwa m'maso, umayambitsa kuyerekezera zinthu.
• A Dilophosaurus aku Jurassic Park (buku ndi kanema) anasaka, akumenya ovuta ndi malovu owopsa.
• Mu buku la "Star of Star" kuchokera pagawo la "Maulendo a Taf" a George Martin, amphaka achiheberi adapha ozunzidwa, ndikumalavulira poyizoni.
• Zinyoka-njoka mumndandanda wazithunzi "Dinofros" zimatha kulavulira poyizoni.
• Njoka yokhala ndi mitu itatu yotchedwa Miva mutant (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Karai) kuchokera pamndandanda wapa Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012) imathanso kuwononga poyizoni.
• Xenomorph othamanga ndi xenomorph hybrids amatha kulavulira poyizoni ndi acid zinthu.

Zolemba

Kulavulira Cobra - Howling Pixel

Kumulavulira cobras - dzina lodziwika la mitundu ingapo ya njoka zomwe zimakhala m'matanthwe komanso m'nkhalango za Africa ndi South Asia ndipo zimatha "kuwombera" poyizoni m'maso mwa mdani.

Mwachitsanzo, nkhanu zam'maso zodontha, zimatha kuwombera "mafuti" 28 motsatira, nthawi iliyonse kumasula poyizoni wa 3,7 mg. Kuchepetsa, kupweteka kwambiri, khungu kwakanthawi kapena ngakhale kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa champhamvu ya chifuwa kumachitika chifukwa chayamba kumeza. Popita kusaka, nkhanu izi zimapha wozunzidwa ndi kuluma, monga njoka zina zapoizoni.

Mitsempha yama mano a njoka izi imakhazikika kumiyendo yakumanja ndikutseguka kwakunja kutsogolo kwa dzino, ndipo zotseguka zokhala zowongoka ndizokhotakhota kuposa zomwe sizimapindika, ndipo zimasunthidwa pafupi ndi tsinde la mano, kotero kuti poizoniyo, "ikadutsa" patsogolo. Pachifukwa ichi, njoka mothandizidwa ndi minyewa yapadera imakakamiza kwambiri mabuluzi a poizoni.

Ma cobras aku Asia, kuphatikizapo Central Asia cobra (Naja oxiana, amathanso kuthira poyizoni, koma zida zapoizoni ndizosiyana, ndipo makina owombera ndiwosiyana: atatenga poizoniyu mkamwa, njoka imakakamiza kuti iphulike kudzera mu dzenje m'nsagwada yam'munsi, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatulutsa lilime lake.

Zomwe zimakhudza chikhalidwe

• Mu mndandanda wazithunzi "LEGO Ninjago" (S2E5), umodzi mwa mitundu ya njoka, Venomari, umalavulira poyizoni, womwe, ukugwa m'maso, umayambitsa kuyerekezera zinthu.
• A Dilophosaurus aku Jurassic Park (buku ndi kanema) anasaka, akumenya ovuta ndi malovu owopsa.
• Mu buku la "Star of Star" kuchokera pagawo la "Maulendo a Taf" a George Martin, amphaka achiheberi adapha ozunzidwa, ndikumalavulira poyizoni.
• Zinyoka-njoka mumndandanda wazithunzi "Dinofros" zimatha kulavulira poyizoni.
• Njoka yokhala ndi mitu itatu yotchedwa Miva mutant (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Karai) yochokera ku mndandanda wamavidiyo a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012) imathanso kuwaza poyizoni.
• Xenomorph othamanga ndi xenomorph hybrids amatha kulavulira poyizoni ndi acid zinthu.

Zolemba

1. ↑ Hamadriad, njoka yozizwitsa komanso cobra, kulavulira poyizoni (kulumikizika mosagwirizana)
2. ↑ 12Akimushkin I.I. Aspids ndi poyizoni // Dziko Lanyama: Mbalame. Nsomba, zam'madzi ndi zapamtunda. - 3 ed. - M: Kuganiza, 1995 .-- S. 447, 448. - 25,000. - ISBN 5-244-00803-X.

Spitting cobra yayikulu (lat. Naja ashei) ndi njoka yapoizoni yochokera ku banja la asidi, mtundu wa nkhanu zenizeni. Amakhala kum'mawa ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa. Anthu amtunduwu ndiwopambana kwambiri pakati pa maula am'madzi; kutalika kwa munthu m'modzi ndimasentimita 274.3.

