• Njira yamagetsi yamarble, kapena njira yamagetsi wamba, kapena ululu wamwala (lat.Torpedo marmorata) - mtundu wa masitayilo a genus gnusy banja gnyusovogo kuzungulira kwa magetsi amagetsi. Awa ndi nsomba zamatumbo zikuluzikulu zomwe zimatsogolera moyo wapansi, wokhala ndi zipsepse zazikulu, zodumphika komanso zam'mimba, zomwe zimapanga gawo lalifupi mozungulira, mchira wamfupi komanso wandiweyani, zipsepse ziwiri zamkati ndi mtengo wopendekera bwino. Monga oimira ena a mabanja awo amatha kupanga magetsi. Amakhala kum'mawa kwa Atlantic Ocean kuchokera ku North Sea kupita ku South Africa. Zimapezeka m'miyala yamiyala, m'nkhokwe za algae komanso pansi pamatope mpaka pansi pa 370. Amatha kupulumuka m'madzi okhala ndi mpweya wochepa kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, m'madziwe. Kutalika kwakukulu kolembetsedwa ndi masentimita 100. Utoto wake ndi woderapo wokhala ndi mawanga ambiri. Amuna ndi akazi, monga lamulo, amafika masentimita 36- 38 ndi 55-61 masentimita, motero, pafupifupi.

Ma chingwe amagetsi amayenda mokhazikika. Chakudyacho chimakhala ndi nsomba za bony, zomwe zimasaka kuchokera kubisala ndikukhazikika ndi zotulutsira zamagetsi. Mphamvu yamagetsi yopangidwa ndi iwo imatha kukhala ndi voliyumu yama 70-80 volts. Ma stingrays amagetsi amkudzala amatulutsa oviposition, mu litre la ana obadwa kumene okwanira 332 omwe amatha kupanga magetsi kuyambira pobadwa. Kubeleka kumakhala ndi kuzungulira kwa chaka chimodzi.

Kutulutsa kwamagetsi komwe kumapangidwa ndi njoka zam'madzi kumatha kudumphadumpha, koma osapha munthu. Ma stingrays awa, pamodzi ndi mano ena, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zitsanzo zazamoyo pakupanga kafukufuku wa biomedical. Sachita chidwi ndi malonda asodzi. Kugwidwa kwa nsomba kumachokera munyanja.

Kuchulukitsa

Mtundu watsopanowu udafotokozeredwa koyamba mu 1810 ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe waku France Antoine Rissot. Wolemba sanatchule holotype, motero mu 1999 Ronald Fricke anasankha chithunzi choyambirira cha Risso ngati lectotype. Mitundu epithet imachokera ku liwu loti lat. marmorata - "marble" ndipo imalumikizidwa ndi mtundu wake wa cheza ichi.

Mkatikati mwa gnus, njira yamagetsi yam'madzi ndi ya subgenus Torpedozomwe ndizosiyana ndi subgenus wina Tetronarce utoto wokhala ndi mitundu komanso utsi wamphepete.

Dera

Ma chingwe wamagetsi amakhala kum'mawa kwa Atlantic kuchokera ku Scotland komanso kum'mwera kwa North Sea kupita ku Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, kuphatikiza Nyanja ya Mediterranean, mpaka mamita 370. Amakonda kutentha kwa madzi kosaposa 20 ° C. Monga lamulo, amapezeka pagombe la Britain pamtunda wa 10-30 m, Italy 20-100 m, ndipo m'madzi a Tunisia akuya kupitirira mamitala 200. Ma chingwe amagetsi a Marble amasungidwa mwakuya kuposa zingwe zamagetsi za ocular.

Pokhala nsomba zotsika, malo otsetsereka a miyala ya marble amapezeka pafupi ndi miyala yamiyala ndi m'matanthwe a mwala pansi pamchenga kapena matope. M'miyezi yotentha, azimayi oyembekezera amasamukira ku Arcachon Bay, France, m'madzi osaya pafupi ndi mabanki a oyster. Kuphatikiza apo, mbola zamtunduwu nthawi yotentha komanso yophukira zimatha kusamukira kumpoto, ndikulowa m'madzi a British Isles.

