Black Cayman - Fossil Wamoyo wa ku Amazon * Vertebrates

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Nyama zakuda ndi mbadwa za m'modzi mwa anthu oyamba padzikoli amene analamulira zaka pafupifupi 150 miliyoni zapitazo.

Masiku ano, wakayala wakuda amapanga mitundu ina ya banja la alligator, yomwe imadziwika ndi ng'ona. Malo okondedwako akuda ndimayerewe opanda phokoso ndi mitsinje yokhala ndi madzi opanda kanthu, m'mphepete mwake mumakhala timiyala tambiri.

Black cayman (Melanosuchus niger).

Maonekedwe a kayman wakuda

Khungu la nyama zamtunduwu ndi zakuda, nthumwi zina zamtunduwu zimakhala pafupifupi zakuda, zomwe zimathandiza nyama zolusa pakasaka mumdima. Kuphatikiza apo, utoto uwu umathandizira kuti dzuwa lizipezeka.

Pa nsagwada ya m'munsi, matchire akuda amakhala ndi mikwingwirima, imvi m'magulu achichepere, ndipo yofiirira yakale. M'mphepete mwa thupi pali mikwaso yachikasu kapena yoyera. Wamng'ono wachinyamata, zimawonekera kwambiri. Pakupita kwa zaka, khungu limakhala lolingana kwambiri.

Ma caimans akuda ali ndi maso akulu abulauni. Phokoso liloza, locheperako kuposa lina la banja. Mchirawo umakhala wotalikirapo poyerekeza ndi ma caymans ena.

Wankhonya wakuda ndi nyama yansuwa.

Kukula kwa amuna akuluakulu kumafika mamita 2.8-4.3, koma ena oimilira amtunduwo amatha kukula mpaka mamita 5 kapena kupitirira. Kulemera kwa zokwawa kumachokera ku ma kilogalamu 300.

Amuna akuluakulu kwambiri amalemera kuposa ma kilogalamu 400. Kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana zimadziwika kuti ma caymans akuda amatha kutalika kwa 6 mita ndikulemera 1100 kilogalamu. Akazi, poyerekeza ndi amuna, ali ndi kukula kocheperako - kutalika kwa thupi lawo ndi mamitala 2.5-3.35, ndipo amalemera kuchokera pa kilogalamu 120 mpaka 160.

Zakudya zopatsa thanzi komanso chikhalidwe cha alligators wakuda

Gawo lalikulu la chakudya chakuda cha Caiman ndi nsomba - catfish, ma perches ndi ma piranhas. Kukula kwazing'ono kumadalira tizilombo ndi crustaceans. Izi zokwawa sizingodyedwa ndi mafoni am'madzi, chakudya chawo chimaphatikizapo mbalame, akambuku ndi zinyama.

Akuluakulu amadyera pamatepi, capybaras, otters akuluakulu, agwape ndi anacondas. Mwachitsanzo, nyama zazikulu, mahatchi ndi ng'ombe, zimathanso kuwonekera pakamwa pa adani. Komanso, nkhuku zakuda sizinyoza nthumwi za amphaka ndi agalu.

Ziweto zimasaka, nthawi zambiri nthawi yamadzulo komanso usiku. Malangizo a kusaka ndi osavuta: caiman amagwira womenyayo ndi mano ake ndikumukokera pansi pamadzi, pomwe amakangana.

Wachinyamata wakuda amakhala ndi nsagwada zolimba.

Mano amapangidwira kuti zopanda zokwawa sizitha kuwabera, amazing'ambika ndi zidutswa, ndiye kuti mbalame zakuda zimameza owononga ochepa, ndikang'amba zazikuluzo ndikuzidya. Ngati timalankhula za kuukira kwa nkhanu zakuda pa anthu, ndiye kuti zochitika zofananira sizimawonedwa.

Kubala Ng'amba

Yaikazi imayamba kupanga chisa kumapeto kwa nyengo yadzuwa. Amakumba m'mphepete mwa masamba, nthambi ndi udzu. Pazitseko za chisa ndi 1.5 metres ndipo kutalika kwake ndi 75 cm.
Monga lamulo, clutch imakhala ndi mazira 30-60. Yaikazi imayikira mazira mu chisa, ndipo imagona kwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi, kenako ana amatenga. Nthawi imeneyi imachitika kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yamvula, popeza chinyontho chimafunikira pakukhazikika kwanyama zazing'ono.

Jaguar vs. Black Cayman: Ndani Adzapambane Nthawi Ino?

Munthawi yonse ya makulitsidwe, mayiyo amateteza kumeta, kenako ndikuthandizira wakhanda kuti atuluke pakhungu. Kenako ikazi imodzi imasuntha ana mkamwa kukhala madzi osungira. Ana angapo amakhala m'malo osungirako, omwe amayi awo amawasamalira.

Akazi samayikira mazira chaka chilichonse, koma kamodzi mwa zaka 2-3. Amayi amasamalira ana kwa miyezi ingapo, koma kuyang'anira uku sikusamala kwambiri, chifukwa chake ana ambiri amafa m'mano a anthu ena omwe amadana nawo. Ndi 20% yokha ya ana onse omwe amakhalabe achikulire.

Mtengo wosodza ndi momwe zimakhudzira ziwerengero za caiman

Ma caimans akuda amakhala ndi khungu lakuda lakuda, motero zodzikongoletsera izi zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri pamsika. Pamenepa, nyama zinawomberedwa kwambiri. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za 50s anthu anali atatsala pang'ono kufika pa ziro. Ma caimans akuda amapezeka kokha kumalo akutali kwambiri a Amazon. Ndimayamika chifukwa cha malo osafikirika a nkhalango zotentha kuti ma caimans satha.

Kufunika kwa khungu la ng'ona kumayika ma caimans pachiwopsezo cha kutha.

