Mawonekedwe olimbitsa thupi, thupi limakutidwa ndi ntchofu - kusinthasintha kuti muchepetse kusamvana mu madzi am'madzi.
Mafupa ndi mafupa.
Pumirani mothandizidwa ndi ma gill omwe ali ndi mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi.
Ndi kukulira kwa chikhodzodzo, nsomba zimayandama, pomwe zimachepetsa - zimamira mwakuya, ndipo zonsezi popanda kuwononga mphamvu.
Chikazi chimameza mazira (mazira) m'madzi, chachimuna - mkaka (umuna), umuna wakunja. Ambiri a mafupa samasamalira ana, motero amapanga caviar yaying'ono yambiri.
Pali chingwe cham'mbali - gawo lomwe limazindikira kuyenda ndi kugwedezeka kwamadzi ozungulira.
Kuyesa
755-01. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala tikugwira ntchito
A) amathandizira ndikuyenda
B) fungo
C) zomverera kutentha kwa madzi
D) zomverera zoyambira ndi mphamvu yakuyenda kwamadzi
755-02. Ndi kusintha kotani komwe, kuloleza kuyenda m'madzi ndi mphamvu zochepa, komwe kukuchitika mwa kusintha kwa nsomba?
A) zipsepse zamatumbo ndi zam'mimba
B) ziphuphu ndi ma fins
C) mipweya yokutidwa ndi zokutira kwa gill
D) kusinthasintha mawonekedwe a thupi, ntchofu pakhungu
755-03. Mtengo waukulu wa msuzi wopangidwa ndi khungu la nsomba ndi
A) Kuchepetsa mikangano ya thupi la nsomba pamadzi
B) kupereka masikelo ndi michere
C) kuteteza mamba kuchokera kukhazikika kwa alicellular algae pa iyo
D) kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa ziwalo za mzere wotsatira
755-04. Kodi ziwalo zogwira ntchito ndi chiyani m'zinyama?
A) thandizo kupeza mnzake mukaswana
B) kuonetsa kusintha kwa kusintha kwa nyengo m'madzi
C) amakulolani kumverera kofikira kwa zinthu zam'madzi
D) kudziwa komwe kumayambira
Ndi ziti mwazinthu zotsatirazi zomwe zimadziwika kwambiri mamembala a gulu la nsomba la Bony? Sankhani mayankho atatu olondola.
A) mafupa a cartilage
B) palibe chikhodzodzo
C) pali zofunda zamatumbo
D) amapezeka makamaka munyanja ndi munyanja
E) chord chimakhalapo mu ma embles okha
E) prolific kwambiri, yaing'ono caviar
Ndi ziti zomwe zimayimira oimira nsomba zamafupa? Sankhani mayankho atatu olondola.
A) Mtima umapangidwa ndi zipinda zitatu ndipo pali mzere umodzi wozungulira magazi.
B) Pumira mpweya wothira madzi.
C) Palibe zotupa pakhungu.
D) Ali ndi zokutira gill.
D) Khalani ndi chikhodzodzo.
E) Khalani ndi kutentha thupi kosalekeza.
Zipse za nsomba zimapulumutsa mphamvu
Palibe zida zapadera kwambiri zowonjezera liwiro loyenda m'madzi zomwe zimapezeka kuti zitheke. Mawonekedwe a nyama yam'madzi yofanana ndi mapiko a ndege. Zimathandizira kupanga kukweza pamene nsomba ikupita mtsogolo ndipo sikufuna mphamvu zambiri.
Minkhole yophimba thupi la nsomba imachepetsa kukana kwa madzi.
Kusambira kwa Swordfish kumathandizanso kuti mchira wake uzikhala wopindika. Mchira wotere umakhala ndi katundu wabwino kwambiri.
Chala chofiyira chimayamba kukokoloka kwambiri ndikamayenda m'madzi. M ziphuphu zam'mphepete ndi dorsal zimachetsanso kukana kwa madzi. Mapeto am'mbali amadutsa mbali iliyonse ya fin, yomwe imalola kuti nsomba izitha kuyendetsa mozungulira thupi lonse posintha mawonekedwe a zipsepse.
Maphala amathandizira kutuluka kwa mpweya
Kuphatikiza apo, ma gill amatenga gawo lofunikira pakusuntha kwa nsomba zam'madzi m'madzi. Pakusintha mawonekedwe a gill, nsomba zimawonjezera kuyenda kwamadzi kupita ku ziwiya zomwe zimapereka ma gill ndi magazi, chifukwa chake, mpweya wa okosijeni kupita ku ma cell a minofu minofu ukuwonjezeka.
Mpweya umasefa madzi, kupangitsa thupi la nsomba kukhala ndi mpweya.
Cavitation - Cold Boiling Sungani Mphamvu
Lupanga lolimba lamkamwa mwamphamvu kwambiri, lomwe nsomba nthawi zambiri limaswa mbali zamabwato ndi mabwato, silifunikira kwenikweni kuti likanthe zinthu zoyenda. Ngakhalenso nsomba za cuttlefish ndi tinsomba ting'onoting'ono nthawi zambiri sizimangokhala kuti sizimadya mwachangu. Kapangidwe kenakake kolimba kutsogolo kwa thupi, kotchedwa "lupanga", kumathandizira kuwonjezera kuthamanga mukamayenda m'madzi.
Pakadali izi, "kuwiritsa kozizira" kwamadzi kumapangidwa ndikupanga ma tinthu tambiri tomwe timadzaza ndi mpweya komanso mpweya. Ndi kutha kwa mabuluni, komwe kumatchedwa kuti kugwa, chodabwitsa cha cavitation chimachitika. Pa liwiro lalikulu, thupi la nsomba silili kwambiri m'madzi, koma lazunguliridwa ndi msanganizo wamagesi. Kutsutsa kwa sing'anga kumachepetsedwa kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, nsomba zimafulumira kuthamanga ndipo osataya mphamvu zochuluka kwambiri.
Ntchito za nsomba zimadalira kwambiri kutentha kwa madzi.
Zida zonse: mawonekedwe olimbitsa thupi, wosanjikiza wamafuta, makonzedwe apadera ndi mawonekedwe a zipsepse, katulutsidwe kamphongo, makina ophatikizika ndi mpweya, kugwiritsa ntchito milingo ya bwenzi pamtunda wina ndi mnzake, ngati matailosi, ndikofunikira kupulumutsa mphamvu mukamayenda m'madzi.
Thupi lolumikizidwa limathandizira kuwonjezera liwiro
M'malo otseguka a Atlantic, nsomba zam'madzi zam'madzi zimakhala - mbiri yeniyeni yosunga madzi a mnyanja. Imatha kuyenda mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 9,000,000. Ponena za kuthamanga, nsomba zimatenga malo achitatu pakati pa nsomba, pambuyo pa nsomba zam'madzi ndi sitima yapamadzi. Pothamangitsa nyama, nsomba zimatha kuthamanga mpaka makilomita 90 pa ola limodzi.
Kusintha kosunthira kuthamanga kwamitundu yamtunduwu kumalumikizidwa ndi njira ina yapadera yolinarization. Tinsomba tokhala ndi mawonekedwe opendekeka am'mimbamo okhala ndi gawo lalitali pakati pakutalika kwa thupi ndi gawo lalitali kwambiri. Pamwamba pa thupi la nsombayo amaphimbidwa ndi khungu losalala komanso lotanuka, lopanda masikelo. Zinthu zotere zimapereka mawonekedwe abwino kwa nsomba, kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa nsomba komanso kuthamanga kwa kayendedwe.
Kapangidwe ka thupi kamapangitsa kuti nsomba zizikhala ndi mbiri pakati pa osambira.
Mucous chinthu chimachepetsa kukana m'madzi
Chophimba chapamwamba cha thupi la nsomba chimatulutsa chinthu cha mucous chomwe chimalumikizana ndi wosanjikiza wamadzi pamalire ndi thupi la nsomba. Mukakwera kuthamanga kwambiri, mumatha kutuluka kwambiri. Mwanjira iyi, kukaniza kwa malo am'madzi kumachepa, ndipo nsomba zimayenda mofulumira kwambiri. Mucus pakhungu limakhala ngati mafuta ogwiritsira ntchito komwe kumachepetsa kugumuka pamphepete mwa thupi la nsomba.
Njira zoyendetsera nsomba, kuthamanga ndi kupirira
Nsomba zimadziwika ndi njira zoterezi monga kusambira, kukwawa, kuwuluka. Tili ndi chidwi ndi njira yoyamba, chifukwa ndiyopezeka mu mitundu yayikulu ya nsomba. Komabe, mitunduyi imathanso kuwuluka (mwachitsanzo, ngati imalumpha kuchokera m'madzi mwamantha kuchoka kwa olusa kuwathamangitsa) ndikusaka pamene, itagwera pansi, ikupitilira kuyenda pamtunda.
