Mitundu: Citellus erythrogenys Brandt, 1841 = Gopher

Gopher wokhala ndi masaya ofiira = Citellus (= Spermophilus) erythrogenys

Woimira wodabwitsa wa squirrels wapadziko lapansi (kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 28 cm, mchira - mpaka 6.5 cm). Ili ndi dzina lake chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa malo owoneka ofiira owoneka bwino pansi pamaso. Nornik yozizira, wokhala m'malo opanda udzu. Imakhala m'mimba wa nthenga zopendekera kuchokera ku Irtysh kupita ku Kuzbass, kumpoto imalowera mu malo osakanikirana a udzu komanso birch-steppe, kum'mawa - kumapiri a Altai ndi Kuznetsk Alatau. Chimakhala m'maderamo, koma nyama iliyonse imakhala ndi bowo payokha komanso malo akeawo. Mizere ya nyumba yodziwika bwino, yokhala ndi malekezero ake, mpaka akuya mamita 3.5. Yogwira masana. Amamadya chimanga, zitsamba, nthawi zina tizilombo. Pozindikira zoopsa, imakhala mzati pakhomalo ndipo imapereka mokweza mawu (m'mitundu yambiri - ndi likhwangwala lakuthwa). A Gophers, omwe pakadali pano amakhala kutali ndi malo othawirako, nthawi yoyamba amathamangira kumakumba awo, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo akufuula kale. Woyendetsa tulo samatha kudzuka mwachangu ndipo sangateteze adani ake omwe alowa mu dzenje. Zikatero, nyamayo imakhala "nyama yam'chitini" kwa nyama yopambana. Amadwala mliri ndipo m'malo ena ndi omwe amanyamula kwambiri mwachilengedwe. Zimavulaza mbewu.

Siberian Zoological Museum (http://www.zooclub.ru/mouse/belich/25.shtml)

Gopher wokhala ndi masaya ofiira: Gopher wa kukula kwapakatikati. Kutalika kwa thupi 235-260 mm, mchira 41-59 mm. Mtundu wa msana umachokera ku brownish-ocher mpaka grey-ocher, wokhala ndi miyendo kapena matayala odziwika bwino. Pamwamba pamutu pali mtundu womwewo ndi kumbuyo. Mmbali zake ndi zachikasu zachikasu. Pamwamba pa diso ndi pansi pali malo awiri otambalala a bulauni. Mchira wokhala ndi chingwe chofooka chopepuka kapena popanda icho konse.

Kugawidwa kumwera kwa Western Siberia, ku Kazakhstan.

Wokhala kumapiri ndi kumapiri, kumpoto amabwera nkhomaliro, kum'mwera chakum'mawa - kulowa mapiri. Nthawi zambiri amakhala pamabusa, m'mphepete mwa msewu, malo osungirako anamwali pafupi ndi mbewu komanso malo okhala ndi mchere wambiri. Pamalo olimapo ndikosowa.

Chakudyacho chimakhala kwambiri njere, maluwa, masamba, zimayambira.

Burrows ndi yosavuta kapangidwe, koma kuya (mpaka 350 cm). chisa chimapangidwa ndi zitsamba zofewa. Kudzuka ku hibernation kumapeto kwa Marichi mpaka Epulo. Zitachitika izi, nthawi yakukhwima imayamba. Ana amafanana ndi ana asanu ndi awiri mpaka asanu ndi anayi. Hibernates mu Ogasiti - theka loyamba la Seputembala.

Gopher wokhala ndi masaya ofiira (Spermophilus erythrogenys)- Wokhalamo mapiri owuma ndi chipululu cha kummaŵa kwa Kazakhstan, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Siberia, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China. Ndi pafupi kwambiri ndi kufiyira, pamtunda wa magawo awo osakanizidwa amapezeka. Nyama imadziwika ndi dzina lake kukhala ndi malo owoneka bwino m'matama, chifukwa cha zina, imakhala pakati pa agologolo ang'ono ndi ofiira.