Kuzindikira momwe zinthu zinachitikira kumapeto kwa zaka za 70s, pomwe ma piran adadzaza mitsinje ndipo ma capybar adachulukana kwambiri kotero kuti adawononga masamba ambiri. Ndipokhapo pomwe anthu adaganizira zodziwika kuti ma caimans akuda ndi gawo lofunikira mu chilengedwe cha Amazon.

Pankhaniyi, malamulo adawaletsa kuwonongedwa kwa ma caymanas akuda. Mpaka pano, chiwerengerochi chafika pa anthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni, omwe akuwonetsedwa bwino ku chilengedwe cha South America. Tsopano kuwonongeka kwa malingaliro amtambo wakuda sikuwopsezedwa.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Khalidwe la Habitat ndi caiman

Cayman amakhala m'madzi aang'ono, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'mitsinje. Ngakhale caimans amadyera, komabe amawopa anthu, amakhala amanyazi, odekha komanso ofooka, momwemomwe amasiyana ndi enieni.

Caimans amadya tizilombo, tating'onoting'ono tikakafika kukula kokwanira, timadyanso ma invertebrates am'madzi am'madzi, zouluka komanso zazing'ono zazikazi. Mitundu yinyake ya cayman yizamugwira nkhongono ndipo. Caimans ndiyosachedwa komanso wodekha, koma amayenda bwino kwambiri m'madzi.

Mwachilengedwe chawo, ma caimans amakhala ankhanza, koma nthawi zambiri amaweta pamafamu, ndipo m'malo osungira nyama kuli ambiri, motero amawazolowera anthu mwachangu komanso mwamakhalidwe, ngakhale amatha kuluma.

Ma Cayman Views

Ngwazi kapena chiwonetsero chamawonekedwe ,
Brown cayman ,
Kutali Cayman ,
Cayman waku Paraguayan ,
Wachinyamata wakuda ,
Zokongoletsa poyambira .

Crocodile cayman amatchedwanso kuti eyeglass. Mtunduwu umawoneka ngati ng'ona wokhala ndi mpendero wautali wopendekera, wotchedwa m'maso chifukwa cha kukula kwa mafupa m'maso ofanana ndi tsatanetsatane wa magalasi.

Pa chithunzipo pali munthu wakuda

Amuna akuluakulu kwambiri amakhala ndi utali wa mita atatu. Makamaka amasaka mu nthawi ya nkhunda, nthawi yachilala ilipo chakudya chochepa, motero masiku ano kubala cannibalism. Amatha kukhala ngakhale m'madzi amchere. Komanso, ngati malo okhala zachilengedwe azikhala ovuta, pitani piringupiringu.

Mtundu wa khungu umakhala ndi chameleon ndipo umasewera kuyambira bulauni mpaka maolivi amdima. Pali zingwe za utoto wakuda. Amatha kupanga mawu kuchokera kumanzere mpaka kumveka phokoso.

Monga ma caim ambiri ambiri amakhala m'madambo ndi m'madziwe, m'malo okhala ndi masamba oyandama. Popeza nkhombazi ndizovomerezeka ndi madzi opanda pake, izi zimawalola kukhazikika kuzilumba zapafupi za America. Brown cayman. Mtunduwu ndi wofanana kwambiri ndi abale ake, womwe umatalika mpaka mamita awiri ndipo walembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira.

Kutali Cayman. Dzinali la Caiman limadziyankhulira lokha, mtengo wotchedwa caiman uwu, uli ndi kupendekera kwakukulu komwe kumakhala kotakata kuposa mitundu ina ya alligators, iwo amafikira pafupifupi mamita awiri. Mtundu wakuthupi umakhala wa azitona, wobiriwira wokhala ndi malo amdima.

Caiman imeneyi imatsogolera m'madzi, ndimakonda madzi abwino, nthawi zambiri imagwedezeka ndipo imangoyang'ana pamadzi okha. Amakonda zausiku ndipo amatha kukhala pafupi ndi anthu.

Kudya chakudya chofanana ndi caiman ena onse amathanso kuluma kudzera pazing'amba za akambuku chifukwa chake amapezekanso muzakudya zake. Chakudya chimamezedwa chonse kupatula ngati akamba achibadwa. Popeza khungu lake ndi loyenera kulipakidwa, nyamayi imakonda kugwidwa ndi ozizira chifukwa chake amtunduwu amafalitsa pamafamu.

Wachinyamata waku Paraguayan. Ndiwofanana kwambiri ndi nkhwangwa ya Caiman. Kukula kwake kungathenso kutalika mita itatu ndipo utotowo ndi wofanana ndi ngwazi zamkango, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndikuti nsagwada yam'munsi imazungulira pamwamba pamwambapa, komanso kupezeka kwa mano akuthwa, ndipo chifukwa cha izi chotchedwa caiman "amatchedwa" piranha caiman ". Caiman yamtunduwu yalembedwanso mu Buku Lofiira.

Dwarf Cayman. Mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri ya caimans, yayikulu kwambiri imafikira masentimita zana limodzi ndi makumi asanu. Amakonda matupi amadzi abwino komanso moyo wamadzulo, ndiwofulumira kwambiri, masana amakhala pamakumba pafupi ndi madzi. Amadyanso chakudya chofanana ndi mitundu yonse ya Caiman.

Kuswana kwa Caiman komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

Nthawi zambiri nthawi yobereketsa imakhala nthawi yamvula. Akazi amamanga zisa ndi kuyikira mazira, kuchuluka kwake kumasiyana kutengera mitunduyo ndipo izi ndizambiri mazira 18-50.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pamtunda wotchedwa caiman, mwamphongo ndi wamkazi amatenga nawo mbali popanga malo oti aziikira mazira. Mazira amagona m'mizere iwiri yosiyana ndi kutentha, chifukwa kutentha kwazizira kwamphongo kumatchingira chimphona chachikazi.

Kutalika kwa masiku omwe akukhala ndi masiku makumi asanu ndi awiri. Nthawi yonseyi, zazikazi zimateteza zisa zake, ndipo zazikazi zimatha kulumikizana kuti ziziteteza ana awo amtsogolo, komabe, pafupifupi, magawo makumi asanu ndi atatu a awona amasakazidwa ndi abuluzi.

