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Matchuthi ndi amodzi mwa mbalame zachilendo kwambiri, mawonekedwe komanso zizolowezi. Ma whites onse amagawidwa mwamagawo awiri m'magulu awiri: ma World of Old World ndi mavu a New World (i., Awo okhala ku America).

Mitundu yamtchire (ya banja la a hawk) imaphatikizapo mitundu isanu ndi itatu (African vulture (Gyps africanus), Bengal vulture (Gyps bengalensis), Cape vulture (Gyps coprotheres), Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), Chipamba cha Snow (Gyps himalayensis) , Indian vulture (Chizindikiro cha Gyps), African vulture (Gyps rueppellii), Gyps tenuirostris). Mbalame zonsezi zimakhala ku gawo la South Asia, Southern Europe, ku Crimea, Caucasus, komanso ku Africa.

Zoyipa zotsalira (zapanja) ndizabanja la mikango yaku America. Kuphatikiza apo, mavu amatchedwa oyimira ena a subfamily of vultures (Black Vulture, Palm Vulture, etc.)

Mitundu yonse imakhala ndi zilombo zazikulu zokhala ndi mbewa. Ndi mitundu yokhayo yomwe ili ndi kukula kochepa. Mwachitsanzo, yaying'ono kwambiri pa mikwingwirima yonse ndiyakafu yakuda. Thupi lake limakula kutalika kuyambira 50 mpaka 60 sentimita, ndipo kulemera kwa mbalameyo kumatha kuyambira 1100 mpaka 1900 magalamu.

Oyimira ambiri a gulu la mbalamezi amakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 70-90 ndi kulemera kwa kilogalamu 3 mpaka 7. Mapiko amtambo wina akhoza kukhala mamita atatu! Mbalamezi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mulomo wawukulu wowoneka ngati mbedza. Komabe, ngakhale zikuwoneka zowoneka bwino, nyanjayo si mbalame yomwe imatha kuvulaza nyama kapena munthu, chifukwa ma paw ake, ngakhale ndi akulu, alibe mphamvu zokwanira ngakhale kukweza nyama mumlengalenga.

Nthenga za nthenga za mbalamezi sizofanana. Ziwalo zina za thupi zimawululidwa kwathunthu, izi zimagwira kumutu ndi khosi. Zachilengedwe izi zimathandiza kuti mbalameyo izitha kulowa mkati mwa mtembo, osachita mantha kuti ingade. Vultures okhala ku Eurasia ndi Africa amadziwika ndi "kolala" nthenga. Komabe, pali kusiyanasiyana kwa malamulowo, mwachitsanzo, tchire lamanja, mutu wake ndi khosi yokutidwa ndi nthenga.

Ponena za utoto, mavuwo sangathe kutchedwa kuti owala bwino komanso mbalame zokongola. Nthawi zambiri, nthenga zawo zimakhala zofiirira, imvi, zakuda, kawirikawiri zoyera. Komabe, panali zina zomwe sizinaperekedwe: Chitsanzo ndi mtundu wamfumu wachifumu womwe umakhala ku South America. Mtundu wa nthenga zake ndi imvi, ndipo khungu limakhala ndi timaso zachikaso, zakuda komanso zofiirira.

Katundu amatha kupezeka m'malo owoneka bwino. Amakhala m'misewu yamapiri, kumapiri, ndi zipululu. Mbalame izi zimakhala moyo wokhalamo, sizimadziwika ndi kusamuka kwakanthawi, kupatula mtundu wamtunduwu, monga mtundu wamtchire.

Katundu amakonda kukhala awiriawiri kapena osakwatiwa. Gulu lalikulu la miimba imatha kuwoneka pokhapokha pa "phwando", i.e. pafupi ndi mtembo wakufa. Oyimilira a dziko lapansi lopakidwa tsikuli amagwira ntchito masana.

Ponena za momwe mimbulu imakhalira, titha kuwona kusasinthasintha, bata, komanso ulemu. Mbalamezi zimatha kuwuluka kwautali pansi, kufunafuna nyama. Zikuwuluka mlengalenga, zimawulukira mozungulira, kufunafuna mtsogolo.

Tizilombo touluka ndi mbalame zolusa, koma, mwachitsanzo, chiwombankhanga, sizitha kusaka nyama zazikulu. Zakudya zawo zambiri ndi, monga mukudziwa. Amasangalala ndi zotsalira za mitembo yamamba, akambuku akufa, njovu, anthambo, ngakhale mazira a mbalame ali pa chakudya chawo mosangalala.

Grifov imasiyanitsidwa ndi gawo limodzi: ali ndi fungo lakuthwa kwambiri. Zowona, si mitundu yonse ya mbalamezi yomwe imatha kudzitamandira ndi masomphenya akuthwa.

Kuti awagwire, mbalamezi sizimenya nawo nkhondo yolimbana ndi zilombo zina, zimangololera. Koma ngati gulu la mimbulu litakola nyama yayikulu, ndiye kuti mafupa okha ndi omwe atsala. Chifukwa chake mtembo wa mbalame zazikulu wakalamba gulu la mbalame khumi umatha kupita pachikatikati mwa mphindi 10-20.

Njira yodyetsera miimba iyi imapangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri pazachilengedwe. Ndi gawo limodzi mwadongosolo lachilengedwe, kudya nyama zowola, motero kupewa ngozi yotenga matenda a nyama zina ndi anthu.

Katemera kubereka kamodzi 1 zaka 2. Mbalamezi zimamanga zisa pamitengo yayitali kapena miyala. M'nyengo yakukhwima, chomera chachikazi chimayikira mazira 1-3. Kutalika kwa makulitsidwe kuyambira 38 mpaka 55 masiku. Anapiye amene amabadwa amakhalabe m'chisa miyezi itatu yoyamba. Kutha kwa tchire kumachitika zaka 4 - 7. Mwa oyimira a dziko lapansi okhala ndi minyewa, miimba ndi imodzi mwazitali kwambiri. Kutalika kwa moyo wawo ndi pafupifupi zaka 50-55.

Ma Vultures adapeza ntchito zachilendo ku United States. Monga tanenera, mbalamezi zimanunkhira bwino kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, mavutsi apa amagwira ntchito kuti athandizire anthu, amathandiza kuzindikira mwachangu komanso kuthetsa kutuluka kwa mpweya. Kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka zinthu zapadera kamawonjezeredwa ndi mpweya wachilengedwe womwe umayenda mu payipi yamagesi, fungo lake lomwe limafanana ndi fungo la carrion.

Anthu samatha kununkhiza "fungo" ili, koma mavu amatha kumanunkhiza pamtunda wautali, akukhamukira kwambiri ku "nyambo". Pambuyo pofufuza magulu amisala yotereyi, zofunikira zimatumizidwa mosazindikira mwadzidzidzi.

VESI

Pali zinthu zosangalatsa zomwe sitingazindikire, ngakhale pang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, anthu amaganiza zochepa chifukwa chake mitembo ya nyama zakufa sizimawoneka kwambiri m'nkhalango, patsinde, kumapiri. Amapita kuti?

