Miyala yamiyala ndi pine marten ndi abale apamtima. Banja lonse la marten limatchedwa pambuyo pawo. Kunja mwala ndi m'nkhalango marten ofanana kwambiri: onse ndi akulu, osasunthika komanso amantha, okhala ndi ubweya wonyezimira wokongola, ndipo khosi ndi chifuwa zimakongoletsedwa ndi malo owala.
Momwe mungasiyanitsire miyala marten kuchokera kunkhalango.
Onani chithunzi cha pine marten , ili ndi malo achikasu achikasu, koma pansi chithunzi cha mwala wakufa ndi loyera.
Chifukwa cha izi, ofera adalandira dzina la yellowfin ndi whitefin .
Kodi marten amakhala kuti?
Ngakhale kufanana, ma mart ali ndi zizolowezi zosiyana. Kukonda marten nyumba pamitengo ya anthu ena, ndipo mwala umatenga mabowo pansi pa mitengo.
Koma apakati onsewa nthawi yachilimwe amakonda kusaka nthawi ya kucha, m'bandakucha kapena dzuwa litalowa. Zonse zomwe zimapezeka zimadyedwa: kalulu, komanso zipatso zamtchire zamtchire ndi mabulosi akuda,
ndipo nsomba za marten ndizokoma kwambiri.
Martens m'nyengo yozizira.
Kusaka meta nthawi yozizira kawirikawiri, amakonda kufa ndi njala makamaka masiku ozizira, kubisala padzenje lotentha kapena dzenje. Mbidzi zimatha kusaka pansi pa chisanu, pogwiritsa ntchito mayendedwe omwe akumbidwa ndi nyama zina.
Monga ma martens onse, mwala ndi nkhalangoyi zimasunga dala malo awo osaka ndikuteteza ana awo mwankhanza ngati ali pachiwopsezo.
Ophedwa akuimira banja lalikulu la marten. Ndiwodya nyama yolusa komanso yolimba kwambiri, yomwe imatha kuthana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana mosavuta, ikukwera kumtunda wamtchire ndikukwera mitengo ikuluikulu kuti ithamangitse nyama. Nyama yophedwa ndi nyama ndi ya nyama zofunikira kuphatira ubweya ndipo imakhala ndi ubweya wokongola kuyambira pachifuwa chakuda mpaka pamtambo wachikasu.
Kupha nyama: kufotokozera
Marten ndi nyama yokhala ndi ubweya wonenepa komanso wofewa, womwe umatha kupentedwa mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bulauni. (wodera wakuda, mgoza, wachikasu wonyezimira). Pakhosi, marten amakhala ndi kamvekedwe ka kamvekedwe ka chikasu, mozungulira mawonekedwe. Matata aafupi, achidule. Pamakhala zala pazala. Chizindikiro ndi chakuthwa. Makutu ndi afupiafupi, atatu, ndipo ndimtambo wachikaso m'mbali. Thupi limakhala loonda, squat, lokwera pang'ono (kuchokera masentimita 45 mpaka 58). Mchira wake ndiwofewetsa, wautali, womwe umafikira hafu ya thupi la omfera (kuyambira 16 cm mpaka 28 cm). Kulemera kwa thupi - kuchokera 800 g mpaka 1.8 kg. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala opepuka kuposa amuna. Ubweya wa marten wozizira umakhala wowoneka bwino komanso wautali kuposa ubweya wa chilimwe, ndipo ubweya wa chilimwe umakhala wolimba komanso wamfupi kuposa ubweya wozizira.
Mitundu ya Martens
M'chilengedwe, pali mitundu ingapo ya ma martens, omwe aliyense amakhala m'malo awo okhala ndi nyengo, akumafalikira kwambiri momwe amakhala.
- Martes americana - marten waku America amaphatikizidwa m'gulu la nyama zosowa; zikuwoneka ngati nyama yophedwa, nyama yolusa usiku.
- Martes pennanti - ilka mumakhala mitengo yopanda pake, amakonda kutsatira malo obzala nkhalango.
- Martes foina - miyala yamwala imakhala m'dera lalikulu kwambiri, nthawi zambiri kuposa mitundu ina yomwe imakhala ngati yosaka ubweya.
- Martes martes - ma pine marten ndiofala kwambiri ku Europe ndi Europe, ndi gwero lopeza ubweya wapamwamba kwambiri.
- Martes gwatkinsii - Nilgirian marten ndi nyama yapadera yomwe imakhala kumadera akumwera.
- Martes zibellina - sable ndi chinthu chokhalitsa chosaka; nthawi zina amapanga mtundu wosakanizidwa wotchedwa kidus (osakaniza marten ndi sable).
- Martes flavigula - harza ndi m'gulu la anthu aku Asia, okhala m'malo ambiri kumeneko.
- Martes melampus - Marten waku Japan ndiye gwero la ubweya m'gawo la zilumba zazikulu za Japan.
Marten Habitats
Marten waku America amapezeka ku America konse. Ilka amakhala niche m'nkhalango za North America, amachokera ku Mapiri a Appalachian (West Virginia) kupita ku Sierra Nevada (California). Mwalawu umakhala kumayiko ambiri a ku Europe - komwe amakhala kuchokera ku Himalayas ndi Mongolia kupita ku Chigawo cha Iberian. Zotulutsidwa makamaka ku Wisconsin (USA). Pine marten imakhudza pafupifupi mayiko onse aku Europe: imapezeka ku Western Siberia kupita ku British Isles kumpoto komanso kuchokera ku Elbrus ndi Caucasus kupita ku Mediterranean kumwera. Achinyamata a ku Nilgirian amakhala kumwera kwa India, amakhala ku Western Ghat komanso ku Nilgiri Upland. Sable ndi wokhala ku taiga yaku Russia, yomwe imakhala m'dera lochokera ku Pacific Ocean kupita ku Urals.
Harza amapezeka ku Peninsula ya Korea, ku China, Turkey, Iran, kumapiri a Himalayan, ku Indochina, Hindustan, ku Peninsula ya Malawi ndi ku Great Sund Islands. Zikuyimiridwanso kwambiri ku Pakistan, Nepal, Georgia, Afghanistan. Zimapezekanso kudera la Russia, ndikumakhala m'mizinda ya Khabarovsk ndi Primorsky, Sikhote-Alin, beseni la mitsinje ya Ussuri ndi Amurye. Marten waku Japan poyamba amakhala pamilumba yayikulu 3 ya Japan - Kyushu, Shikoku, Honshu. Amakhala ku Tsushima, ku Korea, kuzilumba za Sado ndi Hokkaido. Ku Russia, palinso mitundu ya martens yotere, ma pine marten, marten yamwala ndi charza.
Zizolowezi za Marten
Malamulo a marten amakhudza mwachindunji zizolowezi zake: nyama iyi imangoyendayenda mozungulirazungulira kapena mopupuluma (panthawi yothamanga). Thupi losinthika la marten limagwira ntchito ngati kasupe wotanuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyama yathawayo igwete kwakanthawi pazitseko za ma conifers. Wofesayo amakonda kukhala pakati ndi mitengo yamitengo yayitali. Mosamala amakwera mitengo, ndikutsitsa mitengo ingapo yowongoka yomwe imamupatsa mwayi wopanga zibowo zakuthwa.
Pini marten amakhala ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, kusaka pansi ndikuwononga nthawi yayitali pamitengo. Wofesayo amakonza zogona m'mayenje amitengo mpaka 16 metre kapena mwachindunji korona wawo. Wofera samangopewera munthu, koma amabisala. Amakhala ndi moyo wokhazikika, osasintha malo omwe amakonda, ngakhale kuperewera kwa chakudya. Koma nthawi zina, amatha kuyendayenda ndimapuloteni omwe nthawi zambiri amasuntha maulendo ataliatali.
M'malo omwe nkhalango zimakhazikitsidwa ndi martens, mitundu iwiri yamasamba imasiyanitsidwa: mayendedwe, komwe nthawi zina kumachitika, ndi kusaka tsiku ndi tsiku, kumene martens amakhala nthawi yayitali. M'nyengo yotentha ndi yophukira, martens amapanga gawo laling'ono kwambiri la malo awo osaka, akukhala nthawi yayitali m'malo omwe amakhala ndi chakudya chochuluka kwambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, malirewa amakula kwambiri chifukwa chosowa chakudya, ndipo marten amakhala ndimayendedwe amafuta oyenda. Nthawi zambiri amayendera malo monga malo okhala ndi malo odyetserako, akumayika chizindikiro nawo mkodzo.
Kodi ofera amakhala kuti?
Ndi moyo wake wonse, marten ndi wolumikizidwa ndi nkhalango. Imapezeka m'malo ambiri okhala m'nkhalango momwe mitengo yosiyanasiyana imamera, koma koposa zonse imakonda spruce, nkhalango za paini ndi mbewu zodziyandikana nazo pafupi. Madera akumpoto, ndi spruce-fir, kum'mwera - spruce-deciduous, m'chigawo cha Caucasus - nkhalango za fir-beech.
Pokhala amoyo wokhazikika, marten amasankha madera okhala m'nkhalango zazikulu ndi mitengo yayitali, nkhalango zakale, zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi malo ang'onoang'ono achichepere, okhala ndi mmbali zazitali, komanso malo a nkhalango omwe ali ndi malo komanso malo owombapo. Koma imathanso kukhazikika kumadera athyathyathya, m'nkhalango zamapiri, komwe imapezeka m'mipata ya mitsinje yayikulu ndi mitsinje. Mitundu ina ya marten sapewa miyala yamiyala, yoyikiratu. Malo okhala anthu amayesera kuti asakhale patali, kulowa malo osungirako malo okha kudzera m'mapaki. Kupatula kokha ndi kuphedwa kwa miyala, komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhazikika m'mizinda ndi m'midzi.
Kodi ophedwa amadya chiyani?
Nyama ndi nyama zopatsa chidwi, koma nthawi zambiri zimadya nyama zazing'ono (monga, mwachitsanzo, mbewa zam'minda ndi agologolo), mbalame, ndi mazira. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi chidwi chakuti amakonda makoswe, ngati nkhani yosaka, yomwe amphaka amayesa kudutsa chifukwa cha kukula kwawo kwakukulu. Osanyoza martens ndi carrion, tizilombo, nkhono, achule, zokwawa. Mukugwa, martens amadya mtedza, zipatso ndi zipatso mosavuta. Pamapeto kwa chilimwe ndi nthawi yonse yophukira, martens amagona chakudya mosungirako, chomwe ndi chofunikira kwa iwo nthawi yozizira.
Mayina: khushoni wachikasu, pine marten waku Europe.
Dera : Kugawidwa kwa palaearctic - madera amachokera ku Western Siberia kudutsa Russia ndi Europe kupita ku Scotland ndi Ireland, komanso kuchokera kumpoto kwa nkhalango zazitali zazitali (kumpoto) mpaka ku Mediterranean ndi Caucasus (kumwera).
Imapezekanso kuzilumba zambiri za Mediterranean, kuphatikizapo Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia ndi Islands Balearic (Mallorca ndi Menorca).
Kufotokozera : thupi la pine marten ndi lalitali, lochepera komanso losinthika, yokutidwa ndi ubweya wautali wofunda.
Phokoso laling'ono limakhala lalitali, lopindika patali, nsagwada zimakhala zamphamvu. Makutu ndi akulu amakono atatu, ozunguliridwa pamwamba. Ulusi uliwonse umakhala ndi zala zisanu zokhala ndi zikhadabo zolimba zolimba. Zitsulo zozizira zimakutidwa ndi ubweya. Mchirawo ndi wautali, kufikira theka lanyama.