Zida zoteteza mu nyama

Zipangizo zodzitetezera zimapangika pakapangidwe kamasinthidwe kamene kamathandiza kudyetsa zolengedwa pakulimbana kwawo kosatha ndi adani.

Njira yoyamba yodzitetezera sidziwika chifukwa chobisira, kukhala mobisala, kulimbitsa thupi kapena kugona usiku. Kuphatikiza apo, omwe akuvutika ndi nyama atha kuletsa mdaniyo, kuwonetsa kuti ndiosazindikira, kugwiritsa ntchito ziwonetsero pansi pa nyama zokhala ndi zida zoteteza, kubwereza ndikusokoneza, kuwonetsa kulephera kwa kutsatira, ndi zida zoteteza monga minga. Ngakhale gulu limakhala losavuta kuwona, mamembala ake sangagonjetsedwe ndi omwe amadyera masuku pamutu, kukhala tcheru, kugwira nyama yolusa, komanso kuthekera koukira wina watsopano.

Nyama zina zodya nyama zitha kuthana ndi vuto lokhetsa magazi zokha, kuwukira kapena kutulutsa zinthu zapoizoni. Pomaliza, mitundu ina, ikagwidwa, imatha kupulumutsidwa ndikataya mbali zina za thupi kuti isokoneze chilombocho ndikuwapatsa nthawi kuti athawe: nsomba zazinkhanira kubwerezanso bulawu, abuluzi amagwetsa michira yawo.

Cobra ndi dzina lakale la njoka zapoizoni zochokera ku banja la ma proid (lat. Elapidae), lomwe m'gulu lamakono la asayansi lilibe gulu limodzi la taxonomic. Amatha kutsegula nthiti za chifuwa, ngati pali ngozi. Ikalumidwa, imalowetsa poyizoni mpaka 7 ml m'thupi, poizoni wake yemwe umayambitsa kupuma komanso kulephera kwa mtima kwa maola 24. Kwenikweni, ma cobras amatchedwa oyimira ochokera ku mtundu weniweni wa cobras (Naja), komabe, mitundu ina ndi ya mtundu wina wa banja lomwelo:

Shield Cobras (Aspidelaps)

Cobras Yamadzi (Boulengerina)

Collared Cobras (Hemachatus)

King Cobras (Ophiophagus)

Forest Cobras (Pseudohaje)

Desert Cobras (Walterinnesia)

Kulavulira Cobra (Naja sputatrix) /

Cobra, kapena cobra weniweni (lat. Naja) - mtundu wa njoka zapoizoni za banja la maulosi. Awa ndi njoka zodziwika komanso zofala kwambiri, zomwe zimatchedwa "cobras", ngakhale kuli mitundu ina yomwe oyimira amatchedwa ndi dzina laling'ono. Malinga ndi magulu osiyanasiyana, mtundu Naja ukuphatikiza pafupifupi mitundu 20. Amapezeka ku Africa, Middle East, Southeast Asia ndi Indonesia. Ma cobras amagwira ntchito kwambiri kuyambira pakati pa Epulo mpaka Juni komanso kuyambira Seputembala mpaka pakati pa Novembala. Mu Julayi, chachikazi chimayikira mazira 9-19, pomwe ana aang'ono amawonekera kumapeto kwa Ogasiti komanso koyambirira kwa Seputembala. Cobras amadya makoswe, amfia, mbalame, koma, monga ma proid ena, amadya njoka, kuphatikizapo zapoizoni.

Choyambirira ndicho chodziwika bwino cha nkhanu zonse. Gawo lina la thupi limatchedwa hood, pomwe nthiti zimasunthika mothandizidwa ndi minofu yapadera, posintha mawonekedwe awo. Nthawi yofatsa, mphiri ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi njoka zina zambiri.

Cobra ndi ngozi yosakayikitsa kwa anthu ndi nyama, koma mosiyana ndi njoka zam'mimba nthawi zonse zimachenjeza za kukhalapo kwake. Pokhapokha pakuwopsezedwa pomwepo pomwe nkhanu imapanga mphezi zingapo kuwukira mdani, imodzi yomwe, monga lamulo, imatha ndikuluma. Nthawi yomweyo, mosiyana ndi njoka, mamba osaluma nthawi yomweyo, koma "amatafuna", ndikugwedeza nsagwada kangapo musanamasule wovulalayo. Mitundu ina (kulavulira cobras), kudziteteza, ikhoza kuwombera poyizoni m'maso mwa mdani.

