Malo otsegulira mitengo a Russia akuwoneka kuti alibe malire. Koma ngakhale pamlingo wotere, munthu yemwe akuchita ntchito zachuma amatha kuwadzetsa iwo.

Gulu Lotsogola la Promdevelop: Kupereka Zolemba Zothandiza kwa Owerenga Okondedwa

Okutobala 11, 2017

Kudula kuti akolole nkhuni m'malo ena akufalikira. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri komanso kusaganizira kotereku kumabweretsa pang'onopang'ono kuti thumba la nkhalango liyambe kuchepa. Izi zimawonekera ngakhale m'dera la taiga.

Kuwonongeka mwachangu kwa nkhalango kumatsogolera ku kuzimiririka kwa masamba ndi zinyama zapadera, komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Izi zimakhudza kapangidwe ka mpweya.

Zomwe zimayambitsa kudula mitengo

Zina mwazomwe zimayambitsa kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, ndikofunikira kudziwa zonse zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati nyumba yomanga. Komanso nkhalango nthawi zambiri zimadulidwa kuti zimange kapena kugwiritsira ntchito malo olimapo.

Vutoli linali lalikulu kwambiri koyambilira kwa zaka za zana la 19. Ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ndi ukadaulo, makina adayamba kugwira ntchito zambiri zodulira. Izi zidaloleza kuchulukitsa zochuluka, ndipo, motero, kuchuluka kwa mitengo kudulidwa.

Chifukwa china chomwe kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndikupanga msipu wazinyama. Vutoli ndilofunika kwambiri m'nkhalango zotentha. Pafupifupi, ng'ombe imodzi imafuna msipu umodzi, ndipo iyi ndi mitengo mazana angapo.

Chifukwa chiyani nkhalango ziyenera kusamalidwa? Kodi kudulidwa kwa mitengo kumabweretsa chiyani

Nkhalangoyi si mitengo yamitengo yokha komanso yamtchire, ndiyenso tili ndi zinthu zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndi vuto limodzi mwachilengedwe. Ndi kuwonongeka kwa mitengo mu dongosolo la biogeocenosis, zachilengedwe zimasokonezeka.

Kuwononga kosalamulirika kumabweretsa zotsatirazi zotsatirazi:

1. Mitundu ina ya zomera ndi nyama zimatha.
2. Mitundu yamitundu mitundu ikuchepa.
3. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa kaboni kumayambira kuwonjezeka m'mlengalenga (pafupi ndi kutentha kwa dziko).
4. Kukokoloka kwa dothi kumachitika, zomwe zimatsogolera pakupangidwe kwa zipululu.
5. M'malo okhala ndi madzi okwanira pansi, mabulogu amadzi amayamba.

Ziwerengero zakusaka mitengo m'nthaka komanso ku Russia

Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndi vuto lapadziko lonse lapansi. Zili zofunika osati ku Russia kokha, komanso mayiko ena angapo. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa nkhalango, pafupifupi 200,000 km 2 nkhalango zimadulidwa padziko lonse lapansi pachaka. Izi zimatsogolera ku kupha nyama zambirimbiri.

Ngati tilingalira za madera chikwi chadziko lililonse, zitha kuwoneka motere:

1. Russia - 4.139,
2. Canada - 2.45,
3. Brazil - 2.15,
4. USA - 1.73,
5. Indonesia - 1.6.

Vutoli limayamba pang'ono limakhudza China, Argentina ndi Malaysia. Pafupifupi, mahekitala 20 a nkhalango amawonongeka padziko lapansi mphindi imodzi. Vutoli limapweteka kwambiri kudera lotentha. Mwachitsanzo, ku India, zaka zopitilira 50, dera lomwe lachitidwa ndi nkhalango lacheperachepera katatu.

Ku Brazil, madera akuluakulu a nkhalango adaduladula kuti achitukule. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kumeneku, magawo amitundu ya nyama amachepetsa kwambiri. Africa ndi pafupifupi 17% ya nkhalango zachilengedwe padziko lapansi. Potengera ha, izi zimakhala pafupifupi miliyoni 767. Malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa, mahekitala 3 miliyoni amadulidwa pachaka. Kwa zaka mazana angapo zapitazi, oposa 70% nkhalango awonongedwa ku Africa.