Gopher uyu poyerekeza ndi pabuka yemwe amakhala wowonda kwambiri. Kummwera kwa mzere, kumakhala zipululu zam'mphepete, ndipo kumpoto, komwe kumakhala kotentha, kumakhala malo odyetserako ziweto, njira za ng'ombe, m'mphepete mwa misewu momwe mbewu zimakwiridwanso. Mizere yokhazikika kupitilira mobisa kupitirira 2 metres, kutalika konse kwa mayendedwe mpaka 4-5 metres. M'madambo opondera, gopher yemwe amakhala ndi tsitsi lokhazikika amabisala nthawi yozizira yokha, ndipo kumwera kumakhalanso gopher wa chilimwe, muzaka zina zowuma kwambiri, nyama sizimawonetsedwa kuchokera pakukula m'dzinja. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yogwira ntchito pazaka zina sizidutsa miyezi itatu ya masika komanso nthawi yoyambira chilimwe, zomwe ndizokwanira pakubala komanso kudziunjikira kwamafuta hibernation. Gopher uyu, mokomera pang'ono, ndi imodzi mwazomera zazikulu za msipu ndi tirigu. Wonyamula wachilengedwe wanyamula encephalitis Mafunso owopsa, toxoplasmosis ndi tularemia, komanso kunja - mliri.

Zizindikiro zakunja za katswiri wokhala ndi masaya ofiira

Agologolo okhala ndi masaya ofiira ndi mbewa yaying'ono ndi mchira wamfupi kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina. Kutalika kwa thupi 23.5-26.0 cm, mchira 4.1-5.9 cm.

Mtundu wakuda wonyezimira wakuda kumaso amtundu wamtundu wamtundu wakuda umakhala utoto wapamwamba kwambiri pamtundu wa squirrel wofiyira, wokhala ndi mawonekedwe owuma, amdima. Mutu pamwamba siosiyana ndi mtundu wa khosi ndi kumbuyo. Pamphuno, ma toni a dzimbiri amadzuka. Malo okhala ndi cheek ndi eyebrow amapaka utoto wotere. Matani ofiira m'mbali za thupi ndi malekezero sakula bwino kapena kulibe.

Dera lakuda la mchira ndilofooka ndipo mchirawo pamwambapa ndi wopepuka wa monochromatic. Msuzi wamatsenga a msimu umakhala wocheperako kuposa wa gopher wamkulu.

Kufalikira kwa atsitsi ofiira

Gofu yemwe amakhala ndi masaya ofiira amapezeka kumwera kwa Siberia yaku Western kuchokera ku Irtysh kupita ku Tom River, kumapeto kwa Altai ndi Kuznetsk Alatau. Kumpoto, mitunduyi imagawidwa osaposa 55 ° kumpoto kwa mtunda. Kummwera kumafika ku dera la Karaganda ku East Kazakhstan, kulanda Malo Okwezeka a Caucasian.

Agologolo ofiira-m'maso (Spermophilus erythrogenys).

Madera ena odziwika amadziwika ku Bedpak-Dala komanso ku Dzungarian Ala-Tau pamalo okwera mamita 1500 mpaka 2100 pamwamba pa nyanja. Gofu yemwe amakhala ndi masaya ofiira amapezekanso ku Mongolia (pakati pa Altai ndi Hangai) komanso ku Xinjiang.

Masaya ofiira Gopher Habitats

Wogonera m'maso wokhala m'maso amakhala m'mphepete mwa nthenga komanso malo opezeka kumapiri. Kumpoto, imalowera kumalo otsekemera ndi Altai birch-aspen-steppe-steppe. Kummwera kumapezeka pakati pa nkhalango za saxaul zomwe sizikudziwika, zimakwera m'mapiri mpaka kumapiri a 2100 metres.

Woyambitsayo amakumba timipanda kunja kwa mchenga, samapewe mchere komanso dothi lokongola.

Nkhondo paminda ya anamwali, msipu, misewu, pafupi ndi mbewu. Pamalo olimapo ndikosowa.

Akatswiri ofufuza khungu opezeka m'maso opezeka kum'mwera kwa Siberia - amapezeka kumapiri komanso kumapeto kwa nthenga zaudzu.

Makonda a Gophers m'chilengedwe

Mosiyana ndi agologolo, anthu okhala m'nkhalango yolimba yamtchire, yaying'ono, yocheperako, yofanana ndi dothi lotentha, agologolo pansi amakhala ngati phale lotseguka dzuwa. Zimapezekanso m'malo opezeka udzu, m'mapiri opanda kanthu, m'mphepete mwa minda. Amakonda malo otseguka ndi owuma ndi udzu wowerengeka, momwe zimakhala zosavuta kuti nyama zosamala zizindikire kuopsa kwake nthawi. Pewani nkhalango, malo okutidwa ndi zitsamba kapena maudzu, komanso madambo. Kwa nyumba zawo amayesa kusankha malo okwezeka.

Wopangirayo amadziwika kuti amakonda kuyimilira pamzere; ichi ndi kafukufuku wachilendo. Wojambulidwa ndi wopenyerera akuyang'ana zowzungulira.