Tidakondabe kuthamanga kwa nsomba komanso kupirira kwawo. Kwa nsomba zoyandama, mosasamala kanthu komwe amakhala (Lake Titicaca kapena aquarium yakunyumba), mitundu inayi yakuthamanga imakhala yodziwika bwino - kuponya, kutalika, kusanja, pakati.
- mothamanga ndikuponya, nsombayo imathamangira nyama kuti ikathyole ndikuthawa msanga yomwe yapezedwa. Ichthyologists adazindikira kuti nsomba sizisambira mothamanga choncho kwa nthawi yayitali - kachigawo chachiwiri. Pambuyo pa kuponya, amachepetsa kuthamanga,
- pa liwiro lalikulu, nsomba "zimathawa" kukamwa kwa mdani. Amatha kuzisunga, kutengera kukula kwake ndi kapangidwe kake, kuchokera pa masekondi 20 (nsomba zokongoletsera zam'madzi) mpaka mphindi zingapo (okhala m'malo okhala zachilengedwe zazikulu zokulirapo ndi mamiseche: mitsinje, nyanja, nyanja),
- Kutopa, nsombazo zimasinthana kuthamanga, komwe zimatha kukhala kwakanthawi,
- pa liwiro lapakatikati (kapena wamba), nsomba imatha kusambira mosalekeza, chifukwa mayendedwe ake m'madzi amasintha mosalekeza: kenako adaona chidutswa cha chakudya ndikuchikanda pambuyo pake, pomwe adawona chowopsa kuchokera kumbali ya woyandikana nawo wamkulu mu aquarium, china chake nsomba "sinthani" ku liwiro lina.
Ma Pisces, monga ife anthu, ali ndi njira imodzi: momwe timakhalira kuyenda mwachangu, timatopa msanga. Monga momwe akatswiri a ichthyologists akhazikitsa, nsomba zazing'ono zimapirira kwambiri ndipo minofu yawo imasinthidwa bwino "kuthamanga" pafupipafupi.
Chithunzithunzi:
Sukulu yophunzitsa bajeti yakumaphunziro
"Nambala ya sekondale 24"
Kumaliza: ophunzira 4B kalasi MBOU "Sukulu ya sekondale nambala 24"
Yablonskaya Alexandra Valerevna
Mutu: mphunzitsi wasekondale
Grebenshchikova Oksana Viktorovna
Gawo lalikulu
- Kapangidwe kake ka nsomba
- Ziwalo zamkati zamkati mwa nsomba
- Kodi nsomba zimachita bwanji mu vivo
Mndandanda wazomwe wagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabuku
Cholinga: Kuphunzira maimidwe ndi kumizidwa kwa nsomba zosiyanasiyana.
- Onani momwe nsomba zam'madzi zimakhalira.
- Sonkhanitsani zambiri za njira zoyenda nsomba zingapo m'madzi.
- Dziwani chifukwa chake nsomba sizimira.
Cholinga chophunzirira: nsomba zam'madzi ndi zam'madzi.
Phunziro: Kusuntha kwa nsomba mumtsinje.
Njira zofufuzira: kuwunikira, mafunso, malingaliro
1. Mchere wamchere umasunga nsomba.
2. Nsomba zimasambira mwapadera.
3. Nsomba zimakhala ndi kapangidwe kena kamene kamawathandiza kuti asamire.
Zinapezeka kuti nsomba zimasambira mwangwiro osati m'madzi amchere, komanso m'madzi atsopano.
Nsomba zina zimatha kuyenda pansi, kuwuluka mtunda wautali.
Malingaliro adatsimikiziridwa kuti kapangidwe kapadera kamalola kuti nsomba isamire.
- Pali mitundu yapadera yosambira pakati pa oimira nsomba.
- Si nsomba zonse zomwe zimasambira mwaluso.
- Sipuni yosambira yodzazidwa ndi mpweya imalepheretsa nsomba kuti isamire.
- Nsomba zimasinthika kukhala ndi moyo pansi pamadzi.
Mwinanso, munthu aliyense, akayang'ana m'madzi am'madzi, amakumana ndi zinthu zachilendo. Uku ndikudekha komanso kupumula. Zamoyo zambiri padziko lapansi zimatha kusambira: anthu, agalu, ma beaever, abakha, achule komanso njovu. Koma monga nsomba zimasambira, palibe cholengedwa chilichonse chimatha, ngakhale iwo omwe amakhala pafupipafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Pisces ndi chimodzi mwazolengedwa zakale kwambiri, ndipo pazaka mazana ambiri adazolowera moyo pansi pamadzi.
Komanso, anthu ambiri amakhala ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa chifukwa chake nsomba zimasambira, zimatha bwanji? Chifukwa chake, kuti timvetsetse momwe nsomba zimasambira, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kayendedwe kake mwatsatanetsatane.
Nsomba ndi nyama zomwe zimakhala m'madzi okha. Amawonekera zaka 400 miliyoni zapitazo m'madzi oyera. Pali mitundu yopitilira 20,000 yogawidwa m'nyanja (nsomba zam'madzi) ndi madzi oyera (nsomba zamadzi oyera). Kuwerenga kwa nsomba kumachitika ndi ichthyology - sayansi ya nsomba (m'Chi Greek, "ichthys" ndi nsomba, ndipo "logo" ndi mawu, malingaliro).
Thupi la nsomba lophimbidwa ndi mamba, amapumira ndi ma gill ndipo ali ndi miyendo mu mawonekedwe a zipsepse.
Mtundu uliwonse wa ndalama umakhala ndi cholinga chake ndipo nthawi zambiri umaposa umodzi.
Makamaka, ndalama kumapeto kwake kumakhala kotheka. Nsomba zokhala ndi gawo lachiwiri lomaliza zimagwiritsanso ntchito kuti ziziboola. Ziphuphuzo zimakhala ngati mabuleki, zipsepse zamkati zimapereka zonse zoletsa komanso kukwera, ndipo zipsepse zamtchire zimathandizira kutembenuka msanga. Dorsal and anal fin amathandiza kuti nsomba zizikhala zolunjika, pomwe zipsepse zamakutu zimasuntha nsomba patsogolo. Mchirawu wafotokozanso chifukwa chake nsomba zimasambira. Imagwira ntchito ngati: chowongolera ndi "injini" yayikulu ya nsomba.
M'malo mwa nsomba zambiri, mawonekedwewo amawongolera kunja, kumalingaliro kumutu ndi mchira, zophimba za gill zimachokera kumzimba mpaka kumbuyo, ziphuphu ndi mamba zimabwezedwa. Ndipo pamiyeso yambale zolimba, zimakhala ngati zopukutidwa komanso kuwonjezera wokutidwa ndi ntchofu. Zonsezi zimathandiza kuti nsombazi zizisambira mosavuta komanso mwachangu. M'mphepete mwa nsomba zambiri ndizosavuta kuzindikira mzere wazitali. Amasiyana ndi ena mawonekedwe, kukula, mtundu. Uku ndiye kudera. Amatchedwa "mphamvu yachisanu ndi chimodzi." Nsomba izi ndi zosiyana ndi nyama zina. Mzerewu umakhala ndi mabowo ang'onoang'ono. Mothandizidwa ndi nsomba zawo zimagwira kusuntha pang'ono ndi kusinthasintha kwa madzi. Chifukwa chake, mumdima, nsomba zimatha kusaka, kuwona adani ndi kupewa zopinga. Kalozera komwe kumayambira madziwo ndiwomwe amawonera mzere wotsatira. Gawo lalikulu la zolandirazi limakhazikika mu mzere wotsekera, koma pali zinthu zambiri zolumikizira ziwalo zina za thupi zomwe zimatha kuyankha kuzizindikiro zamagetsi, kukakamizidwa ndi kutentha kwa madzi ozungulira. Nsomba zayamba kukhala ndi maso, kumva, kumva kununkhira ndi masamba. Zimathandizira kuti nsomba ipite patsogolo ndikugwiranso ntchito. Amapangidwa ndi mitsinje, mitsinje yamadzi yamphamvu yomwe imatulutsa pamodzi ndi nsomba yonse. Gawo lirilonse la thupi la nsomba limakhala ndi cholinga ndi udindo wawo, zomwe zimathandiza kuti nsomba ziziyenda mosavuta m'madzi pafupifupi kulikonse. Khungu la nsombalo limakutidwa ndi miyeso yambiri, kuteteza nsomba kuchokera kwa achibale olimba, ndipo dongosolo lamanjenje lotsogola, kuphatikiza muubongo ndi chingwe cha msana, limapanga ziwalo zam'malingaliro komanso kuchuluka kwa zolandilira khungu pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana.
