Ibis | |
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Royal Spoonbill | |
Gulu la asayansi | |
Ufumu: | Chinyama |
Lembani: | Chordate |
Ophunzitsa: | Aves |
Dongosolo: | Pelican |
Banja: | Ibis Richmond, 1917 |
Mabanja ochepera | |
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Mabanja Ibis Phatikizani mitundu 34 ya mbalame zazikulu marsh. Banjali limagawidwa m'magulu awiri abanja, ibis ndi supuni Komabe, kafukufuku waposachedwa amtunduwu amakayikira pamisonkhanoyo, komanso kuzindikira kwa magome omwe adalowetsedwa kale mdziko lakale, ndipo dziko latsopano limatulutsa ngati mbuto zoyambira.
Msonkho
Banja la ibis limadziwika kuti Plataleidae. Masiponji ndi ibis nthawi inayake amaganiza kuti amagwirizanitsidwa ndi magulu ena a mbalame zazitali zam'miyendo motengera Ciconiiformes. Kafukufuku waposachedwa awonetsa kuti ndi mamembala a dongosolo la Pelican. Poyankha izi, International Ornithological Congress (IOC), yomwe idasinthidwa posachedwa ndi ibis ndi mlongo wawo taxa Ardeidae motsogozedwa ndi Pelicanaceans m'malo mwa Ciconiiformes yapita. Ngati mabanja ochepetsa mabanja awiri onse pamodzi ndi otseguka. Kulowa kwa Check B's South America Cheke ku Ibisova kumaphatikizaponso ndemanga iyi: "Mabanja awiri okhala pansi pamwambo (mwachitsanzo, Mate ndi del Hoyo 1992) adazindikira: Threskiornithinae wa ibis ndi Plataleinae wa spoonbill, chifukwa kusiyana kwakukulu kukugwirizana ndi mawonekedwe owerengera, zambiri zowonjezera, ndizofunikira. zindikirani chovuta, chovuta m'mabanja. "
Kafukufuku wa DNA ya mitochondrial kuchokera ku spoonbill komanso ma oyera opera ndi ofiira anapeza kuti spoonbill amapanga chuma ndi dziko lakale la mtundu Threskiornis ndi Nipponia Nippon ndi Eudocimus pang'onopang'ono ndi nthambi zakale komanso abale ake akutali, ndipo chifukwa chake amakaika kukayikira komwe banja limakhalamo pamabowo ndi ma spunbill a subfamily. Kafukufuku wotsatira adatsimikizira izi pakupeza spoonbill, kupanga chuma chazikuluzikulu mkati mwa chuma cha "zofalitsa", kuphatikizapo Plegadis ndi Threskiornis , pomwe chuma cha "New Endemic World" chimapangidwa kuchokera kuma genera okha mpaka America monga Eudocimus ndi Theristicus .
Kufotokozera
Achibale ali ndi mapiko ataliatali, okhala ndi nthenga zazikulu 11 ndi nthenga zazing'ono 20. Ndi olimba komanso opanga maulendo, ndipo modabwitsa, anapatsidwa kukula ndi kulemera kwawo, okwera kwambiri Buluzi. Thupi nthawi zambiri limakhala lokwera, khosi limakhala lalitali, ndi miyendo yayitali. Ndalamayi ndiyotalikiranso, yowongoleredwa ngati amabis, mwachindunji komanso momveka bwino. Iwo ndi mbalame zazikulu, koma za kukula mwakachetechete malinga ndi malamulo ake, kuyambira pa ubweya wa azitona wamtali ( Bostrychia bocagei ), Masentimita 45 (mainchesi 18) ndi 450 g (0,99 lbs), ku giis wamkulu ( Thaumatibis gigantea ) masentimita 100 (39 mu.) ndi 4.2 kg (9.3 mapaundi).
Kugawa ndi chilengedwe
Zimagawidwa pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi, zimapezeka pafupi ndi malo aliwonse osasunthika kapena osayenda pang'onopang'ono madzi oyera kapena akumwa. Ma Ibise amapezekanso m'malo owuma, kuphatikizaponso kotayika.
Ku Llanos, madambo achisumbuchi amathandizira mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya mbis m'dera limodzi.
Malo onse obisalamo ndi obisalamo, kuthera tsiku lonse kudya ma invertebrates osiyanasiyana ndi ma vertebrates ang'onoting'ono: amatulutsa mwa kufunafuna pansi kapena matope, masiponji amatulutsa mbali mbali ndi m'madzi osaya. Usiku, amagona usiku pamitengo yapafupi ndi madzi. Amacheza, kudya, kugona, komanso kuwuluka limodzi, nthawi zambiri amaphunzira.