Gophers amakhala ndi moyo wapansi pansi ndipo, pangozi pang'ono, amabisala m'maenje omwe, ngati makoswe obadwa mwachilengedwe, amadziimba okha. Nthawi zina kuya kwakuya kwa dzenje kumatha kufika mamita atatu, ndipo kutalika kumakhala pafupifupi mita 15! Nthawi zambiri pamakhala nthambi zambiri zopota. Pamapeto pa nyumba yawo, nyamazo zimadzipangira zokhazo zopuma masamba ndi udzu wouma.

Nyama zimakhala zokhazokha kapena m'magulu. Mkulu aliyense amakhala ndi kabowo kakekake ndi gawo laling'ono lakelo.

Mukupanga burofu, wogona amakhala usiku wonse ndikupumula kwa maola angapo masana. M'mawa, nyamayo imasiya bowo pokhapokha ngati mame atuluka. Dzuwa litalowa dzuwa kulowa dzenje usiku.

Nora amagwira ntchito yolosera komanso pothaŵirapo mdani kwa adani, momwe mbedza zimakhalira: akambuku, ziwombankhanga, njoka, nkhandwe, nthomba, nkhandwe, mimbulu, nkhandwe, mbendera. Komabe, maulendo angapo apansi panthaka, kusamala kwachilengedwe ndi ulesi, nthawi zambiri amakulolani kusiya omwe akukutsatani ndi mphuno. Koma steppe polecat ndi bandeji zimayimira chiopsezo chachikulu kwa nyamayo, yomwe, chifukwa cha thupi lawo lalitali komanso lopendekera, imatha kulowera molunjika m dzenje.

Wodziwika bwino aliyense amadziwa bwino bowo, koma nthawi zina, kuthawa mdani, pang'onopang'ono amathawira kukabisala. Pankhaniyi, mwiniwake amateteza nyumba yake mwachangu: choyamba amenya mwachangu mlendo wosadziwika ndi manja ake akutsogolo, ngati kuti akupereka mbama kumaso, kenako amayamba kukukuta kwa mlendoyo ndikumukakamiza kuti apume. Komabe, misonkhano ngati imeneyi siyikhala pafupipafupi.

Monga makoswe ambiri ofanana mawonekedwe ndi njira ya moyo, makoswe, omwe otchuka kwambiri ndi marmot - zazikulu ndi zowoneka bwino okhala kumapeto, ndi hamsters - makulidwe ang'onoang'ono komanso owala kwambiri am'madera otentha, akatswiriwo amakhala nthawi yayitali atagona nthawi yayitali popanda chakudya komanso kuyenda. kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ochulukirapo kuyambira kugwa. Pochita hibernation, machitidwe onse a moyo amayenda pang'onopang'ono: mtima umagunda kwambiri, kupuma kangapo, ndipo kutentha kwa thupi kumatsika. Pangofika kutentha m'ngululu kumene gologoloyu amakhala ndi kudya.

Amakhulupirira kuti kugona kwa gopher panthawi ya hibernation ndiko kwamphamvu kwambiri. Nyamayo imatha kutulutsidwanso kunja kwa dzenje, ndikuchepetsa monga umafunira, ndipo sidzuka. Nthawi yomweyo, asayansi aku America adapeza kuti nyamayo imadzuka ndikuchepa kwambiri kutentha kwa mpweya (mpaka -26 ° C).

Mitundu ina itha kubisalanso nthawi yotentha. Izi mwina zimachitika chifukwa cha nyengo yamdambo, yomwe imapangitsa kuti mvula iziyaka kwambiri, ndipo chifukwa chake, nyamazo sizidyetsedwa mokwanira.

Pazinthu zachilengedwe, gopher samakhala moyo woposa zaka zitatu mpaka zinayi.

Kuswana

Kutengera ndi nyengo ndi nyengo, gopher amadzuka ku hibernation mu February, Marichi kapena Epulo. Atagona nthawi yayitali yozizira, nyama zimachepetsa thupi, zimafooka, koma posachedwa akuganiza zongobala - ayamba mpikisano. Pakadali pano, mutha kuwona momwe amuna amathamangitsira zazikazi molimba mtima ndikumenya nkhondo ndi omenyera. Mimba mu chikazi imatenga pafupifupi mwezi, mu zinyalala mumachokera ana awiri mpaka 12 (nthawi zambiri mpaka 6-8). Makanda amabadwa ali amaliseche ndi khungu ndipo amayamwetsedwa mkaka wa m'mawanga 1.5-2, ndipo amakhala okonzekera kukhala ndi moyo wokha atakwanitsa miyezi itatu.

