Dera: ma kontrakitala onse kupatula Australia ndi Antarctica.
Kufotokozera: Adakhala ndi kadzidzi - sing'anga kakulidwe. Mapikowo ndi aatali, miyendo imakongoletsedwa ndi zigamba za nthenga (zidutswa 3-4). "Makutu" ndi ochepa, imani.
Akazi ndiakulu kuposa amuna. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala zakuda kuposa akuluakulu. Zikamauluka, mapiko ake amapindika.
Mtundu: Mbiri yayikulu imasiyana - kuchokera kufiyira mpaka imvi. Pamimba ndi pamutu pali timitsitsi tating'ono. Mutu, miyendo, underwear ndi mbali za kadzidzi ndizoyera. Mapiko pansi pake ndi opepuka ndi mawanga akuda kumapanga. Ching'onocho chakutsogolo ndi chofiira. Maso ake ndi achikasu, azikuda mozungulira maso. Mlomo ndi wakuda.
Kukula: kutalika kwa mbalame 34-42 cm, mapiko 95 951212, mapiko kutalika 26-33 cm
Kulemera: abambo - 0,23-0.39 makilogalamu, akazi - 0,24-0.43 kg.
Utali wamoyo: m'chilengedwe mpaka zaka 13.
Voterani: Asio flammeus.mp3 - 620 Kb
Kadzidzi kadzidzi ndi mbalame yodontha, koma mwanjira yoteteza kumatha "yap", "bark" ndi pop.
Pa nthawi ya chibwenzi, yamphongo imakhala ndi mawu akuti “poo-poo-poo-poo”, ndipo yaikazi imakuwa kwambiri "hyav" kapena "iyah".
Tsitsi, lomwe limakhala mazira (sabata imodzi isanabadwe) limayamba kupereka zopempha zambiri, popempha chakudya kuchokera kwa makolo awo, amafunsa "psiip".
Pakadodometsedwa ndi chilombo ku chisa, kadzidzi amatha kuyesa mabatani, kwinaku akufuula kwambiri.
Habitat: mapopedwe amadzi amchere, mapiri a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, nkhalango zobiriwira, ma bogi, minda, malo otetezeka (nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mchere wam'madzi), malo otsetsereka (m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja), malo olimapo, mapiri ndi madambo a pansi pa nyanja (kukwera mpaka 2300 m pamwamba pa nyanja) m.), parkland, madambo, tundra. M'malo onse okhala, chithaphwi chimamatira m'malo otseguka.
Adani: mbalame za nyama zodyedwa (goshawk ,ulendo wapaulendo, nkhwangwa yofiirira, kadzidzi wamkulu wokhala ndi nyanga, kadzidzi wowonda, dazi la dazi, chiwombankhanga chagolide, chiwombankhanga chofunda ndi nkhwangwa wamba, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimadya nyama kuchokera kwa kadzidzi), khwangwala waku America, mbalame zazikazi ndi nyama (nkhandwe, ziguduli zazingwe, agalu amtchire ndi mimbulu).
Nguluwe zambiri zosowa zimathera pabwalo la ndege, zikugundana ndi ndege.
Chakudya: Zakudya zambiri ndizakudya zazing'ono (mbewa, ma voles akumunda, ma lemm, ma shaki, makoswe, agalu, mbewa, nkhanu), mileme, mbalame (zolembera, tcha, tinsalu tating'ono ndi mbalame za m'madzi, mbewa, zovala zakuda), tizilombo (ziwala, kafadala, mbozi) ndi (nthawi zina) nsomba.
Khungubwe limasaka usiku, m'mawa ndi masana, kutsika pamalo otseguka. Amenya nyama kuthawa kapena kuthamangira. Kunyamula nyama m'manja. Ngati pali chakudya chochuluka, chimatha kupanga malo obisalira pomwe amabisalira nyama.
Khalidwe: Kuuluka kwawo ndi kopepuka komanso kuyesedwa. Khunguli limakhala ndi maso owoneka bwino komanso kumva kwabwino, komwe kumakupatsani mwayi wogwira nyama.
Ndikosowa kwambiri kukhala pamtchire kapena mitengo, makamaka chipale chofewa chikamagwa. Kupumula pamtunda kapena pakati pa udzu.