Masanjidwewo amakhala achikoloni, nthawi zambiri m'magulu ang'onoang'ono kapena m'masupuni, nthawi zambiri pamitengo yambiri, koma nthawi zina pazisumbu kapena zazing'ono zazing'ono. Nthawi zambiri, mkazi amamanga kachulukidwe kakakulu kuchokera kumabango ndi timitengo timene timatengera mwamuna. Makulidwe wamba osazungulira amakhala awiri kapena asanu; kuwaswa kumakhala kovuta. Amuna onse ndi obisirana, ndipo atakankhana ,idyetsani ana pang'ono ndi pang'ono. Masabata awiri kapena atatu atagwera, anawo safunikiranso kusinkhasinkha mosalekeza ndipo amatha kuchoka m'chisa, nthawi zambiri amapanga nazale koma amayenera kudyetsedwa ndi makolo awo.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Ku Africa, nthawi yobereketsa imayambira pa Marichi mpaka Ogasiti, ku Iraq kuyambira Epulo mpaka Meyi. Pakadali pano, ma ibis ophatikizika amalumikizana m'makomo ndi mbalame zina zazikulu zazikulu. Awiriawiri, amamanga zisa pamitengo, nthawi zambiri pamabowo. Zomerazi zimapangidwa ndi nthambi ndi ndodo. Mu clutch pali mazira 1 kapena 5. Kuchulukitsa kwawo ndi 2. Kukula kwa dzira limodzi kumayambira 43 mpaka 63 mm. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga masiku 21 mpaka 28.
Makolo onsewa amalowetsa mazira. Pambuyo pa anapiyewo, kholo limodzi limakhala chisa kwa masiku 7 mpaka 10, ndipo lachiwiri limanyamula chakudya. Nthenga wachinyamata wazaka 35 mpaka 40. Imakhala yodziyimira pawokha patsiku la 44-48 la moyo ndikugwirizana m'magulu achinyamata. Kutchire, io ibis amakhala zaka 20.
Kukhala Ndi Khalidwe Labwino
Kunja kwa nthawi yodyera, nthumwi za mitunduyo zimakhala m'magulu akulu. Pofunafuna chakudya, iwo amayenda m'madzi osaya, kwinaku akutsitsa mulomo wawo m'madzi ndikuwatsogolera mbali ndi mbali, kufunafuna chakudya. Chamoyo chomwe chikugwera pamilomo chimameza. Kuphatikiza apo, matope m'mphepete mwa nthaka ndi dothi amayesedwa ndi milomo yawo ndipo nkhono zam'madzi ndi nyongolotsi zimapezeka motere. Achule, nsomba zazing'ono, tizilombo, mizu ndi zipatso zam'madzi zam'madzi zimadyedwa. Pali nthawi zina pomwe oimira amtunduwu amadyedwa ndi zovunda.
Malo osungira
Miyoyo ya mbalamezi imangokhala. Komanso, nthawi zambiri malowa amakhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti malo opatulika amakhala kumapeto kwa mizinda yayikulu. Mitunduyi idalowetsedwa ku Spain, France, Italy, Taiwan ndi Bahrain. Mbalamezi zidachulukana kumeneko mwachangu ndikuyamba kuwopseza mbalame zina, ndikukhalitsa m'malo awo okhala. M'nyengo yozizira, iwo ankawonjezera zakudya zawo ndi zinyalala za chakudya, zomwe zinkawathandiza kuti azitha kuzizira bwino m'malo otentha. Pakadali pano, chiwerengero cha ma ibis opatulika chimasungidwa mokhazikika m'maiko onse omwe amakhala.
Mbawala. Kunja, zimawoneka ngati heron yaying'ono. Mu Aigupto akale amadziwika kuti ndi opatulika, amapembedzedwa.
Kufotokozera kwakunja
Mbalame za banja la ibis zimakula mpaka 50-110 cm.Munthu wamkulu amalemera kuyambira 400 g mpaka 1,3 kg. Chochititsa chidwi ndi mlomo. Ndiwotetemera, lalitali komanso lopindika. Ndiyabwino bwino kupeza chakudya pansi pa dziwe komanso m'malo matope. Mitundu yambiri ya mbalamezi, monga agalu, ilibe zida zogwiritsira ntchito mawu.
Mapiko a ibis ndi aatali, achitali, opangidwa ndi nthenga 11 zazikulu zamapiko. Chifukwa cha izi, mbalame zimawuluka kwambiri.