Amuna ndi akulu 12-30% kuposa akazi. Yaikazi imakhala ndi timagulu tiwiri ta tinthu ta m'mimba. Mano ndi akuthwa.
Ubweya wa marten wotentha umakhala wosalala, wopangidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi komanso chovala chocheperako. Kukhetsa mu achinyamata ndi akulu kumayamba kumapeto kwa nyengo, ubweya wozizira umayamba kukula mu Ogasiti-Seputembala.
Mtundu : pali malo owoneka ngati achikaso owoneka ngati chikaso pakhosi komanso pakhosi. Ubweya wozizira kuchokera ku chikasu cha brownish chikakhala chofiirira. Mtundu wa m'mbali ndi wopepuka kuposa msana ndi m'mimba. Mkati wamkati ndi imvi yopepuka ndi mtundu wa brownish kapena chikasu. Nsonga ya mchira ndi miyendo yake ndi yakuda. Mutu ndi mthunzi wofanana ndi thupi. M'mphepete mwa makutu ndi sitiroko.
Kukula : thupi kutalika 33-56 cm, mchira 17-28 cm, kutalika kufota 15 cm.
Kutalika kwa moyo : m'chilengedwe 3-4 (pazaka 11 zapamwamba), ali mu ukapolo zaka 10-18.
Ana agalu, okhala pachisa cha amayi, amalankhulana ndi twitter.
Habitat : paini marten imagwirizana kwambiri ndi nkhalango, imakonda mitengo yayikulu yakumera, fir, thundu, mitengo yazosakanikirana, yayitali komanso yayitali, yokhala ndi mitengo yakufa komanso mitengo yopanda pake. Amapita kukatsegula malo pokhapokha akusaka. Pewani malo amwala ndi oyika miyala.
Adani : nkhandwe ofiira, mimbulu, goshawk, chiwombankhanga chagolide, kadzidzi wa chiwombankhanga, lynx.
Kuchokera kwa olusa (kupatula mbalame) amasungidwa pamitengo. Nthawi zambiri, zilombo zazikulu zimawononga mapaini a paini, osati chakudya, koma kuti athane ndi yemwe angapikisane nawo.
Chakudya . , nsomba, tizilombo ndi mphutsi zawo (mphutsi za njuchi zakutchire ndi uchi wawo, mbozi), achibi (ma chule ndi mphutsi zawo), zokwawa, ma hedgehogs ndi nkhata, nkhono, zipatso ndi zipatso (ma buluu, ma raspberries, mapeyala, maapulo, phulusa lamapiri, mapichesi, yamatcheri, chiuno chakumaso, mtedza) ndi zovunda.
M'chilimwe, kuchuluka kwa zipatso ndi zipatso zimatha kufikira 30% ya zakudya zonse.
Pine marten amakonzekeretsa gawo lina la chakudya m'nyengo yozizira, ndikubisala m'maenje a mitengo.
Amapha nyama ndi kuluma kuseri kwa mutu.
Khalidwe : nkhonya yogwira usiku (53-59% ya nthawi, marten amagwira ntchito mumdima ndipo 14-19% masana), yomwe imakhazikika pansi ndi mitengo. Masana amagona mu khola, lomwe limakhala m'maenje a mitengo (kutalika kwa 2-5 m), agologolo opanda kanthu kapena zisa za mbalame, m'miyala yamiyala pakati pamiyala, kuwombana ndi mphepo. Pakati pausiku (kukafunafuna chakudya), amatha kuchoka m'malo ena 10 km. Ozizira kwambiri, amakhalabe mu chisa, kudya zakudya.
Ilibe zisa zosatha, koma imayendayenda pamalowo posaka nyama. Amakhala pamalo amodzi kwa zaka zambiri mzere, nthawi zina amangoyendayenda agologolo.
Pine marten amachita chidwi komanso kusewera. Kununkhira, masomphenya ndi kumva kumapangidwa bwino. Kuthamanga kumadumpha, chifukwa komwe kumasiya miyendo yokhotakhota (miyendo yakumbuyo yoikika kumapazi). Amakwera bwino (kudutsa mitengo ikuluikulu ndi nthambi zamitengo) ndikudumphira (kuchokera kunthambi kupita ku nthambi pamtunda wa 4 m, kuchokera kutalika kwakukulu mpaka matalala). Imatha kuyenda pamwamba pa mitengo. Mukakwera, imatha kupotoza miyendo ya miyendo 180 "Imayandama mosasamala komanso m'malo owopsa.
Amuna ndi akazi ali ndi awiriawiri a mafungo apadera onunkhira (amkati komanso m'mimba).
Gulu la anthu : paini marten amatsogolera payekha moyo, awiriawiri mawonekedwe panthawi yakuswana yokha. Nyama zimadzaza malire a m'derali ndi chinsinsi cha fungo lokhazikika komanso mkodzo.
Kunja kwa nyengo yakukula, msonkhano wa abambo awiri nthawi zambiri umachitika popanda kusamvana.
Tsamba lachimuna (10-25 km 2) nthawi zambiri limadutsana ndi masamba azimayi angapo (5-5 km 2).
Kuswana : kuyambira Juni mpaka Julayi, wamkazi amakhala ndi kutayidwa kangapo komwe kwatha masiku 1-4, nthawi pakati pawo ndi masiku 6 mpaka 17. Kukalamba kumatenga mphindi 30-50.
Yaikazi imabereka ana amphongo kamodzi pachaka. Pa kubala, mkazi amasankha dzenje mumtengo wakale. Pakakhala zoopsa, amasamutsira ana kumalo ena kapena akhoza kudya zinyalala zonse.
Nthawi yakudyetsa ana, zazikazi zimasaka usiku komanso masana.
Nyengo / nyengo ya kuswana : Juni-Julayi. Kuthamanga kwabodza kumawonedwa mu February-March.
Kutha msinkhu : Akazi ndi amuna okhwima azaka 14. zaka, koma ana nthawi zambiri amakhala zaka 2-3.
Mimba : pakati ndi masiku omaliza a 236-275, kutenga pakati kumakhala ndi masiku 27-28.
Chotuluka : wamkazi amabala ana 2-7 akhungu, ogontha ndi ana aotchless, olemera 30 gramu, kutalika kwa 10. cm. Maso amatseguka pamasiku 34-38 amoyo.
Kuchepetsa kumatenga milungu isanu ndi itatu, pofika kumapeto kwa m'badwo uno ana agalu olemera 68 g. Ana achinyamata amapita pachakudya pakatha masiku 36-45, mano awo akaphulika.
Kuyambira chisa amayamba kutuluka miyezi 1.5. Ana agalu amayesa kukwera ndi kudumpha mwachangu ali ndi miyezi 2-2,5.
Kwa mwezi wina, achinyamata amakhala ndi amayi awo, kenako amachoka pachisa kukafunafuna malo awo. Ena mwa ana amenewo amakhalabe ndi amayi awo mu khola mpaka nthawi yamasika.
Kuchulukitsa / kusamalira : Pakadali pano pali anthu pafupifupi 200,000.
Mbuna ya paini imatha kulumikizana ndi chimbalangondo, chosakanizidwa choterocho chimatchedwa cindus.
Magawo asanu ndi anayi a pine marten amadziwika: Martes martes (zazikulu zazikulu), Martes m. borealis, M. m. latinorum Caucasian marten (M. m. lorenzi ), Menorca marten (M. m. kachikachiyama ), M. m. notialis , Central Russia pine marten (M. m. ruthena ), Pechora pine marten (M. m. sabaneevi ), Ural pine marten (M. m. uralensis ).
Ngongole: Portal Zooclub
Mukasindikiza nkhaniyi, kulumikizana kwothandiza kwa gwero ndi MANDATORY, apo ayi, kugwiritsa ntchito nkhaniyo kumaonedwa kuti ndikuphwanya lamulo la "Law on Copyright and rights rights".
Onani: Marten - Martes (lat.)
Banja: Cunyi
Gulu: Zotsogola
Giredi: Amayi
Lembani: Chordate
Subtype: Vertebrates
Sayizi:
kutalika kwa thupi - 33-56 cm, mchira - 17-28 masentimita, kutalika kufota - 15 cm
kulemera - 0.5-2.4 kg
Kutalika kwa moyo: mpaka zaka 20 ali mu ukapolo
Wokhala m'nkhalangozi, nyamayi imakonda mitengo yobiriwira yazipatso zakale ndi mitengo ya paini. Popeza ali ndi matupi okalamba komanso odabwitsa, amakwera mitengo mwachangu, amapangitsa kuti kudumpha ndi kugwirako ntchentche. Pansi pa thupi losalimba, mtima wa mlenje wankhanza komanso wokhetsa magazi amenya. Tiyeni tiwone momwe ofera akuwonekera, chithunzi, zomwe amadya ndi komwe amakhala.
Habitat
Malo okondedwa a nkhalango, martens akukhala kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kukhazikika kwawo kumayambira ku Western Siberia, mpaka ku nkhalango za Scotland ndi Ireland, kumakhudza madera akumpoto, ndikupitiliza ulendo wake wakumwera kupita kutchire la Caucasus ndi la Mediterranean.
Potengera malo, nyamayo imasankha nkhalango zokhwima, zokhala ndi mitengo yambiri yopanda mitengo komanso mitengo yambiri yakufa. Ndi malo oti nyama zodyerako pang'ono zimakhala zomasuka kukhazikitsa nyumba m'maenje, nthawi zambiri zimatsikira pansi, zikusuntha nthambi ndi mitengo ikuluikulu.
Zosangalatsa!Pogwiritsa ntchito mchira wake ngati khola, mbewa imadumpha mamita 4, kudumpha kuchokera pamtengo kupita pamtengo.
Feature
Ndi kumva kwambiri, kununkhira ndi kuwona, wophedwa wamkulu amakhala ndi moyo wamadzulo. Samakhala nthawi yayitali m'malo amodzi ndipo samamangidwa ku khola limodzi. Nyamayi imakhala mosavuta m'mabowo a agologolo ndi mbalame zisa, m'mene zawonongeratu kale. Thupi losinthika limalola kuti nyamayo inyowe m'mizere yopapatiza pakati pa miyala ndikupanga kupumula kwa tsiku.
Wofera amakonda kukhala payekha. Awiriawiri amapangidwira ana okha. Mlenje wamkulu, nyama, akuyang'ana chakudya, amachita ntchito ina yofunika, akuwongolera kuchuluka kwa makoswe ang'onoang'ono mdera lake. Modabwitsa, tsiku limodzi lokasaka nyama imatha kuphimba mtunda wa 20 km. Pokhotakhota m'chigawo chake, nyamayo imafunafuna nyama mpaka ikhuta. Pambuyo podya, nyakwawa imagona pansi kuti ikapume pachigwa kapena pafupi kwambiri ndi malo osaka.
Mawonekedwe
Thupi loonda, lalitali la marten limakutidwa ndi ubweya popanda kupindika pang'ono. Ku Russia yakale, ubweya wa nyama unkakhala wofunika kwambiri ndipo umagwira ntchito ngati ndalama. Zikopa zikuluzikulu zitalipira katundu ndi ntchito, komwe adalandira dzina ndi gawo la ndalama la ku.
- Malo okongola achikasu amadutsa pakhosi ndi pansi pa khosi la chinyama, nthawi zambiri amatenga mawonekedwe odabwitsa omwe amagunda thupi la chinyama.
- Chizindikiro chabwino. Mutu wavala korona wokhala ndi makutu akuluakulu, wokhala ndi zozungulira pang'ono.