Zojambula pamakhalidwe a katswiri wofiirira

Wogonera m'maso wokhala m'maso amakhala m'midzi, koma nyama iliyonse imakhala ndi bowo payokha. Zingwe zazing'onoting'ono ndizosavuta: zokhala ndi maulendo ochepa komanso ofukula, koma okuya - 3.50 mamita. Kutulutsa kotsalira (ma squogrels) kumapeto kulibe kuwoneka. Wotsogola-wofiira amakonzera chisa kuchokera ku zitsamba zouma zouma. Poona zoopsa, nyamayo imazungulira khola kenako ndikuyimba mluzu wakuthwa - mokweza mawu. A Gophers, omwe pakadali pano ali kutali ndi chowotcha chawo, choyamba amathawira kumalo awo okhala, ndipo kuchokera kumeneko amawonetsa zoopsa.

Pakapita kuchekemera, nyamazo zimakhala zowopsa ndipo sizitha kudzuka msanga. Pano, alibe chitetezo kwa adani omwe adalowa m'dothi.

Poterepa, wolimbana ndi gululi amakhala wolanda mnzake wolusa.

Nthawi yosintha kwakanthawi kamoyo pamagulu agologolo ofiira ndi osiyana kwambiri pamagawo osiyanasiyana. M'chipululu, amatha kusuntha pofika masiku 15 mpaka 20, kutengera nyengo ya chaka. M'nyengo yotentha, wopenda m'maso wofiirira, amagwa dzanzi, nkusintha kukhala maloto a chisanu. Makoswe hibernate mu Ogasiti - theka loyamba la Seputembala.

Utoto wokhala ndi masheya ofiira umagwira masana.

Tsitsi lofiyira

Chakudya cha gologolo wokhala ndi masaya wofiira chimakhala ndi njere za m'maluwa, maluwa, masamba, zimayambira, ndi mbewu. Gawo la chakudya chanyama si lalikulu.

Akatswiri okhala ndi nkhope zofiira amakhala m'midzi.

Magawo a gopher-wodzigududa:

1) Spermophilus erythrogenys erythrogenys Brandt - wakuda wakuda bii, wamtali wautali komanso wamtundu wowoneka bwino kumbuyo kwake komanso kumalire kumdima. Imakhala kuchokera ku Irtysh mpaka kumalire akum'mawa kwa gawo.
2) C. e. Intermedlus Brandt - wopepuka komanso wowotcha, njira yopanda kutchulidwa. Muli Malo Okwezeka a Kazakh.
3) C. e. Brevicauda Brandt - pentche wawung'ono komanso wowala pang'ono komanso wamtifupi. Amakhala ku East Kazakhstan, Semipalatinsk ndi Taldy-Kurgan zigawo za Kazakhstan.
4) C. e. Iliensis Bcljaev - utoto ndi wopepuka, dongo lotumbululuka, lomwe limadziwika kuchokera kumalo angapo kumphepete mwa mtsinje. Kapena. Ma fomu omaliza onsewa ndiogwirizana ndi Chinese S. e. Carruthersi Thomas.

Kukula kwachuma kwa wodula-m'maso

Tsitsi lofiira limasokoneza mbewu. Usodzi ndi wochepa. Ndiwonyamula matenda owopsa: mliri, tularemia, ndipo m'malo ena ndiomwe amanyamula kwambiri mwachilengedwe.

Gopher ndi tizilombo tambiri ta mbewu, tirigu ndi mpendadzuwa.

Akatswiri ofufuza m'maso amatha kusungidwa. Kwa makoswe, khola laling'ono limasankhidwa. Ndikwabwino kuti banja lisungidwe m'chipinda chokhala ndi mulifupi wa 1x1. Zotchinga zimayikidwa mkati: nyumba, mabokosi, zidutswa za mapaipi, komanso kuwona mitengo yodulidwa yopukutira, kumwa mbale ndi madzi atsopano. Udzu ndi masamba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinyalala.

Pambuyo hibernation, maselo amaphimbidwa ndi wosanjikiza wazinthu zomwezo. Pa hibernation, gopher amakhala ndi imodzi. Chakudya: chisakanizo cha mbewu zamphesa zamtchire, zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba, nthangala za m'munda, nthambi zobiriwira zamitundu yofewa.

Makokonati amadya zakudya zamafuta, mpendadzuwa, mbewu zamphesa zokulitsidwa.

Mutha kuwonjezera zakudya zama granular, kaloti, mkate, beets, mphutsi za ufa, hamarus, zitsamba kuzakudya.