Mutu ndi khosi zimawululidwa pang'ono. Anthu ambiri amakhala ndi chisoti, chomwe chimapangidwa ndi nthenga kuchokera kumbuyo kwa mutu. Ibis ndi mbalame yokhala ndi zala zitatu zoyambirira zomwe zalumikizidwa ndi nembanemba yosambira.
Mtundu wa maula nthawi zonse umakhala wofanana: yoyera, yakuda, imvi ndipo, yonyezimira - ofiira.
Amakhala pamakondomu onse, kupatula ku Antarctica kokha. Madera otentha, otentha komanso akum'mwera otentha amakonda.
Ibis ndi mbalame yomwe imakhala pafupi ndi madzi. Amamva bwino m'malo otentha, pakati pa quagmire, pama nyanja, kupewa magombe a mitsinje ndi mphamvu yamphamvu.
Mbalame zimakhala m'matumba a anthu 30-50. Anthu okhala kum'mwera amakhala atangokhala, ndipo mitundu yakumpoto imapanga ndege nyengo.
Nthawi zambiri, m'mawa wa mbalame zimapita kukafunafuna chakudya m'madzi osaya kapena pagombe losungira, masana akapuma, ndikupita kumitengo kukagona usiku.
Maziko azakudya ndi chakudya chanyama: nsomba, chipolopolo, mphutsi, achule. Pafupipafupi, mbalamezi zimagwira tizilombo (monga dzombe) pansi kapena kudya zovalazo.
Oyera
Oimira banja lino amadziwika padziko lapansi, omwe akhala akupembedzedwa kuyambira nthawi zakale. Ku Egypt wakale kunali mulungu wokhala ndi mutu wa mbalame ya ibis - Thoth. M'kachisi wake munalinso gulu lonse la anthu. Mmodzi mwa manda opezedwa komanso otseguka, mbalame zochulukidwa zidapezeka. Amadziwika kuti ibis zopatulika.
Pali mitundu ingapo yofotokozera za mtunduwu. Wina amakhulupirira kuti ulemu ndi koyenera kuti azichotsa njoka nthawi zonse. Mtundu wina - mbalame ya ibis ku Egypt wakale idawonekera nthawi ya mtsinje wa Nailo, womwe unkawoneka kuti ndi wopatulika. Izi zidalandiridwa ngati chizindikiro cha milungu.
Masiku ano, mbalame imatha kupezeka ku Iran ndipo imakhala yoyera kwambiri, mutu ndi nsonga ya mchira wake ndi zakuda. Abera opatuka amakhala m'magulu ochepa omwe amakhala m'malo onyowa.
Ibis ndi gulu laling'ono la mbalame zopezeka pachifuwa, lomwe limapanga banja loyambira la ibis. Pali mitundu 25 ya ma ibis enieni, abale awo apamtima ndi spoonbill, ndipo akutali kwambiri ndi agulugufe ndi heron.
Scarlet ibis (Eudocimus ruber).
Ibise ndi mbalame zazing'onoting'ono, kutalika kwa thupi kumafika 50-110 cm, kulemera - ma kilogalamu angapo. Mukuwoneka kwa ibise pali zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe zonga zonse za zodutsa: miyendo yopyapyala, khosi lalitali losunthika, mutu wawung'ono. Koma pali zosiyana. Mosiyana ndi agulugufe, miyendo ya ibis imakhala yayitali kwambiri. Mlomo wazinthu zonse ndi wochepa thupi komanso wopindika mu arc, mwa chizindikirochi amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi mbalame zina. Mtundu wa khunyu wa ma ibise ndi mtundu umodzi - woyera, wakuda, imvi. Koma mawonekedwe okongola kwambiri ndi ma ibis ofiira. Zowoneka zake zofiirira zosawoneka bwino ndi zoyera zimawoneka ngati zikuyaka ndi moto. Mitundu ina imakhala ndi nthenga zazitali zopendekera pamitu yawo.
American ibis yoyera (Eudocimus albus).
Ma Ibise amapezeka kumayiko onse kupatula Antarctica. Amakhala m'malo otentha, otentha komanso kum'mwera kwa dera lotentha. Mitundu ya kumwera imakhala yosokonekera, yomwe yakumpoto imawuluka. Ibis ndi mbalame zam'madzi zoyandikira, amakhala m'madzi, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje mosayenda mosadukiza, wokhala ndi mitengo kapena mabango. Midzi imakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, koma nthawi ya ndege komanso nthawi yachisanu imatha kukhala magulu akuluakulu.