Ziwerengero zomwe zakhala zikuchitika ku Russia ndizokhumudwitsanso. Makamaka mitengo yambiri ya coniferous ikuwonongeka. Kudula mitengo mwachisumbu ku Siberia ndi Urals kunathandizira kuti madambo ambiri akhazikike. Dziwani kuti kugwa kosaloledwa sikololedwa.

Tanthauzo la nkhalango kwa anthu

Zomera zimayeretsa chilengedwe kuti zisachotse mpweya. Chifukwa cha photosynthesis, mpweya wabwino umapangidwa mlengalenga, ndipo mpweya woipa umamizidwa. Malinga ndi malo owonekera, nkhalango ndi gawo lofunikira la zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimachitika mwachilengedwe. Tizilombo tambiri tili ndi zinyama zambiri. Chifukwa chobzala nkhalango, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yachilengedwe komanso kusakhazikika kwa zinthu zachilengedwe zimatsimikizika.

Wood ndi zomangamanga, zotumizidwa kumayiko aku Europe. Kuchokera pamenepo amapanga mapepala, mipando, mafuta, zida zopangira makampani opangira mankhwala, mankhwala. Masamba ofunika, singano, makungwa.

Ndikofunikira kuyang'anitsitsa zovuta za kudula mitengo komanso kubalidwa kwa mitengo, kuwunikanso malamulo ndi malamulo oyendetsera nkhalango. Kugwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe zachilengedwe pang'onopang'ono komanso kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kumabweretsa mavuto azachuma komanso kupanga zinthu, komanso kusokoneza chilengedwe. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera ndi nyama imawonongeka. Umoyo wa anthu ukuwonongeka.

Zifukwa zakudula mitengo

Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kapena kosaloledwa kopanda tanthauzo kumachitika ndi cholinga cha:

• kulandira zida zomangira,
• kukonza zida zamapepala, mipando,
• kupeza kuchokera ku mitengo, masamba, singano zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamankhwala azachipatala, pamakampani opanga mankhwala,
• kumasulidwa kwa nthaka ndi cholinga chogwiritsa ntchito kuweta ziweto, kulima mbewu, migodi,
• kudula kwa chitukuko, "ennoblement" (m'mizinda).

Mitundu yakugwa

Sikuti madera onse amaloledwa kuti achedwe. Pali mitundu itatu yaminda yomwe munthu amalumikizana nayo:

• zoletsedwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito (nkhokwe),
• kugwa kochepa (kayendedwe kabwinobwino),
• ntchito, nyumba (kudula mitengo yonse ndikutsatira nthaka).

Famuyo imagwiritsa ntchito mitundu iyi yagwera: ntchito yayikulu, kusamalira mbewu, kuphatikiza, ukhondo. Kusankhidwa kwa njira kumatengera cholinga cha kugwa, mawonekedwe amalo omwe lamba wamtchire amapezeka.

Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa m'maiko ambiri

Kudula Kwambiri

Kudula kumangogwira nkhuni zokhwima. Amakonzekera kuti adzaigwiritse ntchito pambuyo pake. Njira zotsatirazi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito:

• kusankha (mitengo yobzala imapangidwa, mitengo yowonongeka yowonongeka imawonongeka),
• pang'onopang'ono (kuwonda kwa milu kumachitika kawiri kawiri ndi kupangika kwa zaka 5 mpaka 10: Choyamba amachotsa nkhuni zakufa zomwe zimasokoneza kukula kwa mphukira zazing'ono, kenako mbewu zina zosalongosoka),
• mosalekeza (mitengo yonse yodulidwa, kupatula kukula kwa achinyamata).

Kuwonongeka kwa dziko lapansi ndi kudula mitengo

Nkhalango ndi gwero lokonzanso zinthu. Koma zimatenga nthawi yayitali nthawi yobzala isanabwezeretsedwe. Kudula mitengo kwa mitengo kupitilira chikhalidwe chovomerezeka. Kukula kwa mafakitale osiyanasiyana kumayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwa madera odulidwa. Chaka chilichonse, ma mahekitala mamiliyoni mamiliyoni amawonongeka padziko lonse lapansi. Mitundu yamtengo wapatali komanso yachilendo imafa: nthaka yodziyimira, yamkungudza, yabwino.