- Mchira wofiyira wa nyama ukhoza kukhala wofanana kutalika kwa thupi. Masamba asanu ali pamawamba, okhala ndi zikhadabo zokhazikika zomwe zimathandiza kuti marten akwere mitengo mosasamala ndikugwira nyama mosamala.
- Ubweya umasintha mtundu kutengera ndi nyengo: nthawi yozizira imakhala yotuwa, yotuwa, yachilimwe imayamba kuzimiririka ndipo imachepetsedwa kwambiri kutalika.
- Kumbuyo ndikuda kwamtambo, ndipo mbali ndi pamimba zimayala mithunzi yowala ya utoto wawukulu.
Zosangalatsa!Pakati pa banja lalikulu la martens pali anthu amtundu wachikaso ndi siliva, wofanana ndi harza, m'modzi mwa mitundu yomwe, doko la Nilgir, pakhosi limapakidwa utoto wowala wa lalanje.
Zofunikira
Osangoyenda pansi, chithunzi cha marten nthawi zambiri chimapeza nyama pamitengo kapena m'maenje a mitengo. Pa moyo wake wonse, martin wakhala akulumpha, kusiya miyendo yoyenda ndi matalala ndi nthaka. Popanda kusintha kwenikweni malo okhalamo, nyamayo imatha kukhala ndi malo okhala m'magawo kuti agone ndi kulera ana. Zinyama zomwe sizimadya sizisiya malo ake ngakhale zitakhala zoipa ndi chakudya.
Mukusaka, amakonda nthawi yausiku, kuyendera zisa za mbalame, agologolo oyendayenda, ndi chitetezo cha makoswe ang'ono, mosakhazikika atakhala panthambi ya mtengo. Paling'ono, koma modabwitsa komanso molimba modabwitsa, operekera matendawa amatha kuthana ndi kalulu ndikutchingira mbendera.
Nthawi zambiri pamakhala nkhuku zobwera kumayendera nkhuku. Polephera kunyamula nyama yonse, nyama imatha kuyendayenda nkhuku zonse, zomwe zinayambitsa mkwiyo wa anthu. Komabe, ndikulakwitsa kuganiza kuti umbombo umaweruza nyamayo. Chilichonse ndichopepuka: mbalamezi zomwe zimachita mantha chifukwa cholowerera nyama zimayamba kuzungulira mwadzidzidzi, zikuwotha nyama zomwe zimadya, motero "zimakhazikika" zokha komanso zokha.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Zosangalatsa!Mbambizi zimakonda kuyendera ming'oma ya njuchi, zikudya phwando la uchi ndi mphutsi pamenepo. Sadzadutsa mbozi yonenepa.
Ma emnivore oterowo amathandiza nyamayo m'zaka, osakhala ochepa masewera. Kuphatikiza apo, marten mofunitsitsa amasunga nthawi yachisanu, akumatseka mabowo ndi masamba.
Kuswana
Kutha msambo kumachitika pazaka 14 zakubadwa mwa akazi ndi amuna. Komabe, kukhwima kumachitika pakati pa zaka ziwiri mpaka zitatu. Nthawi yakukhwima imayamba kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa June ndipo imayamba mpaka Julayi. Pakadali pano, zazimayi ndi estrus, zomwe zimatha pafupifupi masiku 4, ndikutalika kwa masiku 6 mpaka 17.
Zosangalatsa!Kukhala ndi pakati pa marten kumatenga masiku 28, koma izi zisanachitike gawo la chitukuko, lokhalitsa masiku 235 - 275.
Mkazi m'modzi amabweretsa ana awiri mpaka 7, omwe amakhala ndi amayi awo kwa miyezi itatu. Ngati kubadwa kunali kuchedwa, ndiye ana agalu amakhala mumkhola wawo mpaka kumapeto.
Kubala, kusodza, mtengo wamalonda
Kuchokera ku banja la marten ndi mitundu yokhayo yomwe ilibe chidwi ndi kupanga ubweya. Ambiri, kuyambira ndi mfumu yotseka ubweya, amaonedwa kuti ndi nyama zofunikira za ubweya. Zovala zokongola za marten zimakongoletsa ma wardrobes amakono amakono ndipo ndiokwera mtengo. Ubweya wothandiza komanso wokongola umapilira nyengo zokwanira 7 za masokosi ndipo moyenerera umakhala umodzi wotsogola pamndandanda wotchuka.
Zosangalatsa!Kapangidwe ka ubweya wa marten amathandizira kupuma bwino popanda kuchedwetsa fumbi, komwe kumawonjezera mphamvu zake.
Kusaka marten pachaka kumakhala kocheperako chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zikukhala. Pazogulitsa ubweya, kugulitsa zikopa za marten ndizochepa kwa 500. Munjira zosakira nyama, zabwino kwambiri ndi kuwedza ndi galu. Misampha ndi misampha yomwe nyama imagwera siyipereka zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri. Munthawi yomwe mlenje amatenga misampha kuti ayang'anire, ubweya umakhala ndi nthawi yolanda makoswe ang'onoang'ono ndi nyama zina zomwe zimadyera.
Kuti tikwaniritse zosowa zamakampani, pali kusaka kwachangu kwa ma martens pamafamu a ubweya. Kuyesa kugula marten kukonza nyumba nthawi zambiri kumalephera. Ndikosavuta kupeza ana agalu omwe adatengedwa kupita ku ukapolo, koma omwe amachokera kuthengo amatha kufa kapena amafunika kuchita zinthu zina kuti akwaniritse bwino. Marten samasungidwa m'khola laling'ono, chifukwa ndikofunikira kuti apange ndege yayikulu, yokhala ndi mitengo, manholes obisika ndi zina zina za moyo waulere wa nyama.
Mwachilengedwe, nyama sizikhala zaka 5 - 6, koma ali mu ukapolo, ndi chisamaliro choyenera, amakhala ndi zaka 18 - 20.
M'mawonekedwe ake, martayo amafanana ndi mphaka m'njira zambiri. Ali ndi chovala chokongola, chofunda, chosinthika komanso chisomo. Martens amakhalanso ndi mchira wofiyira, koma zopindika zawo ndizifupi komanso zokulirapo. Nyamayi ndi yaying'ono mokwanira. Monga lamulo, kutalika kwake sikoposa masentimita 60.
Mitundu iwiri ya martens imakhala m'nkhalango za Russia - nkhalango ndi mwala. Kunja, mitundu yonseyi ndi yofanana kwambiri. Kusiyanaku kungowoneka mu undercoat ya mwalawo marten. Chowonadi ndi chakuti kumbuyo ndi m'mbali mwa undercoat ya chirombo chotere ndichopepuka. Ndipo miyala yamiyala imakhala kwambiri mderali.
Pazakudya, nyama ndizochulukirapo. Zakudya zawo zimadalira nthawi ya chaka. Amadyetsa makoswe, achule, tizilombo, mbalame, abuluzi, makoswe ndi mbewa. Osanyoza martens ndi nkhuku. M'dzinja ndi koyambilira kwa nyundo, nyamayi imadya zakudya zamasamba - zipatso zosiyanasiyana, mtedza ndi mitengo.
Popeza nyamayi ndi yokongola kwambiri, ubweya wake imawonedwa kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri mufashoni. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri zimavulaza banja, kuwononga mbalame, akalulu, ndi mbewu zakumidzi. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti nyama zimasakidwa mwachangu. Ngakhale kusaka marten kosavomerezeka ndi koletsedwa komanso kovomerezeka. Kusaka kosaloledwa chindapusa chachikulu chimaperekedwa. Nthawi zambiri, ma martens amasakidwa mothandizidwa ndi misampha, ngakhale pali njira zambiri zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri galu amatengedwa nawo kukasaka, amathandizira kutsatira nyama.
Zojambulajambula - marten wokongola kuthengo.
Kanema wonena za ofera. Onani kanema "Far East Marten Kharza" - zigawo ziwiri. Mawu ochepa. Wodabwitsa ola limodzi ndi theka mudzakhala nokha ndi chilengedwe.
Ndipo tsopano mutha kupita kummbali mwa ziphuphu Albion ndikuonera vidiyo "Marten. Mzimu wa m'nkhalango. ”
Ndipo kanema wina - "Marten Hunt".
Ndipo kanema wotsiriza - kukhazikitsa msampha pa marten
Khalidwe la Marten ndi zakudya
Zochita za Marten zimawonetsedwa madzulo ndi usiku. Masana, nyama zimagona m'maenje a mitengo kapena zisa zazikulu za adani. Martens amakhala nthawi yayitali pamitengo, kotero amatha kukwera mitengo yayikulu bwino ndikudumpha kuchokera ku nthambi ina kupita ku ina. Amatha kudumpha mpaka 4 metres.
Wachinyamata wofera.
Martens amasunthira pansi. Munthu aliyense ali ndi gawo lawolawo, lomwe malire ake ndi chinsinsi cha fungo labwino, lomwe limasungidwa kuchokera ku tiziwalo tambiri. Mlendo akaphwanya malire, ndiye kuti mikangano ikabuka pakati pa nyama. Koma mwa akazi ndi amuna, magulu amatha kudutsana. Dera lomwe magawo angasiyane kutengera nthawi ya chaka. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yachilimwe pali ziwembu zambiri kuposa nthawi yozizira.
Mverani mawu a ophedwa
Martens ali ndi mano akuthwa, chifukwa chake amatha kuthana ndi chakudya cha nyama ndi chomera. Zakudya za marten zimakhala ndi ma voles, agologolo, mbalame zazing'ono ndi mazira.
Komanso nyama zimadya tizirombo, zokwawa komanso ngakhale zovunda. Wofera amapha wolakwayo pomuluma kumbuyo kwa mutu wake. Kuchokera ku zakudya zamasamba amadya zipatso, mtedza ndi uchi. M'dzinja, nyama zimapanga chakudya m'nyengo yachisanu.
Mwala wophedwa.
Adani a Marten
Adani achilengedwe a martens ndi nkhandwe zofiira ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide, koma zowonongeka zazikuluzikulu zimabweretsa anthu.
Panthaŵi inayake, martens anaphedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha zikopa zawo. Izi zadzetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha nyama. Koma popeza malo okhala marten ndi ochulukirapo, palibe chifukwa chofotokozera za kuopsa kwa kutha. M'mayiko ena, martens amatetezedwa ndi malamulo ndipo kuwombera kwawo nkoletsedwa.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Ilka, kapena marten angler
Ilka, yemwe amapezeka m'nkhalango za ku North America, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti ma pine marten, kapena mapisi, mosiyana ndi dzina lake, amadya nsomba m'malo mwake. Malinga ndi ofufuza, nyamazo zimatha kudziwika ndi dzina chifukwa chobwereka kuchokera ku Chifalansa liwu loti fichet, kutanthauza "ferret" pakutanthauzira. Oyimira zamtunduwu nthawi zambiri amadya pamphezi zamitengo, mbewa, agologolo, agulu loyera ndi mbalame. Idyani ilka ndi zomata. Nthawi ndi nthawi, munthu amatha kuzindikira momwe martens amadzisangalatsira ndi zipatso ndi zipatso zosiyanasiyana, makamaka maapulo.
Martens waku North America
Nyama za ku America, komanso zilazi, ndizokhazokha pa nyama zomwe zimadyera kukula kwake, zimatha kusaka mosavuta pomakola timitengo ndi mitengo. Komabe, martens aku America samaphunziridwabe pang'ono, popeza amasiyanitsidwa ndi chisamaliro chachikulu komanso usiku. Asayansi amangoganiza kuti zakudya zawo ndi zizolowezi zawo zitha kukhala zofanana ndi martens amtundu wina.