Gulu la ma ibis oyera (Threskiornis aethiopicus).
Ndizosangalatsa kuti nthawi zambiri mapangidwe amapanga mitundu yosakanikirana ndi heron, cormorants, ndi spoonbill. Nthawi zambiri ibis imayenda pamadzi osaya kapena m'mphepete mwa nyanja kukafunafuna chakudya, pakagwa ngozi imabisala m'nkhokwe zowirira kapena kuwuluka kumitengo.
Scarlet ibis pamtengo.
Ibis amadya nyama. Nthawi zambiri amayenda m'madzi osaya, akumaponyera mlomo wawo m'madzi ndikuwatsogolera kuchokera kumbali kupita kumbali. Nyama zonse zazing'ono zomwe zimagwera mulomo zimadyedwa. Amayesanso dothi ndi dothi ndi milomo yawo yayitali posaka mphutsi ndi mapisi, ndipo nthawi zina amatha kudya chule chachikulu. Nthawi zina ibis imagwira tizilombo (dzombe) pamtunda ndipo imatha kudya zovalazo.
Loaf (Plegadis falcinellus).
Mbalamezi zimaswana kamodzi pachaka: mitundu yakumpoto, nyengo ya kubereka imayamba masika, mitundu yotentha imangokhala nthawi yamvula. Zizindikiro zimayendera limodzi, ndiye kuti, amapanga mabanja osatha omwe makolo onse amatenga nawo mbali polera ana. Zisa za ma spisical zimapangidwa ndi nthambi kapena nthambi za bango. Nthawi zambiri, zisa zimakhala pam mitengo, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi zisa za mbalame zina. Ngati m'mphepete mwa mitengo mulibe mitengo, mumakhala chisa m'nkhokwe zazikulu za bango, gumbwa, mabango. Wamkazi amayikira mazira 2-5. Makolo onsewa amalimbikitsa kuphatikiza ndi kudyetsa anapiye.
Scarlet ibis pakuuluka.
Mwachilengedwe, chiwombankhanga chimasakidwa ndi chiwombankhanga, mbewa, mbawala, zisa zomwe zili pamwamba pa dziko lapansi, zitha kuwonongeka ndi nkhumba zakuthengo, nkhandwe, agalu a fodya, fisi. Anthu, kumbali imodzi, ankasaka nyama, mbali inayo, anali kulemekezedwa chifukwa cha kukongola kwawo (mwachitsanzo, chipembedzo cha ibis chinali ku Egypt wakale).
Ma ibis opatulikawa anali ndi dzina chifukwa limagwiritsidwa ntchito pamiyambo yakale ku Egypt.
Koma vuto lalikulu kwa ibis likugona pakuchepetsa malo achilengedwe: kukhetsa kwa nthaka, kukokoloka kwa nthaka, kuwonongeka kwa madzi, kuchepa kwa zinthu zodyetsa zakudya kumapangitsa kuti ziwonjezeke. Mwachitsanzo, bald ibis, yomwe nthawi ina inkakhala kumwera konse kwa Europe ndi North Africa, tsopano imangopezeka pang'onopang'ono ku Morocco. Kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kunakhudzidwa ndi kusaka anapiye, omwe nthawi zambiri ankachitika ku Middle Ages, kenako kukuntha kwa malo okhala anthu. Ma bald ibis aku Europe nyengo ya gombe la North Africa, koma atamasulidwa ku nazale, adasiyiratu kukumbukira njira zosamukasamuka. Asayansi amayenera kuwonetsa mayendedwe awo m'njira yoyenera ndege zowala kuti athe kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe.
Bald ibis (Geronticus eremita).
Ma ibis achi Japan adawopsezedwanso. Kamodzi mbalameyi idakulanso ku Japan, China, ku Peninsula ya Korea. Chifukwa cha kusaka, kuchuluka kwa anthu ake kunachepetsedwa kwambiri kwakuti kunalengezedwa kuwirikiza kawiri! Nthawi zonsezi, mwa chozizwitsa cha asayansi, zinali zotheka kudziwa anthu angapo mwachilengedwe, koma poyesera kukhazikitsa malo osungira nyama, pafupifupi mbalame zonse zinafa. Pokhapokha mtengo wolimbikira kwambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje apamwamba kwambiri, zinali zotheka kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha anthu mpaka makumi angapo, koma ngakhale pano kuopseza kwa mitunduyi sikudadutse.
Ibis yaku Japan (Nipponia nippon).