Akazi kumapeto kwa nthawi amathandizira caimans kuti akhale ndi moyo, koma, mosasamala zonse, pali ochepa omwe amapulumuka. Malingaliro amasiyanasiyana pamlingo wamoyo, popeza poyamba ma caimans amawoneka ngati akale. Koma akukhulupirira kuti pafupifupi caimans amakhala ndi zaka makumi atatu.

Mamba Cayman Ndipo mbalamezi ndizoyang'anira zakale zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu, ndizofunikira kwambiri ku dziko lapansi, chifukwa ndizoyang'anira madera omwe amakhala.

Koma pakadali pano, olusa akusaka khungu ili, ndipo chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala nyamazi ndi munthu payekha, kuchuluka kwa nyama izi kwatsika kwambiri, ena adalembedwa kale mu Red Book. Ma famu ambiri adapangidwa pomwe zotsalazo zimapangidwa mwaluso.

Dzina lachi Latin - Melanosuchus niger

Chizungu - Black caiman

Class - Repitles or Repitles (Reptilia)

Order - Mamba (Crocodylia)

Banja - Alligators (Alligatoridae)

Ndodo - Wakayala wakuda (Melanosuchus)

Pali mtundu umodzi wokha m’banja la ma caimans akuda.

Pakadali pano, wakuda wakuda walembedwa m'ndandanda wa IUCN Red ngati mtundu, kupezeka kwake komwe mwachilengedwe sikukhudzidwa pakadali pano. Koma posachedwa, zonse sizinali bata. Mu 1940s ndi 1950s pafupifupi 90% yaanthu akuda onse achikale adawonongedwa. Panthawiyo, khungu la nkhanga zoterezi linali lofunika kwambiri, kotero kuti ng'ona zidaphedwa mopanda malire. Ndi anthu okhawo omwe amakhala osafikika kwambiri omwe adatsalira. Kuwonongeka kwa moyo wa zolengedwa zakuda zakuda kunathandizidwa ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa pa Amazon ndikuchotsa zinyalala m'malo ena osiyanasiyana.

Kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chiwembu chakuda kunayambitsa chisokonezo chachikulu mu chilengedwe cha Amazon ndi mabungwe ake. Kusowa kwa nyama zodya nyama zomwe zidayambitsa nyama kunawonjezera kuchuluka kwa ma piranhas ndi capybaras (amadya udzu wonse).

Mu 1990, ku Bolivia, ntchito idayamba kubala amphona akuda m'ndende ndikumasulidwa kwawo kwina. Kuchita bwino sikuli kwakukulu, koma ntchitoyi ikupitilirabe.

Tsopano wakuda wakuda amakhala m'malo onse a mbiri yakale, koma m'mayiko anayi mwa asanu ndi awiri chiwerengero chake chatsika kwambiri.

Chiwerengero chonse chaanthu akuda amakono ndi 25,000-50000 anthu.

Munthuyo ali ndi mlandu wochepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu akuda - kuwoneka mwachindunji (kugwidwa ndi kuwombera) komanso kuwonekera kosadziwika (kusintha kwa malo) kumapangitsa malingaliro kuti akhalepo. Amapha caimans wakuda chifukwa cha khungu, lomwe, mosiyana ndi khungu la ng'ona zamkaka, limatha kukonzedwa mosavuta. Chifukwa chake, mawonekedwe a zovala za zikopa za ng'ona. Chowonadi tsopano, kudzera mwa zoyesayesa za akatswiri, ntchito ikupitidwa kuti ibwezeretse chiwerengero cha ma caimans akuda - chitetezo m'chilengedwe, kuswana mu ukapolo.

Mwachilengedwe, caimans akuda nthawi zambiri amamenya nyama zapakhomo (agalu, nkhumba, mbuzi, ng'ombe, akavalo), ndipo nthawi zina amatha kukhala owopsa kwa anthu.

Kugawa ndi malo

Gawo la amuna akuda limafotokoza madera 7 a South America (Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana). Nyamayi imakonda malo osyanasiyana ndi mitengo yamangati yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Amazon ndi minda yake.

Mtundu wa Black Cayman ndiye mtundu waukulu kwambiri wabanja la alligator komanso mdera lalikulu kwambiri lotchedwa Amazon basin. Kutalika kwa amuna akuluakulu ndi pafupifupi 3.5-4 m, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 200-300 kg. Popeza caimans amakula m'miyoyo yawo yonse, zaka zawo zimatha kupitirira 4 m ndi zaka.azimayi a nkhanu zakuda ndi zazifupi - kutalika kwake, pamasiyana, kuyambira 1.8 mpaka 2.4 m (ngakhale anthu a 2,5-3,5 m nthawi zambiri amapezeka ), ndipo amalemera kuchokera 50 mpaka 100 kg.

Ma caimans akuda amakhala ndi khungu lakuda. Malo owala amawonekera pa nsagwada ya m'munsi, ndipo mikwingwirima yachikasu kapena yoyera ikuwoneka m'mbali za thupi, ndikusowa ndi msinkhu wa nyama. Pamutu pali kutumphuka kwa mafupa, monga ku ma caimans ena. Maso ndi akulu, a bulauni ndi ana ofukula.

Kuphimba kwa ma caimans amenewa ndi kocheperako, koma chigaza chake ndi chachikulu. Mano ake ndi 72-76, ndipo amapezeka kuti akalumidwa amakhala ngati "lumo".

Black caimans ndi nyama zolusa, koma, malinga ndi akatswiri ena, nthawi zambiri samalowa m'mikangano yachindunji ndi wina ndi mnzake. Amakhala moyo wodzipatula, pokhapokha nthawi yachilala, amasonkhana m'malo osungira osatha.

