Gyurza - kukula kwakukulu, kutalika kwake ndi mchira wa mamita awiri, njoka yapoizoni ya banja la Vipers. Mwanjira ina, njoka ya Levantine imatchedwa. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa munthu wamkulu kumafika ma kilogalamu atatu.

Oimira ambiri amtunduwu ali ndi makulidwe ochulukirapo kuposa dzanja la munthu. Njoka ya Gyurza imasiyana m'mutu waukulu ndi wawukulu, monophonic kapena mawonekedwe amabala ndi arcs.

Njoka ya Gyurza

Khosi limakhala laling'ono komanso likuwoneka bwino kuchokera kumutu. Maso ndi ana amapindika. Khungu limakutidwa ndi mamba, m'mimba ndipo mchira umakhala ndi nthambi. Zojambula ndi utoto ndizosiyana kwambiri. Njoka ya Gyurza (monga tawonera chithunzi) ndi monophonic: bulauni, bulauni ndi wakuda, nthawi zambiri wofiirira.

Nthawi zina amatha kumakutidwa ndi mawanga a bulauni. Amakhala m'maiko a Asia ndi Africa. Kuchokera pamalo omwe kale anali USSR, pomwe mitundu ya nyama zamtunduwu imadziwika kuti ndi yoyimira kwambiri pa nyamazo, zimachitika gyurza njoka ku Dagestan, ku North Caucasus, Kazakhstan ndi Azerbaijan.

Ndiwosowa komanso wokhala pangozi ku Russia ndipo amalembedwa mu Red Book pazifukwa izi. Kukula kwa kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya zokwawa zamtunduwu kumachepetsedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwawo kambiri.

Komabe, mu expanses zapakhomo izi ndizowopsa komanso zakupha njoka, kuluma gyurza kufananizidwa ndi Asia cobra. Ma poizoni ake ndi othandiza kwambiri ndipo ndi oopsa a hemolytic, ndipo ma milligram 50 ake ndi okwanira kufa.

Poizoni walowa m'magazi a munthu, kapangidwe ka maselo ofiira m'magaziwo amawonongeka. Caka ciliconse, mpaka anthu masauzande ambili amakumana ndi njoka padziko lapansi. Chifukwa chake kuli bwino kudziwa: kodi njoka ya gyurza imawoneka bwanji, munthawi yochenjeza za ngozi yomwe ingachitike.

Gyurza amakonda kukhala m'malo okhala ndi ouma ndipo amakhala kumadera opanda chipululu, okhala ndi zitsamba zambiri. Zimapezekanso m'malo omwe anthu amakhala chifukwa cha moyo wake.

Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti njoka zimakhala kunja kwa mizinda yayikulu komanso pafupi ndi mitsinje yothirira, ndikukhala paminda yolimidwa. Makamaka, zambiri zimadziwika za kizlyar gyurza – njokakhalani pafupi ndi nyumba zogona ndi misasa yamayiko. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi mawanga ochepa komanso scuming yambiri pamimba.

Khalidwe ndi moyo wa njoka ya gyurza

Zomwe zimachitika mikhalidwe ya gyurza zimadalira mwachindunji, monga nyama zambiri, panthawi yazaka. M'nthawi yotentha komanso yamvula, amakonda kukhala ndi moyo wamphamvu usiku, kubisala dzuwa lotentha. Ndipo munthawi zabwino, nthawi ya masika kapena yophukira, amatha kukhala moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.

Zochulukitsa, njoka zimapanga timagulu ting'onoting'ono ta anthu 5-12, timabisala m'misasa yomwe imakhala m'matanthwe kapena pansi pa miyala. Koma amatha kukhazikika nthawi yozizira komanso yokha. Amakwawa kupita ku chilengedwe ndikumakhala moyo wokangalika pamene kutentha kwatsiku ndi tsiku kumakhala kokhazikika +10 ° C ndi kupitirira.

Wamkazi ndi wamwamuna gyurza

Njoka imatha kukhala yowopsa osati kwa osayenda osasamala, komanso kwa ziweto ndi ziweto. Akamaukira, amaponyera molimba kwa womuzungulira kutalika kwa thupi lake lalikulu. Chifukwa cha misala yake komanso ukali wake, ngakhale omwe amadya njoka amatha kuzunzika.

Popeza gyurza njoka imakhala ndi zinthu zazikuluzikulu, mankhwala amapangidwa kuchokera pamenepo. Mitundu yambiri ya njoka imagwira, kusamalira ndi kubereka mtundu wa njoka zapoizoni, kenako ndikugulitsa poyizoni wazachipatala.

Kusungitsa gyurza mu nazale, mwina malo okhala kapena zipinda zapadera zokhala ndi nyengo yochita kupanga ndikuwongolera kutentha, komanso maola masana, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Pamenepo, mosalephera, pamakhala kutentha kosinthika ndi mpweya wabwino. Malo okhalamo apaderadera akumangidwanso m'malo okhalamo ana, omwe nthawi zonse amakhala ndi madzi oyera. M'malo ogwiritsira ntchito malo, komwe nthawi zambiri sipakhala munthu m'modzi, zomwe zili gyurza ndizabwino kuposa muzipinda zomwe zili ndi anthu ambiri amitundu.

Gyurza, monga njoka zonse, amakonda kusewera dzuwa

Izi zimalola kuwunika mosamala momwe thupi limakhalira ndi kuchuluka kwa thanzi la nyama zapamtunda ndikuchita zinthu zofunika munthawi yake kuti muzindikire zomwe zingakhale zowawa. Pamenepo ndikosavuta kuyang'anira kadyedwe ndikuchotseratu mikangano yomwe ingachitike pakati pa njoka, komanso zotsatira zaukali wawo.

Zakudya za Gyurza

Malinga ndi malamulo achilengedwe, njoka zonse ndi zilombo zachinyengo. Njoka yaululu ya Gyurza imakhala pafupi ndi akasupe ozizira, m'malo okongola komanso m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, ndikupereka chinyezi pakutentha kwa mitsinje, komwe imakonda kusambira ndikusaka mbawala zam'madzi ndi zinyama zomwe zinafika pachitsime.

Njokayo imadya makoswe ang'onoang'ono, omwe ali ndi ma rug, ma gerbil, pikas, komanso makoswe. Gyurza amatha kudya mpheta, abuluzi ndi njoka zina. Nthawi zambiri, njokayo imadikirira nyama yake, kukhazikika pamwala wina, kuwonetsa chinyengo komanso kudekha mtima, ndikuponya mphezi yakuthwa komanso yakuwombera poyandikira nyama.

Kusenda wozunzidwayo mwachisawawa, sikumulekerera mpaka sumu itayamba kuchita, kenako kumeza lonse popanda kufufuza. Pokhala ndi chidwi chachikulu cha kudya, gyurza nthawi yomweyo imapitiliza kusaka anthu omwe akuvutika. Mu nthawi yophukira komanso nthawi yophukira, Gyurza amakonda kusewera nyama m'malo osakhalamo mbalame zosamukasamuka, amadzaziponya kumatchire ndi m'minda yamphesa.

Ndizovuta kuzindikira pamtengo wa gurzu

Gyurza amadziwa kukwera mitengo mwanzeru, zomwe zimamuthandizanso pakusaka. Ana obadwa kumene amtunduwu wa nyama zamtunduwu amasankha okha zakudya zawo ndipo amatha kukhala okhutira ndi tizilombo.

Kubala komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali wa gyurza

Mtundu wofananira wa nyama zofananira ndi wa oimira oviparous a fauna. Nthawi yakukhwima kwa gyurza imayamba kumayambiriro kwa Epulo ndipo imatha pakati pa Juni. Ndipo m'mwezi watha chilimwe, mayi wa gyurza amaikira mazira, omwe kuyambira 15 mpaka 30, nthawi zina amafika 40 zidutswa. Amakutidwa ndi chipolopolo.

Pambuyo pa masabata 4-7, njoka zazing'ono zimawonekera kuchokera kwa iwo, kukula kwake sikupitirira 25-27 cm, ndipo amalemera pang'ono kuposa magalamu khumi. Mwana akangobadwa kumene, njoka zimayenda mosiyanasiyana, ndikuyamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Makolo sawasangalalanso.