Ma ibis opatulikawa ndi a Ciconiiformes, banja la ibis, mtundu wankhongo Wakuda, mitundu yoyera ya ibis. Adalandira dzinali chifukwa chakuti ku Egypt wakale, amadziwika kuti ndi wopatulika. Ibis inali chizindikiro cha Thoth, yemwe anali mulungu wa nzeru ndi chilungamo. Nthawi zambiri ankapembedzedwa mwa njira ya ibis. Thoth adawonetsedwa ndi mutu wa ibis, Komanso, mbalameyi idadziwika bwino ndi dzina lake. Kachisi wa mulungu wa nzeru ndi chilungamo anali, oimira ambiri amtunduwu. Mitembo yawo inkakonzedwa.
Habitat
Muli malo opatulika a Ibis a Ethiopia, omwe ali kumwera kwa Sahara, komanso zilumba za Aldabra ndi gombe la Madagascar. Pali zidziwitso zakuti pali malo ochepa omwe amakhala ku Iraq, komanso makamaka kumtunda kwa Firate ndi Tigris. Palinso chidziwitso chakuti mitundu iyi ya ibis idalowetsedwa ku France, Spain, Italy, Taiwan ndi Bahrain. Pamenepo, kuchuluka kwawo kunakula bwino. Kufikira pomwe adayamba kubweretsa zovuta zina kwa mbalame zina zamalo awa, ndikugawana magulu awo. Mitundu yoyenda ndi yosasunthika ya ma ibis opatulidwa nthawi yachakumwa imachoka m'malo obzala ndi kubwerera kokha mvula.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Imasaka chakudya m'madzi osaya a nyanja, zigwa, madambo, m'mphepete mwa malo osiyanasiyana osungirako ndi m'minda ya mpunga. Nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa m'malo ophera nyama, malo owetera nthaka, minda. Nthawi zina zimatha kupezeka kutali ndi madzi, pamalo ena owotcha. Chakudya chachikulu cha mbalame ndi tizilombo (cickets, dzombe, nsikidzi zamadzi), komanso mphutsi, akangaude, crustaceans, mollusks, achule, nsomba, nyama zazing'ono, abuluzi. Nthawi zina amatha kugwira akudya mazira a mbalame ndi anapiyewo. Ndipo nthawi zina amadya zinyalala ndikugwera munkhokwe. Amadya masana, kusonkhana m'magulu aanthu awiri mpaka 20. Chakudya chimatengedwa kuchokera panthaka, kapena poyenda pang'onopang'ono, ndi mulomo wake, timabowoka m'madzi osaya.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Ibis zopatulika zimabereka anapiye kamodzi pachaka. Nthawi zambiri, kubereka kumayamba nthawi yamvula. Amatha kuyamba kuweta nthawi ya chilimwe ngati zisa zawo zili madambo. Amakhala m'malo a nkhalango, zitsamba, malo, pakati pa chisumbu kapena miyala. Amamanga zisa makamaka kuchokera ku timitengo ndi nthambi, ndipo imamangidwa ndi masamba, udzu, ndipo nthenga zochepa kwambiri mkati. Mu clutch mutha kuwerengera mazira 1-5. Pafupifupi, kuchuluka kwawo kumangokhala mazira awiri ndi atatu. Kukula kwa dzira kumatha kukhala 43-63 mm.Mazira ndi owunda kapena ozungulidwa pang'ono ndipo amakhala ndi chipolopolo. Amakhala ndi mtundu wowoneka bwino, yoyera, wokhala ndi utoto wabuluu kapena wobiriwira. Nthawi zina, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tofiirira titha kuwonjezeranso ku utotoowu. Nthawi yomenyera ndi masiku 21-28. Hatch mazira ndi chachikazi ndi chachimuna. Anapiyewo atabadwa, m'modzi mwa makolo amakhala nawo kwa masiku 7-10, ndipo winayo panthawiyi amatulutsa chakudya. Mapaundi amwana am'madzi amapezeka patatha masiku 35-40. Achinyamata amalandila ufulu patsiku la 44-48 la moyo, pomwe sakhala ndi makolo awo, koma amagwirizana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Usiku, nthawi zambiri amasonkhana mumitengo pafupi ndi dziwe.