Kulavulira - kuchotsa mkamwa mwamphamvu kuchokera, mwachitsanzo, malovu.

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COBRA: wonenepa

Shield Cobras (Aspidelaps)
Cobras Yamadzi (Boulengerina)
Collared Cobras (Hemachatus)
King Cobras (Ophiophagus)
Forest Cobras (Pseudohaje)
Desert Cobras (Walterinnesia)

Awa ndi njoka zomwe zimadziwika kwambiri komanso ndizofala kwambiri, zomwe zimatchedwa "cobras", ngakhale kuli genera ena ambiri omwe oimira amatchedwa ndi dzina lomweli.

Cobras amadya makoswe, amfia, mbalame, koma, monga ma proid ena, amadya njoka, kuphatikizapo zapoizoni.

Kulavulira cobras amatha "kuwombera" poyizoni m'maso mwa mdani. Cobra wakuda wakuda amatha kuyambitsa "kuwombera" 28 motsatira, nthawi iliyonse kumasula poyizoni wa 3.7 mg. Kuchepetsa, kupweteka kwambiri, khungu kwakanthawi kapena ngakhale kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa champhamvu ya chifuwa kumachitika chifukwa chayamba kumeza. Popita kusaka, nkhanu izi zimapha wozunzidwa ndi kuluma, monga njoka zina zapoizoni.

Mitsempha yama mano a njoka izi imakhazikika kumiyendo yakumanja ndikutseguka kwakunja kutsogolo kwa dzino, ndipo zotseguka zokhala zowongoka ndizokhotakhota kuposa zomwe sizimapindika, ndipo zimasunthidwa pafupi ndi tsinde la mano, kotero kuti poizoniyo, "ikadutsa" patsogolo. Pachifukwa ichi, njoka mothandizidwa ndi minyewa yapadera imakakamiza kwambiri mabuluzi a poizoni.

Ma cobras aku Asia amathanso kupopera poyizoni, koma zida zapoizoni ndizosiyana, ndipo zimangojambula zowombera ndizosiyana: atatola chakudyacho mkamwa, njoka imakakamiza kuti iphulike kudzera mu dzenje m'nsagwada yam'munsi, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatulutsa lilime lake

Achingelezi nthawi yomwe atsamunda amakhala ku India, adaganiza zochepetsera nkhanu zomwe zidapereka, pomwe adalengeza mphotho ya mitu yawo. Anthu am'deralo adathamangira kukawononga njoka, potero kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwawo, koma, m'malo mwake, adasinthira kuswana kwawo kuti apeze ndalama zosavuta. Atatha kulipira mphotho ya nkhanu zotsalira, amwenye adawamasula kuthengo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti kuchuluka kwa njoka kumangokulira poyerekeza ndi mtengo woyambirira. Kuyambira pamenepo, mawu akuti "cobra athari" adakonzedwera chilichonse chochita kuti athetse vutoli, koma chotsatira chake chikukula.

Ngakhale njovu imatha kufa ndi kulumidwa ndi mphiri yachifumu, koma izi ndizosangalatsa: Imfa za anthu chifukwa chakumwa ndi mphiri ndizosowa kwambiri (ngakhale anthu pafupifupi 50 amafa chifukwa cholumidwa ndi njoka zina ku India pachaka). Chinyama chanzeru chomwechi chimasunga chiphe kuti chizisaka ndipo poyesa kuwopseza anthu, "chimaluma" kamodzi.

King cobra - njoka yayitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi - kutalika kwa munthu aliyense payekha akhoza kufika mita isanu ndi theka.

Atakumana m'chigawo chimodzi, amphongo a cobra amatha kupanga ndewu pakati pawo, osamaluma. Mwana wamwamuna wopambana amakhala pafupi ndi wamkazi. Komanso, ngati wamkazi amakhala kale ndi umuna wina wamwamuna, nthawi zambiri wamwamuna wopambana akazunza mkaziyo ndikumupha, pambuyo pake amadya. Ngati wamkazi wophedwayo alephera kuyamwa kwathunthu chifukwa cha kukula kwake, amuchotsa. Wamkazi amathanso kuukira wamphongo ndikumupha

Mwa njoka, limodzi ndi mfumu cobra, njoka yamakoko ya India yokha ndi yomwe imatha kupanga phokoso kudzera pakupuma.