Kodi opanga miyala amati chiyani?
Stone marten (dzina lake limadziwikanso - loyera loyamwa) limapezeka kudera la Europe, ndipo sachita mantha, mosiyana ndi nthumwi za mitundu ina ya marten, kuti azikhala pafupi ndi malo, nthawi zina amayang'ana ngakhale kunyumba za okhala komweko. Mwalawu unayamba kudziwika ndi dzina loti limapezeka ngakhale m'miyala. Oimira mtunduwu amadyera nyama, kusaka zonse zazing'ono (mbewa, makoswe, akalulu) ndi mbalame. Osanyoza nsomba zoyera ndi achule ndi tizilombo. M'chilimwe, amakonda kudya zipatso ndi zipatso. Zadziwika kuti nthawi zambiri miyala yamiyala imayambitsa kuba kwa nkhuku ndi nkhunda. Nkhuku, kuyamba kuchita mantha ndi kuphika nkhuku, nthawi yomweyo kudzutsa chilimbikitso mu martens. Zotsatira zake, amatha kupha mbalame zochulukirapo kuposa momwe angadye.
Zakudya za Marten
Mitengo ya pine martens (ma yellowheads) omwe amakhala kumadera angapo ku Europe komanso kumadzulo kwa maiko ena aku Asia, monga dzina lawo limafotokozera, amakonda kukhala m'nkhalango, popewa kukumana ndi anthu mosavuta. Oimira mtunduwu, monga ma martens ena ambiri, ali pafupifupi owopsa. Chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono, kuphatikizapo agologolo, ndi mazira a mbalame. Mwakusangalatsa, malinga ndi akatswiri a zochizira nyama, mbalame zachikasu zimadya achule ndi nkhono, ndipo kugwa nthawi zambiri zimadya zipatso zamtchire ndi mtedza, ndipo zimatha kudziunjikira nthawi yachisanu.
Zojambula zakunja
Marten ndi amodzi mwa omwe amadyetsa kwambiri gulu la anyani. Nyama yaying'ono iyi, yokhala ndi thupi lochepera komanso losinthika, tsitsi losalala, ndi mdani wamkulu kwa mbalame zambiri ndi nyama. Mpaka pano, asayansi amasiyanitsa mitundu 8 ya martens. Odziwika kwambiri a iwo - mwala ndi nkhalango zosiyanasiyana.
Mwalawu umakhala ndi mchira wautali komanso mchira wautali. Miyendo yake ndiyifupi. Nyama iyi, muzzle uli ndi mawonekedwe atatu. khalani okwera. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti nyamayi ndi yofanana kwambiri ndi thovu. Palibe kukaikira kufanana. Kusiyana kwakukulu ndi malo owala owoneka bwino pachifuwa cha wofera, ndikumadutsa mbali ziwiri kupita kumbuyo. Koma muyenera kudziwa kuti anthu aku Asia omwe amakhala mwa mitunduyi sangakhale ndi malo konse.
Tsitsi la nyama limakhala lolimba, lopakidwa utoto kapena utoto. Maso amdima. Usiku amawala kwambiri. Chithunzi cha mwala, chithunzi chomwe mungawone m'ndimeyi, chimasiya zithunzi zomveka bwino padziko lapansi kuposa "msuwani" wake wamtchire. Nyama yolusa imeneyi imadumphadumpha, pomwe miyendo yakumbuyo imatsikira patsogolo. Zotsatira zake, pali zikwangwani zomwe asaka amatcha "dontho-awiri".
Kuchokera m'nkhalangomo, cholengedwa choyera (mwala wamiyala) chimasiyana kwambiri. Ali ndi mchira wautali pang'ono, malo a pakhosi lake amakhala opindika, mphuno yake ndi yakuda, mapazi ake adakutidwa ndi ubweya. Mwalawu umalemera, ndipo kukula kwake ndi kocheperako. Kutalika kwa nyama ya chinyama chachikulu ndi masentimita 55, mchirawo ndi masentimita 30. Kulemera kumachokera ku 1 mpaka 2,5 kg. Amuna ndi okulirapo poyerekeza ndi akazi.
Stone Marten: Dera Logawa
Nyamayi imakhala m'mapiri opanda kanthu a Altai ku Caucasus, m'nkhalango zamvula za Ciscaucasia, ndipo nthawi zina m'mizinda ndi m'mapaki akum'mwera kwa Russia. Mtundu wa martens uwu ndiofala ku Eurasia, ku Mongolia ndi Himalayas.
Zimapezekanso ku Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, ndi Central ndi Central Asia. Nyamayi sikhala m'nkhalango, imakonda malo otseguka ndi shrub yaying'ono komanso mitengo yokhayokha, miyala yamiyala. Ndiye chifukwa chake nyamayi idatchedwa dzina ili. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, nyama yaying'onoyi siyimawopa anthu konse, imatha kupezeka mzipinda zapansi komanso pazitupa, m'makona a nyumba zokhalamo.
Ndimakondwerera kukonza nyumba? Ali mu ukapolo, mwalawo umaphedwa sukhala moyo. Pazifukwa izi, sizimawoneka kawirikawiri ngakhale m'malo osamalira nyama zikuluzikulu. Zowona, ku Germany, ku Central Zoo of Berlin, Ajeremani adatha kupanga malo abwino kwambiri, pafupi kwambiri ndi malo achilengedwe.
Masanjidwe
Akatswiri azomera amagawa miyala yonse m'magulu anayi.
- European Belydushka. Amakhala m'malo ena a ku Europe komwe kale kunali Soviet Union ndi Western Europe.
- Mkazi wachizungu. Monga momveka kale, uyu ndi wokhala ku Crimea. Ili ndi dzino losiyana pang'ono ndi achibale ena, chigaza chaching'ono komanso mtundu wopepuka.
- Caucasian whitefin. Uwu ndiye malo amtundu waukulu kwambiri ku Caucasus, wokhala ndi ubweya wofunika wowoneka bwino komanso pansi pake.
- Mkazi wa tsitsi loyera la Central Asia anasankha Altai kukhala malo ake okhala. Chifuwa chake sichikhala bwino. Imakhala ndi ubweya wokongola kwambiri.
Khalidwe la Habitat
Stone marten amagwira ntchito madzulo komanso usiku. Masana, iwo amagona m'maenje amitengo kapena amakhala m'malo azisamba zokhala ndi mbewa. Ambiri mwa moyo wa marten amakhala pa nthambi za mitengo, motero amakhala ndi chidaliro - kukwera pamtengo, kudumpha kuchokera ku nthambi kupita ku nthambi. Kudumpha kwawo kumatha kufika 4 metres.
Martens mwachangu amayenda mozungulira dziko lapansi. Munthu aliyense ali ndi gawo lawolawo, lomwe malire ake ndi chinsinsi chapadera. Mlendo akaphwanya malowo, ndiye kuti mkangano ungathe pakati pa nyama. Zowona, amuna ndi akazi omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala osiyana. Gawo la magawowa limasiyanasiyana malinga ndi nthawi ya chaka. Pali ziwembu zambiri m'chilimwe kuposa nthawi yozizira.
Mwala woponyedwa miyala ndi misampha
Kwa mlenje wodziwa zambiri, mart ndi chiphaso choyenera. Uku ndi kuwononga kwaukadaulo, mwachangu komanso mwachangu komwe kumatha kudutsa zopinga zina mukamayesetsa, kuwongolera komanso kubisala mumitengo. Nyengo zovomerezeka zimayamba mu Novembala. Monga tidanenera kale, uyu ndi nkhwangwa yochita usiku (mwala wamiyala). Kusaka ndikotheka usiku wokha. Pakumala izi, simubwerera opanda chimanjamanja.
Njira yothandiza kwambiri yosakira nyamayi ndikugwiritsa ntchito misampha. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito msampha No. 1. Msaki aliyense amakhala ndi zinsinsi zake zakukhazikitsa. Gawani mmodzi wa iwo. Misampha iyenera kuyikika panthambi za mitengo kutalika kwa mita imodzi mpaka ziwiri, ndiye kuti singakutilidwe ndi chipale chofewa. Ndipo chiweto chikagwera mumsampha, sichikhala ndi mwayi wotuluka (limbo).
Msampha wokhala ndi nyambo uyenera kuyikidwa pafupi ndi njirazi zopondedwa. Kusaka sikwambiri, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa nyama izi sikokwanira. Kuphatikiza apo, ndizovuta kwambiri kupeza nyama yotero. Komabe, kwa osaka njuga ambiri, marten ndi mwayi wolandiridwa.
Kodi marten wamba amawoneka bwanji m'nkhalango zathu ndi mapiri? Ngati wina afunsa funso loterolo, ndiye kuti kafotokozedwe kamatha kufotokozedwa, kutengera maziko a chinthu chodziwika bwino. Aliyense anawona chimbalangondo, osowera ku malo osungirako nyama ndi pachithunzichi. Chifukwa chake chepetsani chimbalangondocho maulendo angapo, pangani thupi kukhala lalitali, lochepera komanso lopepuka. Musaiwale kutambasula ndi kuyatsa nkhope. Inde, miyendo ikufunika kuti ikhale yochepetsetsa, koma yopepuka. Chifukwa chake tikhala ndikuphedwa.
Amayi ndi nyama zoyamwitsa zochokera ku banja la ofera.
Amayi ndi nyama zoyamwitsa zochokera ku banja la ofera. Achibale awo apamtima, kuphatikiza pamitundu ingapo ya ofera okha, ndi:
Chifukwa chake, banja la martens limaphatikizapo lumo laling'ono kwambiri ndi wolverine wamkulu, wofanana ndi chimbalangondo. Komabe, ma cuns onsewa ndiobwera, othamangira mwachangu komanso mwamphamvu.
Nyama zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi kukula kwapakatikati, poganiza kuti magawo awo ali pakati pakati pa wolverine wamkulu ndi weasel weasel. Khola ndi nyama yoyenda chala, yolusa, yokhala ndi miyendo yayifupi yopinda zisanu. Zala zake zimapezeka momasuka ndipo zili ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa, zomwe zimathandiza kuti nyamayi ikwere mosavuta mitengo. Kuphatikizira kwa marten ndi lakuthwa ndi makutu afupi, ogawidwa magawo awiri. Thupi lake ndi lalitali, lochepera, lopendekeka, lotha kusinthasintha mwachangu kudutsa mitengo komanso limadumphira pamtunda wautali.
Mchirawo ndiwotalikirapo, kufikira theka la kukula kwa thupi. Amasiyana ndi mchira wa gologolo posakhalapo fan, yomwe imakulitsa kuyendetsa bwino thupi komanso kuthamanga poyenda pamitengo, komanso kumapiri ndi miyala ndi miyala.
Mitundu iwiri yokha ya martens imakhala m'dera la Russia - nkhalango ndi mwala. Mitundu yoyambirira ndi pine marten.
Mtundu wa pine marten umachokera ku mgoza wamkati mpaka woderapo wakuda wokhala ndi chikaso chakumaso. M'nyengo yozizira, ubweya wa nyama umakhala wautali komanso wowonda, nthawi yotentha imakhala yofupika komanso yolimba.
Monga nthumwi zambiri za banja lino, thupi la ma pine limatha ndipo limakhala ndi timiyendo tatifupi komanso tsitsi kumapazi. Kutalika kwake, nyamayo imakula pafupifupi 50 cm, kutalika kwa mchira osapitilira 28 cm, imalemera pafupifupi 1.5 makilogalamu. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala wolemera kwambiri kuposa akazi.