Awiri opembedza milungu yopanga chisa
Chiwerengero
Ku Africa, ma ibis opatulika amaonedwa ngati mbalame wamba, yodziwika komanso yambiri yamitundu. Chiwerengero cha ibis pamenepo ndi chokhazikika ndipo malinga ndi data ya 1994 ndi anthu osachepera 200,000. Ku Iraq, malinga ndi deta ya 1990, chiwerengerocho chinali anthu 200, koma malinga ndi data ya 1998, ma ibis ku Iraq sakudziwika bwinobwino. Pakadali pano, simumawona Holy Ibis ku Egypt (ikupezekabe kumwera kwa Khartoum), ndipo ku Egypt kale anthu awo anali ambiri (ma 1.5 miliyoni opatulika anaikidwa m'manda a Sahara) ndipo sanakhazikitsidwe ngakhale m'mizinda. Mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, anali adakumana ku Egypt, ndipo pofika 1850 anali atatsala pang'ono kuzimiririka. Chiwerengero ku France mu 1994 chinali 280awiri. Ngati titengera zomwe zachitika ku Russia, ndiye kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, anthu adayamba kukhala m'malo ochulukirapo, kukhetsa madambo, kudula mitengo, ndiko kuti, malo okhala oyenera kukhazikitsa malo okhala. Pamenepa, mtundu uwu wa ibis umawonedwa ngati mbalame yosowa kwambiri ku Russia. Mu 20s ya zaka zapitazi nthawi zina amakumana pamtsinje. Great Ussurke, pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Khanka komanso kugombe la Amur Bay. Kutha kwa mitundu iyi ya ibis kuchokera ku ziphuphu zaku Russia ndi chifukwa chakuti kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi pamalire a kumpoto kwa malowo - Egypt ndi Iraq, pafupi ndi malire a Azzerani - kwatsika. Masiku ano, msonkhano ndi mbalame yokongola iyi ku Russia imatha kutchedwa mwayi wosaneneka komanso mwayi.
Ibis ndi khosi ndi mbalame yoseketsa. Mitundu yosawerengeka ya nyama - zolemba za mitundu yodabwitsa komanso yosowa ya zinyama zomwe zimawoneka bwino, komanso zachilendo masiku athu ano - mbalame yakumpoto yakalonga - mudayamba mwakhalapo ndi chinthu choterocho kuti mumayang'ana nyama ina ndipo osamvetsetsa komwe idachokera, kapena zifukwa zenizeni za maonekedwe ake?
Amakhala chinsinsi mpaka kalekale, ndipo ali ndi mwayi wotchedwa nthano zokha. Ndikutengera zingwe kuti ngwazi ya cholembedwayo, Ibis mbalame yamadazi, ndiyake.
Mbalame yokhala ndi dazi - kufotokoza ndi zithunzi ndi kanema
Mbidzi zakumpoto ndi mbalame yosowa yomwe imakhala ku Turkey. Anapiye a mbalame ya mbis, amatulutsa mitu yawo, koma amaphira nthawi. Chifukwa chake, kuchokera apa adapeza dzina lotere, ndipo ali nalo fano lodabwitsa.
Nthenga zotsala za ibis ndi zakuda, zomwe padzuwa zimapereka thunzi laimvi. Komanso pamutu pamadazi awo ali ndi ma crest, omwe amawapangitsa kuwona kufunika.
Mbalamezi zimadyera tizilombo, zolengedwa zazing'ono zazikazi ndi abuluzi. Ibis amakhala zaka 30, mchaka chachinayi afika kale kuubwana. Chaka chilichonse, yaikazi imatenga mazira atatu kapena atatu, yomwe imaswa kwa milungu inayi.
Komanso, ma bald amabise amadabwa kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe awo odabwitsa, amasankha kamodzi kokha, ndipo ngati mwadzidzidzi mbalame imodzi ikafa kuchokera kwa awiriwo, enawo amakondwerera mpaka pomwe samadya ndikufa ndi njala.
Ndipo monga momwe kawirikawiri ankawonera kuti khonde la khasu - limasiyidwa popanda awiri, adadziponya yekha kuchokera kumwala, ndikugundidwa mpaka kufa.
Mu 50s, anthu adakhala pamtunda wa mbalame ya ibis, ndikuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pantchito zawo zakumidzi, zomwe zidachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mbalame. Pamenepa, mu 1977 mumzinda wa Birejik ku Turkey adapangidwa malo opangira mbalame.
Mbalamezo sizinalolere kuthawa, ndipo zimasuntha chaka chilichonse mpaka ma ibis ochepa okha amabwerera kwawo mu 1990, pambuyo pake mbalamezo sizinaloledwe kuuluka. Popita nthawi, panali ma ibis ochulukirapo, ndipo mbalame 26 zatulutsidwa kale, koma modandaula, palibe ngakhale imodzi yomwe idabweranso. Mbalame tsopano zimasungidwa m'malo osungira kuti zisasunthike. Pakadali pano, pafupifupi mbalame zana zimakhala m'malo osungirako.