Vuto la kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndi vuto lalikulu kwa mayiko onse padziko lapansi.

Zomera zikutha mofulumira. Masoka a mvula ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Amadulidwa kuti athe kumasula malo opangira msipu ndi malo azachuma. Mahekitala masauzande a nkhalango atayika mosazungulira. Izi zikuchulukirachulukira chaka chilichonse.

Kudula mitengo

Kudula kumachitika molingana ndi malamulo aku Russia. Nkhondo yolimbana ndi kudula mitengo mwachisumbu ku Russia imachitika pa boma. Madera oyenera kubzala mphukira zachinyamata akuonekera. Koma kubzala mtengo sizitanthauza kubwezeretsa nkhalangoyi. Ntchito mwadongosolo komanso mwatsatanetsatane imayenera kupulumutsa, kubwezeretsa, kuteteza nthaka.

Njira zothetsera kuwonongeka chifukwa cha kudula mitengo

Njira imodzi yothanirana ndi vutoli ndiyo kubzala malo obiriwira. Koma njirayi siigwira ntchito akafika madera akuluakulu a mbewu zowonongeka. Choyamba, njira yanzeru yogwiritsira ntchito masamba ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe ndizofunikira.

Njira zothanirana ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kusunga thumba la nkhalango zimachitika m'malo otsatirawa:

• kulinganiza, kuyang'anira kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nkhalango,
• chitetezo chopitilira muyeso, kuteteza nkhalango,
• Kukhazikitsa dongosolo la zowerengera ndalama za nkhalango,
• Kukonzanso malamulo pankhani zakupanga mitengo, kupangira matabwa.

Ngakhale njira zomwe zidatengedwa, dera likupitilirabe kuchepa padziko lonse lapansi. Utsogoleri wa maiko amatenga njira zowonjezerazi kuti athetse mavuto obwera chifukwa chakudula mitengo:

• mitengo yabzalidwa
• Madera otetezedwa, malo otetezedwa,
• njira zoyeserera moto zikugwidwa,
• teknoloji yatsopano yopangira nkhuni ikulowetsedwa, kulola kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa kubwezeretsa nkhuni popanga zinthu,
• kutenga nawo mbali pagulu pakuwononga zachilengedwe ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa,

Njira yophatikizidwa ndiyofunikira pakukonzekera zochitika zachitetezo ndikubwezeretsa thumba.

Zotsatira za kudula mitengo

Kuwonongeka kwa mitengo ndi vuto lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe limakhudza miyoyo yazamoyo zonse. Zovuta zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chodula mitengo kwa nthawi yayitali zitha kuyambitsa mavuto azachuma komanso chilengedwe. Nkhalango ndimtundu wachilengedwe wopangira, mafuta, ndi zigawo za mankhwala. Kudula kwa mitengo kumakhudza kayendedwe ka madzi m'chilengedwe, momwe nthaka imagwirira ntchito padziko lapansi, mlengalenga, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yachilengedwe.

Mtengo wa nkhalango yamvula

Chifukwa chiyani nkhalango ndiyofunikira? Mtengo wa nkhalango yamvula ya dziko lapansi imatha kuwunikidwa kosatha, koma khalani pamitu yayikulu:

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• nkhalangoyi imatenga gawo lalikulu pakusintha kwamadzi,
• Mitengo imateteza nthaka kuti isakokedwe ndi kuwongoleredwa ndi mphepo,
• nkhalango imayeretsa mpweya ndikupanga mpweya,
• Imateteza gawo kuti lisasinthe mwadzidzidzi kutentha.