Marten ndi nyama yoyenda ndi chala, kudya nyama, yokhala ndi miyendo yayifupi yokhala ndi mikono isanu
Zokonda pa zakudya za Marten
Kunena kuti ophedwa ndi olusa zili ngati kunena kanthu. M'mbuyomu, nyama zomwe zimadyera zimaphatikizapo nyama zonse zomwe zimadzipha zokha. Komabe, kodi chomera chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chilombo? Zachidziwikire, mutha, iye kupha nyama ndikudya yekha. Koma kodi mpheta imadyera? Inde, iwonso ndi nyama yolusa, yowopsa yamkango zamitundu yonse.
Nyama ndi nyama yodya nyama popanda chilichonse. Amadya chilichonse chomwe chimathamanga, kusambira, kuuluka, kulumpha, kukwawa. Omuzunza ake ndi:
- onse ali ndi mbewa,
- mbalame iliyonse yomwe idalibe nthawi yobwerekera ndulu ndi mano ake,
- agologolo
- chipmunks,
- ma cuns ena omwe ndi otsika mphamvu ndi kukula,
- nyama zonse zamkati.
Nyama ndi nyama yodya nyama popanda chilichonse
Nyama itha kudya ana a nkhandwe, nkhandwe, mbendera, nguluwe zakutchire ngati makolo awo apita kwina. Komabe, chakudya chachikulu cha martens ndi makoswe ndi mbalame.
Choyamba, matupi a nyamazo ndi akulu mokwanira kukhutitsa marten kwakanthawi. Kachiwiri, pali ambiri aiwo kuti athe kukhalabe ndi chiwerengero chokwanira cha omwe amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali.
Zojambula: nyama zakufa (zithunzi 25)
Moyo & Biotope
Aofera m'nkhalango amakumana ndi dzina lawo. Chilichonse mwa iwo chimasinthidwa kukhala ndi moyo pamitengo. Amiyala amiyala adatinso dzina lawo chifukwa cha moyo wawo komanso kukhala m'ndende zina. Zitha kukhala bwino pakati pamitengoyi, koma zimangomva bwino m'malo otseguka pakati pa miyala ndi miyala.
Komabe, cunyi anali nzika za m'nkhalangoyi. Kusintha kwawo konseku kumalumikizidwa ndi kusinthika kwa ma biotope momwe mapangidwe a mitengo pang'onopang'ono adakhala ochepa komanso osafunikira. Kupatula pa lamulo ili ndi wolverine yekha, yemwe ndi wamkulu kwambiri kuti amatha kudumphira panthambi ndikuwuluka mosavuta kuchokera pamtengo kupita kumtengo.
Onse martens amadziwa kukwera ndi kudumpha mitengo bwino, kuthana ndi mtunda wa 4 m posachedwa.Akusunthira mumtundu wovuta wa mtengo, amatha kutembenuzira mapazi awo ndi 180 °. Mapulasitiki oterewa amadziwika ndi onse opanga matabwa.
Ngati tirikunena za momwe nkhalangoyi imapangidwira, pomwe ma martens amakonda kukhazikika, ndiye kuti mitunduyi ndi yosakanikirana kwambiri. Kusungidwa koteroko kumachitika chifukwa chakuti pano nyama iliyonse yaying'ono imatha kupeza chakudya chokha. Munkhalango zotere, mbewa, agologolo, ma chipmunks amatha kudya:
- mtedza wolimbira,
- bowa
- udzu
- mbewu zamizu
- mitengo ya zipatso ndi zipatso
- nyama zamkati.
Maziko abwino a nyama ndi nkhalango yotchedwa pine, kutanthauza mbalame zazikulu zomwe zimadya singano, mbewu ndi udzu. Madera osiyanasiyana, hazel grouse ngakhale capercaillie ali othekera kudyetsa nyama yamphamvu komanso yosasamala monga marten.
Zakudya zamiyala yamiyala ndizosiyana ndi zomwe zimapezeka m'nkhalango. Komabe, kusiyanasiyana sikwachidziwikire. Pakati pazinthu zaphiri, ma bunnies a m'mapiri - pikas imatha kukhala chakudya. Akatswiri a Gophers amatha kubwezeretsanso chakudya m'maderawo. Ndipo zina zonse, maziko azakudya ndi mbewa zonse ndi mbalame.
Martens amakhala m'nkhalango zowuma, makamaka m'nkhalango za oak, popeza mitengo ya zipatso ndi zipatso za mitengo ina yokongola imakopa agologolo, mbewa ndi mbalame.
Komabe, biotope yovomerezeka kwambiri kwa marten ndi taiga ndi nkhalango zosakanikirana. Pano samapeza chakudya chochuluka, komanso malo obisika osamalira ana.
Malo okhala ndi Malo
Onse ofera amakonda kukhazikika m'maenje. Munkhalango, yopanda kanthu, komabe mitengo yamoyo komanso yolimba imakhala ikusowa kwambiri. Kuphatikiza pa martens, agologolo, ma chipmunks, mbalame (mitengo yamatabwa, ma pikas, ma nutatches, ma tini, ndi zina zambiri) amatero. Nthawi zina, zimbalangondo zoyera za Kum'mawa zakhala zikukhalamo. Tsopano, mitengo ikulu ikakhala yachilendo kwambiri, zimbalangondo izi nthawi zina zimakakamizidwa kuti nthawi yozizira zimangokhala dzenje pansi pa chitsamba, zomwe sizigwirizana nthawi zonse ndi nyengo yoipa kwambiri yaku Far East.
Momwe mitengo imasowa, ma mart okhala kale m'minki pakati pamiyala. Chifukwa chake dzina la mitundu - mwala marten. Kuphatikiza pa malo pakati pa miyala, marten uyu amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zisa zosiyidwa kapena zazikulu za mbalame zazikulu.
Chilombo ichi chimatha kugawa malo onse momwe mungagone ndikukhala kunja nyengo, ndi malo omwe mungapangire penti. Nthawi zina malingaliro awa amagwirizana, koma zikhalidwe za pathanthwe ziyenera kukhala zapadera.
Amphaka ndi nyama yokhala ndi chikhalidwe chotchulidwa. Kuti asunge tsambalo, liyenera kukhala lotchinga. Marten, monga zolengedwa zonse zomwe zimayamwa, amachita izi ndi fungo. Zolemba ndi zinthu zonunkhira zomwe zimalowetsedwa ndi anal. Kapangidwe ka fungo koyenera ndikofunikira, choyambirira, kuti asungidwe kutali ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo. Madera achimuna ndi achikazi amatha kuchuluka.
Nthawi zambiri amuna amakhala ndi gawo lawolawo kuposa lachikazi. Kukula kwa ziwembu kumatengera kuthekera kwa munthu yekhayo osati kungoyika fungo lamtunduwu, komanso kutsimikizira ufulu wawo m'gawoli. Munthu wamkulu amatha kugonjetsa dera lalikulu.
Pali zosiyana pamasamba ndi nyengo. M'nyengo yozizira, magawo a anthu payekhapayekha amatha kukhala hafu kuchulukana ndi chilimwe. Malo ocheperako nthawi yachisanu ndiosavuta kuteteza nthawi yayitali chipale chofewa komanso chakudya chochuluka.
Marten ndi bambo: magawo oyanjana
Ubwenzi wapakati pa anthu ndi nyama ungakhale wosiyana kwambiri. Ziwetozi zitha kukhala pachiwopsezo cha moyo wa anthu kapena zoweta. Pamenepa, martens kwinakwake m'matawuni amayesera kuti asakhale kutali ndi malo okhala. Siziika pachiwopsezo chilichonse kuumoyo wa anthu ndi moyo, kupatula momwe zinthu zimakhalira pamene iye mwini akakamiza nyama yosauka kuti idziteteze ndi kuteteza ana ake.
Zachidziwikire, pali mwayi kuti nthawi yachisanu chakudya cham'madzi chinyama chizikwawa kulowa mumkaka wa nkhuku ndikupita ndi nkhukuyo kunkhalango yake yowuma. Komabe, izi ndizosowa kwambiri.
Amakhulupirira kuti miyala yamiyala imakonda kumeza nkhuku kuposa nkhuku yake. Mwina izi ndichifukwa choti m'malo omwe mitunduyi ilipo kuchuluka kwa mbewa ndi nyama zina zazing'ono ndi mbalame ndizochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi nkhalango zosakanizika za ku Eurasia.
Pali kulongosolanso kwinanso kotsimikizira komwe kumabwera komwe munthu amakhala, kusungako zinthu zake ndipo ali ndi nyama zapakhomo. Uku ndiye kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe cha nyama izi.
Zomera zikuchepa nyumba zowerengeka. Nthawi yomweyo, ndi nkhalango yosakanikirana yomwe imavutika kwambiri, pomwe marten adapeza chakudya ndi pogona lokwanira. Kutulutsa ndi kutulutsa, kumene, kumawononga kwambiri chilengedwe cha marten. Komabe, zowononga kwambiri zitha kuzindikirika chifukwa cha pyrogenic factor.
Kuyendetsa moto kumawononga mitengo kwathunthu, ndikupanga udzu kapena zitsamba m'nkhalango. M'magawo awa, ma pine martens sangakhale moyo. Kupulumuka nyama, ngati ilibe kwina kusamukira, yesani kudyetsa, kuswana ndi chisanu m'maphulusa. Zotsatira zake, amakakamizidwa kupita kunyumba za anthu, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawathera mavuto.
Ngati moto ndi udzu (udzu, zinyalala, zitsamba, kuyaka kwamoto) ndi pafupipafupi, mitengo imakhala pyrotrauma. Pakatha zaka zingapo chiwonetsero cha moto, mtengowo umatha kutentha ndikugwa. Chifukwa chake moto wowononga maudzu umayambitsa zotsatira zomwezi ngati moto wamahatchi. Njira zokhazo ndizoyenda pang'onopang'ono. Kwa martens ndi nyama zina zamtchire, pali chotsatira chimodzi chokha - kufa kuchokera kuzinthu zopanda pake, kusamukira ku nkhalango zomwe sizinawotchedwe kale, kuwukira pamabatani olemera opangidwa ndi anthu.
Mapeto ake ndiwosavuta - musawononge marten biotope ndipo idutsa nyumba zanu. Nyamayi imakonda kukhala m'nkhalango zowirira, momwe mumadyamo komanso komwe ikabisala. Msiyeni iye ndodo zotere ndipo sadzakondwera ndi banja lanu.
Chidwi, TSOPANO!
Nyama yakudya yam'madzi yokhala ndi ubweya wautali wamtengo wapatali yochokera ku banja la marten ndipo marten amatchedwa pine marten. Mwanjira ina, amatchedwanso kuti nsomba za chikasu. Pine marten wosakhazikika komanso wachisomo.
Mchira wake wamtengo wapatali komanso wokongola uli ndi miyeso yoposa theka kutalika kwa thupi. Mchira sukhala ngati chodzikongoletsera cha chirombochi, mothandizidwa ndi woponda matendawa amakwanitsa kukhalabe olimba podumphira komanso pakukwera mitengo.
Miyendo yake inayi yodziwika imadziwika chifukwa mapazi awo amaphimbidwa ndi ubweya ndikubwera kozizira kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza nyamayi kusuntha mosavuta poyenda ndi chipale chofewa komanso ayezi. Pamiyendo inayiyo pali zala zisanu, zokhala ndi zikhadabo zopindika.