Mwamuna, kupanga sitima yapamadzi, sanachite mwangozi kuti ipangidwe ngati nsomba. Cholengedwa chokhala ngati nsomba ndi torpedo. Mwa njira, dzina lake limabwerekedwa kuchokera ku dzina Lachilatini poyimira magetsi - dashboard.
M'mkati mwa thupi la nsomba mumakhala ziwalo zogaya: m'mimba, m'mimba, matumbo ndi chiwindi, komanso mtima, kusambira chikhodzodzo ndi ziwalo zina.
Chamoyo chosangalatsa komanso chachilendo kwambiri mu nsomba ndi chikhodzodzo, chomwe ndi chiwalo chopangidwa ndi kanema. Chiwalochi chimalumikizana ndi matumbo a nsomba. Kusunthira m'madzi, nsomba zimayang'anira kuchuluka kwa mpweya mumasamba ake.
Tinthu tosambira tomwe timadzazidwa ndi mafuta timakhala ngati nsomba "yamoyo" ndipo timathandiza kuti nsomba zisamire. Kudzaza thovu ndi mpweya, kapena kuliphulitsa, nsombayo ikhoza kusintha kuzama kwa kumizidwa. Chikhodzodzo chikasambira, nsombayo imayandama, ndipo ikakola, nsomba imamira pansi. Sikuti mitundu yonse ya nsomba imakhala ndi chikhodzodzo. Kwa okhala mmadzi am'madzi omwe amakhala mozama kwambiri, chikhodzodzo chimasinthidwa mwina ndi mafuta ambiri, kapena ndi minofu yotukuka kwambiri. Mafuta, monga mpweya, ndi opepuka kuposa madzi, motero nsomba zam'nyanja zakuya zimatha kuyendetsa kayendedwe ka thupi chifukwa chake. Nsomba zotere zimayenera kuyesetsa kwambiri kuti ziwuke kapena kugwera pamadzi.
Minofu yomwe ili m'mbali mwa nsomba imamuthandizanso kuyenda m'madzi. Nsombayo ikagundana ndi thupi lake lonse, imasunthasunkhira minofu mbali imodzi kenako kuchokera mbali inayo. Chifukwa chake kuli kusuntha komwe kumafanana ndi kusuntha kwa njoka.
Chifukwa chake, nsomba imakhala ndi kachitidwe konse komanso ziwalo za ziwalo kuti zizitha kusambira. Pali zinthu zina zopangidwa ndi thupi la nsomba zomwe zimathandiza kuti ziziyenda mwachangu komanso mosavuta:
- Thupi la nsomba iliyonse imakhala ndi mndandanda wosalala, womwe umachepetsa kukana kwa madzi kuti asunthe.
- Khungu la nsombalo limakutidwa ndi ntchofu wapadera, womwe umawonjezera kusalala komanso kuyenda bwino.
Asodzi omwe amasambira mwachangu ali ndi katundu wofanana ndi nsomba wamba, koma minofu yawo imakhala yolimba komanso zipsepse zake ndizokulirapo komanso zowonjezereka. Chifukwa chake, nsomba zimatha kuthamanga, zomwe zimathandiza kusaka nsomba zazing'onono ndikuchoka msanga kwa adani.
Koma kodi nsomba zimayenda bwanji pamikhalidwe yachilengedwe?
A Gubans (banja la ma percussion) amatembenuza zipsepse zawo, ngati othamanga a Olimpiki akusambira mu "mawonekedwe a gulugufe". Kuphatikiza pa mphutsi, mitundu yambiri ya nsomba zam'madzi imatha kuziwonetsa.
Nyanja eel pa mchira n ili ndi fin, chifukwa chake sichisambira bwino kwambiri. Amakhala nthawi yayitali atabisala ming'alu ndi m'mapanga a pansi pa madzi. Mchira wa eel umatha kukhala wolimba ngati mchira wa nyani. M'pofunika kutchulapo zitsanzo za ma eyelie amisala, omwe amatha kudziponya okha kumtunda kwawo ndikubwerera mwachangu, ndikutenga nawo zomwe agwira. Poterepa, thupi limagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwira chinthu chomwe chili mu dzenje, chomwe chimakulitsa kukoka.
Shaki ndi bwato sizimakhala ndi zofunda zosambira, chifukwa chake amayenera kukhala m'madzi okha chifukwa cha zipsepse.Amagwiranso ntchito zofanana ndi mapiko a ndege. Kuti asamire, nsomba zimangofunika kusuntha nthawi zonse.
Mitundu ya nsomba ya Benthic sikamakonda kuyandama m'madzi, chifukwa imayamba kuoneka bwino komanso yosangalatsa kwa zilombo. Izi nsomba zimasiyidwa chifukwa sizikusowa kusambira nthawi zonse. Mitunduyi imayimiriridwa ndi gobies, flounder, stingrays ndi stargazers. Nsomba zokhazikika bwino, mwachitsanzo, mbola - uwu ndi mtundu wa okhala m'madzi omwe adasandutsa zipsepse zake kukhala mbali za thupi. Chifukwa chake, amatha kusambira chifukwa cha mafunde omwe amayenda pang'onopang'ono thupi.
Koma nsomba zomwe zimangokhalira kusuntha, pakati pa madzi othinana, zimakhala ndi thupi komanso mmbali mbali. Nsomba zotere zimayenda cham'mbuyo, zimapinda matupi awo ngati kasupe. Kuyesetsa kwawo konse ndikusuntha, kupindika kwa minofu yonse yam'mimba, yomwe imayang'aniridwa pamafunde amtundu uliwonse. Chifukwa chake nsomba zimasambira pamwamba pa madzi, kufunafuna plankton yaying'ono, kapena kusambira kutali ndi adani, kapena zimangodula modekha.
Musaphunzitse nsomba kusambira, atero.
Koma si nsomba zonse zomwe zimasambira mwaluso. Palinso zopanda pake. Seahorses, omwe nthawi zambiri amasuntha "kuyimirira", mchira pansi. Kumbuyo kwawo, chimtengo chomaliza chimatha, chomwe chimangokhala chikuyenda. Mumayang'ana izi ndikuwoneka kuti akuyenda. Zikuwoneka kuti m'mbuyomu anali okhalamo madzi osaya ndipo adakhala bata pamtunda, osawopa kuti akuthawa kwawo. Ndipo tsoka lidawabweretsa kudziko losadziwika, komwe pansi - makilomita. Zowopsa apa: palibe ngakhale ola limodzi lomwe lomwe mungamire. Kupumula, ndinayenera kugwiritsitsa zolimba ku algae, nangula wa chipulumutso. Popita nthawi, tinazolowera kumangirira mchira, ngati kasupe.
Kuti mufanane ndi skate - paralepis. Nsomba zazing'onozi zimakhalanso malo owongoka. Koma sakuopa kuya, kugwada pansi, kenako modzidzimuka ndikutukula mutu wake, ndikuwuka.
Pali mitundu yapadera yosambira, pakati pa oimira nsomba:
Ngati nsomba isambira m'mwamba ndi m'mimba mwake, zinthu zingapo zitha kuchitika pano:
- kudya kwambiri
- nthenda yamitundu mitundu
- imfa.
Imodzi mwa nsomba zam'mbali mwa mitsinje ya ku Africa - imatchedwa kuti yakuda - nthawi zonse imakhala pamimba, chifukwa chake ndiosavuta kwa iye kusambira. Ngakhale milenia yapitayo, izi zidapangitsa kudabwitsa kwa Aigupto akale - ndizodabwitsa kukhala ngati nsomba yamoyo.
Msombowo womwe ndi wocheperako pang'ono, pafupi ndi dzanja lanu. Mulibe mamba ndipo imatha kusambira mchira wake kutsogolo. Mukamuwopsa, nsomba imasandulika mpira waukulu wokhala ndi singano, katatu kukula kwa nsombayo. Zimakhala poizoni pakapita nthawi, momwe nsombazo zimadyera poizoni am'madzi am'madzi.
Poizoni wa tetrodotoxin amapezeka m'chiwindi, mkaka, maliseche, ng'ombe ndi khungu. Milogi imodzi yokha ya tetrodotoxin, yomwe yalowa m'thupi la munthu, imatsogolera kuimfa. Ndipo mu nsomba imodzi mumakhala poizoni wambiri kotero kuti anthu makumi anayi amatha kudalapo poizoni. Chofunika kwambiri, mankhwalawa sanapezekebe.