Komabe, chikhalidwe cha mbalamezo chimawakakamiza kuti asamuke, ndipo mbalame zina zimamasulidwa, koma chilichonse tsopano chili ndi chida chotsatirira mwendo wake, kuonetsetsa kuti mbalame zodabwitsazi zili ndi chitetezo.
Ma khonde akumpoto ndi mbalame zosowa, kuchuluka kwawo ndikochepa kwambiri, motero muyenera kuwateteza ndipo muyenera kudziwa za iwo, popeza ndizotheka kuti zaka zingapo azidzasowa padziko lapansi, ndikukhalabe chinsinsi chachilengedwe. Koma wina ayenera kuyembekeza kuti asayansi ndi ukadaulo wamakono uziwathandiza kukhalabe, ndikuwadabwitsanso anthu ndi chinsinsi chawo chodabwitsa.
Ibis (Threskiornithinae)
Ibis, pafupifupi mitundu 26 ya mbalame zazing'onoting'ono zapakatikati zomwe zimakhala ndi gulu laling'ono la Threskiornithidae (oda Ciconiiformes), yomwe imaphatikizanso ndi spoonbill. Zimayambira kutalika kuyambira 55 mpaka 75 cm (22 mpaka 30 inches). Amapezeka m'malo onse ofunda kupatula kuzilumba za South Pacific. Amayenda m'malo osambira osaya, nyanja, matayala, ndi mabisiketi ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito ndalamazo, zopendekera pansi kuti adye pa nsomba zazing'ono ndi zonyamulira zazing'ono. Zimawuluka ndi khosi komanso miyendo yotalikitsidwa, kuwuluka ndikuyenda. Nthawi zambiri mbalamezi zimaswana m'madera akuluakulu, kumanga zisa zofanana m'matchi kapena mitengo ndikuyika mazira atatu kapena asanu, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoyera kapena zofiirira.
Maso amtundu (Plegadis falcinellus) ndi wachibale wake wapafupi wokhala ndi nkhope yoyera (P. chihi) ndi mitundu yaying'ono yokhala ndi maonekedwe ofiira amtundu wakuda ndi ma glossy. Monga gulu amapezeka m'malo otentha padziko lapansi.
Hadad ibis, kapena hadad (Hagedashia ikugwedezeka,, wa ku Africa, ndi mtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira womwe umadziwika ndi kuitana kwawo kwakukulu.
Mbidzi zotumphukaThreskiornis spinicollis) sichidziwika kunja kwa Australia. Ndiwokhala m'madzi pang'ono kuposa mitundu ina. Chakudya chake chachikulu ndi ziwala.
The hermit ibis (Geronticus eremita), mtundu wokhala pangozi, wokhala kumpoto kwa Africa ndi Middle East. Mpweya wake ndi chikopa chake pamutu pake ndi pabuka. Madera obereketsa nthawi ina adakhalako pakati komanso kumwera kwa Europe, Syria, ndi Algeria koma pano amadziwika ku Turkey ndi Moroko kokha.
Mjapani, kapena kuti, wopanduka, ibis (Nipponia nippon) ndi loyera ndi nkhope yofiira. Mtundu wokhala pangozi, unawonedwa kuti uli pafupi kutha kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20.
Mahiis opatulika (Threskiornis aethiopica), wa kumwera kwa Arabia ndi Africa kumwera kwa Sahara komanso komwe kale anali ku Egypt, anali opatulika kwa Aigupto akale. Ndi wamtali pafupifupi 75 (30 inches), woyera ndi wakuda m'mapiko ake, ndipo uli ndi zowoneka zakuda kumbuyo kwakumbuyo komanso mutu wakuda ndi khosi.
Ubweya wofiyira (Eudocimus ruber) amakhala kumwera kwa South America, ndi ma ibis oyera (E. albus) amakhala ku Central ndi North America.
Ndi mitengo ya nkhumba, yomwe nthawi zina imatchedwa mitengo ya nkhuni, onani dokowe.
Nkhaniyi yasinthidwa kwambiri komanso kusinthidwa ndi Amy Tikkanen, Manager wa Corrections.