Zinyama sizimadya zovunda, zimakonda kusaka, kukhala pakubisala kwa maola ambiri, kuthamangitsa nyama. Koma zimapezeka kuti pali nyama zolusa zomwe zimadyera nyama yakufa. Kwa omenyera ngati amenewo adagwa - "magulu anamtambo" - mbalame zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ma tchuthi amadyetsa pafupifupi zovalazo. Onsewa ndi akulu, amphamvu kwambiri. Mapiko a tinsomba tating'onoting'ono kwambiri ndi 160 cm, ndipo tchuthi chachikulu kwambiri cha chipale chofewa chimaposa mamita 3. Chimatha kukweza nkhosa m'mwamba.

Tizilombo timakhala kumapiri ndi kumapiri. Akuwuluka pamtunda wamakilomita angapo, amayendera "chuma" chawo, nthawi yomweyo amazindikira kuthamanga ndikutsikira mwachangu. Ndi maso odabwitsa bwanji omwe muyenera kukhala nawo kuti muone nyama ngati ili kutali chotere!

Katundu nthawi zambiri samakondedwa: chakudya chawo sichimamveka bwino. Koma chifukwa cha izi, miimba imawoneka yothandiza. Ndipo amene amakondadi ndi kudziwa chilengedwe sangawombere mbalamezi, ngakhale zitakhala zokwanira, zolemetsa, ndipo sizingathe kuwuluka pomwepo. Ndipo kupeza chisa chamtchire chokhala ndi mazira atatu kapena anapiye (palibenso anapiye m'ming'alu), sichingawononge.

Pali mitundu yambiri yamiyala, ndipo onsewa ndi adani asana masana. Ambiri aiwo amakhala pafupi ndi munthu. Koma ma condors - mavu a ku South America - amakhala m'mapiri pamtunda wokwana 7 km. Koma chifukwa akuukira ziweto, awonongedwa.

Katundu

Vultures ndi gulu lolemera la mbalame lomwe limakhala ndi nthumwi zamtundu wazimayi za banja lankhondo (amatchedwanso maukada a Old World) ndi banja losiyana la maukada aku America (amatchedwa mavu a New World). Pali mitundu 15 ya mbalame mu banja la zathanzi, 5 mu banja lankhosa laku America, sizigwirizana kwambiri, koma ndiwofanana. Nawonso mabingu a Dziko Lakale amayandikira munthu womangidwa ndi ndevu, ndipo mimbulu ya Dziko Latsopano ili pafupi mozungulira.

Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus).

Zoyenda ndi mbalame zazikulu komanso zazitali. Mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri ndi American black catarta, kutalika kwake ndi 50-65 cm, kulemera kwa 1.1-1.9 kg. Mitundu yambiri imatalika masentimita 70-90 ndipo imalemera makilogalamu 3-7, nthumwi zazikulu kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, nkhalangozi ya ku Africa) zimakhala ndi mapiko otalika kufika 3 m ndipo zimalemera mpaka 10-14 kg. Mlomo wa mbalamezi ndi wokulirapo, wopindika, mapiko ndiwachikulupo, mawamba ndiakulu. Ngakhale pali kukula kwakukulu komanso mawonekedwe owopsa, mimbulu siziika pachiwopsezo kwa nyama ndi anthu, popeza maula ake amangowoneka olimba, koma kwenikweni sangathe kusunga nyama. Pazifukwa izi, miimba sizimagunda nyama, ngakhale podziteteza. Zowonjezera za mbalamezi zimapangidwa mosiyanasiyana, mapiko ndi mchira wake, zomwe zimaloleza kuti mavuwo aziuluka bwino, amakhala ndi utoto wabwino, nthenga kumutu, khosi ndi chifuwa zimapangidwa moperewera. Mwa mitundu ina, imakutidwa ndi yafupi, mwa ena ndi amaliseche kwathunthu ndipo yokutidwa ndi makutu; kuphatikiza, khosi la Dziko Lakale limadziwika ndi kolala ya nthenga zowonekera kumbuyo kwa khosi. Zipangizozi zimathandizira kuti mbalame zizimangirira mitu yawo mozama ndipo nthawi yomweyo sizimayambitsa maula, magazi amayenda m'makhola ndikuchedwetsa kolala yake. Koma pali kusiyanasiyana ndi lamuloli, mwachitsanzo, tchire cha kanjedza limakhala ndi mutu komanso khosi ndipo limawoneka ngati chiwombankhanga kuposa khosi, pachifukwa ichi nthawi zina amatchedwa chiwombankhanga ndipo amalinso pakati pa abale a mbalamezi.

Mbidzi ya mgwalangwa, kapena Vulture Eagle (Gypohierax angolensis) imawoneka modabwitsa.

Utoto utoto ndi wowonekera bwino: wakuda, imvi, bulauni. Khungu pakhosi limatha kukhala lakuda pamtundu wamafuta kapena ofiira, kupatulapo khosi lowoneka bwino lachifumu kuchokera ku South America komwe maonekedwe ake ndi imvi, ndipo khungu pakhosi limapakidwa lakuda, achikaso, ofiira. Mitundu ya kugonana mu mbalamezi sikufotokozedwa, zazimuna ndi zazikazi zimawoneka chimodzimodzi.

Royal Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa).

Malo okhala nyama zamtchire kumwera kumwera kwa Europe (kuphatikiza Crimea), Central ndi South Asia, Caucasus, pafupifupi Africa, kumwera chakumpoto kwa America ndi ku South America konse. Koma ndiyenera kunena kuti mitundu yamtundu uliwonse payokha ndi yopanga gawo limodzi lokha, palibe cosmopolitans pakati pa mbalamezi. Malo omwe amakhala nawo amakhala otseguka komanso owoneka bwino - ma savannah, zipululu, mapiri. Mingwe imakhala yachisoni, imakhala m'malo osasunthika, sipanga kusunthika kwakanthawi (kusiyanasiyana ndi kambuku-kamtunda, kamene kamasunthira nyengo). Nthawi yomweyo, miimba pakasaka nthawi zambiri imaphwanya malire, yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi zikhalidwe pofufuza zakudya. Mbalamezi zimakhala zokhazokha kapena ziwiri, koma pafupi ndi nyama yayikulu zimatha kusonkhanitsa m'mathumba a anthu mazana angapo, ndipo zimangogwira masana.

Viet Turkey (Cathartes aura).

Mtundu wa mbalamezi ndi wodekha, wokoma mtima komanso wochezeka. Zowunikira zomwe zimasaka mimbulu kuti iziyenda pamwamba panthaka kwa nthawi yayitali, zimapirira, zimvetsera komanso zimakhalabe. Ola limodzi ndi ola limodzi, amawuluka mlengalenga ndikuwuluka mozungulira, nthawi yomweyo akutsata mayendedwe a oyandikana nawo. Tizilombo timakonda kukwera m'mwamba popanda kuwulutsa mapiko awo, chifukwa timagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wofunda, womwe umatuluka padziko lapansi. Mwanjira imeneyi, mbalame zimapulumutsa mphamvu. Ataona nyama, bwalolo yafupika, ndipo abale ake amathamangira naye. Mbalame pafupifupi sizimagwirizana, pokhapokha mutadula mitembo amatha kuyendetsa mpikisano ndikuwulutsa mapiko, koma iyi simenyani yeniyeni, koma ndikuphwanya kwanjala. Ndizosangalatsa kuti mavuvu amakhudzana modekha osati ndi anthu amtundu wawo wokha, komanso oimira ena.