M'madera ena amtunduwu, kadzidzi amapanga nthawi kusuntha. Kuuluka kumachitika pamtunda wa mamita 30-50. Mbalame zimayenda zokha kapena zazing'ono.
Kukula kwa malo osaka kumatengera chakudya chochuluka (3-10 km). Nguluwe zowuluka nthawi zambiri zimawuluka pamalopo ndikuyang'ana malire ndi mapiko ouluka (mbalameyo imatsitsa mapiko ake pansi pa thupi ndikuwatsegulirana). Ngati kadzidzi akumana ndi woyandikana ndi malire a malo, ndiye kuti pang'ono pamachitika phokoso: mbalame zimazungulira mozungulira wina ndi mzake, ndipo nthawi zina zimayesa kumenya wina ndi mzala.
Gulu la anthu: Nthawi zambiri kadzidzi akakhala chithaphwi.
M'miyezi yozizira, mutha kupeza magulu a mbalame kuchokera kwa anthu khumi ndi amodzi.
Kuswana: Zowonadi ndi zowawa. Wamphongo amakopa wamkazi pamalo ake ndi ma pirouette okongola mumlengalenga. Nthawi zina mbalame zonse ziwiri zimatenga nawo mbali popanga ndege: zimathamangitsa wina ndi mnzake, kumangirira zigoli zawo kapena kumenya nthabwala. Kukalamba kumatenga pafupifupi masekondi anayi.
Zomera zimamangidwa pansi (m'malo otseguka muzomera zazikulu: udzu 30-90 cm wamtali kapena tchire). Tsamba lomweli lingagwiritsidwe ntchito zaka zingapo.
Asanapitilize ndi ntchito yomanga chisa, mkaziyo anapondaponda malo omwe amakonda, kenako ntchitoyo iyambika. Chisa (m'mimba mwake chomwe chimakhala cha 20-50 cm) cha chithaphwi chimakhala ndi timitengo, timitengo ta udzu, tinthu touluka ndi nthenga (zomwe mkazi amatulutsa kuchokera pachifuwa chake), kupsinjika kwa mazira kuponderezedwa pakati. Mu udzu wandiweyani, msewu wayala chisa.
Mu clutch 4-14 mazira oyera (pafupifupi 5-7), omwe amaikidwa pakadutsa masiku awiri. Mazira 38x33 mm kukula kwake, kulemera pafupifupi 20 gr. Madenga a kadzidzi kum'mwera akumadera ndi akulu kuposa owomba omwe amakhala kumpoto. Kum'mwera, kadzidzi akuwala amatha kugona pansi kawiri pachaka. Wogwiritsa woyamba atamwalira, pambuyo pa masabata awiri wamkazi amakhalanso wachiwiri, koma kukula kwake nthawi zonse kumakhala kocheperako kuposa koyambayo. Yachikazi yokha imasunga mazira, ndipo yamphongo imamudyetsa.
Wamkazi ndi wamwamuna amateteza chisa kuti chisawagwere. Akawoneka pafupi ndi chisa, mbalamezo zimatulutsa kaphokoso kokweza kuthyolako kanyumba ndikulowetsa wosafunayo, ndikudina milomo yawo modabwitsa. Mwamuna akafika chisa, ndiye kuti wamkazi amatha kuyamba kuzungulira pamutu pake, nthawi zina, amatha kulowa m'madzi ndikumumenya ndi miyendo yake, koma ma buluzi ambiri amangouluka amachoka mchisa kupita kumalo otetezeka. Kukula anapiye pachiwopsezo kumwaza ndikubisala.
Milandu idalembedwa pomwe amuna awiri achimuna osiyanasiyana amapezeka mdera limodzi.
Kubala nyengo: Amasamba osiyanasiyana.
Kutha msinkhu: patapita chaka chimodzi.
Nthawi ya makulitsidwe: zimatengera malowa ndipo zimatenga masiku 21-37.
Chotuluka: zisa zili ndi mbewa yoyera, mlomo ndi imvi, ndimaso akulu akuda kuzungulira maso, mulomo ndi wakuda ndipo pali malo oyera opyola pansi pake. Pazaka ziwiri zokha, chigoba chakuda chimawoneka pa "nkhope" ya anapiye akadzidzi. Achinyamata amapeza magalamu 14-15 patsiku.