Mukugwa, iwo hibernate kwa miyezi 4-5. Kutha kubereka ana awo njoka kumafika zaka zitatu. Kutalika kwa moyo wa gyurza kuthengo ndi zaka zopitilira khumi ndi ziwiri. Muukapolo, mosamalitsa, zolengedwa zamtunduwu nthawi zambiri zimafika zaka za 18-20.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Gyurza ndiye njoka yoopsa kwambiri, yoopsa, woimira wamkulu kwambiri pabanja la njoka. Gyurza ali ndi mayina ambiri ndi maina apamwamba, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa njoka ya Levantine. Mawu oti "Gyurza" omwe enieniwo amachokera ku chilankhulo cha Persia ndipo amatanthauza "mace" kapena "kalabu yachitsulo" pomasulira izi. Dzinali limazikidwa kumbuyo kwa njokayo, chifukwa cha thupi lake lamphamvu lolimba, lofanana ndi kalabu yeniyeni.

Kuchokera ku Latin, dzina la njoka limamasuliridwa kuti "coffin viper." Anthu achi Uzbek amalitcha njoka yobiriwira, ndipo anthu achi Turkmen amadzitcha akavalo. Ziribe kanthu kuti ndi komwe zimayitanidwira komanso, komwe chinthu chimodzi chimadziwika bwino - ndizowopsa, zapoizoni komanso ndizopatsa chidwi.

Kanema: Gyurza

M'madera omwe kale anali Soviet Union, iyi ndi njoka yoopsa kwambiri komanso yayikulu kwambiri, abale ake onse amtundu wa njoka ndiwopatsa, koma gyurza ndiye poyizoni kwambiri, sazindikira m'dziko lathu lokha komanso m'maiko apoyamba a USSR, koma padziko lonse lapansi. Akatswiri a herpotchi tsopano adazindikira mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya nyama zoopsa izi, koma imodzi ndiyosakayikitsa. Mitundu yonse imasiyana osati mu malo awo, komanso kukula ndi mawonekedwe ena akunja.

Pofotokoza za gyurza, titha kudziwa kuti ndi yayikulu kwambiri, yomwe imatha kutalika (limodzi ndi mchira) mpaka 2 m, ndipo imalemera pafupifupi 3 kg. Thupi la gyurza ndi lamphamvu komanso lamphamvu, makulidwe ake mu girth amatha kupitilira dzanja lamunthu. Utoto wa khungu losiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana, zonse zimatengera kukhazikika kwa njokayo.

Poizoni wa gyurza ndi woopsa komanso wamphamvu kwambiri motero amakhala ndi mphamvu yofanana ndi ya nkhanu yaku Asia. Kamodzi m'magazi a anthu, poizoni amayamba kuwononga maselo ake ofiira amwazi. Ndipo kuchedwa kulikonse kumapha.

Chochititsa chidwi: pafupifupi 15 peresenti ya kuluma konse kwa herpes imapha, ngati simupeza chithandizo. Monga mankhwala, madotolo amabayira seramu yapadera m'thupi, nthawi iliyonse amachenjeza kuti kudzichitira nokha sayenera kuyikiridwa, chifukwa imatha kupha.

Chaka chilichonse, anthu masauzande ambiri amadwala kuluma padziko lonse lapansi, choncho muyenera kudziwa mtundu wa njoka yamtunduwu kuti usawonongeke.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Gyurza njoka

Ngakhale kuti pali njoka zam'mimba zomwe zimafikira mamita awiri m'litali, nthawi yayitali ya thupi la gyurza ndiyosakwana mita imodzi ndi theka. Mutu wa gyurza uli ndi mawonekedwe amakona atatu, ndipo thupi lonse limakhala lamphamvu kwambiri. Mamba ang'onoang'ono amawoneka pamwamba pa maso a gyurza, izi zimasiyanitsa ndi abale ake. Zovala zina zokhala ndi tsekwe zimakhala ndi zikopa zazing'ono pamitu pawo, pomwe gyurza ili ndi mamba oyipa amaphimba mitu yawo. Mwana yemwe amasungirako nyama zodzitchinjirazo amakhala pamtunda, ndipo kupukutira kumakhala kozungulira.

Mtundu wa mutu wa njokayo ndi monophonic, palibe mawonekedwe pa iwo. Mawonekedwe amtundu wathunthu amatha kukhala osiyana, zimatengera mitundu ndi malo omwe njokayo imakhala.

Kamvekedwe ka khungu kakangidwe kamakhala:

• Imvi
• Tsitsi lofiirira
• Brown
• Grey beige
• Imvi
• Chakuda (nthawi zina chabuluu).

Mapangidwe ake pakhungu la thupi ndi osiyana mitundu ina, koma nthawi zambiri pamakhala malo amdima omwe amakhala kumbuyo ndi mbali. Masamba awa amakhala ndi ma brown bulauni pomwe amakhudza dzimbiri, kumbali za njoka ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa mzere.

Mimba ya njoka nthawi zonse imakhala mthunzi wopepuka, womwe umakhalanso ndi mawonekedwe. Dziwani kuti mawanga omwe amakongoletsa thupi la njokayo sasiyana kwambiri, chifukwa chake mawonekedwe pakhungu lake siowala. Si njoka zonse za Levantine zomwe zimakongoletsedwa ndi mawonekedwe; njoka za monophonic zimapezeka, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofiirira komanso zakuda.

Kodi gyurza amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Animal Gyurza

Mtundu wogawa gyurza ndiwambiri. Njokayo imakhala m'maiko aku North Africa monga Tunisia, Moroko ndi Algeria. Njoka ya Levantine inakhazikika pazilumba zina zomwe zili kunyanja ya Aegean. Gyurza amakhala kum'mawa kwa Asia Little, ku Syria, Palestine, Iraq, Jordan, Iran, Arabia. Republic of Transcaucasia amakhala ngati malo okhala chimbudzi, Abkhazia ndiwosiyana ndi ena, komwe simudzapeza gyurza.

Adakonda chikondi njoka ndi Central Asia, Afghanistan, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India. Transyuczaan gyurza amakhala m'dziko lathu. Adakhala kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Dagestan, adalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia. Kuwala kochepa kwambiri kwa herpes kunatsalira ku Kazakhstan.

Gyurza amakonda malo otsatirawa:

• Zipululu
• Dera lachipululu
• Mapazi
• Lamba lotsika lamapiri.

Chosangalatsa: Njoka ya Levantine imatha kukwera mapiri mpaka 2,5 km ((Pamirs).

Gyurza amapeza pothawirapo pathanthwe, pansi pa miyala yayikulu. Mutha kukumana ndi zokwawa m'mapiri amtsinje, m'nkhokwe za minda yamphesa, pafupi ndi mitsinje yamapiri. Osawopa kukumana ndi gyurza kuthengo nthawi zambiri, amakonda magawo otseguka.

Gyurza sachita mantha kwambiri ndi anthu, motero amatha kuwoneka m'minda, mavwende, malo olimidwa, omwe sadziwika ndi achibale ake ena omwe ali ndi njoka. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kusankha kwa malo okhala ndi njoka ndi kukhalapo kwa madzi oyandikira ndi chakudya chochuluka.

Njoka ya Gyurza. Kufotokozera, mawonekedwe, mitundu, njira ndi malo a gyurza

Gyurza wochokera ku chilankhulo cha Persia amatanthauzidwa kuti "kilabhu yachitsulo", "kalabu", "mace". Amawoneka ngati kalabu yayikulu. Ngakhale, mwina, dzina "kalabu" - kuchokera pakuponya pansi kwa njoka, yomwe ndi "khadi loyitanitsa". Uwu ndi njoka yapoizoni yochokera ku banja la njoka. Dzinalo lina ndi "Levantine Viper".

Amati njokayo siyongoopsa kokha, koma yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yankhanza. Pokhala wokwiya wopanda mphamvu, amatha kuthyola mutu ngati malo ake ali ochepa. Mokwiya misala, iluma ngakhale mthunzi wake. Ndipo kumbuyo kwa olakwira kapena adani kumatha kuchoka patali kwambiri. Kummawa, adalandira dzina laulemu "Mfumukazi ya Imfa."

Chinanso chomwe chimanenedwa - ndi waulesi komanso wopanda chidwi, ndipo thupi lake lomasuka, silimagonjera. Kuti aukire woponderezedwayo, amayenera kumuyang'anira nthawi yayitaliyo modekha.

Asanatsimikizire kapena kufalitsa nkhanizi, ayenera kuchenjeza zotsatirazi. Njoka zapoizoni, ngakhale zili zokoma mtima kwambiri komanso ulesi, ziyenera kukhala pagululo nthawi zonse. Palibe chifukwa chomwe mungapezere nokha, monga ziweto.

Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe

Njoka ya Gyurza chinyama chachikulu kwambiri komanso chachikulu kwambiri padziko lonse la Soviet Union. Kutalika kwake, kutengera kutengera kwa jenda, kumafikira mamilimita 1.3-2. Amuna ndi ochepa, amuna ndi akulu. Kulemera mpaka 3 kg. Mutu wake ndi wowongoka komanso waukulu, wofanana ndi mkondo, womwe umasinthasintha kukhosi, maso okhala ndi zomata zapamwamba amaonekera kwambiri pamphumi.

Iye, monga zokwawa zambiri, ali ndi ana omata. Pamutu pamwambapa, kusakhazikika munjira ya nthiti zamiyeso, pafupi ndi mphuno ndikosalala. Mtundu ndi wa imvi ndi tint ya bulauni, koma mkati mwa gawo lokhalamo anthu amatha kusintha. Nthawi zina pamakhala njoka zamtundu umodzi, zamchenga kapena zofiirira, pali mithunzi ya mtundu wa ultramarine.

Koma nthawi zambiri imakongoletsedwa bwino. Kumbali zakumbuyo kumbuyo kwake pali mtunda wa mawanga amdima osinthika. Malo ang'onoang'ono amapita kumimba. Mimba ndi yopepuka, ndipo palinso timabala tating'onoting'ono pamenepo. Mtundu wa mutu umakhala wokhazikika komanso wopangidwa mwaluso ndi ma arcs kapena mawanga.

Mtundu wa njokayo umadalira malo omwe umakhala; umathandizira kuti uzisintha pakusaka. Zimachitika mwachilengedwe ndipo gyurza wakuda, khungu lolimba, lopanda mawanga owonera kumbuyo. Nthawi zina amasokonezeka ndi njoka ina yoopsa komanso ya poizoni yotchedwa mamba yakuda.

Mano ataliitali kwambiri amatha kukhazikika, ngati lupanga lakuthwa, ndipo pakamwa lotseguka amazungulira mozungulira nkhwangwa kuti imenyane. Chifukwa chake, nyama yothina imatha kugunda ndi kuyambiranso ndi liwiro la mphezi.

Gyurza mu chithunzi Amawoneka wonenepa komanso wopanda thupi. Maonekedwe ake nthawi zina amatha kukhala osocheretsa kwa munthu wopanda nzeru yemwe amamuwona kuti wosakwiya komanso wowopsa. Komabe, izi siziri choncho. Iye ndiwosakhazikika komanso wanzeru, amakwera zitsamba mwangwiro, amapumpha mwachangu mphezi. Kuwona zoopsa, imatha kutuluka mwachangu kwambiri.

Ndikosavuta kusiyanitsa pakati pa mitundu ya nyama ndi mitundu ya gyurza. Itha kuwoneka mosiyana kwathunthu kudera lomwelo. Tsopano akuyesera kuzindikira mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya munthuyu. Zowona, imodzi mwazo sizinafotokozedwe bwino. Cypriot gyurza, Transcaucasian, Central Asia, Gyurza Chernova ndi Nurata.

Mabuku omaliza ali ndi dzina lachi Latin loti Macrovitera leetina obtusa. Komabe, zitha kugawidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono pokhapokha. Mitundu yonse ya banja lanjoka imatha kukhala yogwirizana ndi mitundu. Mitundu yoopsa kwambiri ya njoka ndi:

• Njoka wamba yomwe imakhala m'nkhalango zonse za m'dziko lathu. Kutalika kwake kumatha kufika mpaka 1 m, utoto kuchokera ku imvi ndi utoto wabuluu, mpaka mdima kwambiri, pafupifupi wakuda. Kumbuyo kuli zokongoletsera zakuda za zigzag.

• Steppe viper yomwe imakhala m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda ndi Caspian. Mtundu wake ndi wopepuka, kukula kwake ndi kochepa.

• Pali mchenga ndi njoka za mchenga pagombe la Mediterranean. Si owopsa, komanso oopsa.

• Njoka ya ku Armenia, yomwe imapezeka kumayiko a kum'mawa kwa Mediterranean. Mbali yake yosiyanitsa ndi mawanga owala a lalanje kapena a terracotta kumbuyo.

• Za njoka za mchipululu, mchenga efa ndiwodziwika kwambiri. Amakhala kumapiri a North Africa ndi South Asia. Timakumana nacho ku Central Asia. Ndi yaying'ono, mpaka 60 cm, yayitali kwambiri komanso yachangu. Khungu limakhala lokhala ndi mchenga, lomwe limakhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Pamutu pali chojambula chokhala ngati mtanda.

• Daboyya, kapena tcheni chowonjezera, malo okhala India, Indochina, m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso m'mapiri.

• Nyoka yaphokoso imakhala ku Africa. Utoto wake ndi wa bulauni wokhala ndi mawanga owala kumbuyo. Mikwingwirima yopingasa imayambira kuchokera ku maso kupita kukachisi. Pokwiyitsa kwambiri amalengeza mokweza.

• Njoka ya ku Gabon imakhala ku Africa. Iye ndi wokongola kwambiri kuposa njoka. Mbali zakumtunda ndizakutidwa ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso okongola a utoto wapinki, wofiirira kapena wa bulauni. Pakati pamsana pali mzere wa malo oyera ndi oyera achikaso. Mutu ndi imvi.

Pafupifupi zonsezi ndi owopsa kwambiri kwa anthu.

Moyo & Habitat

Gyurza amakhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, ku Middle East, ku Peninsula ya Arabia, ku India ndi Pakistan. Kudera la USSR yakale, imapezeka ku Transcaucasia, Azerbaijan, Armenia ndi Central Asia. Kummwera zakumwera kwa Kazakhstan, njoka iyi tsopano ndiyosowa kwenikweni.

Ku Israeli, adasowa mu 50s zaka zapitazi. Osiyanasiyana okhala ndi moyo amakhala gyurza ku Dagestan. Chiwerengero chawo chilipo chaching'ono, pafupifupi mungapeze njoka imodzi pa mahekitala 13. Komabe, m'malo omwe anthu amakhala ochepa kwambiri, njoka zimakumana nthawi zambiri, munthu m'modzi pa hekitala imodzi. Pakutha kwa chilimwe, mpaka 20 toyesa pa hekitala iliyonse imatha kusungidwa kuchokera kumadzi.

Nyengo iliyonse imakhala yosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mu Epulo 2019, njoka zowonjezereka zidawonedwa m'malo ena. Amapezeka ngakhale pansi pa magalimoto, m'misewu, m'minda yaminda. Zadzidzidzi zidalengezedwa, ndipo ntchito zapadera zomwe zimachita nawo kuti atchuke. Patatha mwezi umodzi, zinthu zidasintha.

Chinyama chimasankha chipululu, chipululu, mapiri ndi malo opondera. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka kumapiri, m'matanthwe okhala ndi mitsinje, m'malo otsetsereka a m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi madzi. Nthawi zina amatha kupezeka ngakhale kumidzi, m'malo omwe amathawirako, komanso komwe kuli kusaka kwabwino. Amapeza makoswe ndi mbewa pamenepo. Imatha kukwera pamwamba kwambiri, mpaka 2000-2500 m.

M'nyengo yozizira, amabisala ndikubisala. Kwina kumapeto kwa kasupe, kufupi ndi Marichi, pomwe mphepo imayamba kutentha +10, amawonekera kuchokera kumalo achitetezo. Kwa kanthawi amadya pafupi ndi malo awo okizira nyengo yachisanu, kusaka makoswe apafupi, kenako ndikulowera m'malo okhalamo chilimwe. Munthu uyu ndiwoselera, woti akhoza kusamuka.

Amasonkhananso m'dzinja, nthawi yozizira amakhala anthu angapo, pafupifupi 10-12, ngakhale atha kukhala amodzi. Amagona m'chigawo chilichonse nthawi zosiyanasiyana, kutengera nyengo. Mwachitsanzo, ku Transcaucasia, nthawi ya hibernation imatha pafupifupi miyezi 5, kuyambira koyambirira kwa Okutobala mpaka kumapeto kwa Okutobala.