Amatha kukokedwa pakati. Phokoso la marten ndi lokwera komanso lalitali. Nyama imakhala ndi nsagwada zamphamvu ndi mano owonda. Makutu a martenwo ndi amitundu itatu, yayikulu poyerekeza ndi muzzle. Pamwamba iwo azunguliridwa komanso ndi chikongoletso chachikaso.
Mphuno ndi lakuthwa, lakuda. Maso ali amdima: usiku utoto wawo umasandulika amkuwa. Forest marten mu chithunzi imangosangalatsa. Chimawoneka ngati cholengedwa chofatsa komanso chopanda vuto ndi mawonekedwe osalakwa. Mtundu wokongola ndi mtundu wa ubweya wa marten ndiwowoneka bwino.
Amachokera ku mgoza wopepuka wokhala ndi yellowness mpaka bulauni. M'dera lakumbuyo, mutu ndi miyendo, tsitsi limakhala loyera nthawi zonse kuposa m'dera lam'mimba ndi mbali. Chingwe cha mchira wa nyama chimakhala chakuda nthawi zonse.
Mbali yodziwika bwino kwa marten kuchokera ku mitundu ina yonse ya marten ndi mtundu wachikaso kapena wamalanje wamalanje m'khosi, womwe umapitilira miyendo yakutsogolo. Kuchokera pamenepo adatuluka dzina lachiwiri la wophedwa - cholengedwa chachikasu.
Magawo a nyama yolusa ndiofanana ndi magawo a lalikulu. Kutalika kwa thupi 34-57 cm.Utali wautali masentimita 17-29. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala 30% kuposa amuna.
Zojambula ndi malo a pine marten
Dera lonse la nkhalango ku Eurasia mulinso anthu ambiri amtunduwu. Martens amakhala kunkhalango pagawo lalikulu. Amapezeka m'malo kuchokera ku Great Britain mpaka Kumadzulo, ku Caucasus ndi kuzilumba za Mediterranean, ku Corsica, Sicily, Sardinia, Iran ndi Asia Minor.
Nyama imakonda nkhalango zosakanizika komanso zowola, nthawi zambiri zomwe zimakonda kukhala chambiri. Nthawi zambiri, marten nthawi zina amakhala pamwamba m'mapiri, koma m'malo omwe mumakhala mitengo.
Nyama imakonda malo ndi mitengo yopanda mabowo. Potseguka amatha kupita kukasaka kokha. Malo amiyala yamapeto ndi malo osayenera; iye akuwapewa.
Palibe malo okhazikika mwa mwana wachikasu. Amakhala m'malo obisalamo pamtunda wamamita 6, m'mabowo, zisa zosiyidwa, zoponderezedwa ndi mphepo. M'malo oterowo, nyamayo imaleka kupumula kwa tsiku.
Madzulo pakubwera, nyama zolusa zimayamba kusaka, ndipo zitatha kuthawira kwina. Koma kumayambiriro kwa chisanu champhamvu, moyo wake ungasinthe, wopandukayo kwa nthawi yayitali amakhala pabalaza, kudya chakudya chosungidwa kale. Pine marten akuyesera kuti azikhala kutali ndi anthu.
Zithunzi za Marten anakakamizika kumuyang'ana iye ndi kutengeka mtima ndi chilakolako china chosagwedezeka chogwira nyama m'manja ndi kumenyedwa. Akasaka nyama zamtunduwu komanso zochepa pang'onopang'ono m'tchire momwe zimapezekera, zimavuta kwambiri kuti zizikhala ndi kubereketsa. Marten waku Russia ndimaganizirabe mtundu wina wofunika kwambiri wamalonda chifukwa cha ubweya wake.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Pini marten amakonda kukhala ndi kusaka mitengo kuposa ena onse amtundu wake. Amakwera mitengo yayikulu mosavuta. Mchira wake umamuthandiza kuthana ndi izi, amagwira ntchito ngati woponda, gudumu, ndipo nthawi zina parachute, chifukwa chake nyamayo imalumphira pansi popanda zotsatirapo zake.
Nsonga za mitengo ya marten sizowopsa konse, zimasuntha mosavuta kuchoka ku nthambi imodzi kupita ku ina ndipo zimatha kudumpha mamita anayi. Pansi, iyenso amalumpha. Amasambira mwaluso, koma samachita kangapo.
Mu chithunzicho pine marten pamphako
Ichi ndi nyama yachinyengo komanso yothamanga kwambiri. Itha kuphimba mtunda wautali. Mphamvu zake za kununkhira, masomphenya ndi kumva zili pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri pakupsa. Mwachilengedwe, ndi nyama yoseketsa komanso yosangalatsa. Pakati pawo, ma martens amalumikizana ndi oyeretsa ndi ma cookls, ndipo mawu ofanana ndi twitter amachokera kwa makanda.
Mverani kutsika kwa mtengo wa paini
Habitat
Munthu wa mtundu uwu limakhala makamaka m'nkhalango za conech . M'madera a Polesie, m'nkhalango zosakanikirana, nyama imapezeka nthawi zambiri. Pine marten amatha kupulumuka ngakhale kumadera akutali am'mapiri, omwe kutalika kwake kuli pafupifupi 1800 metres pamwamba pa nyanja.
Malo omwe amakonda kukhala moimira nthumwi zamtunduwu amaonedwa kuti ndi nkhalango, zopanda anthu. Mphepo yamkuntho ndi dzenje mumitengo yakale zimathandizira kuti kanjedza zizibisala pangozi, kupeza malo otentha nthawi yachisanu ndikungopuma.
Nyama sizikhala malo amodzi . Amatsata moyo wosasunthika kuti apumule masana, nyamayo imapeza dzenje labwino kumtunda ndikugona usiku. Nyama imasaka usiku. , masanawa ndizosatheka kukumana.
Oimira amtunduwu amakhala okha. . Munthu aliyense amapatsidwa gawo mwachinsinsi m'deralo, lomwe nyama zimayang'anira. Dera la akazi ndilocheperako pang'ono kuposa gawo la amuna, nthawi zina malire amatha kudutsana.
Kuthengo, nyama zamtunduwu zimakumana ndi adani ambiri. Ndi chikhalidwe kumvana nawo :
Kodi kusaka ndi ndani?
Sable, yomwe imapezeka ku Siberia ya taiga, kuphatikiza pa chakudya chamtundu wonse wamkati, kusaka grouse ndi capercaillie. Komabe, ambiri mwaakudya ake amapangidwa ndi pikas (senostavki) ndi agologolo - amaphedwa pachaka chaka chilichonse m'njira zambiri pafupifupi mamiliyoni angapo a nyama zamtchirezi.
Mitundu yambiri yamfera
Martens (wa ku Lat. Martes) - mtundu wa zolengedwa zoyamwitsa zochokera ku banja marten (Mustelidae). Kutengera mtundu, mitundu yambiri ndi ma subspecies amasiyanitsidwa, kuphatikiza banja la marsupial martens. Ku Russia kuli charza, miyala ndi pine marten, chovala. Pa ubweya, mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya nyamayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito - nkhalango ndi miyala ya marten. Martens amakhala ku Europe, gawo la ku Europe la Russia, Western Siberia, China, Mongolia, Western Asia.
American Marten (Martes americana)
Ilka (Martes pennanti), kapena Pecan
Stone Marten (Martes foina)
Marten (Martes martes)
Nilgir Harza (Martes gwatkinsii)
Sable (Martes zibellina)
Harza (Martes flavigula)
Marten waku Japan (Martes melampus)
American Marten - kufupika
American marten (lat. Martes americana) ndi mtundu wosowa wa banja la marten. Yofanana ndi pine marten, imangosiyana ndi miyendo yayikulu ndi phokoso lalitali. Malo okhala marten waku America ndi Alaska, Canada, North America. Malo okhala marten waku America ndi nkhalango zakale zophatikizika ndi zosakanikirana.
Marten waku America ali ndi thupi lalitali, locheperako, lokhala ndi ubweya wofewa, wandiweyani komanso wonyezimira, wokhala ndi utoto wozungulira kuyambira wachikaso kutuwa. Khosi la nyamayo limakhala la chikasu, ndipo mchira ndi miyendo yake ndi zakuda. Pamizere yokhala ndi mizere iwiri yakuda yomwe ikuyenda motsika maso. Mchira wautali wofiyira ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kutalika kwa nyamayo. Marten ali ndi nsapato zazitali zotalika theka zomwe zimathandizira kukwera mitengo, komanso mapazi akulu, abwino m'malo otentha kwambiri.
Kusaka ndi kudula mitengo kwa mitengo kudapangitsa kuti malo okhala atheretu, ndikuchititsa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu. Pakadali pano, marten waku America wayamba kudziwongolera okha kuchuluka kwa anthu ndipo palibe choopseza kutha. Ma martens ambiri aku America amafera mumisampha ya kalulu. Marten waku America ndiye mdani wa nyama zamalonda - agologolo ndi akalulu. Zimasaka martens chifukwa cha ubweya wake wofunika. M'mbuyomu, adalipira $ 100 pakhungu, koma mtengo wake ndi $ 12- $ 20 pakhungu lililonse.
Ilka - mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya marten
Msodzi wa pine marten waku North America (Martes pennanti) amadziwikanso ndi mayina Fisher (Chingerezi), Pecan (French), Ilka (Russian), America ndi Virgo Pole. Wofera adalandira dzina loti "asodzi" kuchokera ku Chingerezi - "asodzi", omwe adagwirizana ndi "wolemera" wachi French - Ferret.
Ilka amakhala m'nkhalango zachilengedwe za North America, kuchokera ku Mapiri a Sierra Nevada ku California kupita kumapiri a Appalachian ku West Virginia. Amakonda kubzala mitengo yamitengo yambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mabowo, nthawi zina kukumba mu chisanu. Ilki ndiosinthasintha komanso yachangu, mitengo yokwera mwachangu, okwera bwino kwambiri, koma nthawi zambiri amayenda pansi.
Wokongoletsa mosangalatsa ku banja lalikulu la ophedwa. Ngakhale amachitcha kuti asodzi - koma amadya nsomba mosakakamira, kawirikawiri. Ilka ndi membala wamkulu kwambiri pabanja la marten, kutalika kwa thupi ndi mchira 75-120 cm. Mawonekedwe ake a ilka amafanana ndi weasel - thupi lalitali ndi miyendo lalifupi, pomwe zala zisanu zili ndi zikhadabo zokulirapo, mutu wosalala komanso wopindika, makutu ang'onoang'ono ozungulira korona, , mchira wakuda ndi fluffy.
Nyamayo imakhala ndi utoto wakuda, ubweya kumutu, khosi ndi mapewa okhala ndi siliva tint, matako ndi mchira wake ndi wakuda kapena wakuda. Chowoneka ndichilendo cha ilka ndi tsitsi loyera kapena zonona mkati mwa maliseche. Chovalacho ndi chachitali, chambiri komanso chopondera. Pukuta kumbuyo mpaka 3 cm, pachifuwa mpaka 7 cm.
Ilka ndi nyama yolusa kwambiri, yomwe ndi imodzi mwa nyama zochepa zomwe zimadya porcupine. Amadyanso nyama zina - mbewa, ma chipmunks, agologolo, mavu. Ilka ali ndi adani ochepa, makamaka wamwamuna. Ilka ndi mutu wofuna kusaka chifukwa cha bulauni lakuda lokongola lomwe limasefukira ndi "malaya" aubweya.