Kufotokozera

Nthenga za mabole zimakhala ndi thupi lofewa komanso loopsa. Mphepete mwa pectoral ya malo otsetsereka amapanga diski yozungulira, kutalika kwake kuli pafupifupi 59-67% ya kutalika konse. Mbali zonse ziwiri za mutu, ziwalo zophatikizira zamagetsi m'mawonekedwe a impso zimawonekera kudzera pakhungu. Kuseri kwa maso ang'onoang'ono pamakhala timiyala tating'onoting'ono tating'ono, timene timakutidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ngati chala, pafupifupi kutembenukira pakatikati. Kuseri kwa chosemeza kumbuyo kwa mutu kumakhala ndi ma pores a mucous a 5-7. Pakati pa mphuno pali chokutira chachikopa, m'lifupi mwake chomwe chimaposa kutalika kwake, pafupifupi kufikira kamwa yaying'ono yokhotakhota. Mano ang'onoang'ono amatha ndi nsonga imodzi ndikupanga mtundu wa "grater" pachiwono. Pansi pa disc pali magawo asanu a gill slits.

Mphepo ziwiri zamkati zokhala ndi zophimba zozungulira zimayandikana. Pansi pa chilichonse chaiwo ndi pafupifupi 2/3 kutalika kwawo. Msonga wa dorsal fin yoyamba ili pamlingo wa nsonga za zapansi zamapazi zamkati. Madongosolo oyamba a dorsal ndi akulu kuposa lachiwiri. Mchira wake ndi waufupi komanso wokulirapo; zomata zachikopa zimayenda mbali zonse. Amatha ndi chopondera cha caudal fin ndimakona ozungulira. Dorsal kumtunda ndi woderapo ndipo wokutidwa ndi mawanga ambiri. Anthu ena ali ndi utoto wofanana popanda zilembo. Pansipu yoyera ndi yoyera ndi mbali zakuda za disc. Kutalika kwakukulu kojambulidwa ndi 100 cm, ngakhale pafupifupi abambo ndi akazi nthawi yayitali kuposa 36-38 masentimita ndi 55-61 masentimita, motsatana. Pali mwina kulumikizana kwachilengedwe kwa kukula kwake. Zolemba malire kulemera 3 kg.

Biology

Kutsata njira yokhayokha komanso kumatha kupsinja m'miyala kumatha kusuntha masiku angapo. Masana, iwo amagona pansi pansi pamtunda, kuchokera pomwe maso okha ndi matevu akuonekera. Kugunda kwapang'onopang'ono (kugunda kwa mphindi mphindi 15) ndi kukhathamira kwa mpweya wocheperako kumawalola kudya mpweya wochepa poyerekeza ndi shark ndi stingrays of size. Amalimbana ndi hypoxia ndipo amatha kupulumuka m'madzi okhala ndi mpweya wopanda madzi komanso pansi. Momwe kupanikizika pang'ono kumatsikira pansi pa 10-15 mm RT. Art., Marble magetsi ramp nthawi zambiri amaleka kupuma ndipo amatha kukhala m'bomali mpaka maola 5. Amatha kuthana ndi zovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha anaerobic glycolysis ndi njira ina yowonjezereka yopangira mphamvu mu mitochondria, yomwe imachepetsa kudzikundikira kwa ma lactates owopsa m'maselo. Monga nthumwi zina za gulu lawo potetezera ndi kuwukira, mano a nthabwala amatha kupanga magetsi. Chida chilichonse chamoto chophatikizika chimakhala ndi mizati yolumikizana 400-600, yomwe ili ndi mulu wa "mabatani amagetsi" pafupifupi 400 omwe amadzazidwa ndi misa ngati ma jelly, akuchita ngati batri. Kutulutsa kwamagetsi komwe kumapangidwa ndi malo otsetsereka kumakhala ndi voliyumu yama 70-80 volts, ndipo kuthekera kwakukulu kumakhala pafupifupi 200 volts. Njirayo imatulutsa zotsatsira zingapo, pang'onopang'ono "batiri" limatulutsa ndipo magetsi amatsika. Kafukufuku wazinthu zowonetsa zakale adawonetsa kuti kutentha kwambiri pansi pa 15 ° C mitsempha yamagetsi imasiya kugwira ntchito bwino. M'nyengo yozizira kutentha kwamadzi mwachilengedwe kumachepa m'matchire, mphuno zam'madzi sizingagwiritsenso ntchito ziwalozi. Kupanda kutero, ma stingrays amatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osadziwika achilengedwe omwe amasintha ziwalozi kuti zimazizira.

Nyongolotsi zimamera pa chinzonono Anthocephalum gracile ndi Calyptrobothrium riggii mimbulu Pontobdella muricata ndi Trachelobdella lubrica , monogenes Amphibdella torpedinis , Amphibdelloides kechemiraen , A. maccallumi , A. mapiri , Empruthotrema raiae, E. torpedinis ndi Squalonchocotyle torpedinis ndi nematode Ascaris torpedinis ndi Mawsonascaris pastinacae .