Amphaka amachoka chisa ali ndi zaka 12-18 ndipo amadyetsedwa ndi makolo awo kunja kwa chisa. Pazaka izi, anapiye amabisala pafupi ndi chisa ndipo nthawi ndi nthawi amatulutsa mawu kuti makolo awo awadyetse.
Pakatha mwezi umodzi, anapiye amathanso kutuluka malo kupita kumalo, mkati mwa milungu iwiri amayamba kuuluka ndikuyesera kusaka okha. Achikulire okwanira amakula mu anapiye pofika Okutobala chaka choyamba cha moyo.
Phindu / kuvulaza anthu: Amawononga makoswe, makamaka tizirombo taulimi.
Kuchulukitsa / kusamalira: Kuchulukana kwa owl kukuwopsezedwa ndi matenda (chifuwa chachikulu), majeremusi, kulosera (kusaka, komanso kugundana ndi ndege ndi magalimoto) ndikuwonongeka kwakhamalo (kukhetsa madambo, kugwiritsa ntchito minda ya mbewu).
Kuyambira 1966-2003 ku North America, pali kuchepa kwa mitundu yochuluka pafupifupi 4,3% pachaka. Ku Canada kuyambira 1980-2003 kuchuluka kwa anthu kumachepetsedwa ndi 9.7% pachaka.
Ngongole: Portal Zooclub
Mukasindikiza nkhaniyi, kulumikizana kwothandiza kwa gwero ndi MANDATORY, apo ayi, kugwiritsa ntchito nkhaniyo kumaonedwa kuti ndikuphwanya lamulo la "Law on Copyright and rights rights".
Kugawa ndi kusinthika kwa kadzidzi
Zomwe zimapezeka m'gulu la a phylogenetic. Mabanja awiri osiyanasiyana ali ndi mitundu yoposa 200 ya kadzidzi. Banja la a Tytonidae lili ndi mitundu 17 yodziwika bwino ya kadzidzi, mitundu ina ya banja la Owl.
Zinthu zakale kwambiri zodziwika za owl zimachokera ku Miocene, komwe kunachokera zaka 38 mpaka 54 miliyoni zapitazo. Kutengera umboni wa zinthu zakale, zoveka zakalezi zasintha kukhala mabanja awiri a kadzidzi amakono. Zinthu zakale kwambiri zakale za kadzidzi zomwe zimapezeka mpaka pano ndizoposa zaka 24 miliyoni. Umboni wa zokwiririka pansi umafotokoza kuti zikho zazikulu za bulu nthawi inayake zinkapezeka bwino m'malo a Caribbean ndi Mediterranean pakati pa 10,000 ndi 30,000 zapitazo. Zimphona izi, zomwe zimadziwika kuti Ornimegalonics, zinali zokulirapo kawiri kuposa ma bulu amakono komanso zazikulu kuposa zowonjezera zamasiku ano. Ornimegalonics akuti amagwiranso nyama monga chimphona chachikulu komanso makoswe akuluakulu monga capybara, omwe kutalika kwake kupitilira 121.92 cm.
Pali mitundu 134 ya kadzidzi padziko lapansi, pomwe chiwombankhanga cha ku Europe ndi chachikulu kwambiri, ndipo elven ndiye chaching'ono kwambiri. Ngakhale ma kadzidzi amagawana zinthu zofananira, pali zosiyana zina pakati pa mitundu. Magawo awiri mwa atatu a mitundu ya kadzidzi samakhala usiku, ndipo gawo lachitatu ndi tsiku ndi tsiku.
Owl akuuluka
Owls ndi oyendetsa ndege olimba, chifukwa mapiko awo ndi akulukulu molingana ndi kukula kwa matupi awo, ndipo mafupa awo - monga mbalame zonse - ndi opepuka.