Zofukizira zimayamika ubweya wapadera wa ilka: motala wolimba, mulu wotsika pakhosi kuchokera pamtanda ndikufika kumtundu kumakhala wamdima, wokwera ndi mawonekedwe a marten. Palibe ubweya umodzi womwe umakhudzanso zomwezi. Zikopa zikuluzikulu, muluwo umakhala wokhazikika. Zogulitsa zingapo zimasokedwa kuchokera ku ubweya wa ilka - malaya amoto, zovala zazifupi, zovala, matalala. Chifukwa cha ubweya wokwera mtengo, ndizachilendo kwambiri kupeza chovomerezeka kuchokera ku ilka, makamaka pamawonekedwe a catwalks komanso pazopanga zaopanga otchuka. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuyamwa kwa ubweya wa ilka, womwe umangokhala ku North America.
Stone Mountain Marten
Mwala wotchedwa marten, kapena loyera-loyera kapena phiri (kuchokera ku Latin Martes foina) ndi nyama yolusa yochokera ku banja la marten (Mustelidae). Mwala marten amakhala kumadera ambiri a Eurasia. Magawo ake amagawana kuchokera ku Iberian Peninsula kupita ku Mongolia ndi Himalayas. Ndiwofera kwambiri ku Europe ndi mtundu wokhawo wofera, osawopa kukhala pafupi ndi malo okhala. Miyala yamiyala yam'madzi, imakonda mabwinja a nyumba zakale komanso maziko amiyala yamafamu, imatha kukhazikika m'malo otetezeka, kumapiri, kumapiri kwa nkhalango ndi zipululu, m'malo opezeka mapiri.
Marten wamwala uja ali ndi mutu waukulu komanso chopondera pang'ono. Thupi limasinthasintha, lalitali komanso lochepera. Matata amfupi ndi zala zisanu pachilichonse, zikhadabo zokhazikika. Mapazi ali pawes. Mchirawo ndi wautali, wokutidwa ndi tsitsi lopota, makutu akulu ndi opindika patatu. Mwalawu umakhala ndi ubweya wonenepa. Mtundu waukulu wa mwala umakhala wonyezimira. Pakhosi pali malo oyera ammero, ali ngati khwalala, omwe amatha kufikira kutsogolo. Mtundu wa nthawi yozizira, utoto wonyezimira komanso wowala bwino, umapatsa umunthu wake umunthuwo. M'nyengo yotentha ndi yophukira, ubweya wopundira umakhala wamdima, wafupikitsa komanso wowonda.
Zikopa za nyengo yachisanu ndi masika zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ubweya ukakhala wowala, wowoneka bwino, komanso malaya atali kwambiri, poyerekeza ndi nthawi yachilimwe komanso yophukira. Phula lamiyala limagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira yake, silipakidwa kwambiri. Zovala zamkati, zokutira zazifupi zazitali zimasokedwa kuchokera ku ubweya wamiyala yamiyala, kolala yokongoletsedwa, cuffs ndi zipewa.
Noble pine marten
Pine marten, kapena mutu wachikasu, kapena zofewa (kuchokera ku Lat. Martes martes) ndi mtundu wamanyama kuchokera kubanja la marten (Mustelidae). Nthawi zina amatchedwa "abwino marten", chifukwa cha mtundu wa ubweya ndi mphamvu zake. Amakhala ku Europe komanso kumadzulo kwa Asia. Masambawa amachokera ku Britain Isles kupita ku Western Siberia ndipo kumwera kuchokera ku Mediterranean kupita ku Caucasus ndi Elburz. Pine marten (baum marten) amakhala pamitengo, m'nkhalango zobiriwira komanso zosakanikirana. Imadyera mbalame, makoswe (agologolo), imadyera mazira a mbalame.
Mutu wa paini marten ndi wocheperako, womwe uli ndi muzzle woongoka, makutu okhala ndi nsonga zozungulira. Zovala ndizowoneka bwino, zopindika, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi moyo wamakhalidwe oyipa. Thupi la pine marten limakhala ndi miyendo ndi tsitsi lalifupi pamapazi. Mchirawo ndiwotalikirapo komanso wowoneka bwino, ntchito yake ndikuwonetsetsa mukakwera ndi kudumphira. Pamutu pali makutu opindika atatu opingidwa ndi chingwe chachikaso, mphuno yake ndi yakuda. Kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira pa masentimita 45 mpaka 58, kutalika kwa mchira kumayambira 16 mpaka 28 cm, ndipo kulemera kumayambira 0.8 mpaka 1.8 kg. Amuna nthawi zambiri amalemera 30% kuposa akazi.
Mbuna ya pine imakhala ndi tsitsi lofiirira, losalala, lofewa komanso pang'ono, malo otchulidwa pakhosi komanso mchira wautali. Poyerekeza ndi nkhono yauwisi, kufota kwamkati kumapangitsa khungu kuwoneka. Ubweya wozizira ndi wautali komanso wowonda. M'nyengo yotentha, tsitsi la pine marten limakhala lalifupi komanso lolimba. Ubweya wa pine marten umapaka utoto wamatumbo kapena mtundu wakuda, utoto wofiirira wokhala ndi burashi. Kumbuyo, mutu ndi pamimba ndizakuda zomwezo. Matope ndi matayala amdima ndi amdima, makutu okhala ndi vuto lakuthwa m'mphepete, pakhosi komanso m'munsi mwa khosi - lalikulupo ndi khosi lamkaka loyera.
Mitundu ya ma pine martens, omwe amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana a gawo lalikulu la Russia, ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Pankhaniyi, zikopa zonse zimagawidwa m'mitundu ingapo: Kuban, chapakati, kumadzulo, kumpoto, Murmansk, Ural.
Kuphatikiza pa mitundu, zikopa za pine marten zimagawidwa m'magulu anayi amitundu:
Buluu wakuda. Ubweya ndi mtundu wakuda wa mgoza wopanda matani ofiira. Pansi pali imvi ya buluu kumunsi ndi imvi yopepuka pamwamba.
Buluu. Ubweya ndi mgoza. Pansi pali imvi.
Mchenga wakuda. Ubweya ndi wofiirira kapena wamchenga wakuda, pali ubweya wofiyira, makamaka wambiri m'mbali za khungu. Pansi pamunsi pali imvi, ndipo kumapeto kwake ndi mchenga wowala.
Mchenga. Ubweya wake ndi wofiirira komanso wopepuka wachikasu. Pansi pali imvi pamunsi, chikaso pamtunda.
Zofunika kwambiri ndi zikopa zokhala ndi ubweya wamdima wakuda. Zikopa za Marten nthawi zambiri zimapakidwa utoto. Pankhaniyi, mawonekedwe amtundu amagwiritsidwa ntchito ofanana ndi zinthu kuchokera sable. Ntchito popanga zovala ndi zipewa. Zopangidwa zopangidwa ndi zinthu zotere ndizosangalatsa kwambiri kukhudza, villi kwenikweni ukuyenda pafupi.
Nilgir Harza - wadyera wachilendo
Nilgir harza (Latin Martes gwatkinsii) ndi nyama yoyamwitsa ya banja la a Mustelidae. Mmodzi mwa oimira wamkulu komanso owoneka bwino wa genus marten, pamodzi ndi harza (Martes flavigula). Mitundu yokha ya marten yomwe imapezeka ku South India. Amakhala pamapiri a Nilgiri komanso ku Western Ghats.
Malo okhala marten a Nilgirian ndiwofatsa, wokhala ngati mapiri nthawi zonse (khofi, Cardamom, minda ya mthethe) ndi nkhalango zamvula zam'malo otentha. Imakhala m'mapiri kuyambira 600 mpaka 1400 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Pewani malo otseguka.
Kusokoneza Nilgir charza ndi nthumwi zina zamtunduwu ndizosatheka. Pokhala wa bulauni pamwamba komanso utoto wa lalanje pamaso ndi khosi, ndiye m'modzi mwa oimira zokongola kwambiri amtundu wa marten.
Nilgirian marten ndi nyama yosaka nyama yosaka nyama, makoswe (agologolo aku India, mbewa zokhala ndi miyendo yoyera), tizilombo tating'onoting'ono (cicadas), repitili (abuluzi, abuluzi oyang'anira amawotcha a Bengal) ndi anyani aang'ono (agwape aku Asia).
Nilgirian marten ndi nyama yosowa kwambiri. Mitunduyi yalembedwa mu International Red Book komanso mu CITES Convention (Zowonjezera III). Kuchulukana kumapitilira kuchepa chifukwa chakusowa kwa malo okhala. Zimaletsa kupezeka kwa anthu.
Harza - Makamaka Motley Marten
Kharza, kapena mayi wouma wamkaka wachikasu, kapena Ussuri marten (Martes flavigula) ndi nyama yodyetsa ya banja la ofera. Woyimira wamkulu kwambiri, wachilendo kwambiri pakapangidwe ka thupi komanso woimira utoto wowoneka bwino, nthawi zina amakhala payokha.
M'mapiri a Amur-Ussuri Territory of Russia, charza imachokera kumayiko a Southeast Asia, popeza gawo lalikulu limapezeka ku Great Sunda Islands, Peninsula ya Malacca, Indochina, kumapeto kwa Himalayas, China, ndi Peninsula ya Korea. Malo okhala kwayekha amadziwika kum'mwera kwa Indian subcontinent.
Kharza ndi nyama wamba yamitengo yosakanikirana komanso yosakanikirana. Amakonzekera kukhazikika m'malo otsetsereka a m'mapiri ndi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje. Ku Myanmar, imakhala m'madambo, ndipo ku Pakistan - m'chipululu, mapiri opanda kanthu. Imasungidwa pansi, ngakhale imakwera mitengo bwino. Imathamanga kwambiri, ndipo kudumpha kuchokera pamtengo kupita kumtengo, ndikupanga kulumpha mpaka mita 4.
Kutalika kwa thupi 55-80 cm, mchira 35-44 masentimita, kulemera mpaka 5,7 kg. Pa khosi lalitali kumakhala mutu yaying'ono wokhala ndi chopondera komanso osati makutu akulu kwambiri. Thupi limakhala lotalika, lopanda minyewa, yosinthika kwambiri, miyendo yayifupi yolimba ndi miyendo yayitali. Mchira wake ndiwofewa. Ubweya wake ndi wowuma, wamfupi, wowala. Ubweya wa chilimwe ndi wamfupi komanso wowuma kuposa nyengo yozizira, yamdima, makamaka kumbuyo. Ngakhale nyengo yozizira, ubweya wa charza ndi waufupi, wosalala, wonyezimira, wosalala.
Zosiyanasiyana mu multicolor, motley coloring. Utoto wa achinyamata charz ndi woyera komanso wopepuka, makamaka kumbuyo. Pamwamba pamutu ndi kupukutira kwa charza ndi utoto wakuda, nsagwada ya m'munsi ndiyoyera. Chovala pakhosi ndi pachifuwa chimakhala chachikaso chowoneka bwino, pamtengowu chimakhala ndi golide wonyezimira, wodera kumaso, ndipo pamiyendo ndimtundu wakuda. Mchira wake ndi woderapo.
Kharza ndi amodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri osokoneza bongo a Ussuri taiga. Amadyetsa ndodo, ziwala, maula, mavu, ndi mbalame. Nthawi zina imagwira ana ang'ombe a anthu osabera - nguluwe zakutchire, agwape a Manchurian, elk, agwape, agwape, agwape. Nthawi zambiri amagwira agalu a raccoon, omwe amalankhula komanso sabata. Zipatso za mtedza ndi paini zimadyedwa pang'ono, ndipo zimathandizidwa kupangira uchi. Koma khola lomwe amakonda kwambiri Kharza ndi deya wa musk.