Mvula yotentha ikafika, njokayo imayesetsa kukhala pafupi ndi chinyezi - akasupe ndi mitsinje. Munthawi imeneyi, adafalikira kuti afotokozere gawo lalikulu kwambiri la kusaka. Gyurza amakonda madzi, otsukira, ndipo nthawi yomweyo amatsutsa mbalame zomwe zimakhala pamadzi kapena zimayikidwa kuti zimwe, komanso achule ndi abuluzi.

Gyurza: zithunzi ndi mafotokozedwe

Kutengera ndi mayanjano omwe amakhala nawo komanso malo omwe amakhala, kukula kwa gyurza kumayambira 95 mpaka 160. Amuna a gyurza ndi akulu komanso okhazikika kuposa azimayi (izi zimasiyana ndi oimira ena am'banja momwe zazikazi zimakhala zokulirapo). Thupi la gyurza ndi lalikulu, mchirawo ndi waufupi, mutu umamangidwa kwambiri kuchokera mthupi. Msonga ndi mbali ya muzzle yozungulira. Phunziroli ndi loima. Anthu ena onse m'banjamo ali ndi zishango zazing'ono kutsogolo kwa mutu, pomwe gyurza ili ndi mutu wonse wophimbidwa ndi mamba.

Njoka yam'mimbayo imapakidwa pabwino kuposa abale ake. Ilibe chingwe chowoneka bwino kumbuyo kwake, ngati fumbi wamba. Mtundu wakumbuyo wam'mphepete mwa thupi umachokera pakuwala mpaka imvi, nthawi zina umakhala wonyezimira. Mtunduwo umasiyana kwambiri, koma nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi mawanga otambalala m'mbali mwake komanso m'mbali mwa thupi. Masamba ake siowala, a bulauni kapena opanda dzimbiri. Mimba yakuwala imakutidwa ndi madontho amdima. Mutu ndi imvi, yopanda mawonekedwe.

Malo okhala a Hurza

Gyurza ndiofala kwambiri. Malo ake amakhala North Africa (Moroko, Algeria, Tunisia), zilumba zina za Aegean, madera akum'mawa ndi kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia Minor, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Republican a Transcaucasian, kupatula Abkhazia, zigawo zakumwera kwa Middle Republics Asia kummawa ku Khorog ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Khojent, Afghanistan ndi North-West India kummawa mpaka Kashmir. Ku Russia, gyurza imapezeka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Dagestan; mitunduyi yalembedwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation.

Gyurza ndi munthu wokhala m'mapiri komanso kumapeto kwa mapiri. Apa ndiofala komanso ambiri. M'miyala yosweka ndi pansi pamiyala yayikulu imapeza malo abwino nthawi yachisanu, ndipo pamalo otsetsereka a sai ndi mitsinje yamapiri - chakudya chochuluka. Gyurza nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'chigwa zamtsinje. Ndizachilendo kwambiri m'minda yamphesa. Koma kuthengo sathaopa kukumana ndi gyurza - amakonda malo otseguka. Pamwamba m'mapiri, mulibe gyurza nayenso, kutalika komwe kumakwezeka ndi 1,500 metres.

Mosiyana ndi njoka zina, gyurza sipewa anthu mosamala - imatha kukwawira m'minda, mavwende, kukhazikika paminda yolimidwa.

Khalidwe la Gyurza

M'chilimwe, gyurza imatsogolera kukhala ndi usiku wamadzulo. Munthawi yogwira ntchito kwambiri, pakudya kwambiri komanso kubereka (kuyambira kumapeto kwa Meyi mpaka kumapeto kwa Ogasiti), gyurza imakhala yogwira ntchito dzuwa likamaliza. Amawona bwino mumdima ndipo amatha kusaka nyama ndi fungo. M'masiku otentha, njoka izi zimabisala dzuwa lotentha pamitengo, mu udzu, m'miyala yamiyala, ndikusankha mitsinje yoyenda bwino komanso yozizira. Amayamba kukwawa mwachangu ndikayamba kucha. M'dzinja ndi masika, a Gyurzes amasaka masanawa.

Kutengera ndi malo okhala ndi nyengo, kubisala kumayamba mozungulira Novembala ndipo kumatha mu Marichi - Epulo. Njoka zimabisala pansi pamiyala, m'miyala yosiyidwa ndi makoswe ndi zina zolumikizana, nthawi zina mumakhola a mwala, m'modzi kapena anthu atatu palimodzi.

Kodi amadya chiyani gyurza?

M'malo ena mbalame zimakonda kudya gyurza, mwa zolengedwa zinanso. Chifukwa chake, pamaziko a gawo la gyurza ku Central Asia amapangidwa ndi mbalame - mbalame iliyonse yomwe sikakulimba kuposa njiwa siyitha kutetezedwa ndi gyurza. Mbalame ya njoka imayang'anira mbalame m'matchire, pakati pa miyala pafupi ndi madziwo, ikugona osabisala. Mbalame ya gyurza yosasamala nthawi yomweyo imagwira ndikugwira zolimba ndi mano ake. Nthawi zina mbalame imatha kutuluka mkamwa mwake, kusiya nthenga zake, koma kuuluka pang'ono, imagwa. Njoka siitsata nyama. Chochitika choterechi chinapangidwa, mwina, chifukwa choti mbalame yokhadzulirayi imawuluka ndikugwa, osasiya kalikonse komwe njokayo ingalandire. Koma gyurza ikameza mbalameyo, imangokhala mumthunzi kapena pogona kuti mbali ina ya thupi lake yokhala ndi chakudya chatsala padzuwa. Njoka zathunthu zimangokhala osagontha kwa masiku atatu, ndikugaya chakudya.

M'madera ena, zolengedwa zoyamwitsa zimayambira pamenyu ya gyurza. Ma Hamsters, ma voles akumunda, mbewa zapanyumba, ma gerbil, makoswe, jerboas, hares ang'ono - iyi si mndandanda wathunthu wazakudya za gyurza. Nthawi zina amametsa nyama zodabwitsa kwambiri - ma hedgehogs kapena ana azinzimbe. Kuchokera zodzala m'mimba mwa gyurza pamatha kukhala akambuku ang'ono, geckos, yellowfangs, njoka, phalanges. Zoyenera kudya zimadyedwa makamaka ndi njoka zazing'ono zazing'ono ndi zanjala, osapeza zina, zomwe zimakonda chakudya.

Kuwononga makoswe osiyanasiyana m'mbali mwa minda, njoka iyi imabweretsa zabwino mu ulimi.

Molting

Sheds gyurza atangochoka nthawi yozizira. Kum'mwera kwa masanjidwe - kale mu Marichi, kumpoto - mu Epulo-Meyi. Njoka zina zimachoka m'malo otetemera nthawi yachisanu zitatopa kwambiri, kusowa kwa chakudya kumapangitsa kuti njoka zizisaka, ndipo, popeza sizinadziwitse michere yokwanira, sizitha kukonza thupi kuti lizisungunuka bwino. Nyengo imakhudzanso nthawi yake. Kuzizira mwadzidzidzi kumachepetsa njoka ndipo imakankhira pansi.

Pokonzekera molting, thupi la njoka limasinthidwa zingapo (kusuntha kwa zishango zomwe zimaphimba maso, kusunthika kowawa chifukwa cha kusokonezeka pakukhudzana pakati paziyeso zakale ndi thupi). Zotsatira zake, njoka zimangokhala ndi kukhala m'misasa. Tsiku loyamba atatha kusungunuka, gyurza imapitilizabe kukhala pobisalira kapena pogona osasuntha pafupi ndi malo omwe chigumulacho (khungu) linagwetsa.

Khalidwe lofunikira pa molting ndi chinyezi. Ndiye chifukwa chamvula njoka zimangokhala pamwamba, ndipo mvula ikagwa yambiri imatuluka. Pa chifukwa chomwechi, chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira, gyurzes nthawi zambiri amakhala molt. Asanaponyere chophimba chakale, njokayo imamizidwa m'madzi kapena kuyala panthaka yonyowa, pansi pa miyala pamasupe. Kenako amayamba kukwawa muming'alu pakati pa miyala kapena udzu wokutidwa ndi mame. Makala am'mimba amakhala ofewa, othandizira, ndipo njokayo imalekanitsa mosavuta corneum yakale kumapeto kwa muzzle.

Mwachilengedwe, gyurzes molt katatu pachaka: atachoka m'misasa yozizira, pakati pa chilimwe (kusungunuka koteroko sikungakhalepo) komanso musananyamuke kupita kukazizira. Gyurza wobadwanso kumene anakhetsa khungu lawo kwa nthawi yoyamba masiku angapo atanyamula. Achichepere amasungunula kangapo pachaka.