Ankhandwe akuda amasaka usiku, amathandizidwa ndi khungu lakuda. Masana, kuti thupi lizitentha (230), ng'ona nthawi zambiri zimakonda kuphika padzuwa, zikagona m'madzi m'madzi osaya kapena pagombe. Khungu lakhungu pamenepa limathandizira kuti pakhale mphamvu zambiri zakuthambo.

Ndi ana ang'ono, ang'ono akuda okha omwe ali ndi mdani mwachilengedwe: awa ndi nsomba zodya nyama, ndi ng'ona zina, ndi anacondas, mbalame zamphongo, ndi anyalugwe. Ma caimans akafika pafupifupi mita imodzi, amakhala kuti alibe adani achilengedwe.

Chakudya Chabwino komanso Kudya

Ma invertebrates (makamaka nkhono), nsomba zazing'ono ndi achule zimakonda kwambiri zakudya zazing'ono za caimans. Caimans wakula mpaka 1 mita nsomba zazikulu, kuphatikiza piranhas, komanso zazing'ono zazing'ono, monga agoutis, amene abwera kudzatunga madzi. Zoyambira zazikulu zimatha kugwira nyama zazikulu: nsomba, njoka, akamba, mbalame ndi zinyama. Pakati pa anyani, anyani osiyanasiyana, ma sloth, armadillos, mphuno, agwape, ophika mkate ndi ma capybaras nthawi zambiri amakhala ovutitsidwa ndi caimans wakuda. Kuphatikiza apo, ma caacans ena, anacondas, dolphin amtsinje, manatees atha kukhala nyama yawo.

Mano a nkhanu zakuda amapangika kuti asathe kutafuna nyama, mwina amameza lonse, kapena kuwaza zidutswa zazikulu ndikuzimeza.

Nthawi zambiri mbalame zamtchire zakuda zimasaka madzulo kapena usiku, kudikira wovutikayo m'madzi. Popita kukasaka, amagwira nyama ija ndi kuikoka m'madzi, pomwe wosewetsayo azitsitsidwa. Nthawi zina mbalame zakuda zakuda zimasaka pamtunda, ngakhale zimakhala zazifupi komanso zofooka.

Kubala komanso chikhalidwe cha makolo

Zachikazi zazimayi zakuda zimayikira mazira kamodzi pakatha zaka 2-3 munyengo yopuma (Seputembara-Disembala). Amamanga chisa chomwe chimayandikira mita 1.5 pafupi ndi madzi osaya ndikuyika mazira pamulu wa mbewu. Mu clutch nthawi zambiri mumakhala mazira 30 mpaka 65, osalemera pafupifupi 144 g iliyonse, yokutidwa ndi chipolopolo. Yaikazi imakhala pafupi ndi chisa nthawi yonse yovundikira, yomwe imatha masiku 42 mpaka 90, kutengera kutentha kwake. Pakutha kwa makulitsidwe, wamkazi amafukula mazira ndikuthandizira ana ake. Ambiri a zisa za amphaka akuda amwalira, zimasakazidwa ndi njoka, abuluzi, mbalame zina.

Poyamba, ng'ona zimakhala m'madzi osaya, nthawi zambiri ana angapo amaphatikizidwa pagulu lalikulu.

Imfa pakati pa ana amphaka akuluakulu ndiochulukirapo, nyama zochepa zimakhala ndi moyo mpaka nditakula (mazira osakwana 20% mazira omwe adayikidwa).

Kutalika kwa moyo wa zakuda zakuda ndi zaka 40-50, komabe, pali zochitika zina pomwe anthu ena adapulumuka zaka 80.

Ku Moscow Zoo, pachiwonetsero chokhazikika ku Terrarium pavilion (New Territory), alendo nthawi zonse amatha kuwona kolona wakuda woperekedwa ndi anzawo kuchokera ku Peru kupita kumalo osungira nyama.

Kugawa

Malo okhala amakhala ku Amazon. Chinyama chofala ndizofala kumpoto kwa South America. Ochuluka kwambiri amakhala ku Brazil ndi Bolivia. Black cayman ndi osowa ku Venezuela ndi Paraguay.

Zosangalatsa zimakhala pamadzi oyenda komanso madzi.

Kuphatikiza pa mitsinje, nyanja ndi akulu panthawi ya kusefukira kuyambira Meyi mpaka Julayi, imawonekanso m'nkhalango ndi m'madzi osefukira. Pakagwa chilala, wogulitsa ndege amabwerera kumalo ake osungira.

Ndi malo omwe amakhala, amasankha malo osakwanira ndi kupewa malo otseguka kumene angathe kukhala osaka kwa osaka. Anthu akumeneko amamufunafuna chifukwa cha zikopa zapamwamba komanso nyama yodyedwa ngati chakudya. Amuna ndi akazi akulu amachitidwa chizunzo atayikira mazira.

Mu 1990s, olosera aku Brazil Mamiraua Nature Reserve ku Brazil okha ndi omwe amapititsa matani 100 a nyama yakuda kumisika kumsika uliwonse. Chiwerengerochi chikuyerekezedwa ndi anthu 25-50 miliyoni.

Khalidwe

M'malo awo achilengedwe, oimira achikulire a mtunduwu samakhala ndi adani achilengedwe. M'madera ambiri amakhala ndi anthu ambiri (Caiman crocodilus), wopikisana nawo chakudya komanso wamtali, wopatsa nyama mwaulere komanso wosamalira mwachangu.

Zoyambitsa zazing'ono zazing'ono zimadya tizilombo ndi nkhono, ndipo zikamakula, zimasamukira kuzinthu zazikulu. Zakudya zawo zimaphatikizidwa ndi nsomba, abuluzi ndi mafoni amadzi. Zoyimilira zazikulu zimasinthanitsa menyu wawo watsiku ndi tsiku zomwe zimayamwa ndi mitundu yazinyama.

Monga ming'alu yambiri, amagwira ntchito madzulo komanso usiku, ndipo masana amapuma mnyumba zawo. Nthawi yomweyo, pakusaka, nyama zodyerazi zimadalira kwambiri maso awo kuposa kumva ndi kununkhira. Nthawi zambiri amadikirira kuti agwiritse ntchito kudzenje kapena kuthyolako posambira m'madzi (Hydrochoerus hydrochaerus).