Kufunika kwa ma gopher omata m'matumbo a zachilengedwe

M'malo azachilengedwe, gologolo wapaulendo wachiwiri ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pazolumikizana ndi chakudya. Makoswe amadalira: steppe ferret, corsac, fox, Buzzard, steppe chiwombankhanga, kite, zazikulu zazikulu, steppe ndi marsh harriers, akhwangwala.

Nyama zambiri zokhala ndi ana opeza zimatha kukhala mnyumba mwa kholo kapena kugawana nazo.

Chiwerengero cha adani achilengedwe a agologolo pansi chatsika kwambiri pambuyo polima mosadukiza kwazipinda zam'mera, popeza zilombo zambiri m'malo otetezedwa sizikhala chisa. Ma kites ndi ma gull akuluakulu amawononga akatswiri ambiri pokhapokha atakhazikitsidwa. Chifukwa chachilala, chiwombankhanga cha nomad ndi ma Buzzards chikuchulukirachulukira, ndipo imfa zazikulu kwambiri za agologolo achichepere zimawonedwa panthawi ya mafuta pakukonzekera nyengo yachisanu.

Wogonera m'maso wokhala ndi zimbudzi amakhala ndi mabowo. M'malo obisika a makoko: nkhuku zodyedwa zokhala ngati ana, buluku wamkulu, voleti wopindika, Vole wamba, mbewa zam'nyumba, Daurian hamster, Hamungarian hamster, hamster wa Eversman, ndi mbewa ya steppe.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Kulankhulana

Monga asayansi azindikira, pakati pa nyama, akatswiri a gopher ali ndi chilankhulo chovuta kwambiri kulankhulana. Kuphatikiza pa kuimba mluzu ndi kunong'ona, nyama zimalankhulirana wina ndi mzake pogwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro cha akupanga. Nthawi zina amaliza mokweza, ndipo nthawi zina amalira ndi kulira. Koma Wheezing ndi gawo laling'ono la chizindikiro chomwe munthu kapena nyama iliyonse imatha kumva. Zambiri mwa siginecha zimayenda pamaulendo amtundu wa akupanga.

Ndi "kuyankhula" kwawo mosiyanasiyana, mtundu wake komanso phokoso lake, nyama zimatha kufotokozeranso molondola za nyama yomwe imayandikira, mawonekedwe ake, kukula kwake ndi kapangidwe kake, ndikufotokozeranso momwe ngoziyo iliri.

Kodi agologolo pansi amadya chiyani?

Zakudya za agologolo pansi ndizomera zambiri, komabe, zikavuta, zimadya tizilombo, nthawi zambiri ziwala, komanso nsikidzi zosiyanasiyana, dzombe, mbozi. Nthawi zina anyani amatsutsa ngakhale mbewa zam'munda ndi mbalame zazing'ono. Chomera cha nyama chimakhala ndi mphukira zazing'ono, masamba ndi masamba, komanso mbewu. Mitundu yazomera zomwe zimadyedwa ndi nyama ndizosiyanasiyana: knotweed, yarrow, clover wokoma, mbola yolusa, njere zosiyanasiyana, etc. Zodzikongoletsera nthawi zambiri zimadya chakudya chomwe chili m'gawo lomwelo, zomwe zimakhazikitsa.

Mitundu ya azithunzi omwe amakhala ku Russia, zithunzi ndi mafotokozedwe

Mitundu ya akatswiri ali ndi mitundu 38 yonse. Ku Russia, m'madera otseguka kuchokera ku zipululu kupita ku Arctic Circle, 9 mwa iwo amakhala: achikasu, kapena mwala, wofiyira, kapena wokulirapo, wamawangamawanga, Daurian, Caucasian, wautali, Beringian ndi Krasnoshchek. Zonsezi ndizosiyana kukula kwake ndi mtundu wa ubweya.

Gologolo wamtchire (miyala yamchenga) (Spermophilus fulvus Lichtenstein)

Agologolo achikasu makamaka amakhala m'madambo komanso zipululu, komabe, zimapezekanso kumapiri a Lower Volga.Pakati pa abale ake, amawoneka bwino, choyambirira, chifukwa cha kukula kwakukulu kwa mitundu yaying'ono ya malovu (kutalika kwa thupi lake kumatha kufika 38 cm), ndipo mawonekedwe ake amafanananso ndi mikwingwirima. Amasiyana ndi katswiri wamkulu wokhala ndi mtundu wautali wamiyala yamtundu wamtambo wachikasu wokhala ndi khungu lakuda.