Zoyenera kuchita ngati ulumidwa ndi gyurza

Gyurza ndi imodzi mwa njoka zowopsa kwa ziweto komanso anthu. Amatha kupanga mphenzi kuti iponyere kutalika kwa thupi lake kwa mdani. Komanso, samalira, samayendetsa miyambo, koma amamuwukira popanda chenjezo ngati angaganize kuti mwaphwanya gawo lake.

Ngakhale katswiri wodziwa zaukadaulo amatha kukhala womugwirira. Ndizovuta kugwira, koma ndizovuta kwambiri kugwira. Thupi lamphamvu komanso lolimba limanjenjemera m'manja, ndikupita modzidzimutsa. Luso ndi luso lapadera lofunikira likugwira gyurza. Chifukwa chake, asodzi a gyurzu ndiofunika kwambiri padziko lapansi la njoka.

Akakhala wokonzeka kuluma munthu, ndiye, osazengereza, amapukusa mano ake ndi mphamvu yonse, pomwe nthawi zina akumubaya nsagwada yake ya m'munsi. Mwanjira iyi, iye, monga njoka zonse, ali ndi zida zabwino za chibwano. Kuluma cobra, ndikofunikira kuti "musunthire" nsagwada zake, ndikuzisuntha pang'ono. Nthawi zina amadzivulaza.

Kuluma kwa Gyurza nthawi zambiri zakupha. Popanda thandizo la panthawi yake, munthu amafa. Vutoli limasinthidwa ndi nyengo yotentha, kutentha kwa poizoni kumafalikira kwambiri mthupi lonse. Ngati mwalumidwa ndi gyurza, musataye mtima. Izi poizoni popanda kuthandizidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo-seramu sangathe kuchotsedwa m'thupi. Seramu yomweyi imapangidwa kuchokera ku poiziyi, ndipo imatchedwa "Antigyurzin."

Gurza poyizoni owopsa kwa anthu. Poizoni wa cobra yekha ndi woopsa kuposa poizoni wake. Gyurza nthawi yomweyo imayambitsa kuchuluka kwakukulu, mpaka 50 mg ya poizoni. Muli ma enzymes omwe amawononga magazi mwachangu, amatumphukira timitsempha ta magazi.

Magazi amayamba kuvala. Zonsezi zimayendera limodzi ndi kupweteka, mseru, kusanza, kutentha thupi. Komabe, poizoniyu ndiwofunika kwambiri pamankhwala. Amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kukakamiza, ma pinkiller, mphumu wa bronchial, mafuta opaka a radiculitis, neuralgia, polyarthritis, mankhwala othandizira odwala ndi matenda a hemophilia, zotupa zina zoopsa komanso khate.

Kulanda njoka ndi bizinesi yowopsa, koma yopindulitsa kwambiri. Kupanga njoka yosalamulirika, ndikuphwanya chilengedwe cha malo okhala, munthu wachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa anthu, kuphatikizapo ku Russia. Chifukwa chake, gyurza idaphatikizidwa ndi Red Red of Kazakhstan, Dagestan komanso mu New Book of the Russian Federation.

Poizoni wa gyurza. Zowopsa kwa anthu

Banja la njoka limayimiridwa ndi njoka zowopsa kwambiri. Mawonekedwe akunja, kapangidwe kake mkati, ndi zizolowezi za zinthuzi zomwe zikusonyeza kuti ali ndi zida zoopsa - poizoni, zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kupeza chakudya komanso kudzitchinjiriza.

Mosiyana ndi nkhanu "zabwino", zomwe zimakonda kukumana ndi chiwonetsero pakakumana ndi munthu ndikulankhula chenjezo "osandikhudza", gyurza ndi mbiri yabwino chifukwa cha njoka "yolakwika". Njoka yamphamvu komanso yaukali kwambiri imadzidalira yokha mwakuti ngati munthu kapena nyama yayikulu ili pafupi, siyimazindikira kukhalapo kwayo ndipo siyothamangira kuti ibwerere, ndipo mtundu wake ndi kusayenda bwino kwake zimapangitsa kuti zisaoneke. Ndipo ngati munthu saona gyurza ndikuigwira mwangozi, akhoza kuluma nthawi yomweyo.

Mankhwala a rheumatism ndi radiculitis amakonzedwa kuchokera ku matenda a gyurza - viprosal, hentaticatic agents - lebetox. Ndikofunikira kwambiri pakugwira ntchito pa tonne. Mukatha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa, magazi amatuluka mkati mwa mphindi 1.5. Lebetox amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati hemophilia.

Kuopsa kwa gyurza ndiye kwachiwiri kokha koma kwa chifuwa cha mamba. Imakhala ndi necrotizing, hemorrhagic komanso coagulating magazi pamagazi, omwe amachititsa kuti profuse kutayika kwamkati, minofu necrosis komanso mantha. Zokhudza kuphatikizika kwa magazi ndi magawo awiri: koyamba, mitsempha yamagazi imapatsika, chachiwiri, fibrinogen imasowa m'magazi ndikuyamba kupezeka kwathunthu. Kusintha kwa magazi kwa chilengedwe kumachepetsa kupezeka kwa michere ndi ma protein ena (zinthu zakundana) m'magazi am'magazi, zomwe zimapangitsa magazi kukhala akutseka ndikutuluka magazi - zotupa za pakhungu kwakanthawi yayitali, khungu limatupa, kumatupa am'magazi a ziwalo zomwe zakhudzidwazo zimayamba, ndipo zotupa zimatuluka. mkati. Kutupa uku kumalimbikitsidwa ndi "zotupa" za ziphe, i.e. zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa makoma amitsempha yamagazi. Wovutikayo amamva kupweteka kwambiri, chizungulire, komanso nseru. Nthawi zambiri kuluma kumamwalira.

Mphamvu ya mphamvu ya poizoni wakupha thupi lathu limadalira zifukwa zambiri - mwakuya kwa malowedwe a mano kulowa pakhungu, patsambalo la kulumayo, pa kuchuluka kwa poyizoni amene adalowa mchilonda, komanso, pathupi ndi m'maganizo a womenyedwayo. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ngozi yeniyeni ili pakubwera nokha.

Kodi gyurza amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Poizoni Gyurza

Zosintha zamitundu ingapo ya gyurza zimasiyanasiyana, chifukwa madera osiyanasiyana komwe amakhala, ndi kukhalapo kwa chamoyo chimodzi kapena china chilichonse pamalo omwe anthu angathe kukhalamo. M'madera ena, makina a njoka amakhala ndi mitundu yonse ya makoswe, ena - ochokera kwa mbalame. Zoyala zokhala ku Central Asia zimadya mbalame.

Pazosankha za gyurza mutha kuziwona:

Zakudya za njoka yoopsazi ndizosiyanasiyana. Zikuyenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti gyurza yokha yomwe ili ndi njala yomwe imagwira zilombo, imachita izi ikapanda kupeza ina. Mbalame za Gyurza zimasakidwa kuchokera kumalo obisalamo omwe amakhala pafupi ndi madzi. Mbalame zomwe zimawulukira kukamwa nthawi zambiri zimagwera njoka, yomwe imawombera ndi liwiro la mphezi ndikuluma wozunzayo ndi mano akuthwa. Nthawi zina mbalame imatha kuthawa, gyurza sathamangitsa womenyedwayo, yemwe posakhalitsa amadzigwetsa yekha, amenya pomwepo ndi poyizoni wamphamvu.

Chochititsa chidwi: kumeza amene akumenyedwayo, gyurza ili m'chipinda chogona kuti gawo la thupi lomwe gululo likupezeka pansi pa kuwala kwa dzuwa. Njoka yodyetsedwa imagona kwa masiku angapo kuti chakudya chamezekedwacho chigayike bwino.

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti gyurza, yemwe adakhazikika pamunda wolimidwa, ndiwopindulitsa kwambiri kwa anthu, akuwononga makoswe ambiri - tizirombo.

Kodi kuchita ndi kuluma gyurza?

Njira yayikulu komanso yothandiza yothandizira pakuluma kwa gyurza ndi makonzedwe a anti-njoka seramu.Theka la mankhwalawa limaperekedwa jakisoni atatu kapena anayi pamwamba pa malo olumidwa. Seramu yotsalayo imalowetsedwa m'dera lodzaza (ngati kuluma kunali m'manja) kapena nkhata (ngati kuluma kunali mwendo). Serum ndi nzeru kulowa posachedwa ola limodzi kuluma.