Mbawala zakuda zimameza nyama yaying'ono yonse, ndipo kuchokera kumtundu waukuluwo zimayamba kuluma kachidutswa kakang'onoko. Kapangidwe ka nsagwada ndi mano sikumawalola kutafuna mnofu wa wogwidwayo.

Melanosuchus niger ndi wodziwika chifukwa cha luso lawo laphokoso. Nyamayo ikulira kwambiri mokweza mabingu. Mutha kuwamva ali patali kwambiri. Phokoso lotere limathandiza kupewa kukangana ndi abale komanso kukopa okondana nawo nyengo yakukhwima.

Udindo wa anthu

Black cayman ndiofala ku Amazon: Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia. Amakonzekera kukhazikika m'malo osungira komanso mitsinje yotseka. Imapezeka m'malo opezeka madzi osefukira komanso m'malo onyowa nthawi ya kusefukira kwa mitsinje.

Mu 1940s - 1950s, 99% ya anthu idachotsedwa chifukwa chakusaka kosalamulirika. Khungu lakuda lakuda kwa ng'onayo lidawonedwa kwambiri. M'madera akutali, kusaka kunapitilira mpaka m'ma 1970. Vutoli lidakumananso ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa komanso mpikisano ndi mitundu yina, monga kholingo la chamiman. Kuchulukitsidwa kwa wakayala wakuda kunasokoneza chilengedwe mu malo ambiri - kuchuluka kwa ma piranhas ndi capybaras kunakulirakulira.

Tsopano, mayiko angapo ali ndi mapulogalamu oteteza ndi kubereka amtunduwu, ndipo chiwerengerochi chikuchira pang'onopang'ono. Chiwerengero chonse cha mitunduyi ndi 25-50,000 anthu.

Kufotokozera

Kutalika kotalika ndi 2-4 m. Amuna ochepa okha ndi omwe amakula kuposa 5 m ndipo amalemera pafupifupi 400 kg. Akazi ndi ocheperako kuposa amuna ndipo amalemera 60-110 kg.

Khungu losalala limapakidwa utoto pafupifupi. Utoto wocheperako umapangitsa kuti nyama zamtunduwu zikhale zowoneka bwino usiku ndipo zimathandizira kuti kuzizirira bwino nthawi yotentha. Pa nsagwada ya m'munsi, mikwingwirima imadutsa, ndikupeza mtundu wa bronze kwa anthu akale.

M'mphepete, mikwaso yopepuka yachikasu kapena yoyera imadziwika. Amadziwika kwambiri mu achinyamata obiriwira. Mimba ndi yopepuka.

Mutu waukulu umatha ndi mutu wopendekera. Pamaso akulu akuluwa amatuluka. Mchirawo sufupika poyerekeza ndi thupi.

Kutalika kwa moyo wa munthu wakhungu ndi zaka 40-50. Ali mu ukapolo, ndi chisamaliro chabwino, amakhala zaka 60-80.

Black cayman (Melanosuchus niger) amakhala ku Bolivia, Brazil, zigawo za Colombia, Ecuador, pakati pa French Guiana, Guyana, kumadzulo kwa Peru ndi Venezuela.

Imapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana amadzi oyera, monga mitsinje, nyanja, madzi osefukira ndi madambo.

Black Cayman ndiye wamkulukulu Mitundu ya m'mabanja a alligator, imatha kutalika mpaka 6 metres (pafupifupi 20), zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala membala wamkulu kwambiri wabanja la Cayman komanso mdera wamkulu kwambiri pachigwa cha Amazon.

Maganizo ake ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi a alligator aku America (Alligator mississippiensis). Monga dzina lawo limatanthawuza, ma caymans akuda ndi akuda bii.

Caimans pamunsi pa nsagwada amakhala ndi mikwaso yaimvi (yofiirira mwa nyama zakale), mikwaso yopepuka yachikasu kapena yoyera palimodzi ndi thupi lonse, ngakhale imakhala yowonekera kwambiri chifukwa cha ana. Mikwingwirima imeneyi imazimiririka pang'onopang'ono pomwe nyamayo imayamba kukula pang'ono ndi pang'ono. Mbawala yakuda imakhala ndi kakhoma pamwamba pamaso ofiira, ndipo imasiyanitsidwa ndi khungu lowoneka bwino. Kupaka khungu kumathandizira chophimba usiku pakasaka, komanso kumathandizira kuyamwa.

Ma caimans akuda amadya, kuphatikiza piranhas, catfish ndi nyama zina, monga akamba ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana zapadziko lapansi, monga capybaras (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) ndi agwape, omwe amabwera kumadzi. Zitsanzo zazikulu zimatha kudya ma tapir ndi anacondas. Mano awo amapangidwa kuti agwire nyama, ndipo atamira, kuti apeze chakudya chokwanira. Ana aang'ono amadya crustaceans ndipo asanasamuke kupita kudzikululi. Anthu athanzi ali m'gulu la chakudya chochuluka kwambiri chomwe chimadyedwa. Choopsa chachikulu kwa iwo ndi anthu omwe amadyera nyama zazikuluzikulu chifukwa cha khungu ndi nyama.

Ma caimans akuda amamanga zisa zawo (pafupifupi mita imodzi ndi theka m'mimba mwake) nthawi yamvula. Ana amadzaza mazira 30 mpaka 65. Kuyika ana ang'ono kuchokera ku mazira nthawi zambiri kumachitika pakati pa masiku 43 ndi 92 nyengo yamvula isanayambe. Nyama zazikazi za Caiman nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupi ndi mnzake. Zoyipa zimatha kupezeka m'malo obisika komanso otseguka. Nthawi yonseyi, akazi amayesetsa kukhala pafupi ndi zisa zawo.

Miyeyu ikamatera, imatsegula chisa ndikuthandizira kukwatcha. Ma caimans akuda nthawi zina amadya ana awo.