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Malo okhala mvula ndi gwero lomwe limakonzanso pang'onopang'ono, koma kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kukuwononga zachilengedwe zambiri padziko lapansi. Kudula mitengo kwa mitengo kumabweretsa madontho akuthwa, kusintha kwa kuthamanga kwa mpweya komanso kugwa kwamvula. Mitengo yocheperako yomwe imamera padzikoli, mpweya woipa wambiri umalowera mumlengalenga ndipo kutentha kwake kumakulirakulira. Madambo kapena mapiri ndi zipululu zopezeka pamalo odulira nkhalango zam'malo otentha, mitundu yambiri ya zomera ndi nyama zimasowa. Kuphatikiza apo, magulu othawa zachilengedwe amawonekera - anthu omwe nkhalangoyi inali njira yopezera ndalama, ndipo tsopano akukakamizidwa kuti ayang'anire nyumba yatsopano ndi magwero a ndalama.

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Momwe mungasungire nkhalango yamvula

Masiku ano, akatswiri amapereka njira zingapo zosungira nkhosalo. Aliyense ayenera kujowina izi: yakwana nthawi yosinthira zolemba zanyuzipepala kuti zizikhala zamagetsi, ndikugawira mapepala zinyalala. Pamalo aboma, akufuna kuti apange mtundu wamapulogalamu omwe mitengo yomwe ikufunidwa ikadzalidwa. Ndikofunikira kuletsa kudula mitengo mwachisawawa m'malo otetezedwa ndikuumiriza chilango chifukwa chophwanya lamuloli. Mutha kuonjezeranso boma ntchito pa nkhuni mutagulitsa kunja, kuti kugulitsa nkhuni kusakhale koyenera. Izi zikuthandizira kusunga nkhokwe zamvula padziko lapansi.

Magulu a nkhalango

Nkhalango zonse ku Russia malinga ndi kuchuluka kwachilengedwe ndi zachuma zitha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu:

1. Gululi limaphatikizapo mayimidwe omwe amateteza madzi komanso amateteza ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, imatha kukhala malamba atchire m'mphepete mwa matupi amadzi kapena malo okhala m'nkhalango. Zina zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi gululi ndizo nkhalango zomwe zimagwira ntchito yoyeretsa komanso kukonza thanzi, malo osungirako mayiko ndi mapaki, ndi zipilala zachilengedwe. Nkhalango za gulu loyambalo zimapatsa 17% ya malo onse okhala nkhalango.
2. Gulu lachiwiri limaphatikizapo minda yomwe ili ndi anthu ambiri komanso malo okhala bwino. Izi zimaphatikizanso nkhalango zopanda nkhalango zokwanira. Gulu lachiwiri limakhala pafupifupi 7%.
3. Gulu lalikulu kwambiri m'chigawo chonse cha nkhalango limakhala ndi 75%. Gawoli limaphatikizapo minda yomwe imagwirira ntchito. Chifukwa cha iwo, zosowa za nkhuni zimakwaniritsidwa.

Kugawidwa kwa nkhalango m'magulu akufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu "Mfundo Zazikulu Zazikulu Zazikulu Zachisango".

Zinthu za anthropogenic

Kwa nthawi yayitali, anthu adula nkhalangoyi, kugonjetsa nkhalango kutchire kuti alime komanso kungotulutsa nkhuni. Pambuyo pake, munthu adafunikira kulenga zomangamanga (mizinda, misewu) ndi migodi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito ichotse mitengo. Komabe, chifukwa chachikulu chomwe kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya, ndiko kuti, malo odyetserako ziweto ndi ofesa mbewu, osatha komanso osinthika.

Nkhalango sizitha kubereka chakudya chambiri ngati mitengo yomwe idadulidwa mitengo. Nkhalango zamtchire ndi taiga pafupifupi sizingathe kuthandiza anthu, popeza zinthu zabwino zabalalika. Dziko lathuli silingathandize anthu pakadali pano komanso momwe moyo ungakhalire ngati njira zachilengedwe sizikupezeka. Njira yolimitsa ndi kuwotcha, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kugulira nthaka phulusa, imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu 200 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi.

Malinga ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe waku Britain Norman Maers, 5% ya kudula mitengo mwachisawawa imapezeka m'malo odyetserako ziweto, 19% imachitika chifukwa kudula mitengo, 22% ikuchitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa minda yamafuta ya mgwalangwa, ndipo 54% ikuchitika chifukwa cha ulimi wongotayira.