Palibe vuto ndikakuluma kwa gyurza simungawotche chilonda ndi chinthu chotentha, chifukwa gyurza imakhala ndi mano owopsa omwe amalowerera mkati mwa minofu, ndipo cauterization imalephera kuwononga mphamvu ya njoka. Mosiyana ndi izi, nkhanambo zimapangika pomwe minofu imayambukiridwa mosavuta, yomwe imapangitsa kuti mankhwalawo agwire bwino ntchito. Cauterization imatha kuthandizira kuluma tizilombo tokhala ndi poizoni, monga akangaude, kenako pokhapokha ngati itatha kumene kuluma.

Choyamba, muyenera kuyamwa magazi kuchokera bala, ndikulavulira. Ma poizoni a njoka kuchokera ku malovu amawonongeka pang'ono, ndipo munthu sangamuwonetsetse ngakhale atakhala ndi mano oyipa. Finyani kapena kuyamwa magazi sayenera kupitirira mphindi 5-8. Zitatha izi, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tizipanga mafuta odzola mu njira yofooka ya potaziyamu permanganate, viniga kapena koloko.

Kukulumikizidwa kwathunthu kwa nthambi yolumidwa kuyenera kuchitidwa. Wovutitsidwa amapatsidwa chakumwa chochuluka (tiyi, ayran, madzi). Koma chinthu chofunikira kwambiri ndikupereka odwala kuchipatala msanga.

Ndi chithandizo chakanthawi, wovutikayo nthawi zambiri amachira tsiku lotsatira.

Mankhwalawa amathandizira gyurza seramu yotsutsa-gyurz. Ku USSR, idayamba kupangidwa m'ma 1930 - yoyamba ku Tashkent, kenako ku Baku ndi Frunze (tsopano ndi Bishkek). Ku Russia, Antigyurz seramu siipangidwa; iyenera kugulidwa kunja. Anti-Gyurz seramu amathandizira kuluma kwa gyurza, efa ndi njoka. Ndizopusa. Koma nthawi yomweyo, ndikuyenera kudziwa kuti sibwino kugwiritsa ntchito seramu mukamaluma njoka.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Gyurza njoka

Gyurza amatuluka hibernation mu Marichi-Epulo, pomwe matenthedwe ochulukitsa madigiri khumi ndi chikwangwani chowonjezera. Amodzi oyamba kutuluka m'dzenje ndi amphongo, ndipo patatha sabata limodzi zazikazi zimayamba kukwawa. Njoka zomwe zidadzuka ku hibernation sizikufulumira kupita patsogolo, zimayamba kusamba dzuwa. Munthawi ya Meyi, zimbulu zimakonda kutsika m'mapiri kufupi ndi madambo okhala ndi chinyezi.

Nthawi zambiri, gyurs ambiri amadziunjikira pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi akasupe, njoka zimakonda kusambira, kumwa madzi ambiri. Kutayamba kutentha kwa chilimwe, gyurza imasinthana ndi nthawi yamadzulo, nthawi yomwe maulendo ake akusaka ayamba, kusaka kumatha kuchitika usiku komanso mbandakucha. Maso owoneka bwino ndi fungo labwino mosavuta zimathandizira kupeza msanga mumdima wosagonjetseka. Kutentha, njoka zimabisala pansi pamiyala, mumthunzi wa udzu, m'matumbo. Mu nthawi yophukira ndi yophukira, kusaka kumachitika masana.

Chosangalatsa: Pofika Novembala, a Gyurza amakwawa kupita kumalo awo ozizira kuti apitenso hibernation, amachita izi okha kapena gulu lonse (pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri).

Pali mphekesera zambiri zokhudzana ndi kubisala kwa gyurza. Mwina ndikuti samachenjeza za kuponya kwake poyizoni, modzidzimutsa modzidzimutsa. Ngati cobra ikulitsa chiwonetsero cha mankhwalayo ndikuyamba kuigwiritsa mwala, ndiye kuti gyurza siziwonetsa mpaka yomaliza, yongobisalira, kenako ikudziponya mwadzidzidzi. Pachabe, ambiri amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu, ndichopepuka, ngakhale obisala omwe adziwa kalekale nthawi zina analibe nthawi yoti atulutsire pansi, mtunda womwe umafikira kutalika kwa thupi la gyurza lokha.

Gyurza ali ndi matalente ambiri - amakwera mitengo mwangwiro, mofulumira kukwawa pansi, amadziwa kupumira kwambiri, ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu. Sikuti njoka iliyonse imatha kugwira nyama m'manja, chifukwa imapsa mtima. Gyurza ikayamba, amatha kupatsanso nsagwada ya m'munsi, ndikuluma komwe, amayesera kukola munthuyo.

Payokha, ndikofunikira kutchula kukhetsa kwa herpes, zomwe zimachitika kwa iye katatu pachaka. Ana obadwa kumene amasungunuka pakapita masiku angapo atabadwa, ndipo achinyamata pang'onopang'ono pafupifupi zisanu ndi zitatu pachaka. Kuti ma molting akhale opambana, ndikofunikira kuti chilengedwe chizikhala chinyezi, nthawi zambiri njoka zimayamba kulira m'mawa kwambiri kapena mvula.

Chochititsa chidwi: ngati kulibe mvula kwanthawi yayitali, gyurza iyenera kumira mame, panthaka yonyowa kapena kukwera dziwe kuti muchepetse masikelo ndikuyitaya mosavuta m'thupi.

Pakadali pano atasungunuka, njokayo imayesetsa kuyesa khungu lakale. Amayesera kukwawa pakati pa miyala. Pamapeto pa njirayi, zokololazo zimagona pafupifupi tsiku limodzi, osayenda, zikuwoneka kuti zikukula.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Maluwa a Levantine amakula pang'onopang'ono zaka 3-4 za moyo. Nthawi yake yakukula imayamba nthawi zosiyanasiyana, zimatengera nyengo yamadera ena, koma nthawi zambiri imagwera pa Epulo-Meyi.

Chosangalatsa: musanaganize ndi gyurs, china chake ngati masewera achikondi chimachitika, pamene njoka ziwiri, zolumikizana, kuluka ndikutambasulira m'mwamba.

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti si herpes onse omwe ndi oviparous, pali ovoviviparous repitles. Njoka nthawi zambiri zimayikira mazira mu nthawi ya Julayi kapena August, kuyikira kumatha kukhala mazira 6 mpaka 43, izi zimakhudzidwa ndi kukula kwa chikazi. Kulemera kwa dzira limodzi kumachokera ku magalamu 10 mpaka 20, ndipo m'mimba mwake amatha kuchokera 20 mpaka 54 mm. Mazira amawaika mu maboti osiyidwa ndi winawake, m'miyala yamiyala, nthawi yamakulidwe imatha pafupifupi masiku 50. Kuti chitukuko chikhale bwino pa mazira payenera kukhala chinyezi chochepa, ndiye kuti kulemera kwa mazira kumawonjezeka. Kunenepa kwambiri kumatha kuvulaza, kupangitsa nkhungu ndi kufa kwa fetal.

Nthawi zambiri kumapeto kwa Ogasiti kapena kumayambiriro kwa Seputembala, kumenyedwa kumachitika. Njoka zazing'ono zimabadwa kale ndikupanga kodziimira pawokha. Kutalika kwawo kumafika masentimita 28, ndipo ana amalemera pafupifupi g 12. Choyamba, anawo amadya mitundu yonse ya tizilombo, pang'onopang'ono amayamba kupeza anthu olemera. Mu chilengedwe, gyurza nthawi zambiri amakhala osaposa zaka zana limodzi, ndipo ali mu ukapolo - mobwerezabwereza.

Adani achilengedwe a Gyurza

Chithunzi: Gyurza kuchokera ku Red Book

Gyurza ali ndi miyeso yambiri, imathamanga kwambiri, imathamanga kwambiri, imakhala yoopsa komanso ili ndi poyizoni, chifukwa nyama zambiri zimapewa kulumikizana ndi izi, makamaka kuukira pa nyama zapamwamba, koma pali omwe amazikonda. Pakati pawo, mdani wowopsa kwambiri wa gyurza mwachilengedwe ndi buluzi.