Kudyetsa

Nthenga zam'madzi zimasaka abusawo ndikuwazunza wozunzidwayo ndi chotsitsa chamagetsi. Masomphenya samagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusaka, pamene malo otsetsereka ali pansi, maso awo nthawi zambiri amabisika pansi pa mvula. M'malo mwa chizindikirochi, ma gnuse amatha kuzindikira chizindikiro cham'manja mechanoreceptors, kotero amangogunda chinthu chosuntha. Kuphatikiza apo, ma ampoules a ku Lorenzini amawathandiza kudziwa nyama.

Zakudya zam'madzi am'madzi zimakhala ndi 90% ya nsomba zapansi pansi, monga hake, goby, goose, red mullet, ma mackerel, steamed, mullet, pomacenter, nyongolotsi, ma eels am'nyanja ndi ma flounders. Chakudya chachiwiri ndi cephalopods, mwachitsanzo, squid wamba ndi Sepia elegans. Nthawi zingapo, nthano ina ya mbewa zam'madzi inameza chimfine nsomba zazinkhanira zazitali ru enPenaeus kerathurus . Kafukufuku yemwe adawonetsedwa adawonetsa kuti stingrays amakana chakudya cha nkhanu zomwe zimachokera ku mtundu wa Macropodia ru en . M'mphepete mwa gombe lakumwera kwa France, gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakudya kwa mbewa zam'madzi ndizizindikiro zazikulu. Skates imameza nyama yonse yonse: kamodzi munthu wamtali wa masentimita 40 amameza burbot yamadzi am'nyanja 34 34.

M'matumbo a marble pali mitundu iwiri ya kusaka. Yoyamba - "kudumphira m'mwamba", imagwiritsidwa ntchito nsomba ikasambira pafupi ndi mutu wankhondowo, monga lamulo, osapitirira masentimita 4. Popanga kulumpha, gnus imagwedeza mutu wake kutsogolo ndikuwuluka pamwamba pa womenyedwayo. Nthawi yomweyo, amamenya ndi mchira wake ndikupanga magetsi otulutsa pafupipafupi (230-240 Hz), ma frequency ake omwe amakula ndi kutentha. Kutulutsa koyamba ndi kochepa kwambiri, komwe kumapangidwa ndi mapapu a 10-64 olimba kwambiri kuchititsa kupindika kwa minofu ya tetanic, yomwe nthawi zina imaphwanya msana wa womenyedwayo. Njirayo ikayamba kutsogolo, kuyenda kwa madzi komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kudumpha kumabweretsa nyama yolumala pansi pake, pambuyo pake ndikukulunga ndi disk ndikuitumiza mkamwa. Nthawi yonseyi, mano amapitiliza kupangira zotulutsa zamagetsi: kuchuluka konse kwa ma pulses omwe amatulutsidwa mu kulumikizidwa kumodzi kumalumikizana molingana ndi kukula ndi zaka, kuyambira 66 pamtunda wobadwa kumene wa 12 cm kutalika kwa 340 kutalika kwa masentimita 45. Kulumpha palokha sikumapitirira 2 masekondi.

Mtundu wachiwiri wa kusaka, "zokwawa", umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabowo, kuthamangitsa nyama yokhazikika kapena yovutirapo, kuphatikiza ndikunjenjemera ndikunyamula pambuyo palumpha ndi yomwe ilipo. Chokwawa, nthenga zimayenda ngati mafunde ndi m'mphepete mwa diski ndikumenya pang'ono ndi mchira wake. Zomwe zidapangidwa pakukweza diskiyo zimayendetsa wogwidwayo kwa alenje, ndikutsitsa disk ndikumenya chingwe ndi mchira wake, amawafikira pang'onopang'ono. Atapezana ndi munthu yemwe wakumuvutitsa, amatsegula pakamwa pake ndikuyamwa. Ngati ndi kotheka, ngati wovutikayo amasuntha, amapanga zotulutsa zamagetsi zing'onozing'ono zomwe zingapitilizebe pakuthiridwa.