Mapiko awo akuluakulu ndiwothekanso kunyamula migodi yolemera ndi ndege. Nguluwe zina zimakhala ndi mphamvu zolimbitsa thupi kuti ziziwuluka mumlengalenga ngati mbalame zogwedeza kwakanthawi kochepa kuti zigwire nyama, pomwe zina, monga Great Grey Owl, sizimakonda kuuluka mtunda wautali zisanabwerere kumalo othawirako kuti zikapulumutse mphamvu.
Kukonzanso
Ziwetozi ndizomwe zimakhala ndi maso komanso makutu zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zizipeza nyama mosavuta, komanso nthenga zapadera zomwe zimawathandiza kuti aziuluka mwakachetechete. Amasaka usiku wonse, makamaka kudya makoswe ndi nyama zina zazing'ono. Nthawi zambiri kupanga kumawonongeka kwathunthu, koma zonse sizipangidwe. Kugaya kadzidzi komweko kumakola gawo losagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nyama, monga ubweya ndi mafupa, kukhala mpira wophatikizika womwe kadzidzi amatulutsa pakhosi pake ndikumakankhira mkamwa. Pogwiritsa ntchito maso awo komanso kumva kwawo, kadzidzi ambiri amaulula mwakachetechete kuti asakuwonetseni ndi kuwagwira ndi zibwano zawo. Komabe, owu achichepere ndi amodzi mwa kusiyanasiyana kwa lamuloli. Zikhozi zozizira usiku, zomwe zimangodya tizilombo tambiri, zimagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zawo kugwira ndege zawo kuti ziziuluka. Zikho zina zimadula mbalame ndi zikhadabo. Ngakhale kuti kadzidzi sizimalowa m'madzi pambuyo pogwira, zimayang'anitsitsa kumtunda kukagwira nsomba kapena njoka. Zikho zina zimawonekanso zikuima m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndikudula nsomba kumadzi ndi zikhadabo.
Kadzidzi, monga kadzidzi wamkulu wa imvi, kadzidzi wa kadzidzi, ndi kadzidzi, nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito zingwe za chipale chofewa. Zikhozizi zimagwiritsa ntchito makutu awo okonda chidwi kuti zikagwire nyama yake. Ng'ombe ikagunda osagunda, ikhoza kungoyenda m'chipale chofewa mpaka chinyamacho chitha.
Zikho zazikulu zazikulu zili ndi njira yosakhazikika koma yogwirira ntchito yolumikizira agologolo a mitengo ku zisa zawo. Zikhozizi zimalowa mchisa mwamphamvu zokwanira kuwopa agologolowo akungoyendayenda pofunafuna malo abwino. Komabe, gologolo wamtundu umodzi wabwinoko nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'makola a kadzidzi wanjala.
Njira zosakira nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi kadzidzi akamaona zomwe abambo azibwerera nthawi ndi malo kupita kumalo amodzi. Zikho zazikulu zazikulu za nyanga zinazindikiridwa, zikubwereza mobwerezabwereza pamakoma oyenda, omwe amabwerera chisa m'dera lina. Nthawi zina ziziwuni zazitali zimatsata dongosolo lokasaka nyama pakagwedwe kosavuta. Amasaka katatu patsiku, kusaka koyamba pafupi kulowa dzuwa, kusaka kwachiwiri pakati pausiku, ndi kusaka kwachitatu pafupi kutuluka kwa dzuwa.
Zikho zazikulu zazikulu zokhala ndi nyanga zimadziwika kudya nyama zapakhomo monga amphaka, agalu ang'onoang'ono, ndi nkhuku. Ngakhale mbalame zokulira zazitali zazikulu zimadyedwa ndi Great Horned Owl. Zikhozizi zimadziwikanso pozunza alimi omwe sanakonzekere bwino kuphika nkhuku potsegulira nkhukuyo ndi kutulutsa nkhuku kuchokera mkati mkati mwa kugona.
Zakudya
Zowonjezera zambiri zimagwira ntchito chaka chonse, ndipo mitundu yambiri imadya tsiku lililonse. Ma Owls amakhala ndi mafuta ochepa m'miyezi yotentha pachaka. Komabe, m'miyezi yozizira, kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'thupi kumachulukanso mitundu ina ya kadzidzi, monga kadzidzi yoyera. Malo ogulitsa mafuta awa amapereka mphamvu pakakhala chakudya chochepa.