Zamoyo komanso zachilendo

Zitsamba, zomera zotchedwa herbaceous, ngakhale lichens ndi mosses zimatha kusokoneza kubwezeretsa nkhalango ndipo mwina zingazule. Mitengo yochokera ku zitsamba, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale yochokera ku chimanga kapena zitsamba zina, monga goldenrod kapena asters, imatha kulepheretsa kukhazikika kwa mitundu yambiri yamitengo. Chifukwa cha izi, madera ena amakhalabe opanda chiyembekezo kwa zaka zopitilira 30. Kuyesa kunachitika komwe kunawonetsa kuti mbewu zambiri zimabisalira zinthu zomwe zimalepheretsa kumera kwa nthangala za mitengo.

Nyama zina, monga akalulu ku UK, m'mbuyomu ogulitsa kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa North America, zilombo zakutchire ku Altai malo osungirako nyama ndi malo osaka nyama, ngakhale nyama zazing'ono, monga mbewa, zimatha kudya nthanga kuti zisawonongeke chifukwa cha kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, malo otenthedwa, ndikusiyidwa minda. ndi kugwetsa nthambi za mitengo. Komabe, mphamvu zamphamvu kwambiri m'nkhalango zimapezedwa ndi anthu, kuphatikizapo msipu wodyetsa ziweto.

Zotsatira zakuchipa

Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kumathandizira kutentha kwadziko ndipo nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu zomwe zikuwonjezera kutentha kwa chilengedwe. M'mlengalenga mwa Dziko lapansi momwe muli mpweya woipa uli ndi 800 gt ya kaboni. Zomera za padziko lapansi, zomwe zambiri ndi nkhalango, zimakhala ndi kaboni pafupifupi 550. Kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango zotentha kumayambitsa pafupifupi 20% ya mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Malinga ndi gulu la maboma pa kusintha kwa nyengo, kudula mitengo (makamaka m'malo otentha) kumathandizira gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mpweya wotulutsa mpweya woipa. M'moyo wawo wonse, mitengo ndi mbewu zina zimachotsa mpweya wozungulira m'mlengalenga momwe mumakhala zithunzi. Kutulutsa ndi kuwotcha nkhuni kumachotsa mpweya mu mlengalenga (onani mpweya wa geochemical mzunguko). Kuti mupewe izi, nkhuni ziyenera kukonzedwa kuti zizikhala zolimba, ndipo nkhalango zibzalidwe.

Mphamvu ya hydrogen

Kudula kwamasamba kumakhudzanso kayendedwe ka madzi, kumakhudza vuto lamagetsi komanso kuthiririra madzi, kumakulitsa ulamuliro wamitsinje. Mitengo imadyera pamadzi pansi pamizu, ndipo madziwo amakwera masamba awo ndikutuluka. Kukadula mitengo, njira yosinthirayi imasiya, zomwe zimatsogolera kuti nyengo ikawuma.Kuphatikiza chinyontho mumlengalenga, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kumakhudza pansi pamadzi, kumachepetsa mphamvu ya malowa kusunga mvula. Ndi nkhalango zomwe zimapereka chinyontho chokhazikika kuchokera kunyanja kulowa mkati mwa makondwerero, ndikuonetsetsa kuti mitsinje, madzi apansi ndi zithaphwe. Popanda nkhalango, kulowa pansi kwamadzi kochepa kwambiri kumakhala kosakhazikika komanso kofooka.

Ndikufuna kudziwa chilichonse

Mu zithunzi izi kuyambira 1975 mpaka 2012 kuchokera pa ma satellites a Landsat 5 ndi 7, mapepala akuluakulu a nkhalango ya Amazonia amathera ku boma la Brazil, Rondonia.

Malinga ndi deta yomwe boma la Brazil linapereka, kugwa kwamvula yamvula ku Amazon kunachuluka ndi 28% chaka chatha. Minister of Environmental Defense Isabella Teixeira adati ma kilometre 5843 a nkhalango yamvula awonongedwa pakati pa Ogasiti 2012 ndi Julayi 2013.

Ogwira ntchito zachilengedwe anena kuti kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kumakampani omwe akukhudzidwa ndi chitukuko cha zomangamanga, kuphatikizapo kupanga madamu, misewu yayikulu ndi njanji. Lachitatu, a Ms. Teixeira adatinso kuti akafuna kufotokozera kuchokera kwa oyang'anira zigawo atabwerako ku msonkhano wawunthawi ya UN pakusintha kwanyengo ku Warsaw.