Kuluma kamodzi kwa malovu akukhazikika komwe kali ndi poyizoni, komwe nkokwanira kupha anthu 20.

Cobra ndi ngozi yosakayikitsa kwa anthu ndi nyama, koma mosiyana ndi njoka zam'mimba nthawi zonse zimachenjeza za kukhalapo kwake. Pokhapokha pakuwopsezedwa pomwepo pomwe nkhanu imapanga mphezi zingapo kuwukira mdani, imodzi yomwe, monga lamulo, imatha ndikuluma.

Choyambirira ndicho chodziwika bwino cha nkhanu zonse. Gawo lina la thupi limatchedwa hood, pomwe nthiti zimasunthika mothandizidwa ndi minofu yapadera, posintha mawonekedwe awo. Nthawi yofatsa, mphiri ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi njoka zina zambiri.

Scarabidae cobras akuphulika reps

Nkhalango kapena zachilendo zimakonda kwambiri nkhalango za ku Equatorial Africa.

Ma cobras amadzi amadya nsomba zokha.

Pakati pa anthu ku India, nkhanu zooneka bwino za ku India zimalemekezedwa mwapadera, zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi nthano zambiri komanso nthano zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyimilira ndi njoka za njoka.

Mwa Aigupto, nkhanu ya ku Aigupto inkayesedwa ngati chizindikiro cha mphamvu, ndipo pamenepa chithunzi chake chinali chokongoletsera pamutu pa pharao. Cobra waku Egypt, ngati cobra waku India, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ojambula njoka m'masewera awo mumsewu, omwe amapambana ndi anthu am'deralo komanso alendo.

Khola watsopano amene wadwala posachedwa atakhala pamalo osungirako nyama, osazolowera alendo, galasi limatha 'kutuluka' ndi poizoni wakupha. Komabe, kuwonjezera pa chitetezo choterechi, makola am'madzi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira yongokhala, atatembenuza kumbuyo kwake ndikudziyerekeza kuti amwalira. Njira yomweyo yotetezedwa idapangidwa ndi njoka zina zakale. Mosiyana ndi nkhanu zenizeni, nkhanu yam'mimba siziikira mazira, koma imabala ana amoyo.

Cobra wa ku Central Asia samadikirira mpaka atafika. Ataona zoopsa zomwe zayandikira, amakhala kuti akudzitchinjiriza ndi kufuula kwambiri. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokwanira kutsimikizira munthu komanso nkhosa kuti njira yatsekedwa pano. Koma ngakhale mdani atayandikira, cobra samagwiritsa ntchito mano oopsa nthawi zina, ndipo nthawi zina amadziguguda pachiyambipo, kuponya mbali yakutsogolo ya thupi kutsogolo ndikumenya mdaniyo mutu ndi pakamwa pake. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, amayesa kuwopseza, osagwiritsa ntchito chida chake chachikulu, poteteza mano ake kuti asawonongeke. Chifukwa chake, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kulumidwa ndi cobra mwachilengedwe.

Pali nkhani yodziwika pamene nkhanu ina yakuda ndi yoyera inasungidwa kumalo osungirako nyama okhalamo kwa zaka 29, ndikugawana ndi anaconda mbiri ya moyo wautali pakati pa njoka.

Chinese kapena Taiwanese cobra

Monocle Cobra

Kulavula Chakudya cha Burma

Indian kapena cobra wochititsa chidwi

Central Asia cobra

Philippine cobra

Andaman cobra

Samara cobra kapena Petros cobra

Indochinese kulavulira cobra

Javanese kapena indonesian kulavulira cobra

Golide kapena Sumatran Spitting Cobra

Angolan cobra

Fringed cobra

Arabian cobra

Senegalale cobra

Cobra waku Egypt

Cape Cobra

Wokhala ndi nkhanu zamadzi

Cobra wam'madzi waku Congo kapena Christie cobra

Chakuda ndi choyera kapena nkhwangwa

Chingwe chowotcha kapena chopindika chosanjikiza

Kumulavulira cobra kwakukulu

Malawi Spitting Cobra

West African kapena Malian Spitting Cobra

Mbidzi Kumula Cobra (Naja nigricincta nigricincta)

Kula wakuda bii (Naja nigricincta woodi)

Cobra wakuda

Nubian Spitting Cobra

Kulavulira cobra

South African Flap Cobra (Cape Coral) Aspidelaps lubricus lubricus

South Flap Cobra (Cole) Aspidelaps lubricus ng'ombe

Cobra wamba

Collared cobra

King cobra kapena hamadriad

Zam'mawa kapena Golide Wood Cobra

Western cobra wakuda kapena wakuda

Chipululu

Kulavula cobra kumabowola poyizoni

Kulavula ndere kumakhala ngati wosewera mpira wa basketball panthawi yakalavula. Kuti adziwe, wasayansi wa njoka anayika mutu wake pansi pa malovu.