Makulitsidwe aang'ono
Ng'ombe nthawi zambiri zimayamba msambo nthawi yakukhwima, koma sizadziwika chifukwa chokhala akhama pantchito zomanga zanzeru. Nguluwe zambiri zimangotenga chisa chomwe mbalame kapena nyama ina inapanga. Pakapezeka chisa chabwino, kadzidzi amatha kuzigwiritsa ntchito chaka ndi chaka.
Nyengo yamatumba ikamayandikira, akadzidzi achikazi amayamba kuchita ngati akuganizira mazirawo asanaoneke. Pambuyo umuna dzira (nthawi zambiri mkati mwa tsiku limodzi kapena awiri), limadutsa magawo angapo chitukuko. Dzira lomwe limakula, lomwe limadziwika kuti yolk, limayamba kupangira mapuloteni angapo (oyera dzira). Kenako amalandila zovala ziwiri kuchokera pazinthu zomwe amapanga chipolopolo chodziwika bwino.
Dzira loyamba likadzapanga chipolopolo, dzira linanso limayamba kukulira. Dzira loyamba limatha kukhala okonzeka kugona tsiku limodzi lokha kutulutsa. Poyamba, mazira amaikidwa payekha masiku awiri aliwonse, koma amasunthika pambuyo poti mazira ochepa atayika. Ana aang'ono ang'ono amakhala pachiwopsezo chanjala chifukwa zikukula kwambiri kudyetsa ana onse pamene kuchuluka kwa anapiye akuchuluka. Masiku angapo kapena masabata amatha kusiyanitsa dzira lakale kwambiri ndi watsopano.
Panthawi ya makulidwe, akazi samachoka pachisa, kupatula chopondapo ndi madzi. Kuti athandize pakulowerera, kadzidzi achikazi amakhala ndi malo osowa opanda tsitsi okhala ndi ana pamimba pawo, omwe amakhala ndi mitsempha yambiri m'magazi kuposa mbali zina za khungu. Kutuluka kwa magazi kudzera m'matayala amenewa kumapangitsa kuti mazira azitentha.
Ngakhale zikho zambiri zimayamba kumeza mazira ikangoyamba kuyikidwa, ena amatha kudikirira maola kapena masiku kuti ayambe. Pamene makulitsidwe ayamba nthawi yomweyo, anapiye ena amawonekera kale kuposa ena. Izi zimatha kupangitsa kuti nkhuku zachikulire zizithandiza kuwaswa ndi kudyetsa ana amphaka. Komabe, nyama ikagonana ikakwanira, izi zimatha kupangitsa kuti anapiye akuluakulu azitha kupatsa mwayi ana.
Kodi kadzidzi amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Nguluwe zambiri zakhala kuthengo pafupifupi zaka 10. Komabe, kadzidzi amatha kukhala nthawi yayitali ngati zinthu zili bwino. Zinaonedwa kuti kadzidzi wamkulu wokhala ndi nyanga zakutchire amakhala zaka 19, ndipo adatulutsa - mpaka zaka 27. Ziweto zimatha kukhala mu ukapolo kwa zaka zambiri kuposa zakuthengo. Mbiri ya moyo wautali mu ukapolo wa zolengedwa zazikulu zokhala ndi nyanga ndi zaka 38, zomwe ndizochulukirapo kawiri kuposa kaundula wamtchire.
Matenda ndi majeremusi
Nthenga za nthenga zimatha kuzunza owuni, komanso zimatha kubweretsanso mavuto azaumoyo. Zikhozinso zimakonda njoka zosiyanasiyana. Mamba ndi ntchentche zimavutitsa kadzidzi, koma zimangokhala chifukwa chovunda chomwe chimapezeka kwambiri m'ma chisa.
Hepatosplentitis infactiosa Strigum ndi kachilombo komwe kakufa ndi kadzidzi ambiri, koma mitundu ina, monga kadzidzi yomwe idatsanulidwa, idasokonekera. Owls nawonso amakonda chibayo ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Nkhunda, zomwe zimasakidwa ndi mitundu ina ya kadzidzi, zimakhala ndi protozoa ya parasitic yomwe ingayambitse mapangidwe akukhazikika kwa khosi. Kuyika kumeneku kumatha kubweretsa imfa ya kadzidzi.