Mtengo wamalonda wa charza ndi wocheperako, chifukwa ndizosowa, ndipo khungu lake silabwino. Kharza ndi osowa konse ku Russia; pakadali pano, sawasaka. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa komanso kukulitsa malo olimamo zikuchepetsa gawo lomwe liyenera kukhalanso ndi moyo wa nyama zodyerazi; Yophatikizidwa ndi Annex III ku Msonkhano Wapadziko Lonse mu Endangered mitundu ya Fauna ndi Flora (CITES). Amalembedwa "Mndandanda wazinthu zanyama zomwe zimafunikira chisamaliro chapadera mkhalidwe wawo wachilengedwe."
Marten waku Japan ndi wachibale wosauka
Marten waku Japan, kapena ndine nkhokwe yaku Japan (Latin Martes melampus) ndi mtundu wa nyama zoyamwitsa kuchokera ku banja la a Mustelidae. Achi Japan ofera mokhazikika adakhala ku Japan kuzilumba zitatu zakumwera za Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Tsushima, komanso ku Korea. Za ubweya mu 1949 adabwera kuzilumba za Japan ku Hokkaido ndi Sado. Amakhala m'nkhalango zowuma komanso zobiriwira, kuthengo. Marten yaku Japan imakwera mpaka 1800 m kuchokera pamwamba pa nyanja.
Mtundu wa ubweya wa marten waku Japan umasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku chikasu chofiirira mpaka chofiirira chakuda, pali malo oyera pakhosi ndi kumbuyo kwa mutu. Ili ndi gawo lalitali lachitetezo cha martens ambiri, miyendo yayifupi, komanso mchira wowonda. Kutalika kwa thupi kuchokera pa 47 mpaka 54 cm, mchira kuchokera 17 mpaka 23 cm.
Marten waku Japan ndi wachibale wosauka m'banja la marten. Achijapani amayamikira ubweyawu chifukwa cha utoto wake wachikaso, kutanthauza kuwala ndi dzuwa kwa iwo. Ubweya uwu ndi wopanda utoto. Pambuyo penti, khungu limasanduka inki-yowoneka ndipo chithumwa chake chachikaso chimazimiririka. Ubweya wake ndi wotsika mtengo kwambiri ndipo sugwiritsa ntchito konse ntchito m'mafakitale.
Martens aku Japan amasaka chifukwa cha ubweya wawo, komabe, anthu ena (ku Hokkaido ndi Tsushima) amatetezedwa kwathunthu. Marten waku Japan amagwidwa chifukwa cha ubweya wake wofunika kuyambira pa Disembala 1 mpaka Januware 31 paliponse paliponse, kupatula zilumba za Hokkaido ndi Tsushima, komwe amatetezedwa komanso kutetezedwa ndi malamulo. Zambiri mu Tsushima subspecies M. m. tsuensis imakhala pangozi ndi WSOP. Kafukufuku wama genetic akuwonetsa kuti M. melampus adapatukana ndi Martes zibellina monga mtundu wodziyimira pawokha zaka pafupifupi 1.8 miliyoni zapitazo.
Mtengo wamalonda wamankhwala
Kupereka ubweya wofunika kwambiri wamatumbo, martens ndi ena mwa nyama zofunika kwambiri zaubweya. M'malo ambiri okhala, ma martens ndi ochepa, motero kuwasaka ndi koletsedwa ndipo kutulutsa kwawo kumakhala kochepa kwambiri. Kuchulukitsa kwa mafakitale okonzekera marten ndikochepa kwambiri.Magulu omwe amagulitsidwa pamisika sikuti amaposa zikopa za 500, zambiri zimagulitsidwa mwamseri kudzera mwa osaka osaka.
Alenje amasaka ndikusaka martens ndi misampha komanso ndege zina, koma akatswiri akusaka adazindikira kale kuti zikopa za nyama zopezeka mwanjira iyi zimakhala pafupifupi 50% mwatsatanetsatane kuposa zomwe adapeza ndi galu. Izi ndichifukwa choti mitembo ya marten yomwe idaphedwa masiketi idawonongeka ndi makoswe ndi mbalame.
M'masiku akale panali asaka omwe amadziwa kuthamangitsa mithamangidwe yomwe inkayenda pamakona amitengo kwa makilomita ambiri, kuyitsatira kumapazi kwa chipale chofewa chomwe chimawonekera kuchokera kunthambi. Tsopano kulibe konse ambuye oterowo, ndipo ofera amakodwa.
Ubweya wa Marten ndi hypoallergenic
Ubwino waukulu wa marten ndi ubweya wake wothandiza komanso wapamwamba kwambiri, mtengo wake, poyerekeza ndi ubweya wina, ndi wotsika mtengo komanso wotsika mtengo. Izi ndizotentha, zimatha kuvala ndipo zimawoneka bwino. Zinthu zopangidwa ndi ubweya wa marten ndizovala kwambiri, chifukwa ubweya wa marten umakhala ndi undercoat yolimba. Moyo wautumiki wa ubweya wopotera ndi nyengo zosachepera 7. Kuyambira kale, ubweya wa marten wakhala ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakusoka zovala zofunda.
Ndizabwino kwa zovala zonse zazitali komanso zovala zapamwamba zazifupi kapena malaya apamwamba. Mutha kusoka zipewa, kolala, zinsalu zochokera ku marten, kuvala zovala zakunja, kolala yochokera ku marten imayenda bwino ndi malaya amoto a astrakhan.
Mwambiri, kwa fashoni yamakono, Ubweya wa ubweya ndi imodzi mwazabwino kwambiri, zonse pazokongola ndi kuvala, komanso pamitengo ndi mtengo. Kupatula apo, zopangidwa marten sizingangogwirizira zokhazokha, komanso kusinthitsa ndalama zamtengo wapatali. Zovala, mafunda, marten stoles - uwu ndi wabwino kwambiri, umawotha nyengo iliyonse, ndikusangalatsa kwa anthu omwe akudutsa, ndikudalira kwanu kukopa kwanu, kosatsutsika.
Mbali yodziwika bwino ya ubweya wa marten ndi kuchepa kwake. Mchenga umakhala ndi mpweya wokwanira, chifukwa chomwe fumbi lomwe limayambitsa matalala silimakhalamo. Chifukwa cha izi, ngakhale anthu ambiri omwe sakonda ziwengo amatha kudzikondweretsa okha ndi mankhwala a ubweya kapena ndi matope a ubweya, osawopa zoyipa zomwe zingachitike.
Mtengo waubweya wakubala
Ku Russia, ubweya wa marten udali wamtengo wapatali kwa makolo athu. Zikopa za Kunya zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita malonda, kupereka misonkho, kusinthanitsidwa ndi katundu wakunja ndi siliva wachiarabu, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ndalama ndi golide. Poyamba, kunas ankatchedwa mitolo ya ubweya wamtengo wapatali, kenako kachuma, kenako ndalama. Ku Russia Kwakale, khungu la marten limakhala ngati gawo la ndalama - imodzi imodzi.
Mabala a Cuny amatchulidwa mu ndakatulo yakale ya ku Russia yotchuka "Mawu onena za Igor's Regiment" monga "anthu furs of the honour". Akalonga, anyamata ndi oimira ena olemekezeka adavala zovala zawo zophedwa. Chovala cha ubweya wa kunya kapena m'mphepete mwa malo odyera sichimapezeka kwa munthu wamba kapena mmisiri, ndipo siogulitsa aliyense amene angakwanitse. Olemba achi Greek akale adagwiritsa ntchito liwu lofananalo la ChiSlavic kutcha zovala za ubweya wa anthu okhala kumpoto kwawo.
Kuyambira kalekale, njira zambiri zamatsenga komanso zikhulupiriro zambiri zakhala zikuyenda m'mbuyo mwa marten, zakhala zikuwoneka kuti ndi nyama yodziwikiratu. Monga nkhwangwa, imayambira zochitika zosangalatsa komanso zowala.
M'nkhalangomo muli nyama zambiri zosiyanasiyana. Zoyang'anira, zolengedwa, mbalame, zokwawa - kutali ndi mndandanda wathunthu wa okhala m'nkhalango. Kukongola kwa nkhalango, kuvala chovala chosowa mtundu wa uchiwwheat uchi, umatchedwa kuti marten. Amadziwikanso kuti maluwa achikasu.
Kodi martens amadya mapuloteni?
Ndizosangalatsa kuti akatswiri ena amati ngati mapuloteni sapezeka m'matumba momwemo, ndiye kuti marten amatha kuchoka kuderali kukafunafuna chakudya monga. Komabe, kafukufuku waposachedwa ndi akatswiri a zanyama ndi asayansi amatilola kunena kuti kuganiza kuti izi sizolondola. Pokhapokha pa coniferous taiga zone nyengo yachisanu, 44,5% ya martens yokolola yomwe idatha kuzindikira zotsalira za protein m'mimba. Pomwe, nthawi yotentha, martin sangawalabadire nkomwe. Chifukwa chake, palibe kulumikizana pakati pa mapuloteni ndi ma martens komanso ngati zokonda za gastics zimakhudza kusinthasintha kwa manambala a mapuloteni pawokha. Kupatula kungapangike pokhapokha chiwerengero cha martens chikakhala chambiri komanso kuti athe kudzipatsa okha chakudya, amatha kuwononga mapuloteni. Muzochitika zina zonse, chifukwa chakusowa kwa mapuloteni (izi zimadandaula nthawi zambiri ndi asaka omwe amapita ku gologolo) ndizowopsa zakudya - kusowa kwa chakudya choyambirira cha nyama iyi.
Amayi oyembekezera
Mimba mu marten imatenga masiku 236-237 ndipo imagawika pawiri. Nthawi yoyamba imaphatikizapo masiku 200 ndipo imakhala yovuta komanso yobisika. Pakadali pano, mafumbo sakukhula ndipo sanamamatira kukhoma la chiberekero. Ndipo, iyi ndi nthawi yachiwiri yachitukuko - yayikulu, imangokhala masiku 27-28. Ndipo, monga lamulo, kumapeto kwa Marichi-kumayambiriro kwa Epulo, kutenga pakati kumatha pakubala. Komanso, mu litala limodzi pakhoza kukhala kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 8 ana, koma nthawi zambiri awa ndi nyama 4-5. Zinyalala zazikulu zimawonedwa m'zaka zabwino zokha, zomwe tidalemba pamwambapa. Komabe, chiwopsezo cha kufa kwa achichepere achinyamata akadali okwera kwambiri. Ndipo, 39-58% yokha ya ma martens ochepera omwe amakhalabe chaka chimodzi. Zowona, izi zimachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zofananira, osati kufa koyambirira kwa owononga ochepa.
Kodi ofera amakhala kuti?
Tinalemba kale pamwambapa kuti zilombo zazing'onozi sizikhala kunja kwa nkhalango. Komabe, kuti wodalitsika asamve kudekha komanso asamakayikire nkhalangoyi, amafunika pabwino. Pine marten samamanga zisa, koma sikuti atenge phokoso la gologolo, kapena kuthawira mu chisanu chakuthwa mu chitsime chopendekeka kapena kubowola mtengo wakale. Inde, martens amakhalabe mitengo. Ndipo, ngakhale mpaka posachedwapa chinali chizolowezi kukhulupirira kuti izi sizinali choncho, ndikoyenera kuyang'ana munthu wachule wotere. Zowona, m'malo ena ake okhalamo, poganiza kuti palibe kufunika koteroko, marten samawonetsa luso loterolo pokwera mitengo. Kuyendetsa zilombo pamtengo mwina gologolo - wopondayo amawulondola, kapena galu - amabisala mumtengomo kuthamangitsa. Komanso, zazikazi nthawi zambiri kuposa abambo zimakwera mitengo.