Chiyerekezo cha anthu akutchire kuyambira pa 25,000 mpaka 50 000. Mpaka pano, anthu akuda akuda akuopsezedwa kuti azisaka nyama zawo popanda chilolezo komanso chifukwa chopikisana mpikisano ndi mtundu waukulu wamwala wamwala.

Mitundu yotsirizayi idasamukira kumalo omwe kale anali amkhola akuda, unyinji waukulu wa ming'alu ya caiman m'malo awa chifukwa chakuwonjezera kwawo kubala munjira zosiyanasiyana. Chiwonongeko chachikulu kwambiri cha malo okhala nkhuku zakuda chimawonedwa ku French Guiana, chifukwa cha kudula mitengo, kuwotcha kwawondo, komanso asaka omwe amatha kupha nyama zonse ziwiri.

Onani zomwe "Black Cayman" ali mu mtanthauzira wina:

- (Guinean.). Mitundu ya Crocodile. Mtanthauzira mawu ena akunja ophatikizidwa mchilankhulo cha Russia. Chudinov AN, 1910. CAYMAN Guinea. Mitundu ya Crocodile. Kufotokozera kwa mawu 25,000 akunja omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito mchilankhulo cha Chirasha, ndi tanthauzo la mizu yawo ... ... Dongosolo la mawu achilendo a chilankhulo cha Russia

Mtundu wakuda wa RGB umayendetsa HEX # 000000 (r, g, b) (0, 0, 0) (c, m, y, k) (0, 0, 0, 100 †) (h, s ... Wikipedia

Ngwete yosalankhula Yopusa ya Gulu la Sayansi Ufumu: Nyama ... Wikipedia

Zingwe zochokera kuming'onoting'ono pamwambazi zimasiyana chifukwa chakuyika dzino lachinayi pamalaya apamwamba kulibe kanthu. Mano osachepera 17 ayikidwa mbali iliyonse ya nsagwada, koma pa ... Moyo wa nyama - kapena caiman ndi dzina la amodzi, a New World, banja la zodzala, zomwe, pamodzi ndi othandizirana ndi ng'ona zokhazokha, zimapanga gulu la abuluzi onyamula zida zankhondo kapena onyamula zida (Loricata). Alligators ndi osiyana ndi enieni ... ... Brockhaus ndi Ephron Encyclopedia

- (Jacare) ndi amodzi mwa magawo atatu omwe mitundu ya ku America ya alligators kapena caimans (Alligator, Jacare ndi Caiman) imagawika pawiri. Zimasiyana ndi ma alligator enieni chifukwa cha kupendekera kwapakati pakati pa maso, koma osati kwa ma caimans enieni ... ... F.A. Encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus ndi I.A. Efron

Mutu: wakuda wakuda.
Tchulani etymology : Mawu Melanosuchus amatanthauza "ng'ona yakuda" komanso yomwe idachokera melas (kuchokera ku mawu achi Greek akuti "wakuda") + soukhos ("Ng'ona" yachi Greek), yosinthidwa kukhala Latin motero ), mkulu - lotanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Chilatini ngati chakuda (mtundu), limawonetsa mtundu wakuda kwambiri wamtunduwu.

Dera : Black cayman amapezeka kumpoto kwa Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Ecuador, kum'mawa kwa Peru, m'mawu ena: kudera lotentha la South America kummawa kwa Andes

Kufotokozera : Woyang'anira wamkulu kwambiri ku Amazon, wokutidwa ndi khungu lakuda, ali ndi maso akulu ndi phokoso pakati pawo, ndi chopondera patali. Muzzle pafupifupi 60 cm, wokutidwa ndi khungu. Nsagwada zazikulu komanso zamphamvu za Caiman wakuda zimamuthandiza kusunga nyama zazikulu mkamwa mwake. Chingwe chopingasa chomwe chili pakati pa caimans wakuda pakati pa maso sichodziwika pakukula kwake, komanso, nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi kutchuka pakati.
Ma eyoni ndi opindika, osalala komanso owonda, koma osakwinya. Maso am'maso, poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya ng'ona, ili pafupi kwambiri ndi kutsogolo, pamwamba pa mano achisanu ndi chinayi ndi khumi. Pamutu pali mizere yambiri yolumikizana yomwe imapangidwa ndi mizere inayi m'malo mwake yosunthika. Tsamba lomwe limapangidwa ngati chigaza limafanana ndi mbalame za ku America, ngakhale pankhani ya biology, imagwirizananso ndi ma caimans ena.
Wolemba wakuda wakuda ali ndi mano 5 a premaxillary, maxillary - 13-14, mandibular 18-19, okwanira - mano a 72-76.

Mtundu : Thupi lakumwamba ndi lakuda, m'munsi ndi chikasu. Khungu lakuda la cayman limamuthandizira kuti azitha kutenthetsa thupi, chifukwa chivundikiro chakuda chimathandizira kutenthetsa kwambiri kutentha kwa dzuwa. Zinyama zazing'ono zakuda zimakhala ndi chikaso, nthawi zambiri zowala kwambiri, nthawi zina kuphatikiza ndi mikwingwirima. Mtundu wochititsa chidwiwu umawathandiza modziteteza kwa adani awo.

Kukula : Anthu opitilira 6 metres adawonedwa.

Kutalika kwa moyo : Wazaka 40-50; munthu nthawi zina amatha kufikira zaka 80.

Mawu : Caimans ndi amodzi mwazobera kwambiri. Kalata wakuda amatulutsa mawu ngati mkokomo wabingu. Liwu la caiman ili ndi lofanana ndi liu la khwangwala caiman ndipo limapangidwa kuti likhazikitse kulumikizana pakati pa abwenzi, makamaka nyengo yakukhwima.