Zizolowezi
Nguluwe za m'madzi zimadziwika pomanga zisa m'makoma ojambula, koma mitundu ina yambiri ya kadzidzi imabisala ku zochita za anthu. M'mphepete mwa mitengo yovunda kapena mitengo yokhomedwa ndi mitengo yamatabwa, zisa za kadzidzi nthawi zambiri zimakhala. Ziweto zimafunafunanso zokhala ndi mbalame zamtundu wina, monga ziwombankhanga, agwedwe, kapena akhwangwala. Mitundu ina ya kadzidzi imagwiranso ntchito pobisala yomwe imapangidwa ndi m'mapanga ndi ma niches m'matanthwe kuti itetezeke kuzinthu. Zikho zazikulu zazikulu zokhala ndi nyanga zimatha mchisa wa agologolo, kuphwanya ndi kuvomereza ngati zawo. Pakapezeka malo abwino othandiza kupeza nesting, mutha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwazaka zambiri.
Kadzidzi akamanga zisa zawo, makina ake amakhala osagwira bwino ntchito.Zisa zambiri zimamangidwa mwachangu kuchokera ku nthenga zotayika za kadzidzi ndi nthenga ndi ubweya wa zomwe zimadyera.
Zovala zazimuna nthawi zambiri sizimayesa kumanga chisa. Chitonthozo chokha komanso chitetezo chomwe nkhuku zimalandira ndi kung'amba khungubwi, zomwe zimamwazikana pamalo odyera. Zisamba za kadzidzi zimakutidwa ndi zimbudzi ndi mbali zadyedwa ndi nyama, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zodetsa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zisa zamtundu wina wamtundu.
Kuphimba kadzidzi amayesa kupereka chisa chabwino kwa ana awo. Mbalamezi zimaboweka pansi m'maenje okumbika pansi, udzu wokhazokha, zimayambira ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimateteza ana awo.
Penyani kadzidzi
Oyang'anira mbalame ambiri amasangalala poona kadzidzi. Ena amafika mpaka pogulira zida zachinyengo zoonera usiku. Ng'ombe zimatha kukhala anthu owopsa kwambiri ndipo zimatha kusiya zisa zawo ndi ana awo ngati anthu ayandikira kwambiri. Kuyimbira kwa kadzidzi kumatha kusokoneza mbalame, ndikuwapangitsa kuti athawe gawo lawo.
Njira yabwino yoonera kadzidzi popanda kuwasokoneza ndi kumvera ma foni awo osayang'ana pafupi. Ma foni a Owl ndi mitundu yokhazikika, kotero pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi mutha kuzindikira mitundu ya kadzidzi. Njira zabwino zowonera kadzidzi mu malo osungira nyama ndi makina owonera ndege.
Owl kunyumba
Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mitundu ya mitundu ya kadzidzi, oteteza pakadali pano akuyesera kuti apange zomangira zogona komanso usiku. Mabokosi a Owl ndi otchuka ndi kadzidzi. Mitundu ina ya kadzidzi, makamaka ikuluikulu, imakhala yosasunthika, koma amawona kukula kwa ana mu zisa zochita kupanga.
Chifukwa amathandizira kuti anthu azikhala momasuka, alimi amakonda kwambiri nkhokwe. Mapepala ena amapangidwira mwapadera kuti akhale ndi zitseko za owl ndi malo osungira.
Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo ndi luso lawo, ma kadzidzi amapereka chidziwitso chosangalatsa mu mphamvu za omwe amadyera, maunyolo azakudya, kusintha kwa thupi, kupezeka kwa anthu, ndi zina zambiri. Phatikizani ophunzira anu ndikudziwitsani zaukadaulo wazofunikira pakufufuza mbalame zachilendozi.
Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo ndi maukadaulo ake, ma owondi amapereka chidziwitso chosangalatsa pakuwoneka kwa nyama zomwe zimadyanso nyama, maunyolo azakudya, kusintha kwa thupi, kupezeka kwa anthu, ndi zina zambiri. Phatikizani ophunzira anu ndikudziwitsani zaukadaulo wazofunikira pakufufuza mbalame zachilendozi.