Ngati mungathe kulingalira pang'ono ndikuyerekeza kuti nsomba ija idawoloka ndi kachilombo, ndiye kuti zotsatira za kuyesa koteroko kumatha kukhala tambala wanyanja, woimira banja la nsomba zowala. Pakupita kwa zaka zambiri kuchokera ku kusinthika, nsomba zachilendozi, zomwe zimakhala kutali ndi nyanja m'madzi ofunda komanso otentha, zapeza "miyendo" itatu, yomwe, malinga ndi zikhulupiriro zambiri, zimawathandiza kuyenda pansi. Agogo a panyanja ndi nyama zolusa zomwe zimadya mkamwa mwawo. Kuti mupeze zakudya zamtengo wapatali zomwe amakonda kwambiri - nsomba zazing'ono, nyongolotsi, maboliboli kapena crustaceans, amafufuza mchenga, silt, ming'alu pamiyala ndi miyendo yawo.
Thupi la nsomba zouluka limafanana ndi torpedo, mawonekedwe ake ozungulira amathandizira kukulira kuthamanga pansi pamadzi. Izi ndi zokwanira kuti nsombayo “imawuluke” pamwamba pa nyanja, ikufalikira mapiko ake. Monga lamulo, mu kuthawa kamodzi, nsomba zimatha kuthana ndi pafupifupi 50 metres, koma zimachitika kuti onse 200 mamita.
Kapangidwe kwakunja ka trout ndi nsomba zimawalola kuti azisambira molunjika kudutsa nyanja kapena kukwera m'mitsinje kwa nthawi yayitali. Amatha kupanga magalimoto mwachangu ngati agwidwa ndi adani, pomwe akusaka nyama kapena kumenyana mosinthasintha.
Tikaganiza mpikisano pakati pawo, nsomba zimatsutsa mpikisano.
Akathawa kwa adani awo kapena kuwathamangitsa, sadzatsalira pasitima yothamanga (makilomita 70 pa ola limodzi). Shaki imasambira mu mphindi yoposa theka la kilomita. Amakhala wotopa. Amakhulupirira kuti ngati atasambira osayima, akadazungulira padziko lapansi pakadutsa masabata makumi atatu.
Koma wopikisana nawo, inde, akhoza kukhala lupanga - makilomita 100 pa ola limodzi.
Lin pa ola limodzi asanachitike 13 makilomita. Akuyenda pang'onopang'ono. Ochepetsa kwambiri ndi seahorses, amayenda 4mm / s.
Nsomba zokongola izi ndi zabwino komanso zachilendo mwakuti zimangokhala kuti tizindikire zinsinsi zambiri zomwe chilengedwe sichinadziwitsepo.
Mndandanda wa mabuku omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito:
- Buku la nyama zazikulu / comp. A. Grigoryeva. Minsk: "Mzinda Woyera", 2005,
- G.A. Jurmin, A.K. Dietrich "Potomuchka" -M .: Pedagogy-Press, 1998,
- Zinsinsi zachilengedwe. Dziko lodabwitsa la zomera / CJSC "Kufalitsa Nyumba Owerenga Doujest, 1999,
- Ndi chiyani. Kufufuza / kusinthidwa pamadzi ndi O.A. Korotkova / Slovo, 1998,
- Ndi chiyani. Pisces. / Kutanthauzidwa ndi O.A. Korotkova / Slovo, 1998,
- Encyclopedia yanga yoyamba / comp.E.S. Seagull.-Minsk: Zokolola, 2010,
- Encyclopedia yatsopano ya mwana wasukulu p / r.Bubnovoy / Parragon, 1999,
- Encyclopedia Animal Life, T. 6, 1986, p. 407,
- Yu.K. Mwana Wasukulu Pansi Padziko Lapansi. Anthu okhala munyanja. M: EXMO, 2014,
Ziphuphu ndi mitundu ya kayendedwe ka nsomba
Ganizirani mitundu, mitundu, malo ndi kapangidwe ka zipse za nsomba pazitsanzo za sturgeon (Russian sturgeon, beluga) ndi nsomba za bony (mtsinje wa nsomba, carci ya carp, bream, nyanja yozungulira, ndi zina).
Zida ndi zida
Nsomba zozizira: Russian sturgeon, crucian carp, nsomba ya mitsinje, flounder, bream, ndi zina, zinthu zosasinthika za nsomba za sturgeon ndi bony, ma dummies, zikwangwani ndi zojambula, ngalande zachitsulo, ma tiles, scalpels, dissecting singano ndi lumo, makina owerengera (kompyuta) .
Zipsepse. Kukula kwawo, mawonekedwe, kuchuluka kwake, udindo wawo ndi ntchito zawo ndi zosiyanasiyana. Ziphuphu zimakupatsani mwayi wokhala olimbitsa thupi, kutenga nawo mbali poyenda.
Mphesa zimagawika pawiri, lolingana ndi miyendo ya nyama zapafupipafupi, komanso zopanda mkanda (mkuyu. 1).
1) thoracic P (pinna pectoralis ),
2) m'mimba V. (R. chotupa ).
1) Dorsal D (tsa. dorsalis ),
3) Mchira C (R. caudalis ).
4) mafuta ar ((p.adiposa ).
Mu nsomba, haracin, chinsomba cha wakupha ndi ena, kuseri kwa forsal fin komwe kulipo mafuta omaliza lopanda ma ray owala (p.adiposa ).
Chith. 2 Mafuta
Zipsepse zofala m'mafupa. Mu stingrays, zipsepse zamkati zimakulitsidwa ndipo ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuyenda.
Zipsepse za Ventral amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana mu nsomba, zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi kuchoka pakati pa mphamvu yokoka chifukwa cha kupindika kwa m'mimba komanso kuchuluka kwa viscera kutsogolo kwa thupi.
Mimba - zipsepse zamkati zimapezeka pakati pamimba (shaki, herring-like, carp-mawonekedwe).
Chith. 3 Mimba
Malo a Thoracic - zipsepse zamkati zimasamutsidwa kupita kutsogolo kwa thupi (percussion) (mkuyu. 4).
Chith. 4 Maudzu a Thoracic
Malo a Jugular - zipsepse zamkati zopezeka kutsogolo kwa pectoral ndi mmero (khodi).
Chith. 5 Udindo wa Jugular
Zipsepse za Dorsal ikhoza kukhala imodzi (hering-like, carp-mawonekedwe), ziwiri (mullet, perche-mawonekedwe) kapena zitatu (mawonekedwe a cod). Malowa ndi osiyana. Pike, ndalama ya dorsal imasamutsidwa kubwerera kumbuyo, mu herring, cyprinids, ili mkati mwa thupi, mu nsomba ndi mbali yayikulu ya thupi (nsomba, cod), umodzi wawo umakhala pafupi ndi mutu.
Anal fin Nthawi zambiri pamakhala imodzi, cod imakhala ndi ziwiri;
Mchira womaliza Ili ndi kapangidwe kosiyanasiyana.
Kutengera ndi kukula kwa masamba apamwamba komanso otsika, pali:
1)mtundu wa isobath- pamapeto, ma loboti apamwamba komanso otsika ali ofanana (tuna, mackerel),
Chith. Mtundu wa isobath
2)mtundu wa hypobate- lobe ya m'munsi lobe (nsomba zouluka),
Chith. Mtundu wa Hypobate
3)mtundu wa epibate- Lobe wapamwamba (shaki, sturgeons) ndi yayitali.
Chith. 8. Mtundu wa Epibatic
Maonekedwe ndi malo omwe ali pafupi ndi kumapeto kwa msana, mitundu ingapo imadziwika:
1) Mtundu wa Proto-Mirror - mu mawonekedwe a malire a fin (lamprey).
Chith. 9 Mtundu wa kalilole wa Proto -
2) Mtundu wa heterocercal - asymmetric pomwe kutha kwa msana kulowera kumtunda, lalitali kwambiri lobe (shaki, sturgeons).
Chith. 10 mtundu wamchiberekero,
3) Mtundu wakunyumba - kunja kwofananira, ndi thupi losinthidwa la vertebra yomalizira yolowa kumtunda wapamwamba (bony) (
Chith. 11 Mtundu wakunyumba
Zipsepsezi zimathandizidwa ndi cheza cheza. Mphepo zokhala ndi nthambi zopanda masamba zimasiyanitsidwa ndi nsomba.
Mphepo zopota za zipsepse mwina:
1)ophatikizika(Kutha kuwerama) ,
2)owuma(prickly), womwe nawonso ndi wosalala komanso wopindika.
Chith. Mitundu 12 ya Ma Rays
Chiwerengero cha cheza cha m'mipayi, makamaka m'makoma ndi ma anal, ndi mkhalidwe wamtundu.