Zomera za ku Africa (Gyps africanus) pamapiko otseguka zimatsika kuti zikagwire.

Zinyama ndi nyama zolusa, koma sizisaka nyama zazikulu ndi mbalame. Kudya kwawo kodzola kumadziwika. Zotsalira za nyama zopanda ziboda - anyani, mbuzi zam'mapiri ndi nkhosa zamphongo, anyaniwa ndi chakudya chawo. Koma amatha kudya pafupifupi zotsalazo za nyama - mitembo ya adani, nsomba zakuda, akambuku akufa, mamba, njovu, tizilombo, mazira a mbalame. Mitundu yaku America nthawi zina imadyanso zipatso zowola. Zomera za kanjedza zimadya zipatso za kanjedza zamafuta, koma zimaphatikizanso zopangidwa ndi nyama (nkhanu, mbewa, abuluzi) m'zakudya zake. Ndiyenera kunena kuti pofufuza malezala olimbirana amathandizanso kumva bwino. Chifukwa chake, ma bingu a Old World akufunafuna nyama mothandizidwa ndi masomphenya akuthwa kwambiri, kuyambira kutalika kwa ma kilomita angapo amatha kuwona ngakhale nyama yaying'ono ya mbuzi kapena galu, amatha kusiyanitsa nyama yabodza ndi nyama yakufa pazinthu zazing'ono kwambiri. Zizindikiro za Dziko Latsopano siziwoneka zowoneka bwino, koma ali ndi gawo lapadera mdziko la mbalame - fungo lakuthwa. Mwanjira zonse, mbalame zimapangitsa kuti kununkhira kusakhazikike bwino, koma mimbulu ya ku America siichedwa kupatula lamulo ili. Amanunkhira bwino, komanso amatha kukoka tinthu tawo m'ndende yaing'ono. Mothandizidwa ndi fungo lawo labwino, iwo, monga magazi enieni, amawona komwe kuli mtembo wama kilomita angapo.

Catartha yakuda, kapena mwala wakuda, kapena Uruba (Coragyps atratus) imakhala ndi fungo labwino la magazi.

Katemera ali ndi njira zingapo za "kusaka". M'malo ochepa (mapiri, zipululu) amayang'ana nyama yakufa yochokera kumwamba, m'malo omwe amasaka nyama zambiri (amatsenga) amazitsatira ndikungodikira zotsalira za chakudya cha munthu wina. Pano, nthawi zambiri amateteza nyama zovulazidwa, kuyembekezera moleza mtima kuti ziphe. Mosiyana ndi chikhulupiriro chofala, njenjete sizimaliza kuthyolako ndipo sizibweretsa pafupi, ngakhale mbalameyo itayambitsa molakwika chakudyacho, ndipo nyamayo ikadalipo, nthawi yomweyo amaiponya ndikusunthira kumbali. Pomaliza, m'malo ena, njenjete zimayendayenda m'mphepete mwa mazira pomwe akamba amaziikira mazira, kuponyera nsomba mukamasewera ndi ma surf, etc. Apa mavu amatenga mazira osweka, nsomba zakufa, ndipo nthawi zina amadya akambuku atsopano ndi anapiye amoyo.

Zomera za Griffon (Gyps fulvus) zimadziwika pakati pa mitundu ina yokhala ndi kolala yoyera.

Katemera ndi mbalame zopanda mphamvu (mosasamala kanthu za kukula kwake), chifukwa chake samalowa kunkhondo yolandirira nyama zomwe zimadyera anzawo. Amadya mwachangu komanso kwambiri, chakumwa chachikulu komanso m'mimba zimawalola kudya zomwe amakonda nthawi. Gulu la mbalame khumi ndi awiri m'mphindi 10 mpaka 20 kwathunthu kumata pa fupa la anangula. Pachakudya chapafupi ndi nyama yayikulu, pali mitundu ingapo yamatsenga yomwe imakhudzidwa. Ndipo izi sizongokhala ubale wabwino, koma thandizo lenileni. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamatsenga imakhala ndi chakudya: ena amadya zofewa zam'mimba (viscera, minofu), ena coarser (khungu, mafupa, cartilage, tendons). Mtembo watsopano wa nyama yayikulu (mwachitsanzo, njovu) imangokhala yocheperako ndi tating'onoting'ono, popeza sangathe kubowola khungu lake. Chifukwa chake, akuyenera kudikirira kuti anthu akuluakulu awuluke kuti athandize.

Paketi yosakanikirana yamiyala imadyera mtembo wa njovu. Pamtembo pali batoni lalikulu lared, lomwe, mwachiwonekere, ndiye adayambitsa chakudyacho. Pansi, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timadya nyama.

Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timatha kudya osati zatsopano zokha, komanso mitembo yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi kuwola, gastric juisi wokhala ndi acidity yambiri komanso mabakiteriya omwe amaletsa poizoni kuti ateteze kumatenda. Mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimadziwika kuti ndi zachinyengo, koma izi ndi tsankho lomwe limagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusasangalala kwambiri ndi nyama. Zowonadi zake, mimbulu nthawi zambiri imatsuka zofunikira, makamaka mukatha kudya, kumwa kwambiri, ndikusambira nthawi iliyonse yomwe ingatheke. Pofuna kupha utoto wowonjezereka, mbalame zimakonda kusambira: zikukhala m'mitengo, zimatsegula mapiko awo ndikupukusira nthenga, kuloleza kuwala kwa dzuwa kuti lizitentha madontho.

Zoyala zazingwe za ku Africa zared (Torgos tracheliotus) padzuwa.

Katemera ndi wopanda chonde, amabereka kamodzi zaka 1-2. Nyengo ya kuswana mwa mitundu ya malo otentha imayamba kumayambiriro kwamasika. Katundu ndi mbalame zokhala monogamous, zazimuna ndi zazikazi nzokhulupirika kwa wina ndi mnzake. Alibe miyambo ina iliyonse yapadera, wamwamuna yekha wakuda wa catharta yemwe amachita "kuvina" komwe kumatulutsa - amayenda mozungulira wamkazi, mokongola kapena kudumphira.

Zomera zachifumu zimabweretsa ubweya.

Zinyama zam'madzi zimamanga zisa zawo pamalo okwezeka osawagwiritsa ntchito. Nthawi zambiri amakhala pamiyala kapena pamiyala. Chisa ndi mulu wosakala wa nthambi zazikulu zokhala ndi udzu. Yaikazi imayikira mazira 1-3, iwo ndi okulirapo ndi mawanga ang'ono ndi maanga.