Kuchulukitsa
Banja la Threskiornithidae kale limadziwika kuti Plataleidae. Masiponji oyambira ndi zigawo za nthabwala nthawi ina amaganiza kuti amagwirizana ndi magulu ena a mbalame zazitali zam'miyendo mwadongosolo la Ciconiiformes. Kafukufuku waposachedwa adazindikira kuti ndi mamembala a Pelecaniformes. Poyankha izi, International Ornithological Congress (IOC) posachedwa [ liti? ] adakonzanso Threskiornithidae ndi mlongo wawo taxa Ardeidae motsogozedwa ndi Pelecaniformes m'malo mwalamulo lapakale la Ciconiiformes. Kaya mabanja ang'ono awiriwa ndi onanso molondola ndi funso lotseguka. Kulowa kwa Komiti yaku South America ku Threskiornithidae kumaphatikizapo ndemanga yotsatirayi "Mabanja awiri apansi pamwambo (mwachitsanzo, Mate & del Hoyo 1992) amadziwika: Threskiornithinae kwa ma ibise ndi Plataleinae pazipuni, chifukwa kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kukugwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a bilu, zambiri zowonjezera , makamaka majini, amafunikira kuzindikira kugawikana kwakukulu, kubanja. "
Kafukufuku wopanga ma DNA a mitochondrial a spoonbill kuphatikiza zopatulika ndi zofiirira anapeza kuti supuni amapanga tsamba ndi mtundu wakale wapadziko lonse Threskiornis, ndi Nipponia nippon ndi Eudocimus Monga momwe pang'onopang'ono zimayambira komanso abale ake akutali kwambiri, motero amakayikira makonzedwe am'banja kukhala ma ibis ndi spoonbill subf mabanja. Kafukufuku waposachedwa adathandizira izi, zomwe spoonbill zikupanga gulu lotchedwa "monophimba" Plegadis ndi Threskiornis, pomwe gawo la "World End End" latsopano limapangidwa ndi mtundu wokhazikitsidwa ku America monga Eudocimus ndi Theristicus.
Kufotokozera
Anthu am'banjali ali ndi mapiko ataliatali, otambalala okhala ndi nthenga 11 zoyambirira ndi pafupifupi 20 otsekera. Ndizoyendetsa masewera olimbitsa thupi, ndipo modabwitsa, anapatsidwa kukula ndi kulemera kwawo, othamanga bwino kwambiri. Thupi limakhala lokwera, khosi makamaka, ndi miyendo yayitali. Ndalamayo ndiyotalikiranso, yolumikizidwa pamiyeso ya zifanizo, yolunjika komanso yokhotakhota m'matauni. Iwo ndi mbalame zazikulu, koma zapakatikati mwa miyeso yawo, kuyambira mtundu wocheperako wa azitona (Bostrychia bocagei,, masentimita 45 (18 mu) ndi 450 g (0.99 lb), kwa chimphona Ibis (Thaumatibis gigantea), pa 100 cm (39 in) ndi 4.2 kg (9.3 lb).
Kugawa ndi chilengedwe
Zimagawidwa pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi, zimapezeka pafupi ndi malo aliwonse oyimilira kapena osayenda pang'onopang'ono kapena madzi opanda brack. Ma Ibise amapezekanso m'malo owuma, kuphatikizaponso kunyowa.
Mapiri a Llanos ndi odziwika bwino chifukwa madambo okhala ndi madambo amathandizira mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya abisi m'chigawo chimodzi.
Ma bise onse ndiwotsala, amakhala tsiku lonse akudyetsa ma invertebrates ndi ma vertebrates ang'onoting'ono: amapemphera mwa kufufuza pansi kapena matope, masipuni posinthanitsa ndalama ndi madzi m'madzi osaya. Usiku, iwo amakhala mu mitengo pafupi ndi madzi. Amakhala okhathamira, kudyetsa, kukhazikika, ndikuuluka limodzi, nthawi zambiri ndikupanga.
Nesting imakhala ya atsamunda m'makhola, nthawi zambiri m'magulu ang'onoang'ono kapena m'masupuni, nthawi zambiri pamitengo yambiri, koma nthawi zina pazisumbu kapena zazing'ono. Nthawi zambiri, zazikazi zimapanga bango lalikulu kuchokera kumabango ndi timitengo timene amabweretsa wamwamuna. Kukula kwa clutch ndi awiri kapena asanu, kuwaswa ndi asynchronic. Amuna ndi akazi amalowererana, ndipo atakankhana amadyetsa ana mwa kuwongolera pang'ono. Masabata awiri kapena atatu atakhomedwa, achichepere safunikiranso kukhazikitsidwa mosalekeza ndipo angachokere ku chisa, nthawi zambiri amapanga kanyumba koma amabwerera kukadyetsedwa ndi makolo.