Katswiri wazopanga njoka (katswiri pa maphunziro a njoka) wa yunivesite ya Washburn (University ya Washburn, Kansas, USA), pulofesa mnzake Bruce Young mwiniwake adayika mutu wake pansi pakumva kuwonerera kwa mamba. Kuphatikiza pa kukondweretsedwa kwakukulu, adalandira zidziwitso zolondola pazomwe mayendedwe a njoka panthawi yolira.

Tsitsani mdani kuti apulumutse

Kulavula malovu kumadziwika kuti ndi njira yodabwitsa yotetezera. Akakumana ndi mdani wamkulu kwambiri, yemwe ndi wosatheka kudya, amulavulira. Malovu otambalala amafika mita 2. Cholinga cha njoka ndichotsimikizika - maso a wolakwayo. Ndipo amafika pamlingo wodabwitsa ngakhale kuchokera kutali kwambiri.

Cobra poiz ndiosakanikirana kwambiri ndi ma polypeptides a poizoni, ma enzyme ndi mapuloteni okhala ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Ma polypeptides okhala ndi poizoni kwambiri ndi neurotoxin I ndi neurotoxin II, omwe amachititsa ziwalo zamkati ndi kupuma. Ikalowa m'maso mwanu, poizoniyo imabweretsa ululu wadzidzidzi komanso wosalephera, womwe umatsogolera khungu. Pambuyo pake, atalowa m'magazi amaso m'magazi, poizoni amayambitsa kusokonezeka kwamatenda m'thupi. Mwamwayi, nthawi zambiri samapha.

Sayansi monyanyira

Pakufufuza, gulu la Dr. Young lidagwira anthu angapo achikulire - oimira ofiira, otuwa kwambiri komanso akuda komanso oyera kumalavula malovu.

Mbali yoyambirira, Dr. Young adaseka njokayo posunthira mutu wake pafupi ndi njokayo. Pa visor a Dr. Young anali chida chapadera cholumikizidwa ndi kompyuta ndikukulolani kuwona kayendedwe ka mutu wa onse a Dr. Young ndi njoka. Gawo lachiwiri la kuyeserali lidakakhala kulowetsa mkamwa mwa njoka chida chowonera minofu yomwe imalamulira kutulutsidwa kwa poyizoni.

Kuwona koyenera m'maso onse

Dokotala Young atangosintha mutu wake, adagonekanso cobra. Ngati njokayo idasiya kuyenda, njokayo idapitilizabe kusuntha mutu wake mbali ndi mbali. Malinga ndi wasayansiyo, mayendedwewa amafanana ndi zomwe wosewera mpira wa basketball yemwe akufuna kusokoneza ndikusokoneza mdani asanaponyere mpira m'basiketi. Kenako, sekondi imodzi isanatulutsidwe ndi njokayo, njokayo inayamba kuzungulira mutu wake ndi minyewa ya mutu ndi khosi ndikupitilira kuyenda, ndikutulutsa madziwo. Chifukwa chake, poizoni amapopera njira zophatikizira, kugwa ndi kuthekera kwakukulu pamaso pa mdani, komanso m'maso onse nthawi imodzi. Kuyesaku kunawonetseranso kuti cobra imatulutsa poizoni mwanjira yoti si ya ndege, koma kuti utsi. Minofu yapadera imapukusira tinthu timene timatulutsa timiyala tomwe timayambitsa sumu. Kuphatikiza apo, minofu iyi imagwira ntchito ndi mphamvu kotero kuti kupopera kumatha kukwera mpaka 2 m, ndiko kuti, pafupifupi mpaka kutalika kwa maso a mdani.

Ngakhale kuti nkhope ya Bruce Young idatetezedwa ndi visor yapadera yowonekera, kuyesaku kudawoneka kochititsa chidwi.

Zotsatira zakusaka zimafalitsidwa mu Januwale nkhani ya Journal of Physiological and Biochemical Zoology.