Makulitsidwe kumatenga masiku 38-55, makolo onse awiri amakundana. Wamphongo ndi wamkazi amadyetsa mwana wankhuku, yang'aniratu nyama yophimbidwa. Zomera zimatha miyezi itatu chisa, mbalamezi zimatha kukhwima pakugonana pakatha zaka 4-7.Zilombo zimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yamoyo; m'chilengedwe komanso ukapolo, amakhala zaka 55.

Bengal khosi lachifumu (Gyps bengalensis) chisa chomwe chimapezeka m'nkhalango za Cambodia.

Ngakhale amakhala abwinobwino, miimba nthawi zambiri siyachilendo. Mu chilengedwe, zazikulu zazikulu zimaziteteza kwa adani. Osati zoyipa kwambiri kwa iwo, komanso njala, chifukwa mavu ndi olimba kwambiri ndipo amazolowera zakudya zosavomerezeka. Koma ngakhale izi zidachitika, ku Central Asia, ku Caucasus, ku Crimea, miimba idasowa posachedwa. Kuchepa kwa ziwerengero kukuchitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa malo okhala ndi anthu ndikuwonongeka kwa chakudya. Monga zoweta zazikazi zikukhala m'malo ochulukirachulukira m'mapiri, mbalame zamtchire zimayamba kuchepera, ndipo njenjemera zimasowa. Omwe akuwopa kwambiri ndi ma Bengali, Cape mavu ndi Kumai. Mbalame izi zimafunikira kutetezedwa monga dongosolo lofunikira kwambiri mwachilengedwe.

Zomera zachifumu zikuuluka.

Ku USA, mimbulu yamtchire imatumikira anthu, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti iwone kutuluka kwa mpweya m'mipope ya gasi. Popeza misewu yayikuluyi imadutsa kutali ndi malo, kuyang'anitsitsa ndi kukonza kwawo ndikovuta. Kuti athandizire kugwira ntchito ndikuwonjezera chitetezo, chinthu chosafunikira kwambiri chimaphatikizidwa ndi mpweya, womwe umafanana ndi fungo la carrion. Anthu samamvanso, koma mavuwo amatha kumanunkhiza kuchokera kutali ndikudziunjikira m'malo omwe amatulutsa mpweya. Gulu lokonza limapita kumadera komwe nkhosazi zimaperekedwako.

Mverani mawu a khosi

Liwu la Chikhalidwe cha ku Africa

Liwu la Chingelezi chakuda

Catharta wakuda, kapena mwala wakuda, kapena Uruba (Coragyps atratus).

Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus).

Paketi yosakanikirana yamiyala imadyera mtembo wa njovu.

Grifov imasiyanitsidwa ndi gawo limodzi: ali ndi fungo lakuthwa kwambiri. Zowona, si mitundu yonse ya mbalamezi yomwe imatha kudzitamandira ndi masomphenya akuthwa.

Zoyala zazingwe za ku Africa zared (Torgos tracheliotus) padzuwa.

Zomera zachifumu zimabweretsa ubweya.

Turkey Mbale Mazira.

Phukusi la chala la Bengal (Gyps bengalensis) chisa.

Zomera zachifumu zikuuluka.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Mimbulu imakhala ndi dzina lina - mavu, ndiwotchena okhala ndi banja la akambuku, omwe amakonda malo otentha. Sayenera kusokonezedwa ndi mikango yaku America, ngakhale akunja ali ofanana, si abale apamtima. Mpheto zamtundu wa Hawk ndizokhudzana ndi mimbulu, pomwe mavu aku America amakhala pafupi ndi ma condor.

Kuyambira nthawi zakale, miimba inkawoneka ngati zolengedwa zokhala ndi zinthu zapadera zodabwitsa. Mukayang'ana pakhosi, nthawi yomweyo mumamva maonekedwe ake abwino, anzeru, komanso cholinga. Zisanu khumi ndi zisanu zamtundu wamadzi zimadziwika, zomwe sizimasiyana malo awo okhala, koma mawonekedwe ena akunja, tidzafotokoza zina mwazomwezo.

Kanema: Vuni

Khosi la Bengal ndi lalikulu kukula, maula ndi amdima, nthawi zina kwathunthu lakuda. M'dera la mchira ndi pamapiko, malo owala amawoneka. Khosi la mbalameyo limakongoletsedwa ndi nthenga zokhala ngati nthenga. Malo omwe adakhazikitsidwapo mpaka kale ndi mayiko monga Afghanistan, Vietnam ndi India. Chingwechi sichimachita manyazi ndi anthu ndipo chimatha kukhala pafupi ndi komwe amakhala, ndikupanga mapangidwe ake kumapeto ndi madera osiyanasiyana.

Tchire la ku Africa limakhala ndi timitengo tambiri tofiirira, tomwe timathunzi tofiirira timatuluka. Khosi la adani limakhala ndi kolala yoyera; mbalame imakhala ndi mbali zazing'ono. Ndizosavuta kulingalira kuti mtengowu uli ndi malo okhazikika ku Africa, komwe umakonda mapiri ndi mapiri, wokhala kumapeto pafupifupi 1.5 km.

Chomera cha griffon ndi chachikulu kwambiri, mapiko ake ndiwotalikirapo. Mitundu ya nthenga imakhala ya bulauni m'malo okhala ndi mutu. Mapikowo amaonekera chifukwa ali ndi mtundu wakuda kwambiri. Mutu wawung'ono pakhosi wokutidwa ndi kuwala (pafupifupi koyera) fluff, kumbuyo kwake komwe mulomo wamphamvu wokhala ndi mbowo umaonekera bwino. Amakhala m'mapiri akumwera kwa Europe, Asia steppes, chipululu cha Africa. Titha kukhazikika pamtunda woposa 3 km.

Cape Vulture imawerengedwa kuti ndi gawo lalikulu kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa South Africa, pomwe idakhazikika m'miyala yam'mphepete mwa dera la Cape, modzilemekeza. Mbalameyi ndi yolemera kwambiri, misa yake imatha kufika 12 kg kapena kuposerapo. Khosi ndi siliva wokhala ndi bere lofiira ndi mapiko, ndipo malekezero ake ndi akuda.

Chingwe cha chipale chofewa (Himalayan) chimakonda kukhala pamwamba nthawi zonse, chifukwa chake chimakhazikika m'mapiri a Tibet, Himalayas ndi Pamirs, sikuopa konse mtunda wa 5 km. Kukula kwake kwakukulu ndikodabwitsa. Mapiko a khosi ili ndi kutalika kwa 3. mita nthenga zazikulu zimagundana pakhosi la tchire, utoto wake umakhala wopepuka, ndipo kukula kwachichepere kumakhala ndimdima wakuda.

Zomera za ku India ndizapakatikati komanso zofiirira, mapiko amapaka utoto wa chokoleti chakuda, ndipo mathalauza "pamiyendo ndi opepuka." Mbalameyi imawonedwa kuti ili pangozi, imatha kupezeka ku Pakistan ndi India.