“Boma la Brazil siliyenera kulolera vuto lothetsa mitengo mwachilungamo. Tiyenera kuletsa kuwononga nkhalango, ”atero mayi Teixera, ndikuwonjeza kuti amakhulupirira kwambiri kuti kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango zotentha kungakonzedwenso.

Chithunzi 1.

Malo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makala amawoneka kuchokera pa helikopita ya apolisi pa nthawi ya Operation Hileia Patria ku Nova Esperanza do Piria. RICARDO Moraes / REUTERS.

Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zimathandizira kudula mitengo mwachisawawa:

Choyamba, chifukwa chopanga soya ndi phala ku Brazil.
Chithunzi 2.

Mawonekedwe a mlengalenga akuwonetsa kuthengo kwa nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon komwe kwayesedwera ulimi pafupi ndi Santarem. NACHO DOCE / REUTERS.

Chachiwiri: Malinga ndi ofufuza ku Yunivesite ya Stony Brook, kupanga cocaine ku Colombia kumathandizanso kwambiri pakuwonjezera kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango. Kupititsa patsogolo kwa chiwonongeko chawo kumathandizira kufalikira kwa chitsamba cha cocaine, chomwe m'mvula yamvula chakhala chambiri.

Chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa kumwa mopitirira muyeso kudula mitengo ku Amazon kulinso kuwonjezeka kwa nyama zanyama zaku Brazil. Zapezeka kuti malo 60-70 peresenti yopanda nkhalango imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuweta ng'ombe, makamaka ndi alimi omwe ali ndi minda yaying'ono.

Zomera zimatulutsa pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mpweya wa mlengalenga (zimachotsa pafupifupi kaboni biliyoni 2.4 kaboni pachaka kuchokera mumlengalenga). Ndipo kuti akatswiri azachilengedwe akhale ndi mwayi wogwirakusintha kwanyengo - kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kuyenera kuyimitsidwa. Chabwino, kapena kuchepetsedwa.

Mawonekedwe a mlengalenga akuwonetsa kuthengo kwa nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon komwe kwayesedwera ulimi pafupi ndi Santarem. NACHO DOCE / REUTERS.

Kubisika kwa nkhalango ku Amazon kuli kale kwambiri kuposa vuto lachigawo. Ili ndi vuto lapadziko lonse lapansi chifukwa nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon imachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pa kayendedwe ka madzi padziko lapansi komanso nyengo ndipo imakhudza kwambiri nyengo.

Chithunzi 3.

Nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon imadzaza malo ochuluka ndikufalikira ku Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, Suriname, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guyana ndi French Guyana, omwe akuimira pafupifupi 40% ya South America ndipo angayerekezedwe ndi kukula kwa mayiko 48 omwe ali kumpoto kwa North America. . Nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon imakhazikika ku Amazon Basin, pomwe mtsinje wachiwiri kwambiri ndiwodutsa padziko lonse lapansi pambuyo pa mtsinje wa Nile komanso waukulu padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza misonkho yoposa 1,100, yomwe ndi gwero lofunika la mkate watsiku ndi tsiku kwa mbewu, nyama ndi anthu. Ngakhale anthu adalowera ku nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon ndipo adakhudzidwa ndi kupezeka kwawo, kufunikira kwa nkhalango yamvula iyi kumtunda kukuzindikirabe. Pali mitundu ingapo yamasamba ndi zachilengedwe zachilengedwe mu nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon, zina mwa izo ndi malo otentha, nkhalango zowoneka bwino, nkhalango zamvula, nkhalango zodzala ndi nkhalango zosefukira.

Chithunzi 4.

Nyumba ya asodzi imawonedwa m'mbali mwa mtsinje wa Tapajos pafupi ndi Santarem. NACHO DOCE / REUTERS.