Chowonadi ndi chakuti poyizoni wamphamvu kwambiri komanso wanthawi zonse wa gyurza alibe mphamvu pa izo, buluzi wowunikira sakutetezedwa, motero sitiopa kuukira njoka ya Levant. Nthawi zina nkhandwe, mphaka, bulu, nkhandwe imatha kuthana ndi gyurza. Zachidziwikire kuti, zolengedwa zoyamwitsa izi zimayika miyoyo yawo pachiswe, chifukwa alibe mankhwalawa. Nthawi zambiri nyama zimakumana ndi zovuta, nthawi yanjala pomwe sizipeza nyama.

Kuphatikiza pa nyama zapamtunda, mbalame zina zimasakanso gyurza, kuwukira kuchokera kumtunda, pomwe pa ntchentche. Mbalame monga kudya nyama za njoka ndi njoka zam'madzi nthawi zambiri zimachita izi. Kukula kwachinyamata, komwe sikunathebe chaka chimodzi, nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi vuto lozunzidwa ndi zilombo zina (sand eph, Central Asia cobra). Njoka zopanda nzeru zimagonjetsedwanso ndi buluzi woyang'anira chipululu.

Amathanso kugwidwa ndi mbalame monga Buzzard ndi kite wakuda. Ngati achinyamata a gyurza awona choopseza chilichonse, ndiye kuti amayesa kubisala, kuthawa. Pothawa sizingatheke, zokwawa zimayamba kuukira, ndikupanga zothamanga, zazitali kupitirira mita. Nthawi zambiri izi zimathandiza kupulumutsidwa, chifukwa ming'alu ya Levantine sikuti imangokhala poizoni, koma yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yamphamvu.

Maonekedwe a gyurza

Njoka ili ndi zizindikiro zakunja:

1. Thupi la wamwamuna limatha kutalika pafupifupi mita imodzi, ndipo chachikazi - 1.5 - 2 mita.
2. Mutu wake ndi wokulira, wokulirapo wokhala ndi chopingasa.
3. Palibe zotchingira pamwamba pa maso.
4. Chizindikiro, mutu ndi thupi zili ndi miyeso.
5. Mtundu wa mutu womwewo. Osowa kwambiri, mawonedwe owoneka ngati V amatha kuwoneka pa icho.
6. Njoka kumbuyo imakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni kapena imvi.

Mtundu wa njoka ndi wowonekera bwino, koma kumbuyo nthawi zina mumatha kuwona mawonekedwe omwe ali ngati mizere iwiri ya mawanga kapena mzere wautali. Mtunduwo ndi wakuda kuposa utoto waukulu. Ndi mitundu, itha kukhala:

Mimba imakhala yowala bwino ndi mawanga ang'onoang'ono akuda.

Habitat

Mitundu ya njoka iyi ndiyofala. Malo awo amakhala osiyanasiyana: Kuchokera Kumpoto mpaka Central Africa, maiko a Middle East, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India. Mutha kupeza ma subspecies ake osiyanasiyana kuzilumba za Sifnos, Polynos, Kimolos, Milos ndi Krete. Gawo lakale la Soviet Union, gyurzu imatha kupezeka m'maiko ngati awa: kumwera kwa Kazakhstan, kumadzulo kwa Tajikistan, kum'mawa ndi kumwera kwa Uzbekistan, kumwera kwa Turkmenistan, kum'mawa kwa Ciscaucasia ndi Caucasus.

Kudera la Central Asia ndi Caucasus, njoka imeneyi imatchedwa gyurza, koma m'maiko ena imatchedwa "Levant" kapena njoka yakum'mawa. Kuphatikiza pa mayinawa, anthu akumaloko adamupatsa dzina laulemu, kutengera dziko lomwe akukhalamo.

Malo omwe njoka ili ndi ofanana m'malo ake onse okhala. Malowa ndi monga:

1. M'mphepete mwa mitsinje.
2. Mapiri otsetsereka a m'mapiri ndi zitseko zomwe zakula ndi zitsamba.
3. Mapazi owuma.

M'mapiri, nyama yokweza imeneyi sikhala pamtunda wamtunda wamakilomita oposa theka. Samachita mantha ndi anthu. Ndi chifukwa cha izi kuti samapewa minda yamphesa ndi zipatso, m'mphepete mwa ngalande zothirira, minda yolimidwa. Ndipo amatha kukwawa m'malo okhalamo komanso osakhala anthu kunja kwa midzi.

Malo ake okhala ndi malo obisika komanso opanda phokoso - zotchingira ndodo ndi zazikazi zazing'ono zazing'ono, mipanda yopangidwa ndi miyala, mikono m'manja m'matanthwe a mitsinje, mitsinje yamiyala. Zobwezeretsazi ndizosewerera, anthu omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa mapiri ndi omwe amasunthidwa kwambiri. Nyengo yozizira ya Gyurza m'magulu akulu anthu m'miyala yamiyala, ndipo nthawi yozizira amayamba kulowa m'malo osiyanasiyana.

Kusamuka kwanyengo yachilimwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kutentha. Kutentha kwa chilimwe kukayamba, amakwawa pafupi ndi matupi amadzi kumapeto kwa mapiri. Pa kutentha, amamwa madzi ambiri ndipo amakonda kusambira.

Kubadwa koyamba kumayamba mu March kapena Epulo. Akudzutsa hibernation, pakadali pano ali chabe. Amayenda pakudzuwa ndikudzuka pang'onopang'ono. Samasaka nthawi yomweyo. Nthawi ngati imeneyi, zochitika zawo zimachitika masana, ndipo usiku amalowa m'malo obisika.

Kutentha kukayamba, njira yamoyo ya chamoyo chosinthira. Pang'onopang'ono, amayamba kuwonetsa zochitika zawo usiku. M'nyengo yotentha, ntchito zawo zili dzuwa litalowa dzuwa ndi theka loyamba la usiku. Dzinja likadzafika, amayambiranso kusaka masana okha. Ndipo mu Okutobala adayamba ulendo wozizira.

Kufalitsa kwa Gyurza

Nthawi yakukhwima ya nyama zapamadzi izi ndi Epulo ndi Meyi. Kites amabadwa kumayambiriro yophukira. Koma amabadwa m'njira zambiri. Mitundu yambiri, kubadwa kumeneku kumatchedwa kubadwa kwa moyo, koma ku Central Asia, gyurza amaikira mazira. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe ndi masiku 40..

Mazira adakutidwa ndi filimu yocheperako. Mimbayo imakula bwino. Chigoba ndichofunikira kuti kubadwa kosavuta kupepuka komanso kuti pakhale mpweya wokwanira. Nditachita dzira dzenjelo ndi laling'ono, njokazi sizikufulumira kutuluka kwawo kwina maola 24. Akatsamba obadwa kumene amakhala ndi kulemera kwa magalamu 10 mpaka 14 ndi kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 24. Chiwerengero chonse cha mazira chimatha kusintha kuchoka pa 15 mpaka 20 zidutswa mu clutch imodzi.

Njoka Zapoizoni: Zosiyanasiyana

Njoka zodziwika bwino (pafupifupi aliyense amazidziwa) zimakhala pafupifupi m'malo onse aku Russia. Titha kukumana naye kwina kulikonse: kunkhalango, mapiri, mapiri, m'minda, m'madambo ndi madambo. Iyi ndi imodzi mwanjoka zochepa zomwe zimatha kukhala ngakhale nyengo yozizira.

Mamba yakuda ndiyowopsa komanso yoopsa, imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwa njoka zachinyengo kwambiri padziko lapansi. Adatenga dzina lake chifukwa cha mtundu wakuda wamkati (pakuda bii). Ndi njoka yachangu, yankhanza komanso yakupha. Amakhala m'matanthwe komanso m'mapiri a miyala ku Africa (madera akumwera ndi kum'mawa). Ndiye njoka yayitali kwambiri ku Africa (mpaka 4.5 metres).

Gyurza - njoka yapoizoni: malongosoledwe

Gyurza ndiye woimira wamkulu wazirombo zamabanja am'phiri.
Kutalika kwake kwa thupi (ndi mchira) kuli pafupifupi mita 2, ndipo kulemera kwake kuli pafupifupi 5 kg.

Ali ndi mutu wambiri komanso wotambalala, kupukutira kwake ndi kozungulira, maso ake ndi ana ake ali owongoka. Mamba obedwa ali pamutu ponse pamutu. Mtundu, nthawi zambiri umakhala monophonic, koma nthawi zina umapezeka ndi mawonekedwe ovuta mawonekedwe a mawanga ndi ma arcs. Palibe zotchinga pamwamba pa maso ake.