Wofesa wachikasu ndi woopsa kwambiri pamtundu wonse wa Spermophilus. Asanatuluke m'dzenjemo, amadzuka mutu ndikuyang'ana, ndipo atakhala nthawi yayitali, akuwayang'anira chigawo. Ngakhale amadyetsa, nthawi zonse amayang'ana uku ndi uku. Mu udzu wamtali, amadya mzati, koma ngati mbewuzo zili zochepa, amadya atakhala pansi kapena ngakhale atagona, akumamatira pansi ndi thupi lake lonse. Mwinanso chifukwa chomwe chimakhalira tcheru ndi moyo wokhala pawekha, momwe nyamayo imakakamizidwa kudzipulumutsa payekha payokha. Munthu aliyense amakhala ndi chiwembu chaching'ono (mpaka 0,1 ha), chomwe chimateteza molimba mtima kuukira kwa achibale. Ngati chiwopsezo sichikhudza mlendo, mano amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kubisala kumtundu wamtunduwu ndi chimodzi mwakutali kwambiri pakati pa agologolo onse amtunda - miyezi 8-9.

Wofiyira, kapena gopher wamkulu (S. chachikulu Pallas)

Gopher wamkulu amapezeka mu ma fora ndi maudzu ndi ma fumbi opondapo kuchokera pa Volga wapakati mpaka Irtysh. Kukula kwake, gopher wofiira amakhala wachiwiri kwa chikasu, kutalika kwa thupi lake kumatha kufika 33 cm, mchira - 6-10 cm.

Mtundu wa kumbuyo kwa nyama ndi wakuda, wowoneka ngati bulauni, wopanda malo oyera oyera, pamimba pakepo ndimaso kutuwa. Pamwamba pamutu pali imvi yasiliva, yosiyana ndi mtundu wa kutsogolo kumbuyo. Pamasaya ndi m'maso akummawoneka matuwa ofiira kapena otuwa.

Kuchokera ku mitundu yina, gopher wofiira ndiwachiyenda kwambiri: kukafunafuna chakudya kuchokera ku dzenje lake, makokowo amatha kuyenda mtunda wa mamita mazana awiri, ndipo ngati udzu uzikauma, umasunthira kumalo olemera kwambiri kuti mukadye.

Akuluakulu otchuka amatha kudutsa mitsinje yambiri!

Wocheperako Gopher (S. pygmaeus Pallas)

Gopher wachichepere amakhala kumapiri kuchokera kudera la Volga, Dnieper ndi mapiri a Caucasus, kupita kugombe la Nyanja Zamdima, Azov ndi Caspian. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazing'ono kwambiri, kutalika kwa thupi lake sikupita masentimita 24, mchira suupitilira masentimita 4. Colouring ndi chosagwirizana - imvi kapena bulauni, nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mayimidwe ambiri.

Caucasian gopher (S. musicus Menetries)

Magulu agologolo a ku Caucasian (kumapiri) amapezeka m'chigawo cha Elbrus, m'malo opezeka kumapiri ndi kumapiri. Kukhazikika kwa nyundoyi kumatha kukhala pamtunda wa 1000 mpaka 3200 m pamwamba pa nyanja.

Zikuwoneka ngati wachinyamata wazaka. Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi masentimita 24, mchira - 4-5 cm. Mtunduwu ndi wokonda mtendere: umadziwika ndi kusapezeka kwa malo omwe munthu amadya. Nyamazo zimangotchinga mabowo awo okhawo, ndipo malo ogawirako amagawidwa.

Gologolo wamabala ozungulira (S. suslicus guldenstaedt)

Gologolo wamabala ndi amodzi mwa oimira ang'onoang'ono amtunduwu: kutalika kwa thupi - 17- 26 cm, mchira - 3-5 cm. Ndiofala m'matanthwe ndi mapiri a East European Plain kuyambira ku Danube mpaka Volga. Malo okondedwa ndi malo okwezeka a nkhandwe, malo odyetserako ziweto ndi msipu. Miyoyo m'malire.

Monga nthawi yayitali masana komanso makoswe am'chipululu, agologolo aamawangamawanga nthawi yotentha amakhala akugwira ntchito m'mawa ndi madzulo. Nyama sizimakonda dothi lonyowa, chifukwa chake m'mawa zimangosiyira mabowo pokhapokha ngati mame utaphwa kale, ndipo nyengo yamvula sinawonekere pansi. Amakhala mu hibernation kuyambira miyezi inayi mpaka isanu ndi itatu pachaka, kutengera malo ndi nyengo.

Masiku ano, gologolo wamangamanga ndi nyama yosowa yotchulidwa mu Red Book of Bryansk ndi madera ena. Nyamazi zikangokhala zambiri, zinkamenya nawo nkhondo, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi tizirombo taulimi. Koma m'zaka zaposachedwa, malo omwe ali ndi malo okhala paphirili achepa kwambiri. Pamapu, malo omwe amakhala kuchokera kumizere yosinthika asintha kukhala zisumbu zosowa, ndipo akuyamba kuchepa.