Habitat : Biotopes zazikulu: mitsinje yamadzi oyera, nyanja, madambo komanso madzi osakhalitsa opangidwa nthawi yamvula. Chaka chilichonse mu Julayi, nthawi yamasefukira imachitika m'dera la kusefukira kwa Mtsinje wa Amazon ndipo munthawi imeneyi chifuwa chakuda chimabalalika ponseponse m'dera lomwe madzi adasefukira. Nyengo yamvula imagwa pa Seputembala - Disembala, pomwe madzi mumtsinjewo amatsika, madzi osefukira adzaphwa. Chifukwa chake, munyengo yamvula, ma caimans ambiri amakhala okhazikika m'malo osaya, momwe amagona m'magulu akulu.

Adani: Makhalidwe akhungu la caiman wakuda (chotchinga cha bony pakhungu), amateteza mwamphamvu kwa nyama zina - omwe angathe kukhala adani. Ngakhale izi, wakayala wakuda ali ndi adani atatu akuluakulu: anyani, anaconda, ndi munthu. Nthawi zina anyaniwa amalakwitsa kunyamula mitengo yopumula ya mitengoyo ndikudumphira. Wachikuda akawona mdani payekha, amayamba kuyenda. Kenako nyalugwe imadzipukutira mkati mwake ndipo nthawi zambiri imapha. Chidani china ndi anaconda, chomwe sichimazunza achinyamata amphongo. Akagwidwa, anaconda amafinya thupi la caiman mpaka kufa. Koma mdani wamkulu wa wakayala wakuda ndi munthu. Akasaka ambiri amawapha chifukwa cha khungu, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti awoneke.
Chiwerengero chachikulu cha mazira ndi nkhanu zatsopano zimatha kugwidwa ndi mbalame zingapo zodyera, zoweta ndi zokwawa.

Chakudya: Zakudya za Caiman wakuda zimasiyanasiyana ndi zaka, kukula, malo okhala komanso kupezeka kwa nyama. Achinyamata amadya kwambiri

Black cayman (Melanosuchus niger) amakhala ku Bolivia, Brazil, zigawo za Colombia, Ecuador, pakati pa French Guiana, Guyana, kumadzulo kwa Peru ndi Venezuela.

Imapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana okhala ndi madzi oyera, monga mitsinje, nyanja, madzi osefukira ndi madambo.

Maganizo ake ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi a alligator aku America (Alligator mississippiensis). Monga dzina lawo limatanthawuza, ma caymans akuda ndi akuda bii.

Caimans pamunsi pa nsagwada amakhala ndi mikwaso yaimvi (yofiirira mwa nyama zakale), mikwingwirima yachikasu kapena yoyera palimodzi ndi thupi lonse, ngakhale imakhala yowonekera kwambiri pokhudzana ndi ana. Mikwingwirima imeneyi imazimiririka pang'onopang'ono pomwe nyamayo ikayamba kukula pang'onopang'ono. Mbawala yakuda imakhala ndi kakhoma pamwamba pamaso ofiira, ndipo imasiyanitsidwa ndi khungu lowoneka bwino. Kupaka khungu kumathandizira chophimba usiku pakasaka, komanso kumathandizira kuyamwa.

Miyeyu ikamatera, imatsegula chisa ndikuthandizira kukwatcha. Ma caimans akuda nthawi zina amadya ana awo.

Mphamvu ya adani ena

Odyera osiyanasiyana, komanso nsomba, anacondas ndi ena okhala ndi nyama zambiri amatha kudya. Koma akakula ndi kutalika pafupifupi mita imodzi, kuchuluka kwa adani omwe ali nawo kumatsitsidwa kwambiri. Ophwanya akuluakulu nthawi zina amapha ma caimans, ngakhale iwo eni amapitilira. Ndipo zilombo monga nkhwangwa zimatha kusokoneza ana a ng'ona. Nthawi zambiri amachita mantha ndi akuluakulu. Ngakhale mlandu umodzi udalembedwa pomwe caiman wamkulu wakuda adagwidwa ndi chilombo pamtunda. Kwakukulukulu, amphibians otere, atapatsidwa kukula ndi mphamvu zambiri, alibe adani kupatula anthu.

Chiwerengero ndi mtengo

Nyama zodabwitsazi zimakhala ndi khungu lokongola, lomwe limayamikiridwa kwambiri chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake komanso kukongola kwake. Chifukwa cha izi, adasakidwa mwachangu, zomwe zidapangitsa kutsika kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha caiman kumapeto kwa zaka za 50s. Panthawiyo, maonekedwe awo ankatha kuwoneka m'malo ena ku Amazon. Ndipo chifukwa chokha chamvula chamvula, ng'ona izi sizimafa kwathunthu.

Zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pake, anthu adazindikira kuti wakayala pawokha amatenga gawo lofunikira m'chilengedwe. Anthu amphibi atadzaza zitsime zonse ndikuyamba kuchulukana, anawononga gawo lalikulu la zomera zovulaza. Ndipo zidawonetsedwa mosamala mu chilengedwe choyandikana. Chifukwa chake, malamulo adakhazikitsidwa kuti aletse kuwonongedwa kwa mamba. Pakadali pano, chiwerengero cha anthuwa chafika pafupifupi miliyoni. Mpaka pano, palibe chomwe chikuwopseza kuchuluka kwa caimans akuda.

Habitat

Anthuwa amakhala m'malo osungira pafupifupi South America. Amakhala ku Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, Guyana, Guiana. Mwanjira ina, ng'ona zimafalikira m'dera lonse lolamulidwa ndi mvula yamvula. Malo omwe amawakonda ndi malo okhala ndi mitsinje yotseka ndi mitsinje yopanda phokoso yomwe ili munkhokwe zobisika. Kupatula apo, nyengo m'malo oterowo ndi achinyezi osati otentha kwambiri, zomwe zimakhudza bwino moyo wopangidwira komanso kubereka kwa ng'ona. Komanso wakuda wakuda amatha kuwoneka likulu la Russia. Izi amphibians ali m'malo osangalatsa kwambiri a ku Moscow.