Chiwerengero cha cheza cha spiny chimawerengeredwa ndi manambala achi Roma, nthambi - Chiarabu. Mwachitsanzo, kachitidwe ka zipsepse za dorsal za nsomba za mitsinje ndi motere:
DXIII-XVII, I-III 12-16.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti phula ili ndi zipsepse ziwiri za dorsal, yoyamba yomwe ili ndi spiny 13 - 17, yachiwiri ya 2 - 3 spiny ndi 12-16 nthambi zokulira.
· Mchira womaliza amapanga mphamvu yoyendetsa, imapereka nsomba zochuluka kwambiri ikamagwira, ngati chimphona.
· Thoracic komanso m'mimba (zipsezi zolocha) Kusamala ndikuwongolera poyeserera komanso mwakuya.
· Dorsal ndi anal zipsepse zimagwira ntchito ngati chingwe, kulepheretsa kuti thupi lizizungulira mozungulira.
Njira Zochitira Asodzi
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba imakhala momwe imayendera. Mu nsomba, njira zitatu zoyambira zimadziwika - kusambira, kukwawa ndi kuwuluka.
Kusambira- Mtundu waukulu wakuyenda, womwe umachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kugwada kwa thupi ndi mchira.
Kusiyanitsa mitundu iwiri yosambira kugwiritsa ntchito maondo oyimilira a thupi:
Nsomba ya makerele - nsomba, mchira ndi wofunikira kwambiri ukasambira, mothandizidwa ndi momwe nsomba imachotsedwa m'madzi ndikuyenda mtsogolo, zomwe zimapangitsa pafupifupi 40% yaomwe akuyendetsa (mackerel, salmon).
Ziphuphu (njoka) - mu nsomba, poyenda, thupi lonse limapinda. Ili ndiye mtundu woyenda mwachuma kwambiri, pomwe liwiro losambira liri lotsika (lamprey, eel, loach).
Nsomba zimasambira pama liwiro osiyanasiyana. Kuthamanga kwambiri ndi nkhuni, zotha kuthamanga mpaka 33 m / s (118.8 km / h), nsomba zimasambira mofulumira kwambiri mpaka 20 m / s (72 km / h), nsomba - 5 m / s (18 km / h) ola).
Kuthamanga kwa nsomba kumadalira kutalika kwa thupi. Malinga ndi izi watsimikiza kuthamanga - kuchuluka kwake kwa liwiro lathunthu kuchokera kumizu yakutali kwake:
Magulu otsatira a nsomba amasiyanitsidwa ndi kuthamanga kwa kayendedwe:
1) mothamanga kwambiri (nkhumba, nsomba) - kuthamanga kwa pafupifupi 70,
2) mwachangu (nsomba, mackerel) - 30-60,
3) mwachangu kwambiri (mullet, cod, herring) - 20-30,
4) osachedwa (carp, bream) - 10-20,
5) wosakwiya (ng'ombe zamphongo) - 5-10,
6) wodekha kwambiri (stickleback, nsomba mwezi) - 5.
Nsomba zamtundu womwewo zimatha kusambira mosiyanasiyana. Kusiyanitsa:
1. Kuponya liwiro (liwiro chiyerekezo 30-70),
Amakhala mkati mwa kanthawi kochepa kwambiri (ndi mantha, kuponyera nyama).
Kuthamanga kwambiri (Speed factor 1-4), pomwe nsomba zimasambira kwa nthawi yayitali.
Khwangwala pansi ndi imodzi mwanjira zoyendetsera nsomba, zomwe zimachitika makamaka mothandizidwa ndi zipsepse za mchenga ndi mchira (wowoka, monkfish, nthenga zambiri, jumper, tambala). Chifukwa chake, wolumpha amakhala m'mitengo ya mitengo yambiri ndipo amakhala nthawi yayitali pagombe. Zimasunthira pamtunda ndikulumpha, zomwe zimapanga mothandizidwa ndi mchira ndi zipsepse za patchire, ndipo zimadyetsa ma invertebrates apadziko lapansi.
Ndege (kuyenda zodabwitsa ndi nsomba zochepa zowuluka zomwe zimakhala m'malo a pelagic okhala ndi madzi otentha komanso otentha kwambiri am'nyanja. Mu nsomba izi, zipsepse zazitali komanso zazikulu zokhala ngati mapiko zimakhala ngati mapiko. Mchira wokhala ndi lobe yotsika pang'ono ndi injini yomwe imapereka kuthamanga koyamba. Popeza adalumphira pamwamba pa madzi, nsomba yowuluka ija imangoyenda pamwamba pamadzi, ndikuwonjezereka kwa kuthamanga imachoka pamadzi, ndikuwuluka nthawi yomweyo mtunda wa 200 ndi 400 m.
1. Dziwani zambiri zomwe zimalankhulidwa muzoyang'anira.
2. Kulingalira za mitundu, mitundu, malo ndi kapangidwe ka zipse za nsomba zakonzedwa kuti zizigwira ntchito. Fotokozerani mwachisawawa ndikuwonetsa zipsepi zophatikizidwa ndi zopanda pake muzojambulazo. Kodi ntchito za ziphuphu zosiyanasiyana ndizotani?
3. Lembani mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zipsepere zam'mimba ndikupereka zitsanzo.
4. Lembani ndi kujambula mitundu ya zipse za caudal momwe zidapangidwira komanso mawonekedwe ndi malo ofanana ndi kumapeto kwa msana.
5. Ganizirani kapangidwe ka zipsepse za dorsal za tchire, sankhani mitsitsi yopanda nthambi (spiny) ndi nthambi. Lembani mayankho amafotokozedwe a dorsal fin of tlh ndi ziphuphu ndi ma finsal ndi analins a siliva crucian carp kapena nsomba zina zomwe mukufuna.
6. Perekani zitsanzo za nsomba zamitundu yosambira.
7. Pogwiritsa ntchito chowerengera cha kompyuta, onani kuchuluka kwa liwiro - mulingo wothamanga kwathunthu kufika pamizu yazitali kutalika kwake. Ngati ndi kotheka, sinthani liwiro mu km / h.
za nsomba (V= 33 m / s, L = 170 cm),
nsomba (V= 20 m / s, L = 120 cm 20 m / s),
Salimoni - (V= 33 m / s, L = 70 cm).
1. Ntchito za zipsepse za nsomba
2. Mitundu, mitundu, malo ndi kapangidwe ka zipse za nsomba
3. Njira zakuyenda kwa nsomba.
4. Fotokozani tanthauzo la kuyenda ndi kuthamanga, perekani zitsanzo.
5. Kodi kuthamanga kwa nsomba kumawerengedwa bwanji?
Vasilieva E.D., Luzhnyak V.A. Nsomba zam'nyanja ya Azov bas [Ch. ed. Acad. G.G. Matishov]. - Rostov N / A: Nyumba Yofalitsa ya UNC RAS, 2013 .-- 272 p.
Ivanov V.P., Egorova V.I. Zofunika za ichthyology: zolemba. chilolezo. Astrakhan. boma chatekinoloje. un-t - 2nd ed., Onjezani. ndi Ref. - Astrakhan: Nyumba yosindikiza ya ASTU, 2008. - 336 p.
Ivanov V.P., Komarova G.V. Nsomba zam'nyanja ya Caspian (taxonomy, biology, nsomba). Astrakhan State Technical University - 2-ed., Zowonjezera. ndi kunena. - Astrakhan: Nyumba yosindikiza ya ASTU, 2012. - 256 p.
Ilmast N.V. Chiyambi cha ichthyology (kalozera wowerengera) .- Petrozavodsk: Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Science. 2005.148 s.
Kotlyar O.A., Mamontova R.P., maphunziro a ichthyology. - M: Kolos, 2007.
Moiseev P.A., Azazo N.A., Kuranova I.I. Ichthyology: Textbook.-M: Yosavuta. ndi chakudya. malonda, 1981.— 384 s.
Skornyakov V.I., Apollova T.A., Mukhordova L.L. Zolemba pa ichthyology: Textbook.— M .: Agropromidat, 1986.— 270 p.
StartSEV Alexander Veniaminovich
StartSEVA Marina Leontyevna
Ziphuphu ndi mitundu ya kayendedwe ka nsomba
Maupangiri aku Laborator
mwambo "Ichthyology"
Publishing Center DGTU
University ndi adilesi yakampani yosindikiza:
344000, Rostov-on-Don, pl. Gagarina, 1
Dziko lamadzi, nyanja zamchere, mitsinje ndi nyanja ndizodzaza ndi anthu ambiri. Nsomba ndi za anthu ambiri okhala m'madzi akuya, koma ngakhale m'mabanja awo akuluakulu mulinso mitundu yambiri. Pafupifupi onsewa ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, chifukwa chomwe amasambira, kapena m'malo mwake, amasuntha mwachangu pazinthu zawo.