Chitetezo

Chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu komanso kuthekera kopanga magetsi, njenjete zam'madzi sizimakhala nyama ya nyama zina, monga shaki. Poteteza, zingwezo zimachita mosiyanasiyana, kutengera malo ati (mchira kapena ndi disk) wolowererayo amayesera kugwira. Pankhani yakukhudza diski, gnus imatembenukira kumbali yakuwopsezedwa ndipo imakhala ndi kugwedezeka kwamagetsi, pambuyo pake imawuluka molunjika ndipo ikhoza kuyikidwa m'manda mosavutikira. Akakhudza mchira, njirayo imatembenukira kunja ndi m'mimba mwake ndikugundika kukhala mpira, itachita izi, siziyamba, koma ikadali pamalowo, ndikuwonetsa ziwalo zamagetsi kwambiri. Kusunthaku kumayendetsedwa ndi magetsi amphamvu. Ma stingrays amtunduwu mothandizidwa ndi magetsi amateteza mchira mwamphamvu kwambiri kuposa diski.

Mayendedwe amoyo

Nthenga za mabulosi opangidwa ndi kupanga mazira, choyamba mazira omwe amapangawo amadya pa yolk, kenako histotroph yopangidwa ndi thupi la mayi. Akazi achikulire amakhala ndi mazira awiri ogwira ntchito ndi chiberekero ziwiri, mkati mwa chiberekero chimakutidwa ndi mbali zingapo zazitali. Kusintha kwa kubereka mwa akazi mwina kumatenga zaka ziwiri, pomwe amuna amatha kubereka chaka chilichonse. Matching amachitika kuyambira Novembala mpaka Disembala, akhanda amabadwa chaka chotsatira pambuyo pa miyezi 9-12. Mu zinyalala za wakhanda wakhanda 332, kuchuluka kwa zinyalala kumadalira kukula kwa chikazi.

Ziwalo zamagetsi zimayamba kupanga maimilimita 1.9-2.3 masentimita, pofika nthawi iyi, ali ndi maso, zipsepse pachepete komanso zotulutsa zina. Mimbulu ikakula kufika pa 2.0-7 cm, milomo yokhala pansi ya dorsal imakhala yotseka ndipo zimangokhala mipata yokha, monga momwe imakhalira ndi kuwala konse. Nthawi yomweyo, zigawo 4 za maselo akuluakulu omwe amapanga ziwalo zamagetsi amaphatikizidwa. M'mimba a 2.8-3.7 cm, kutalika kwa zipsepse kumakulitsidwa ndikukula ndikukula, ndikupanga disk yozungulira yamagetsi amagetsi. Ndi kutalika kwa 3.5-5,5 masentimita, mapikiselo akunja amachoka ndipo pigmentation imawonekera. Ma Embryos 6.6-7.3cm kutalika kwake amatha kupanga chida chamagetsi. Pa nthawi ya pakati, mphamvu yotsekemera imachulukanso ndi 10 5 ndipo imafika ma 47-55 volts mu maimelo 8.6-13 masentimita, omwe amafananizidwa ndi mphamvu yakukula kwa stingrays ya achikulire.

Makanda obadwa kumene amakhala obadwa kutalika kwa 10-14 cm ndipo kuchokera pakubadwa amatha kuwonetsa kusaka kwazikhalidwe ndi machitidwe achitetezo. Amuna ndi akazi amatha kutha msinkhu ndi kutalika kwa 21-29 masentimita ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 5, ndi 31-39 masentimita ndi zaka 12, motsatana. Chiyembekezo chotalika kwambiri mwa akazi chimakhala pafupifupi zaka 20.

Kuyanjana kwa anthu

Mphuno zam'madzi zimatha kubvulaza munthu, koma osati kuwopsa pamagetsi, mwina zimabweretsa chiwopsezo chifukwa chosiyanasiyana, popeza munthu, atakhala kuti wakhumudwa, akhoza kutsamwitsa. Kutha kwa nsomba izi kupanga magetsi kwadziwika kuyambira kale; lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala. Achi Greek ndi Aroma akale amagwiritsa ntchito stingrays kuchiritsa mutu ndi gout, komanso adalimbikitsa kuti akhunyu adye nyama yawo.

Njira izi sizili zokomera nsomba. Monga asodzi agwidwa, atha kugwidwa asodzi akuwedza. Nsomba zokumbidwa nthawi zambiri zimaponyedwa munyanja. Nthenga za mabo, limodzi ndi ma stingrays amagetsi, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zitsanzo zamagetsi, chifukwa ziwalo zamagetsi zimakhala ndi acetylcholine receptors, zomwe zimagwira gawo lofunikira mu mantha amunthu.

Osachepera, kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean, malo otsetsereka amapezeka nthawi zambiri, mwina anthu ali pachiwopsezo cha gombe la Italy. Palibe chidziwitso chokwanira kuti tisanthule chilengedwe cha mitunduyi ndi International Union for Conservation of Natural.