Trophy "Usodzi waku Russia"

Ku South America, monga aliyense akudziwa, Ndiwo waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi kukula kwake. Zosungira zazikuluzo zimalumikizana ndi izi: Ukayali ndi Maranyon. Piranha, nsomba zosowa, ndipo, ng'ona zimakhala mu dziwe ili. M'madambo aku Amazon mulinso caiman wakuda. Usodzi wa Trophy pa iwo ndiwotchuka kwambiri. Popeza nyamayi ndiyosowa kwambiri komanso yokongola, ndipo khungu lake likufunikira kwambiri m'misika, anthu amabwera ku nkhokwe iyi ndikukonzekera kusaka nyama zam'madzi. Ena amawapha kuti awagulitse kuti apange ndalama. Kupatula apo, mtengo wa kugwira koterowo ndiwokwera kwambiri. Ndipo ena akuyesera kugwira ogwirira, kuti angotenga zithunzi ndi kuwalola kuti abwerere mumtsinje. Chifukwa chakuchitiridwa ndi anthu, wakayidi wake wakuda adachita mantha. "Usodzi waku Russia" ndiwodziwika kwambiri osati mdera lathu lokha, komanso ku South America. Ambiri mwa anzathuwa amabwera ku Amazon kudzasaka ming'alu payokha. Kwa iwo zili ngati masewera akulu kapena mpikisano pakati pa olumikizana ndi nsomba zambiri.

Kuti mugwire nyama yabwinoyi, muyenera kutenga nyambo ku nyama ya nyama, kuilumikiza ndi chingwe ndikuchiviika pang'ono padziwe. Cayman adzanunkhira ndikunyamuka kupita ku geti. Ndikofunika kusaka ng’ona usiku. Munthawi imeneyi amakhala achangu momwe angathere ndipo amapita m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja. Muthanso kugwira nsomba zazing'onozing'ono za nsomba kapena mbalame zazikulu.

Komanso pafupi ndi dziwe, pali nyumba zapadera za alendo omwe amabwera kudzapumula ndikuyang'ana osati nyama zamtchire zokha, komanso anthu odabwitsa awa. Caiman wakuda ndi nyama yayikulu kwambiri yomwe imakhala yoopsa osati kwa nyama zazing'ono zokha, komanso kwa anthu.

Adani a Black Cayman

Mwinanso mdani wamkulu wa caimans wamkulu amatha kutchedwa "anaconda" wamkulu. Ndizodziwika bwino kuti ng'ona zamamita awiri nthawi yoposa kamodzi zinakhala chakudya cha njoka zamamita anayi. Ngakhale zili choncho, ndi ma caimans opitilira 3 metres, "Queen of Llanos" safuna kulumikizana. Mwina anaconda wokhala ndi kutalika kwa mamitala 6 asankha kulowa nawo nkhondo imeneyi. Koma zochitika ngati izi ndizosowa. Nawonso amphaka akuda, musaphonye mwayi wolimbana ndi njoka zapakati, zoyenda pang'onopang'ono.

Mbawala zakuda zakuda zimakhala kwa nthawi yayitali osayendayenda padziwe, kudikirira nyama. Kuposa mano 70 opitilira kumamatira m'thupi la nyama iliyonse, kumatsamira kumadzi. Kuphatikiza pa capybaras, nkhumba zoweta, agalu, akavalo amathanso kukhala nyama yolusa. Caimans amathanso kudya akambuku komanso ngakhale miyala yamkati.

Pakumapeto kwa nyengo yadzuwa, caiman wakuda wamkazi amayamba kupanga chisa. Kenako amaikira mazira 30 mpaka 65. Yaikazi imakhala nthawi yonse yodzikundikira pafupi ndi chisa. Pambuyo pa masiku 42-90, ng’ona zazing'ono zimapereka chizindikiritso, ndipo chachikazi chimaswa chisa.

Mdani wamkulu wa wakayayo wakuda ndi munthu amene apha nyama ndi khungu.

Kanema wakuda wachinyamata

Mtundu wakuda wa caiman ndi mtundu wawukulu kwambiri wa alligator komanso nyama yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri ku South America, pambuyo pa ng'ona ya Orinoc - kutalika kwake kumafikira 4.7 m (palinso malipoti osatsimikizika a anthu omwe ali ndi mita 6). Amasiyana ndi ma caimans ena mumaso akuthwa ndi maso akulu. Black cayman ali ponseponse kudera lotentha la South America kummawa kwa Andes, pomwe amakhala pang'onopang'ono mitsinje yamadzi abwino, nyanja, madambo komanso malo osakhalitsa omwe amapangidwa nthawi yamvula. Chaka chilichonse mu Julayi nthawi ya kutulutsa kwa Amazon, caiman wakuda amabalalika ponseponse pamadzi ndi madzi, pomwe munyengo yamvula lunguzi limakhazikika m'magulu akuluakulu munkhokwe zosaya. Caiman wakuda amadya nsomba (kuphatikizapo ma piranhas) ndi mbalame zam'madzi, koma kuwonjezera apo, menyu ake amaphatikizanso zazikulu zazikulu zazimayi (kuphatikizapo capybaras ndi tapirs). Akuluakulu amatha kuukira ziweto, komanso kuopseza anthu. Amakonda kusaka nkhanu zakuda usiku, zomwe zimathandizidwa ndi kuwona kwawo komanso kumva bwino. Malinga ndi mboni zowona ndi maso, izi zimatha kupanga mawu omwe amamveka ngati mabingu.

Akazi a Caiman amapanga zisa kuchokera ku zinyalala zam'mera zotalika pafupifupi 1.5 m pafupi ndi madzi osaya ndipo amaikira mazira 30 mpaka 65 pamenepo nthawi yamvula. Kwa masiku 42-90 amakhala pafupi ndi chisa ndikusunga ubweya. Kenako amatsegula chisa ndikuthandizira ana. Poyamba, ng'ona zimakhala m'madzi osaya otetezedwa ndi amayi awo, ndipo nthawi zambiri ana angapo amaphatikizidwa pagulu lalikulu.

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