Minofu ndi zipsepse za nsomba: injini, chiwongolero ndi mabuleki
Kuchuluka kwa thupi la nsomba ndi minofu. Amalumikizana ndi msana ndi zipsepse, ndikuonetsetsa kuti zimayenda. Chifukwa cha minyewa yotukuka, nsomba zimatha kuyendetsa bwino matupi awo, zimayendetsa thupi lonse kapena mchira.
Ziphuphu zimalumikizananso ndi ulusi wa minofu ndipo, ngati ndi kotheka, imatha kupindidwa ndikugulitsidwa, ndikusintha mayendedwe ndi kuthamanga kwamadzi. Nsomba zazikuluzikulu ndi nsomba zam'madzi, mawonekedwe abwino a chilengedwe, chifukwa nyama zam'madzi zimapita patsogolo.
Mphepo zowongolera komanso zokhala ndi ma pisitenti zimalola kuti nsomba ziziyenda uku ndi uku, pomwe zipsepse zamkati ndi zamkati zimapangitsa kuti ikhale malo owongoka komanso kupewa kutembenuka mozungulira.
Mphepoyi ya caudal imagwiritsanso ntchito ngati kubera nsomba, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi zipsepse zam'mimba zimatha kuwonekeranso pamwamba. Ziphuphu zimatha kukhala ndi magwiridwe antchito osiyanasiyana omwe amasiyanasiyana, kutengera mtundu ndi nsomba.
Banja la okhala m'madzi limasiyanapo ndi malamulo ambiri akuyenda. Amakhala chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwa zinyama ndi udindo wawo m'dziko lapansi lamadzi. Ndi chifukwa ichi ndizosangalatsa kuwawona.
Njira zosambira nsomba
Chapamwamba ndicho kusambira zam'madzi zamtchire: shaki, hering'i, marlin ndi mackerel. Matupi awo amayenda mwachangu, akusunthasuntha mofanana mbali ndi mbali. Trout ndikusunthika mwachangu pa kusaka, kusambira kwakutali kutsutsana ndi mtsinjewo, komanso kuthawa adani.
Tuna amasintha maulendo ataliatali panyanja, chifukwa cha mayendedwe owoneka pang'ono a thupi, amagwiritsa ntchito mchira wowoneka ngati chikwanje. Ndipo ma eel amangogwiritsa ntchito mamina okha ndi mchira wolimba kuti asunthe, zipsepse zake zimangokhala zopanda ntchito.
Munjira yosangalatsa, seahorse imayenda m'madzi. Mapeto ake omaliza amasinthika ndi liwiro lodabwitsa. Ndalama iyi ndiyo njira yokhayo yomwe angatenge maulendo apaboti ndikusaka chakudya.
Kuwona kusambira kwa nsomba, mutha kuwona momwe dziko lapansi lamadzi limasiyanirana komanso lokongola, ndimalingaliro ndi nzeru bwanji zomwe zidapangidwa mwachilengedwe ndipo zimaperekedwa kwa munthu. Kuteteza ma oasis awa ndikuphunzira mawonekedwe ake ndi ntchito yayikulu komanso yovuta kwa zaka zambiri zikubwera.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba imakhala momwe imayendera. Mu nsomba, njira zitatu zoyambira zimadziwika - kusambira, kukwawa ndi kuwuluka.
Kusambira- Mtundu waukulu wakuyenda, womwe umachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kugwada kwa thupi ndi mchira.
Kusiyanitsa mitundu iwiri yosambira kugwiritsa ntchito maondo oyimilira a thupi:
Nsomba ya makerele - nsomba, mchira ndi wofunikira kwambiri ukasambira, mothandizidwa ndi momwe nsomba imachotsedwa m'madzi ndikuyenda mtsogolo, zomwe zimapangitsa pafupifupi 40% yaomwe akuyendetsa (mackerel, salmon).
Ziphuphu (njoka) - mu nsomba, poyenda, thupi lonse limapinda. Ili ndiye mtundu woyenda mwachuma kwambiri, pomwe liwiro losambira liri lotsika (lamprey, eel, loach).
Nsomba zimasambira pama liwiro osiyanasiyana. Kuthamanga kwambiri ndi nkhuni, zotha kuthamanga mpaka 33 m / s (118.8 km / h), nsomba zimasambira mofulumira kwambiri mpaka 20 m / s (72 km / h), nsomba - 5 m / s (18 km / h) ola).
Kuthamanga kwa nsomba kumadalira kutalika kwa thupi. Malinga ndi izi watsimikiza kuthamanga - kuchuluka kwake kwa liwiro lathunthu kuchokera kumizu yakutali kwake:
Magulu otsatira a nsomba amasiyanitsidwa ndi kuthamanga kwa kayendedwe:
1) mothamanga kwambiri (nkhumba, nsomba) - kuthamanga kwa pafupifupi 70,
2) mwachangu (nsomba, mackerel) - 30-60,
3) mwachangu kwambiri (mullet, cod, herring) - 20-30,
4) osachedwa (carp, bream) - 10-20,
5) wosakwiya (ng'ombe zamphongo) - 5-10,
6) wodekha kwambiri (stickleback, nsomba mwezi) - 5.
Nsomba zamtundu womwewo zimatha kusambira mosiyanasiyana. Kusiyanitsa:
1. Kuponya liwiro (liwiro chiyerekezo 30-70),
Amakhala mkati mwa kanthawi kochepa kwambiri (ndi mantha, kuponyera nyama).
Kuthamanga kwambiri (Speed factor 1-4), pomwe nsomba zimasambira kwa nthawi yayitali.
Khwangwala pansi ndi imodzi mwanjira zoyendetsera nsomba, zomwe zimachitika makamaka mothandizidwa ndi zipsepse za mchenga ndi mchira (wowoka, monkfish, nthenga zambiri, jumper, tambala). Chifukwa chake, wolumpha amakhala m'mitengo ya mitengo yambiri ndipo amakhala nthawi yayitali pagombe. Zimasunthira pamtunda ndikulumpha, zomwe zimapanga mothandizidwa ndi mchira ndi zipsepse za patchire, ndipo zimadyetsa ma invertebrates apadziko lapansi.
Ndege (kuyenda zodabwitsa ndi nsomba zochepa zowuluka zomwe zimakhala m'malo a pelagic okhala ndi madzi otentha komanso otentha kwambiri am'nyanja. Mu nsomba izi, zipsepse zazitali komanso zazikulu zokhala ngati mapiko zimakhala ngati mapiko. Mchira wokhala ndi lobe yotsika pang'ono ndi injini yomwe imapereka kuthamanga koyamba. Popeza adalumphira pamwamba pa madzi, nsomba yowuluka ija imangoyenda pamwamba pamadzi, ndikuwonjezereka kwa kuthamanga imachoka pamadzi, ndikuwuluka nthawi yomweyo mtunda wa 200 ndi 400 m.
1. Dziwani zambiri zomwe zimalankhulidwa muzoyang'anira.
2. Kulingalira za mitundu, mitundu, malo ndi kapangidwe ka zipse za nsomba zakonzedwa kuti zizigwira ntchito. Fotokozerani mwachisawawa ndikuwonetsa zipsepi zophatikizidwa ndi zopanda pake muzojambulazo. Kodi ntchito za ziphuphu zosiyanasiyana ndizotani?
3. Lembani mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zipsepere zam'mimba ndikupereka zitsanzo.
4. Lembani ndi kujambula mitundu ya zipse za caudal momwe zidapangidwira komanso mawonekedwe ndi malo ofanana ndi kumapeto kwa msana.
5. Ganizirani kapangidwe ka zipsepse za dorsal za tchire, sankhani mitsitsi yopanda nthambi (spiny) ndi nthambi. Lembani mayankho amafotokozedwe a dorsal fin of tlh ndi ziphuphu ndi ma finsal ndi analins a siliva crucian carp kapena nsomba zina zomwe mukufuna.
6. Perekani zitsanzo za nsomba zamitundu yosambira.
7. Pogwiritsa ntchito chowerengera cha kompyuta, onani kuchuluka kwa liwiro - mulingo wothamanga kwathunthu kufika pamizu yazitali kutalika kwake. Ngati ndi kotheka, sinthani liwiro mu km / h.
za nsomba (V= 33 m / s, L = 170 cm),
nsomba (V= 20 m / s, L = 120 cm 20 m / s),
Salimoni - (V= 33 m / s, L = 70 cm).
Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti nsomba zimasambira ndi zipsepse. Indedi, liwu loti "kumaliza" limatanthawuza thupi lomwe limasambira, lomwe limagwirira ntchito mozungulira.
Ngakhale m'mabuku ena amanenedwa kuti nsomba zimasambira, zikuyenda mchira ndi mchira wake, ndiye kuti zimabweretsa, kenako ndikuwongola ndi mphamvu.
Kulongosola kotere kwa kachitidwe ka kusambira nsomba sikolakwika konse. Kupatula apo, kupatula mchira wake pambali pa "sitiroko" yotsatira, nsomba imangodumphira m'mbuyo momwe ingayende mtsogolo mchira wowongoka. "Rowing" kungatanthauze kupendekera kosalekeza, kuterera m'malo amodzi.
Tiyeni tiyesere kudula mchira womaliza, ndiye kuti nsomba imasunganso kusambira mtsogolo mwachangu. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba zambiri sizimakhala ndi chindapusa chofanana ndi mawu: thupi limatha ndi fayilo, yomwe singagwire ntchito poyenda.
Komabe, nsomba izi zimasambira kwambiri mokwanira. Koma ngati mukufinya thupi la nsomba pakati pa mizere iwiri yopyapyala yomangiriridwa ndi ulusi, ndiye kuti, ngati kuti mukulumikizira nsomba yomwe ili mmalo, ndikusiyitsa mchirawo womasuka, ndiye kuti nsombayo singathe kumasulira. Pofuna kusambira kupita patsogolo, nsomba imayenera kupukusa matupi awo ngati mafashoni, monga momwe amasambira, mwachitsanzo.
Funde yopitilira kumutu kuchokera kumutu kupita kumchira ndiyo njira yofunika kwambiri yosinthira njoka ndi nsomba. Ndi njoka yokha, mafunde owoneka ngati mafunde omwe amapita kumapeto kwenikweni kwa thupi, komanso nsomba zambiri - kuyambira pakati. Komabe, nsomba zina za njoka, monga ma eel, zimasambira ndendende monga zimachitira. Njira yofananira yosambira imakhala yofanana ndi lamprey ndi leech - kokha kumapeto komwe thupi limagunda osati kumbali, koma mmwamba ndi pansi.
Kodi ndalama yapaudy ndiyotani? Pambuyo pakuchotsa, kusuntha kwa nsomba sikuchepetsa, koma kumakhala kofanana, nsomba, titero, "prowls". Zotsatira zake, ndalama za "caudal" zimathandiza "kutaya" mafunde omwe amayenda mthupi la nsomba, ndimatulutsa mawu osinthika.
Nsomba zikasuntha, nsomba imachita ngati mkondo: nsomba imazitenga kuti zizitembenukira. Osambira akuthamanga kwambiri, monga tuna, armfish, amakhala ndi mchira wamtundu wotchingidwa ndi crescent, yokhala ndi loboti yayitali kwambiri, yomwe imasunthasunuka.
Nsomba zikayamba kusambira mwachangu, malo ena amasambira pambuyo pake, koma, mu nsomba ndi nkono, malekezero a loboti achitsulo ali kunja kwa gawo ili, lomwe limathandizira kutembenuka kowonekera.
Kuthamanga kwa nsomba zambiri ndikodabwitsa. London Museum imasungira gawo lina pansi pa sitimayo, yomwe ilaboola ndi lupanga. Chida chake - lupangalo linadutsa mkuwa wamatumbo wa chotengera, chimango cha thundu 30 cm ndikuthyoledwa. Katswiri wodziwika bwino masamu A.N. Krylov adawerengera kuti kuphulika kotereku kumatheka mwachangu pafupifupi 90 km / h.
Malingana ndi deta yamakono, nsomba za lupanga zimatha kuthamanga mpaka 130 km / h. Kufupika kwa mafupa - lupangalo silimamugwiritsa ntchito ngati chida, koma monga chida chotayirira madzi, mtundu wa "tsinde". Nthawi zina pali zoyerekeza zomwe zadula lupanga lawo, koma kupeza chakudya bwino, chifukwa chake zida izi sizofunikira kuthana ndi womenyedwayo.
Tuna singathe kuthamanga pafupifupi 90 km / h, nsomba zina ndi nsomba - mpaka 45 km / h, carp - 12 km / h. M'nthawi zonse, tikulankhula za kuyenda mtunda waufupi, titero kunena kwake, "patali" la "sprint".
Ndizodabwitsa kuti nsomba zothamanga kwambiri zimasambira pafupifupi liwiro limodzi monga mbalame zomwe zimathamanga kwambiri zimawuluka, ngakhale madziwo ali othinana kwambiri kuposa mpweya.
Munthu amakhala wocheperapo katatu mpaka kanayi kuthamanga kwa nyama zam'mlengalenga zothamanga kwambiri, ndipo amasambira pafupifupi nthawi makumi awiri kuposa nsomba zomwe zimathamanga.
Ndizosangalatsanso kuti ndege zamakono ndi magalimoto apitilira liwiro la mbalame ndi ma tetrapod, komabe, palibe munthu wamba yemwe angamenye nsomba za lupanga.
Kusunthasuntha si njira yokhayo yosunthira kudziko la nsomba. Mwachitsanzo, stingrays imapita patsogolo chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwamapiko kwa mapiko a pectoral. M'madzi ena am'madzi oyera, mafunde amayenda molumikizana kwambiri, osati kuchokera kumutu kupita kum mchira, koma nthawi zina moyang'anizana, ndiye kuti nsomba imasambira pang'onopang'ono, kutanthauza kuti, imapita mchira kutsogolo.
Greenfinch yokongola ya Black Sea imatha kusambira pang'onopang'ono, ndikupanga mizere yoyenda ndi zipsepse za mchenga, zonsezo, ndi zonse palimodzi. Zipsepse za mchenga zimathandizanso kuti nsomba zizikhala ndi malo abwinobwino (kumbuyo). Kupatula apo, mbali yamkati ya nsomba, komwe kuli matupi a m'mimba, ndiyopepuka kuposa phala lamanyama. Mwanjira ina, likulu la nsomba limasunthika pamwamba pa malo ogulitsira, nsomba nthawi zonse zimakhala zofanana, ndipo wakufa kapena wodabwitsayo amatembenuka.
Nsomba ikayandama m'madzi osasunthika imasunthika bwino mthupi mwakuyenda kosalekeza kwa zipsepse. Komabe, nsomba zomwe zimasambira mozondoka zimadziwikanso, zina nthawi zonse zimakhala zowongoka (zokhala ndi "kandulo"), mwachitsanzo, pike wanyanja (paralepis), seahorse.
Nsombayo imagwiritsa ntchito zipsepse zamtchire ngati zolocha zakuya, ikungotembenukira m'mwamba kapena pansi pakuyenda. Nsomba yosasinthika imazunguliridwa kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zipsepa zosatupa, mwachitsanzo, zipsepse zamatumbo (zomwe zimakhala pansi pa thupi pakati pa anus ndi mchira). Kugwira ntchito ndi anal fin, nsombayo imapanga kuyesayesa komwe kumatembenuza thupi kuzungulira molunjika mozungulira, ndikutambasulira mutu.
Kusuntha komwe nsomba imachita, mwachitsanzo, pogwira chakudya kuchokera pansi. Sizodabwitsa kuti nsomba zambiri zomwe zimadyetsa nyama zochepa, nkhomaliro ndi yayikulu kwambiri. Ndipo ndikugwira nyama yomwe ili pamwamba pa kamwa, mwachitsanzo pamadzi, nsomba imagwira ntchito ndi dorsal fin, ngati ili kutali kwambiri pakati pa thupi. Kutsika koteroko kumayambitsa mphindi yosinthika, kutembenuza nsomba kuzungulira kholalo, ndikweza mutu wa thupi ndikutsitsa mchira.
Kwa nsomba zambiri, ma dorsal fin amapezeka pakatikati pa thupi, ndipo finral fin imakhala pansi pake. Nsomba zotere, zomwe zimatembenukira mwadzidzidzi pambali posambira, imakweza chakumapeto ndipo zimafalitsa zipsepse zam'mimba, potero zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kukana kosunthika ndikuzimitsa inertia. Chifukwa chake, munthu wothamanga amathandizira kutembenukira msanga, pogwira chinthu chilichonse, monga mtengo.
M'mitundu ina, mwachitsanzo nsomba zamkati, zipsepse zamkati zimakhazikika patsogolo pa zipsepse zamtchire ndikuchita mbali zina zakuya kwakuya. Pali nsomba zomwe, limodzi ndi kusambira, zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zoyendera.