Zofananira

kalasi: nsomba zamatumbo
dongosolo: mbola
banja: rhombic
mtundu: mbola zam'mimbazi
Habitat
Mbawala zam'nyanja, kapena malo otsetsereka, ndizofala kwambiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic. Kutuluka kwamadzi kuchokera ku Norway kupita ku Namibia ndi malo omwe kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lapansi kumeneku ndi komwe kuli. Pali malo akuwoneka mu Pacific ndi Nyanja Yakuda, pagombe la South Africa ndi Madagascar.
Kodi nkhandwe yam'madzi imawoneka bwanji?
Mbawala ya panyanja yachikazi imatha kutalika kwa masentimita 120, yamphongo ndi yocheperako - kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi masentimita 70. Kapangidwe ka thupi kamafanana ndi mpanda. Mbali yakumtunda yamtambo nkhandwe imakutidwa ndi malo osiyanasiyana, imakhala yolimba ndikujambulidwa ndi tinthu tofiirira tokhala ndi mawonekedwe amdima komanso owala. Mchira wautali komanso woonda komanso wokutidwa ndi spikes. Kunja kwa thupi kumakhala kopepuka komanso kosalala. Mtundu wa khungu limasinthasintha - zimatengera kwambiri malo a stingray.
Moyo ndi Zopatsa Thanzi
Malo ofunikira kupezeka kwa mitunduyi ndi matope pansi pa nyanja. Stingrays imakhala pakuya kwa 20-300 m ndikuya. M'nyengo yotentha, amayandikira pafupi ndi gombe, ndipo nthawi yozizira amasamukira kuya.

Imadyetsa anthu wamba, nthawi zina nsomba zazing'ono.
Nsomba zingapo zolusa ndizowopsa, koma mbola zimatha kudziteteza ndipo zimasinthasintha mwanjira yoti zizikhala mumadzi.
Kuswana

Mbidzi zam'nyanja, monga ma stingrays ena, zimafalikira ndikupanga mazira. Pambuyo pakukhwima, wamkazi amayamba kuyikira mazira - mpaka 170 pachaka. Dzira lirilonse limakhomekedwa mu bokosi loteteza, lomwe limakhala ndi njira zapadera komanso ulusi mbali zake, mothandizidwa ndi lomwe lachikazi limaphatikizira mazira ku algae. Pakona kwa dzira lililonse, pamakhala bowo laling'ono la oksijeni, motero mwachangu amatha kupuma. Pambuyo pa miyezi isanu, malo otsetsereka amabadwa - iliyonse osaposa 12 cm. Pofika kutalika kwa masentimita 15-17, wachinyamata amatha kusaka pawokha.
Gwero

Tsiku labwino. Ndimagulitsa ma stingrays am'madzi amchere. Pali mitundu, mitundu, zaka. Leopoldi ramp Henley ramp Woyendetsa njinga, motor spamp., Mota-peruvian ramp, motor ramp sp.brazilian split falkneri diss shrodery kapena chamomile stingray stingray tiger kapena tiger stingray stingray pearl stingray histrix kapena wamba mitsinje stingray stingray galage stingray wosakanizidwa motor x ngale stingray stingray sp. wosakanizira Mtengo umayambira pa 6,000. Malek ndi ruble 15,000. - akulu. Nsomba zimapezeka m'madambo a Kukutumizirana ku Russia konse, komanso ku Kazakhstan ndi Belarus.
Kuti mumve zambiri funsani foni nambala 8 916 659 87 09, 8 926 010 67 67 kapena lembera kalata yanga - [email protected] Zithunzi za nsomba zanga

Nsomba zamkati zamtchire ndi nsomba zam'madzi zambiri zachilendo komanso zoopsa. Pakufunikira ndi asodzi okhazikika am'madzi okha. Electric catfish ndi woimira banja la Electric Catfish (Malapteruridae). Malo okhala zachilengedwe ndi otentha komanso malo ozizira a ku Africa. Iyi ndi nsomba yam'munsi, yamchere yatsopano yomwe imatsogolera ndikukhalanso chete. Komabe, munthu sayenera kunyengedwa ndi machitidwe ake odekha, kwenikweni, ndiwopseza kwambiri womwe ungavulaze osati anthu okhala m'madzimo, komanso mwini wake. Kuopsa kumeneku kumalumikizidwa ndi kuthekera kwa mitunduyi kupangira magetsi yamagetsi kufika pa 350 V. Receptors ndi ziwalo zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zizipanga 25% ya kulemera kwakuthupi kwa Electric catfish. Mawonekedwe