Daurian Gopher (S. dauricus Brandt)

Daurian, kapena monga amatchedwanso kuti, Transbaikal gopher, amakhala kumapiri a Transbaikal Territory, komanso ku Eastern Mongolia ndi Northeast China. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka kumapiri, msipu, m'mbali mwa njira, m'mbali mwa njanji, ngakhale m'minda yamasamba.

Uwu ndi mtundu wocheperako: thupi lake limakhala lalitali 17.5-23 cm, mchira wake ndi 4-6,5 cm. kumbuyo kwa Transbaikal gopher ndi wopepuka, wamchenga wokhala ndi mchenga wonyezimira, m'mimba ndi wachikasu wachikasu, mmbali ndimaso achikasu.

Makolonu nthawi zambiri samapanga, koma amakhala okha.

Long-Tailed Gopher (S. undulatus Pallas)

Kugawidwa ku Eastern Tien Shan, ku Central ndi Western Mongolia, kumwera kwa Central Siberia, Altai, kumapiri a Transbaikalia, ku Central Yakutia. Nyumba zokhala mitundu iyi ndizosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapezeka kumapiri owuma ndi nkhalango, m'malo opezeka mapiri komanso mapiri.

Gopher wautali wazitali - mtundu wawukulu kwambiri, wamtali mpaka 31. Mbali yodziwika bwino yamtunduwu ndi mchira wofiyira komanso wautali (kupitirira 16 cm).

Mtundu wakumbuyo wam'mbuyo umachokera ku bulauni wonyezimira mpaka kutsitsi, kumbali yakuthengo imakhala yowala kwambiri, mutu umakhala wakuda pang'ono. Kumbuyo, imvi kapena zoyera zimawoneka bwino.

Izi zimabisala pambuyo pa mitundu ina, nthawi zina chipale chofewa chimagwa.

Bering Gopher (S. parryi Richardson)

Bering gopher (yemwe amatchedwanso Arctic, American and American long-tailed gopher) amakhala ku Eurasia ndi North America. M'dziko lathu, limapezeka ku Chukotka, Kamchatka, North-East Siberia. Imakhazikika m'malo owonekera - madera ndi malo opondapo, pamtunda uliwonse wamtunda, womwe umapezeka kumapeto kwa midzi.

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwamitundu yayikulu kwambiri: kutalika kwa zifaniziro za Chukchi ndi 25-32 masentimita, Achimereka ndiokulirapo - matupi awo amatalika mpaka 40. Mchira wa nyama ndi wautali komanso wotentha. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kwamtundu wa brownish wokhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino owoneka bwino, mutu ndiwotuwa.

Udindo wofunikira pakudya kwamtunduwu umaseweredwa ndi chakudya cha nyama (kafadala, mbozi, ndi zina). Mawonekedwe a chakudya chifukwa cha kuzizira.

Gopher yemwe anali ndi masaya ofiira (S. erythrogenys Brandt)

Amakhala kumwera kwa zigawo za Ural ndi West Siberian, zomwe zimapezekanso ku Mongolia.

Iyi ndi ndodo yolimba pakatikati, kutalika kwa thupi lake sikupita masentimita 28. Mchirawo ndi wafupikirapo kuposa wa abale - 4-6 cm.Yanadziwika chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a bulauni kapena mawanga ofiira pamasaya. Kumbuyo kwa nyama ndi mchenga wachikasu wokhala ndi mawanga akuda bii, m'mimba mumakhala wakuda, mbali zake ndizotupa. Pali malo oyera pachimacho. Mchira ulibe chopondera chakuda, pansi pake.

Mtunduwu umakhala m'makoloni, koma nyama iliyonse yachikulire imakhala ndi bowo lake ndi gawo lake laling'ono.

Kuchokera pa nkhondo mpaka kutetezedwa

Gophers ndi gulu la makoswe omwe munthu amakhala nawo mwamphamvu ndikuchita nkhondo nthawi yayitali, monga tizirombo ta mbewu ndi onyamula matenda oopsa oyambira (mliri, tularemia, ndi zina). Ndi zinthu izi, komanso malo okhala mitundu yambiri yomwe ili m'malo anthropogenic, omwe adakhala maziko a nkhondo ndi anthu. Kuteteza zachuma ndi ntchito zachipatala zathandizira ndikupitilizabe kuthana ndi mavuto ochepetsa chiwerengero cha makoswe, pogwiritsa ntchito poyizoni pachimake polimbana ndi makoswewo.