Ziwerengero zamiyeso mkati mwa thunthu ndi pafupifupi 23 mpaka 27, pa peritoneum - kuyambira 126 mpaka 181 ndi pansi mchira - kuyambira 33 mpaka 53awiri.

Njoka yoopsayi ili ndi tint toni ya imvi pamwamba thupi. Malingana ndi katchulidwe, anthu pawokha amapezeka onse awiri (achikuda kapena abulauni), komanso okhala ndi zovala zofiirira. Kumbuyo kuli malo angapo oderapo akuda, ndipo mbali zake zilipo, koma ndizocheperako. Mimba ya njokayo ndi yopepuka, ndi malo ang'onoang'ono akuda.

Kugawa

Njoka izi ndizofala ku North-West Africa, kuzilumba za Mediterranean, South, West ndi Central Asia. Njoka zamtundu wamtunduwu zimakhala m'magawo a maiko otsatirawa: Syria, Chigawo cha Arabia, Israeli ndi magombe a kumadzulo kwa mtsinje wa Yordano, Iraq, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Turkey, North-West India ndi Western Pakistan.

Amapezekanso m'mayiko omwe kale anali a Union: ku Caucasus, Azzerani, ku peninsula ya Absheron komanso ku Central Asia.

Kummwera kwa Kazakhstan ndi komwe masiku ano kumafikira pafupifupi ndipo nthawi zambiri pamakhala gyurza.

Njoka ku Dagestan imakhala m'midzi ingapo. Chiwerengero cha republic iyi ndi chotsika ndipo pafupifupi madera ake ndi munthu m'modzi pa mahekitala 13. M'malo omwe amakhala malo okhala kwambiri, munthu m'modzi pa 0,8 ha. Apa mutha kukumana ndi njoka yokhala ndi mawanga akuda m'mbali. Kutalika kwake kuli pafupifupi mita imodzi.

Njoka yakuno ndi yakufa. 20% ya anthu onse omwe akumenyedwa amamwalira.

Kusaka

Gyurza ndi njoka yomwe imasaka modabwitsa. Pansipa kapena pamwala wina, amadikirira wovutayo, akafika komwe gyurza amaponya. Atagwira, satulutsa nyama, koma amayembekeza kuti poizoniyo amize, kenako n'kumeza. Popeza chilako cha njoka'chi ndichabwino kwambiri, kanthawi kochepa itatha kudya, akupitiliza kusaka.

Gyurza, monga njoka zambiri, amakonda kusambira, kwinaku akugwira mbalame zikafika padzenje lakuthirira.

Gyurza akuukira

Atagona kwa nthawi yayitali, ali ndi njala, njoka ya gyurza imayamba kusaka kwambiri masana. Pofika nthawi yotentha, makamaka kutentha kwambiri, usiku umakhala nthawi yabwino kwambiri kwa iye.

M'malo modekha, iye amakhala wodekha komanso wosakwiya, koma, kunena kwake,, ndi njira yosokoneza. Pakakhala zoopsa, gyurza amathamanga kwambiri ndipo amatha kuponya thupi lomwe limafanana ndi kutalika kwa thupi lake, lomwe limakhala 1-1,5 m.

Kodi chimadya chiyani?

Kwenikweni, njoka imadya makoswe, abuluzi, mbalame ndi nyama zina zazing'ono, koma ikakumana ndi msonkhano imatha kuukira munthu. Poizoni wa njoka uyu ndiowopsa ndipo amatha kupha.

Ndiwosaka bwino kwambiri ndipo amatha kudikirira nthawi yayitali atadyapo, atabisala pansi kapena pamtengo. Nyama ikangoyandikira, iye amapanga mphezi ndikuwugwirira ndi jekeseni. Pamaziko a poiziyi, mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi seramu yolimbana ndi njoka zimapangidwa.

Pokhudzana ndi kufalikira, kuchuluka kwa nyama zodzikongoletsera izi kunachepa kwambiri, ndipo monga zinachitikira, nthawi zambiri, ali muukapolo, amatha kukhala miyezi ingapo.

Gyurza njoka idayambitsidwa ku Buku Lofiyira Russian Federation ndipo ikutetezedwa ndi boma.

Monga choncho yeza njoka.

Amvera kuChingwe changa cha ng'ombe , pamaso pa zambiri zosangalatsa za nyama.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Gyurza ku Russia

Malo okhala mphukira za Levantine ndiwosiyanasiyana komanso osiyanasiyana. Mpaka pano, mabungwe osiyanasiyana omwe akukhudzidwa kuteteza zinyama ndi chilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi akuti palibe chomwe chikuwopseza kuchuluka kwa herpes, pali njoka zambiri izi pafupifupi m'malo onse omwe ali ndi chilolezo chokhazikika. Izi zikugwirizana komanso kuwerengera kwa digito komwe asayansi apanga.

Amawonetsa kuti m'malo mwawamba kubwezeretsa ng'ombe nthawi zonse kumakhala anthu anayi pa hekitala imodzi, ndipo mu chirimwe chochuluka, mpaka makumi awiri a iwo pa hekitala iliyonse amasonkhanitsidwa pafupi ndi malo osiyanasiyana amadzi. Chifukwa cha izi ndi kafukufuku wina, palibe nkhawa pa kukula kwa kuchuluka kwa gyurza, palibe zomwe zikuwopseza kuwonongeka, koma izi sizichitika kulikonse.

M'mayiko ena, kuchuluka kwa anthu ochita masewera ali ochepa kwambiri. Izi zidachitika chifukwa chakulima kwachiwawa kwa anthu komanso kugwidwa kwambiri ndi njoka. Si chinsinsi kuti poyizoni wa gyurza amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala, kupanga ena mwa iwo omwe amathandiza ndi rheumatism, radiculitis, hemophilia.

Zochita zoyipa zobadwa nazo za anthu zidapangitsa kuti ku Russia ndi Kazakhstan, gyurza adalembedwe mu Red Book. Ndikwabwino kuti dziko laling'ono longa lokhalali anthu akumaloko, ndipo kumadera otsalako gyurza akumva bwino ndipo sakhala pachiwopsezo chachiwonongeko.

Chitetezo cha Gyurza

Chithunzi: Gyurza kuchokera ku Red Book

Monga tanena kale, sizinthu zonse ndi kuchuluka kwa njoka za Levane zikuyenda bwino, m'madera ena zodabwitsa izi zikucheperachepera. M'dziko lathu, gyurza ali mu Red Book. Kudera la Russia, njoka zamtunduwu zimakhala ku Dagestan, komwe kum'mwera chakum'mawa. Palibe chovuta kunena kuti ndi ife iyi ndiye oopsa kwambiri njoka zaululu. Gyurza, yemwe amakhala ku Dagestan, amatchedwa Transcaucasian, mawonekedwe ake ndi kukhalapo kwa zikopa zambiri pamimba ndi kusakhalapo (zochepa kwambiri) zamtengo wakuda pamenepo.

Chiwerengero cha gyurza wa Transcaucasian ndichochepa kwambiri. Kuwerengetsa komwe kunachitika zaka zingapo zapitazo kunawonetsa kuti palibe anthu opitilira 1000 omwe adatsala njoka'zi. Izi zachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa munthu wa malo okhala zokwawa: kulima nthaka, kudyera mapiri ndi malo otsika, kusokonezedwa ndi dongosolo la mitsinje ya kumapiri.

Kuphatikiza pa zonsezi, kugwidwa kwa njoka sikunali kuwongoleredwa mwanjira iliyonse, chifukwa chake, pachaka pafupifupi zokwawa zana limodzi, zomwe kukula kwake kunaposa 70 cm, zimagwidwa pazosowa zamankhwala, ndipo awa ndi omwe amabala kwambiri. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti osati m'dziko lathu lokha, komanso ku Kazakhstan kuli njoka zochepa za Levant, chifukwa chake njoka iyi imapezekanso mu Red Book.

Mapeto ake, ndikufuna kuwonjezera kuti kukula kwa gyurza, mphamvu yake, ngozi yomwe imabweretsa, poizoni wamphamvu kwambiri komanso chinyengo chake zimapangitsa mantha amodzi poganiza za nyama zodabwitsazi. Koma musaiwale kuti zimabweretsa zabwino zake kwa anthu, ndikuwononga tizilombo tambiri tambiri m'minda yolimidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, oddly mokwanira, poizoni wa gyurza ali ndi zofunikira pochiritsa.