Vuto la Ruffel limatchedwa wolemba za zinyama Eduard Ruppel. Mbalameyi ndi yaying'ono kukula komanso kulemera pafupifupi 5 kg. Mithunzi yowala imakhala ndi mutu, chifuwa ndi khosi, ndipo mapiko ake ndi pafupifupi akuda. Mkati mwa mapiko, kolala ndi malo ozungulira mchirawo ndi zoyera. Mbalameyi imakhala ku Africa.

Zomera zakuda ndizokulirapo, thupi lake limafikira kutalika kwa 1.2 m, ndipo mapiko ake ndi a mamita 3. Kukula kwamtundu wamtunduwu kumakhala wakuda kwathunthu, ndipo akulu ndi a bulauni. Mutu wa mbalameyo ndi wansangala, pali khosi lotchinga m'khosi mwake. Chinyamachi chimakhala m'dziko lathu, ndipo pakati pa mbalame zonse zomwe zimakhala ku Russia, ndiye champhamvu kwambiri.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Mbalame Yansalu

Maonekedwe a ming'alu ndiwodabwitsa kwambiri, kuchuluka kwawo kumagawidwa mosagawanika. Mutu ndi khosi zilibe nthenga, ndipo thupi ndi lamphamvu ndipo limakutidwa ndi nthenga. Kubowola kwakukulu kwa mbewa kumawonekera patali, ndipo zikhadabo zazikulu zowopseza zimatambalala. Ngakhale zikhadabo ndizosangalatsa, mawamba owononga sangathe kukoka nyama yawo kapena kuigwira mwachindunji kuchokera kumlengalenga, chifukwa zala za mbalame sizolimba. Pakhomo pakakhala chakudya, pamafunika mulomo waukulu.

Mutu wopanda khosi ndi khosi zimaperekedwa mwachilengedwe pofuna ukhondo. Khosi la nthenga, lopaka khosi, limagwira ntchito yomweyo. Zimakhala kuti pakudya, madzi amkati ndi magazi zimatsikira mosavuta. Zimafika kolala, pomwe thupi la mbalame limasiya. Chifukwa chake, imakhala yoyera kwathunthu.

Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: Kuchuluka kwam'mimba ndi khosi lolowera kumalola mphekesizo kudya makilogalamu asanu a carrion pachakudya chimodzi.

Mtundu wa mavuwo sufanana pakawongola ndi kukongola; m'mitundu yawo pamakhala mafungulo apamwamba.

Zonsezi mitundu ndi zina zakunja, zazikazi ndi zazikazi zimawoneka zofanana, kukula kwake nakonso ndi chimodzimodzi. Koma ma buluzi ang'onoang'ono amiseche nthawi zonse amakhala ndi mithunzi yamdima, yokhazikika, mosiyana ndi okhwima. Vipimo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndizosiyana kwambiri. Mbalame zazing'ono kwambiri zimatalika masentimita 85 ndipo zimalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu zisanu, ndipo mbalame zazikulu kwambiri ndizoposa mita ndikulemera 12 kg. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mapiko amanjala ndi ochulukirapo komanso mwamphamvu, kutalika kwawo kuyerekeza ndi kutalika kwa mbalameyo imakhala yayikulu kakawiri ndi theka. Koma mchira wa khosi ndi waufupi komanso wozungulira pang'ono.

Kodi nsombazi zimakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Chinyama chanyama

Vhungwa ndi mbalame yotentha kwambiri, chifukwa chake imakhala m'maiko otentha ndi otentha. Itha kupezeka pafupifupi ku kontinenti iliyonse, kupatula ku Antarctica ndi Australia. Kamangidwe ka magawidwe amakakulidwe kwambiri, kakukhudza madera otsatirawa:

Kumwera kwa Europe (kuphatikiza ndi Panda la Crimea),
Pakati ndi Kumwera kwa Asia
Caucasus
Africa (pafupifupi onse)
South North America
South America (onse).

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha miimba yamitundu yosiyanasiyana imakhala ku Africa. Mtundu uliwonse wamtchire umakhala m'dziko lililonse, pakati pa mbalamezi palibe mitundu yofananira yomwe imakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi.

Zomwe zimakonda malo otseguka pomwe malo otseguka amafufuzidwa bwino kuchokera pamwamba, ndizosavuta kudziwa nyama. Zidyezi za mbalamezi zimakhala m'mphepete mwa mapiri, zipululu, mapiri, kukonda mapiri, pomwe zimakhazikika pamalo otsetsereka. Malo osambira sakhala mbalame zosamukasamuka (mtundu wokhawokha womwe umawerengedwa) umakhala wokhazikika, wokhala gawo limodzi. Paulendo wokasaka, malire a dera lawo la mbalameyo amaphwanyidwa nthawi zonse, zomwe simungathe kuchita kuti mupeze chakudya.

Ming'aluyo ndi yayikulu kukula, chifukwa chake zisa zimawafananizira - zazikulu komanso zolimba. Amawakonzekeretsa m'malo obisika, m'chipululu.

mapiri otsetsereka,
zobisika zobisika kumphepo yamkuntho,
malo otsetsereka, osatsetseka,
nkhalango zamtchire, zosavomerezeka.

Vituti amakhalanso pamisumba, m'nkhalango zowirira, pafupi ndi mitsinje. Mbalamezi zimakhala imodzi kapena imodzi mwa mabanja omwe amakhala amoyo.

Kodi msimi amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Griffon scavenger

Ambiri amadabwitsidwa chifukwa chake mbalame zazikulu komanso zamtunduwu zimakonda kutsukidwa. Chojambulachi ndi chipangizo cham'mimba mwa tinsomba, chomwe chimatha kugaya chakudya chambiri, ngakhale kuwola bwino. Acidity ya madzi am'mimba mumimba ndi yayikulu kwambiri mwakuti imatha kupirira mosavuta ndi zinthu zowonongeka, ngakhale mafupa omwe ali m'mimba mwa khosi amawumbidwa popanda mavuto.

Zochititsa chidwi: Ma protein omwe amapezeka m'matumbo a khosi, amatha kuthana ndi zoopsa zomwe zimatha kupha nyama zina.

Vuluti omwe amakonzekera nthawi yayitali amayang'ana pansi nyama, chifukwa maso awo ndi akuthwa. Ikapezeka, mbalame zimayenda pansi mwachangu. Mokulira, mimbulu imadya zovunda za anthu osavutikira, koma palinso zovomerezeka pazakudya zawo.

Zakudya za miimba zimakhala ndi akufa:

llamas ndi wildsbe,
mbuzi zam'mapiri ndi nkhosa zamphongo,
Ng'ona ndi njovu,
akamba (nthawi zambiri akhanda) ndi nsomba,
nyama zoyamwitsa,
mitundu yonse ya tizilombo
mazira mbalame.

Tizilombo timakonda kuperekera nyama zomwe zimakonda kusaka nyama, zimaleza mtima ndipo zimadikirira kuti chilombo chikhale chokwanira kudya zotsalira za wogwidwayo. Palibe malo othamangitsira zisindikizo, ndipo amatha kudikirira nthawi yayitali kuti afe chifukwa cha nyama yovulalayi, kenako kukonza phwando lenileni.

Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: Chingwe sichimagwiranso munthu wogwidwa yemwe amawonetsa ngakhale zizindikiritso zazing'ono kwambiri za moyo. Sazimaliza kuti zithandizire kuti imfayo. Chida chake ndikuyembekezera, komwe amagwiritsa ntchito mwaluso.

Tizilombo timene timadya m'magulu athunthu (mpaka mbalame 10), iwo samangodulira milomo yawo pachakudya pachabe ndipo amatha kumeza ngwazi zazikulu mphindi 20. Nthawi zambiri, mbeuyo yokhala ndi mbewa yolumikizira mbewa imatsegula m'mimba mwa munthu wovutayo ndikuyamba kudya, ndikuponyera mutu wake mwachindunji. Kufika m'matumbo, mbalame imakutulutsa, ndikuyang'anitsitsa ndikuimeza. Zachidziwikire, mawonekedwe awa siosangalatsa, kuti mufanane ndi filimu yoyipa.

Nthawi zambiri, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya miimba imayesanso kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi imodzi. Izi ndichifukwa choti amakonda magawo osiyanasiyana a nyama yakufa. Ena amatenga mnofu ndi nyama, ena amakonda kudya ma tendon, mafupa ndi cartilage, ndi khungu. Zomera zamtchire zochepa zomwe sizingagonjetse nyama yonyamula khungu la njovu, zimadikirira abale akuluakulu kuti azizitenga. Chakudya chikasowa, mankhusu amatha kusamba kwa nthawi yayitali.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Monga tanena kale, mavuwa amakhala achisoni, akukhala m'madera omwewo. Ndizosangalatsa, koma pogawa nyama zolimbirana pakati pa mbalamezi, sizinazindikiridwe, kukangana ndi mikangano ndizosiyana ndi mbalamezi. Kusamala, kudekha, kusanja - izi ndi zina mwa mbalame. Makhalidwe onsewa amawonekera kwathunthu pakukonzekera, pamene msatsi akuwona nyama, ikuyenda mokwera.

Chosangalatsa: Vultures imawuluka bwino, kuthamanga kwawo koyenda pafupifupi makilomita 65 pa ola limodzi, ndipo ndikadumphira m'miyendo imatha kukula mpaka 120. Kutalika komwe kapamwamba kamakwera kwambiri. Chochitika chomvetsa chisoni chinajambulidwa kwa mbalame pamene chinagundana ndi ndege, kuchokeranso pamtunda woposa makilomita khumi ndi limodzi.

Ndikulakwitsa kuganiza kuti pakubwera, bwaloli limangoyang'ana pansi. Ndiwanzeru kwambiri ndipo nthawi zonse amasamalira anthu amzake, akuyenda chapafupi, kuwona wina akudumphira pansi, mwambowo akumathamangiranso nyama. Nditadya, zimatha kukhala zovuta kuti mbalame iuluke, kenako imang'ambika gawo la zomwe zidadyedwa. Chodabwitsa, mavu sikuti amakhala oyendetsa bwino kwambiri, komanso othamanga abwino kwambiri, amatha kulephera mwachangu ndikuyenda pansi mwachangu. Pambuyo pachakudya chokoma, miimba imayamba kuyeretsa nthenga zawo, kumwa ndikusamba ngati pali dziwe pafupi. Amakonda kutentha padzuwa kupha mabakiteriya oyipa onse mthupi.

Mwachilengedwe, mwambuyo ndi wamtendere komanso wabwino, umakhala ndi mitsempha yolimba, kupirira komanso kuleza mtima kuti usatengemo. Ngakhale kuti mwambowu ndi wokulirapo, alibe mphamvu zakumenya nkhondo ndi adani ena, choncho sanawonekere m'mazithunzawo. Imene ili ndi nthenga sizikhala ndi mawu oyankhula, nthawi zina mumatha kumamva zolakwika ndikulira, popanda chochitika chapadera simungamve mawu kuchokera kukhosi.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Vuba Cub

Katemera ndi mbalame zokhala ndi akazi okhaokha zomwe zimapanga mgwirizano wolimba wabanja moyo wonse. Zisanadze asanamange, amakhala m'gulu lodzipatula. Kukhulupirika ndi chizindikiro cha nyama zodya ziwonetserozi. Mbalame sizikhala ndi chonde kwambiri, ana awo amatha kuonekera kamodzi pachaka chimodzi kapenanso zaka zingapo.

Nyengo yamasamba ikamayamba, wamwamuna amayamba chibwenzi chake, ndipo amakopa mtima wa mayi ndi mitundu yonse ya misonkho yochita kuthawa.Chifukwa chodabwitsidwa, chachikazi chimayikira mazira ake, ngakhale nthawi zambiri chimakhala chimodzi, mochepera - kawiri. Mazira achilengedwe amakhala oyera konse kapena otchingidwa ndi timabowo tofiirira. Chisa, chomwe chili pathanthwe kapena mtengo, chimamangidwa ndi nthambi zamphamvu, ndipo pansi pake ndimakutidwa ndi udzu wofewa.

Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: Pakukonzekera kubala ana, komwe kumatenga masiku 47 mpaka 57, makolo onse awiri amatenga nawo mbali. Wina amakhala pamazira awo, pomwe wina akufuna chakudya. Nthawi iliyonse yomwe woteteza amasintha, dzira limasanjidwa kupita mbali inayo.

Fulu loyera limaphimba mwana wakhanda wakhanda, yemwe patatha mwezi umodzi amasintha kukhala kuwala. Makolo achikondi amasamalira mwana wake ndi chakudya chowotcha chakumapeto. Mbidzi ya khandalo imakhala miyezi ingapo chisa, ndikuyamba ndege zake zoyandikira miyezi inayi. Makolo akupitilirabe kudyetsa mwana wawo.

Pangokhala miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yokha pomwe msimba wachicheperewu umapeza ufulu, ndipo umayamba kukhwima pazaka 4 mpaka 7. Zilombozo zimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yotalikirapo, mbalamezi zimakhala zaka 55.

Adani achilengedwe amisala

Chithunzi: Mbalame Yansalu

Zikuwoneka kuti mbalame yayikulu-yayikulu komanso yolusa, yokhala ngati mbere, siyikhala ndi adani, koma sizili choncho konse. Ngakhale miimba ili yayikulu, machitidwe awo amphamvu samakulitsidwa. Mlezi amasamala kwambiri ndipo sadzakhala woyamba kugwiranso chilombo china. Ino ndi mbalame yamtendere, komanso amayenera kudziteteza komanso kupikisana pa chakudya.