M'malo otentha, nsomba zouluka nthawi zambiri zimapezeka. Popeza adachita kuthamanga kwambiri, amafalitsa zipsepse zake zazikulu, nkuphwa pamadzi ndipo amatha kukonza masekondi opitilira 15, monga mapiko, kuphimba mtunda wopitilira 100. Tsamba lakumaso lotalikirana limathandizira nsomba yowuluka kuti isinthe kuthamanga ndi kulowera pomwe isananyamuke: thupi linatuluka m'madzi, mchira lobe udakali womira. Kutuluka m'madzi, nsomba zouluka zimathawa nsomba zodyedwa (tuna, mackerel agolide, etc.).
Nsomba zomwe zimamatirira zimalumikizidwa ndi asodzi, mahava, akamba ndipo amayendetsedwa ndi iwo mtunda wautali pogwiritsa ntchito kapu yotsekera yomwe ili pamutu. Mabuku odziwika nthawi zambiri amafotokoza momwe nzika zimasungira akambuku ndi ndodo: yomasulidwa munyanja ndikulumphira, imangamira molimba ndi chigamba cha ufulu, yomwe imatha kukokedwa mchombo.
Caspian lamprey imalumikizidwa ndi nsomba ndikuyenda mumtsinje kupita kumalo ake. Nsomba zouluka zimakwawa kugombe usiku, kupumula pansi ndi zipsepse zamakutu, ndikuyang'ana chakudya, monga nyongolotsi. Msodzi wina wodabwitsa, kudumpha kwamatope, kukwera mizu yodontha ndi mitengo ikuluikulu pamitengo yotsika, ndikuyenda pansi mosasamala, ndikupumula pamimba ndi zipsepse zamatumbo.
Mtundu wa nsombazi umagwirizana kwambiri ndi momwe mayendedwe ake amaphatikizira, makamaka, ndi njira ya moyo wa nsomba. Mwachitsanzo, hering'i imakhala ndi msana wakuda ndipo, ikaonedwa kuchokera kumtunda, imaphatikizika kuchokera pansi pakanyanja. Mphete zasiliva ndi pamimba zimapangitsa kuti hering'i yake ikhale yosiyana kwambiri ndi pansi, kumbali yakumaso kwa nyanja. Mtundu wa ma pike ndi chida chophimbira m'matanki am pansi pa madzi, pomwe wolusa nthawi zambiri amabisala, kudikirira nyama.
Nsomba zapansi, monga zowombera zam'madzi, ndizofanana kwambiri ndi dothi. Kuchokera pamtunda kuchokera pansi, pamtunda, pamchenga, pamtunda, kumawala msanga. Utoto umayendetsedwa ndi masomphenya. Ngati mungayike chozungulira kuti thupi lake lonse ligone pansi, ndipo mutu wake ukhale pansi, nsomba imakhala yowala.
Msodzi aliyense wamadzi akudziwa kuti nsomba za mtsinje, zikagwidwa mumtsinje wopanda pansi, zimakhala zowala kwambiri kuposa mzake padziwe lamatope lomwe lili ndi mitengo. Madzi am'nyanja, omwe amangokweza kuchokera pansi mwakuya, ali ndi utoto wofiirira, m'munsi mwake masana, pang'onopang'ono imasanduka imvi, ndipo ikachotsedwa pamalo akuda, imasinthanso.
Nsomba yokhala ndi chivundikiro chakuda kuyiyika m'maso mwake, ndipo chitachitidwanso khungu, posakhalitsa imayamba kuda. Nsomba zotentha zomwe zimakhala munyanja yowala pakati pa miyala yamiyala yamiyala imawala ndi utoto wa motley. Zakale, zamawangamawanga, zamawangamawanga ndi zamabuluu zimakonda kwambiri kumpoto kwa nyanja. Milozi imakonda kupezeka pafupi ndi gombe, pakati pa masamba pansi pamadzi, pomwe imawonedwa - pamiyala, pamiyala kapena pansi pa chipolopolo, pansi pamiyala yayitali. Monga mukuwonera, m'malo awa, mtundu wa nsomba umagwirizana bwino ndi malo okhala.
Komabe, mtundu wa nsomba zina kuchokera kutali ukugwira. Mwachitsanzo, kumbuyo kwa chingwe chamagetsi kumakhala madontho owala. Mwanjira zonse, iwo amatenga gawo la zizindikiro zochenjeza, chifukwa chakuti mdani aliyense amene waukira mphamvu ya magetsi samvera. Kukongoletsa mosamala ndi kofala kwambiri pakati pa nyama zapadziko lapansi zomwe zitha kutetezedwa - kumbukirani zosavunda ndi zovuta zake zakuthengo komanso zakuda ndi zachikaso, zovala zooneka kutali.
Pa mbali ya siliva ya dokosi, pali malo akulu akuda. Pali chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti imatenga gawo la chizindikiritso, kuthandiza nsomba za sukulu yomweyo kuyendera limodzi.Monga lamulo, haddock imasungidwa m'malo osaya ndi dothi lamchenga kapena chipolopolo, komwe kumakhala kosavuta kuwona oyandikana nawo.
Nsomba zina zomwe zimakhala m'madzi okuya, monga anchovy owala, zimakhala ndi mawanga omwe amatulutsa kuwala kowala. Ku Gulf of Mexico kuli nsomba yomwe imapezeka mumizere yowongoka mbali yamkati ya thupi, yokhala ngati mabatani awiri ovala zovala. Nsomba'yo adadzatchedwa "nyamata wamba". Kuchuluka kwake ndi malo owoneka bwino ndi amtundu uliwonse - amathandizira kuti azisamalira mitundu yawo muthumba, amapezana wina ndi mnzake nthawi yakubzala.
Chikuto chansalu cha nsomba zambiri chimawala kwambiri. Scale blum imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupangira mbola ya ngale yomwe mipira yagalasi imakutidwa, kuwasandutsa miyala yokumba. Koma zomwe zikuluzikulu za mtundu wa nsombazi sizimadalira pamlingo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawonekera kwambiri, koma mawonekedwe ake - utoto womwe umapezeka pakhungu. Maselo ena amtundu wa khungu amapatsa khungu khungu, ena amakhala ofiira, ena achikuda ndi zina. Mothandizidwa ndi malingaliro owoneka, nsomba yamkati yam'mimba imatumiza zizindikilo pakhungu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maselo ena amtundu wa khungu athepetse kapena kukulira, omwe amasintha mtundu wa nsombayo.
Amakhulupirira kuti chivundikiro chowoneka ngati chipolopolo "chimateteza nsomba kwa adani." Koma izi sizowona, chifukwa pafupifupi anthu onse omwe amadya nsomba - mwachitsanzo, heron kapena pelican, chisindikizo kapena dolphin, Pike kapena shark --ameza nyama yawo yonse. Kwa iwo omwe amadya nsomba m'magawo (mwachitsanzo, otter river), masikelo si cholepheretsa.
Udindo wa chivundikiro wamiyala ndi wosiyana kotheratu: umapatsa thupi la nsomba kukhala chokhazikika, zotanuka ndizofunikira pakusuntha koyenera. Asodzi olimba kwambiri komanso othamanga kwambiri (tuna, armfish) ali ndi "matimu" apadera pamtengo wa caudal, china chake monga zolumikizana zolimba zomwe zimapangitsa kuyenda patsogolo. M'madzi okhala ndi thupi lalitali, la njoka, losambira pang'onopang'ono, masikelo ndi ochepa kwambiri kapena kulibeko kwathunthu, monga eel, burbot, loach, catfish, catfish, gerbil, butterfish, lumpenus.
Ngati masikelo ali ndi phindu loteteza, nanga bwanji palibe (kapena kuti osaukitsidwa kwambiri) mwa nsomba zonsezi? Chophimba kumbali yamkati mwa thupi sichimapangidwa pang'ono, ngakhale kuti ziwalo zofunika zomwe zimakhalapo, zikuwoneka, ndizofunikira kwambiri chitetezo. Mukayamba mwachangu, mamba akuyamba kuwonekera mchira wa thupi, zomveka, chifukwa ndiye chinsomba chomwe chimakhala ngati "chosuntha" cha nsomba.
Kuchuluka kwa masikelo m'thupi la nsombazo sikusintha malinga ndi msinkhu uliwonse. Pofotokoza za nsomba, zolemba, zolemba ndi maatomu nthawi zambiri zimawonetsa kuchuluka kwa ma flakes mzere wotsatira. Salmon waku Far East utasamukira ku North North, asodzi a komweko nthawi zina amasakaniza ndi nsomba zazing'ono. Izi nsomba ndizofanana kwenikweni, koma kwa nsomba za pinki pamzere wotsatira palibe zochepera 140, ndipo kwa nsomba - zosaposa 130.