Mukaganizira za mtundu wa Spermophilus, womwe ambiri mwa iwo akhala akuchulukitsidwa kwazaka zambiri, wina sangathe kuzindikira udindo wawo m'chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, dongosolo lovuta la mabowo limapereka mwayi woti pakhale zamoyo zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, m'makungwa a gofu wocheperako samakhala mochulukirapo kapena mochepera - mitundu 12,000 ya zinyama zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Amadziwikanso kuti ndi kuwonongeka kwa agologolo a pansi, kuchuluka kwa nyama zodya nyama zapadziko lapansi ndi mbalame za nyama zochepetsedwa kumachepetsedwa kwambiri (kuwala, kulemera, steppe kestrel, saker, saker, burial burial, etc.)

Kuphatikiza pa kuwonongeka mwachindunji kwa agologolo a pansi, pali njira yochepetsera ndi kusintha malo awo achilengedwe chifukwa cholima ndi chitukuko cha madera akunja komanso kusintha kwanyengo.

Posachedwa, nkhani yoteteza nthumwi zingapo za banja lino yakula kwambiri. Masiku ano, akatswiri a matsenga ofiira, amawangamawanga, achikasu, ofiira komanso amtundu wa Daurian adalembedwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation ndi / kapena m'mabuku a Red Red.

Kuchuluka kwa nkhaniyi ndikuti akatswiri osamalira zachilengedwe amapereka njira zodzisamalira, pomwe ntchito zachipatala komanso chitetezo zikuyendetsabe kuchuluka kwa ziweto pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti anthu akukhala mwamtendere komanso kuti mbewu zisatayike.

Gopher monga chiweto

Mwazowona, akatswiri azachipembedzo siabwino kwambiri kuti azikhala kunyumba. Ngakhale kuti moyo wachilengedwe wachilengedwe uli ndi zoopsa, sizokayikitsa kuti kuthambo lachitetezo cha nyama yopanda phokosoyo lingasangalale ndi chiyembekezo chokhazikika m'khola kapena ngakhale bwalo lalikulu. Gopher si nkhumba ya pachilala kapena chinchilla, yomwe imasinthika kukhala ndi moyo muukapolo ndikuzolowera munthu, mawonekedwe a gopher ndi malo ndi ufulu, koma sadzakhala buku, tsoka ...

Komabe pali okonda zotere zakunyumba omwe akuyesera kuwononga zolengedwa izi. Tiyenera kudziwa apa kuti nyumbazi ndizosayenera kuti azisunga gopher - sakhala pano kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa ndizovuta kuti pakhale zovomerezeka kwa iwo. Kuphatikiza apo, nyamazo zizizindikiritsa gawo, komanso kununkhira kwa mawonekedwe awo, kuti ayike modekha, ndizotsimikizika.

Ndizololedwa kusunga gophers m'makola a nyumba yazinyumba, momwe nyama zimatha kupezera zosowa zawo - kukumba ngalande, kuthamanga, kudumpha ndikulumpha. Kwa awiri agologolo, pobisalira yomwe ili ndi kukula kwa masentimita osachepera 150 ndi 150. Mkati mwa nyumba za gopher mumayikidwa, mabokosi, mitengo ikuluikulu yamapulasitala - yosungirako nyama, mitengo - yodulira. Madzulo a hibernation (kumapeto kwa Ogasiti - koyambirira kwa Seputembala), makoswe amapatsidwa zinthu zogona - udzu, udzu, masamba, kuti ziweto zikonzekere malo obisala nthawi yachisanu. Khola lomwelo lophimbidwa kwathunthu ndi zinthu zomwezo. Gophers amasungidwa amodzi panthawi imodzi kwa hibernation.

Maziko a chakudya cha gopher ndi kusakaniza kwa mbewu, oats, tirigu, barele, mbewu za mpendadzuwa, chimanga, chakudya chopangidwa ndi makoswe. Amapereka masamba - kaloti, beets, zukini, nkhaka, ndi zipatso - nthochi, mapeyala, maapulo, komanso chakudya chobiriwira - saladi yamutu, nyemba, masamba a dandelion, plantain, clover, ndi zina. Nthawi ndi nthawi, zakudya zimasinthidwa ndi zakudya za mapuloteni (ma nyongolotsi, ma crickets, ziwala). Zoweta zazing'ono kawiri pa tsiku.

Simungapatse chakudya cha gopher kuchokera pagome la munthu, komanso kabichi, chestnuts, acorn, nthambi za oak. Nthawi zonse pakhale madzi abwino omwe amamwa.