Omwe amapikisana nawo kwambiri ndi zovunda ndi azungu, ankhandwe ndi mbalame zina zodyedwa. Mimba ikateteza mbalame zikuluzikulu, imachita izi mothandizidwa ndi mapiko ake, kupanga mapiko akuthwa ndikuthamanga, ndikuyika mapiko molunjika. Chifukwa cha ukadaulo wotere, munthu wopanda nzeruyo amakwapulidwa ndikuwuluka. Mukamalimbana ndi mafisi ndi mimbulu, sikuti mapiko akulu okha amagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso mulomo wamphamvu, woboola, wolowera.

Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: Ngakhale mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mikango nthawi zambiri imagwirizana ndipo simulimbana, nthawi zina imatha kuthamangitsa nyama yakufa ndi mapiko kuti inyamule chinthu chomwe mumakonda.

Mmodzi mwa adani a mwambowo amatha kutchedwa munthu yemwe, kudzera muzochita zake zachiwawa, amakhudza kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi, ndikuziyika kuti ziwonongeke chifukwa cholima malo, kuwononga malo okhala mbalamezi. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa anthu opanda ungwironso kumagwa, motero zikuvuta kuvuta.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Chinyama chanyama

M'malo onse okhala, kuchuluka kwa nyama zamasamba zatsika kwambiri mpaka pano. Chochitika chaanthu ndiye chifukwa chachikulu pachiwonetsero chokhumudwitsachi. Anthu asintha miyezo yaukhondo, yomwe imapereka mwayi woti akhazikitse ng'ombe zakugwa, ndipo asanagone iye amagona m'malo odyetsa ziweto momwe adadzitetezera mikwingwirima yotetezeka. Izi zidachepetsa kwambiri chakudya cha mbalame zodya nyama. Chaka chilichonse, pamakhala ocheperako pang'ono, omwe amakhudzanso kuchuluka kwa mavu. Kuphatikiza apo, monga zakhala zikupezeka kale, mbalameyi siolira kwambiri.

Malo ambiri omwe mavu omwe amakhala amakhala tsopano amakhala ndi nyumba zatsopano za anthu kapena kulimidwa kuti akwaniritse zofunika paulimi. Mwamuna kulikonse amadzaza miimba, ndipo izi zimakhudza kuchuluka kwawo. Mphepo zaku Africa zimavutika ndi kusaka kwa anthu achilengedwe omwe amazigwiritsa ntchito pochita miyambo yamatsenga a Voodoo. Mbalame zamoyo nthawi zambiri zimagwidwa, kenako zimagulitsidwa kumayiko ena. Ma Vitu nthawi zambiri amafa chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwa magetsi, atakhala pama waya okwera pamagetsi.

Ku Africa, miimba yambiri imafa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso diclofenac, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi veterinarians pochiza anthu osabereka. Zonsezi zikuwonetsa kuti anthu ayenera kuganizira za zomwe amachita, zomwe kwa nyama ndi mbalame zambiri zimakhala zovulaza.

Makhalidwe Abwino

Zikwangwani ndimatundu wamba. Amadyetsa mitembo ya zinyama, makamaka zosagwira. Kukhathamiritsa kwakukulu kwa msuzi wam'mimba kumalola mbalameyo kugaya ngakhale mafupa, ndipo ma tizilombo apadera omwe ali m'matumbo a khosi amachotsa poyizoni wa cadaveric.

Pofunafuna chakudya, mwambowo umakwera kutalika kuchokera pamamita 200 mpaka 500. Kuphatikiza apo, amayang'anitsitsa mbalame zina zoyipa ndi ziphuphu, zomwe zimamupangitsanso kuti azigwira.

Nyama imodzi ya nyama yakufa imadyedwa ndi anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni mazana ambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, akwanitsa kutchera mtembo wa antelope pasanathe mphindi 10. Msodzi m'modzi amadya pafupifupi 1 kg ya nyama. Chingwe sichitha kubowola khungu, koma mutu ndi khosi zimathandiza kuti mbalame iziyenda mkati mwa nyama komanso zodzitchinjiriza.

African Vulture (Gyps africanus)

Mbalameyi ndi yapakatikati kukula. Kutalika kwa mapiko kumayambira pa 55 mpaka 64 cm, mapikowo amafika masentimita 218. Mchirawo ndi wamtali 24 mpaka 27 cm, wozungulira. Mtundu wa maula ndi wonyezimira kapena wowawasa, anthu akuluakulu ndi opepuka kuposa achichepere. Pansi pa khosi pali "kolala" yoyera ya pansi. Mlomo ndi wamphamvu, wautali. Mutu ndi khosi zopanda nthenga, zakuda. Maso amdima. Miyendo yakuda.

Mtunduwu wafalikira kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa (Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania, Mali, Nigeria, Cameroon, Southern Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, South Angola).

Mbalameyi imakhala m'matanthwe, kumapeto ndi kumapiri. Nthawi zina amapezeka m'malo okhala chithaphwi, zitsamba, komanso nkhalango pafupi ndi mitsinje. Zomera zachi Africa zimakhala pamalo okwera mpaka 1,500 m kuchokera pamwamba pa nyanja.

Mbawala za ku Africa kuno ndi mbalame zokhazikika, ndipo zimatha kuyendayenda pambuyo pogwira.

Bungwe la Bengal (Gyps bengalensis)

Mbalame yayikulu yokhala ndi thupi lalitali masentimita 75 mpaka 90. Mapiko a masentimita 200 mpaka 220. Unyinji wa achikulire uli pamtunda kuchokera pa 3.5 mpaka 7.5 kg.

M'miyala ikuluikulu ya Bengal, maula ndi amdima, pafupifupi akuda, okhala ndi timiyala tasiliva pamapiko ake. Mutu ndi khosi zimakhala zopanda, nthawi zina zimakhala zofiirira. Pansi pa khosi pali "kolala" yoyera. Mchira wake ndi zoyera. Mapiko omwe ali pansipa nawonso ndi oyera, omwe amawoneka bwino pakuuluka. Mlomo ndi wamphamvu, wamfupi, wamdima. Zilonda zakuda, ndizovala zamphamvu. Iris ndi yofiirira. Achinyamata ndi opepuka kuposa achikulire.

Malo okhala mitunduyi akuphatikiza India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan, Iran. Komanso, mbalameyi imapezeka kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, ku Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand ndi Vietnam. Chule cha Bengal chimakhala kumapeto ndi kumapiri pakati pa mapiri. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi munthu, pafupi ndi midzi yomwe amakhala yopumira. Mbalameyi imakhala zokhala pamalo okwera ngati mamita 1000 pamwamba pa nyanja.

Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus)

Kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira pa 93 mpaka 110 cm, mapiko amakhala pafupifupi masentimita 270. Mutu waung'ono wa mbalameyo umakutidwa ndi zoyera, mulomo ndi wokhazikika, khosi limakhala lalitali ndi "kolala", mapiko ake ndiwotalikirapo komanso lalifupi, mchirawo ndi waufupi, wozungulira. Zomwe zimachitika pathupi langa ndi zofiirira, pamimba pang'ono zopepuka, zimakhala zofiira. Mapikowo ndi a bulauni, pafupifupi akuda. Maso ake amakhala achikasu, miyendo ndi imvi. Mbalame zazing'ono ndizopepuka, zofiira.

Mitunduyi imakhala kumwera kwa Europe, kumpoto komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa ndi Asia, komwe imakhala m'mapiri kapena ouma mapiri ndi malo owoneka achipululu okhala ndi miyala. Mbalame nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'mapiri pamtunda wa 3000 m ndi pamwamba.

Chipale chofewa kapena Himalayan Vulture (Gyps himalayensis)

Mbalame yayikulu yolemera makilogalamu 8 mpaka 12, kutalika kwa 116 mpaka 150 masentimita, ndi mapiko otalika mpaka 310. Mtundu wamafutawo umafanana ndi ngwazi yokhala ndi mutu, koma ambiri mbalameyo imakhala yopepuka, "kolala" yayo siyotsika, koma nthenga. Mbalame zazing'ono, m'malo mwake, ndizamdima.

Mitunduyi imapezeka m'mapiri atali kwambiri a Himalayas, ku Mongolia, Sayan, ku Tibet, ku Khubsugul, Pamir, Tien Shan, ku Dzungarian ndi Zailiysky Alatau (pamtunda kuchokera 2000 mpaka 5000 m). M'nyengo yozizira, imayendayenda pansi.

Indian Vulture (Gyps tenuirostris)

Mbalame yamtundu wapakatikati, yofanana kwambiri ndi mtundu wa Indian. Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi kuyambira masentimita 80 mpaka 95. Zowonjezerazo zimakhala imvi, mutu wake ndi wakuda. Khosi lalitali silikhala lopindika.

Mitunduyi imapezeka ku India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar ndi Cambodia.

Kufalikira kwa khosi

Katemera amafika pakatha zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Mbalamezi zimangokhala mokhazikika, ndipo zazimayi zimaganizira mkazi m'modzi yekha, ndipo zonse ziwiri zimatulutsa anapiye.

Nthawi yakukhwima imayamba mu Januware ndipo imatha mpaka Julayi. Pakadali pano, champhongo chimasamalira chachikazi, chimamupatsa chisamaliro chapadera, chimavina mokwiya pansi komanso mlengalenga. Amuna ndi akazi amatha kuthamangitsana wina ndi mnzake, kuchokapo ndikufotokozera zozungulira poyandikira. Mbalame ndizodzipereka makamaka pamasewera otere m'mwezi wa March ndi Epulo.

Poikira mazira, miimba imasankha malo pamtunda wa mamita angapo kuchokera pansi. Nthawi zambiri, pamakhala dzenje kapena mtengo wokugwa mumtengo wakugwa kapena pachitsa chouma. Katemera amakhalanso m'malo obisika, okutidwa ndi masamba ambiri, pansi pamiyala ikuluikulu kapena m'mphepete mwa thanthwe. Mitundu yambiri sichita mantha kuyala pafupi ndi nyumba za anthu, mwachitsanzo, pamakona a nyumba kapena nyumba zaulimi.

Katemera sakumanga zisa zokha, koma yesetsani kupeza malo oyenera pazolinga izi, zomwe banjali limagwiritsa ntchito kwazaka zambiri.

Pachilichonse, chachikazi chimakhala ndi mazira 1 mpaka 3, nthawi zambiri 2. mazira amaswa kwa milungu ingapo. Makolo amadyetsa anapiye atsopanowo kwa miyezi iwiri, ndikuwabweretsera chakudya chawo chachikulu.

Pakupita miyezi iwiri, anapiye am'mimbamo amakwawa.

Kukhala ndi moyo wamtchire kumafika zaka 40. Kuukapolo, milandu idalembedwa pomwe mbalameyo idapulumuka zaka 50.

Zambiri zosangalatsa za mbalame

Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mitundu yambiri ya miimba, masiku ano mbalamezi zikuyang'aniridwa komanso kutetezedwa. Mbalame nthawi zambiri zimavulazidwa ndi ziphe ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri paulimi. Chifukwa chake, m'maiko omwe miimba imakhala, nthawi zambiri amaletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, diclofenac mu mankhwala azanyama. Kusaka nyama mwanjira nakonso sikokwanira.
M'miyambo yamatsenga ku South Africa, mankhwala osuta fodya owuma bongo amalosera zamtsogolo. Panthawi ya World Cup ku South Africa (2010), anthu adagwiritsa ntchito njira yakaleyi nthawi zambiri kulosera zotsatira za mpikisano pomwe adatsala pang'ono kuwopseza kuti pali mphekesera.

Chitetezo cha Zingwe

Chithunzi: African Vulture

Chifukwa chake, zadziwika kale kuti kuchuluka kwa miimba ikucheperachepera kulikonse, kumayiko osiyanasiyana komwe amakhala. Mabungwe osiyanasiyana azachilengedwe amathandizanso mitundu ingapo yamingala, yomwe ili pachiwopsezo chochepa kwambiri. Mulinso mitundu ya Kumai, Bengal ndi Cape yamtundu wamtundu wotere.

International Union for Conservation of Nature imatchulanso zachilengedwe chaku Africa ngati nyama yomwe ili pangozi, ngakhale kuti chiwerengero chake ndi chofala ku Africa konse, koma kuchuluka kwake ndi kochepa kwambiri. Kumadzulo kwa Africa, idatsika ndi 90 peresenti. Akatswiri a zamankhwala, atawerengera, adapeza kuti panali 270,000 zokha mwa mbalamezi zomwe zidatsala.

Mtundu wina wamakhosi, womwe chiwerengero chake chimakhala pang'onopang'ono, koma chimatsika pang'onopang'ono - mtundu wa griffon. Amasowa chakudya, mwachitsanzo, nyama zonyansa zakuthengo zidagwa. Munthu adazungulira khosiyi kuchoka m'malo omwe limakhazikikirako nthawi zonse, zomwe zidachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mbalame. Ngakhale zinthu zonsezi sizabwino, izi sizinakhalepo m'gulu la mitundu yosatetezeka kwambiri, ngakhale malo omwe amakhazikikamo achepa kwambiri, ndipo chiwerengero chatsika.

Ponena za dziko lathu, mbewu ya griffon yomwe imakhala m'chigawo cha Russia imadziwika kuti ndi yotheka kuyandikira, ndizosatheka kuzikwaniritsa. Pankhaniyi, adalembedwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation. Zochitika ndi mavu padziko lonse lapansi sizolimbikitsa kwambiri, kotero munthu ayenera kuganizira zotsatira za zomwe akuchita, kenako ndikupitilira, kuchepetsa zovuta osati yekha, komanso nyama zakutchire zomwe zikuzungulira.

Pomaliza, ndikufuna kufunsa funso: kodi mukumvabe kunyansidwa komanso kunyansidwa ndi mbalame yosangalatsayi? Vuni Ili ndi mikhalidwe yambiri yabwino, yomwe ndi kukhulupirika, kusamalira modabwitsa, kudandaula, chilengedwe komanso kusamvana. Kuphatikiza apo, musaiwale kuti kudya zowola, zimakhala ngati oyeretsa zachilengedwe, zomwe ndizofunikira.

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