Nkhalango yofunika kwambiri ku Africa tsopano ili ku Congo Basin. Malo okhala mvula ku Congo ndi achiwiri kukula kwa nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon, ndipo amafikira kumayiko ena monga Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Central African Republic ndi Cameroon. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a nkhalango yamvula, yosungidwa, koma nkhalango yamvula, ili pachiwopsezo cha kulowererapo kwa anthu. Nkhalango yamvula ya ku Kongo ilinso gorilla, bonobos, mapikoko, anyani, njovu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame, tizilombo, mitundu pafupifupi 600 ya mitengo ndi mitundu pafupifupi 10,000 ya zinyama, chifukwa cha 70% ya zachilengedwe za ku Africa, zachilengedwe komanso nkhalango zotentha. Oposa theka la anthu ku Democratic Republic of Congo, omwe ali ndi anthu pafupifupi 60 miliyoni, amadalira nkhalango yamvula kuti ipulumuke. Dera lanyengo yamvula ndi gawo lofunika muchikhalidwe, zakudya, maula, nyumba ndi njira zachikhalidwe. Madera a mvula ku Congo alinso ndi mbiri yayitali kwambiri komanso yosangalatsa yokhudza nkhondo zapachiweniweni, ziwawa zamtundu, komanso malonda a minyanga a Arabia. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa komanso kudula dera kumakhala koopsa kwambiri kunkhalango yamvula.

Nthawi zingapo, nkhalango zamvula zinkaphimba madera ambiri ku Central America, ndikupanga malo okhala ndi nkhalango zamvula zazikulu. Nkhalango zachilengedwe za ku Central America zili ndi mitundu yambiri ya zomera, mitengo, ndi nyama. Mwachitsanzo kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Costa Rica, mwachitsanzo, Osa Peninsula amadziwika chifukwa cha maluwa ndi nyama zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi nyama monga Harpy Eagle, jaguars, tapirs, macaw, cougars, achule mivi ndi Fer-de-lance, njoka yakufa kwambiri ku Costa Rica. Zina mwa mbalame zomwe zili m'nkhalangoyi ndizosowa kwambiri ndipo zimati mitundu ya mbalamezi zatsala pang'ono kufa. Dera lanyumba yamvula ya Osa Peninsula lafotokozedwa ndi National Geographic kukhala 'amodzi mwa malo odziwika kwambiri padziko lapansi'.

Chithunzi 6.

Dera la mitambo yautsi wa nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon yomwe imawotchedwa kuti ichotse malo olimapo pafupi ndi Novo Progresso. NACHO DOCE / REUTERS.

Chithunzi 7.

Mawonekedwe a mlengalenga akuwonetsa kuthengo kwa nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon komwe kwayesedwera ulimi pafupi ndi Santarem. NACHO DOCE / REUTERS.

Chithunzi 8.

Thirakitala imagwira ntchito pamalo obzala tirigu pamalo omwe anali nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon pafupi ndi Uruar. NACHO DOCE / REUTERS.

Chithunzi 9.

Dera la mitambo yautsi wa nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon yomwe imawotchedwa kuti ichotse malo olimapo pafupi ndi Novo Progresso. NACHO DOCE / REUTERS.

Chithunzi 10.

Zilonda zozungulira zomwe zimakolola mitengo mosavomerezeka kuchokera ku nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon zimawoneka pafupi ndi Uruar. NACHO DOCE / REUTERS.

Chithunzi 11.

Woyendetsa galimoto wamalonda amadya zamzitini pafupi ndi galimoto yake mvula yamkuntho itayandikira mzinda wa Uruar. NACHO DOCE / REUTERS.

Chithunzi 12

Chithunzi 14.

Galimoto yonyamula chidebe chimodzi pamalo opangira matabwa pafupi ndi Morais Almeida. NACHO DOCE / REUTERS.

Chithunzi 16.

Mwamuna amayenda kudutsa galimoto yokonzeka kudula mitengo kuchokera ku nkhalango ku Zhamanshim National Park pafupi ndi Novo Progresso. NACHO DOCE / REUTERS.

Chithunzi 17.

Thirakitala imagwira ntchito pa malo olimapo tirigu pamtunda womwe kale unali nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon pafupi ndi Santarem. NACHO DOCE / REUTERS.

Chithunzi 18.

Munthu wanyamula mitengo yake yakugwa kale ku Zhamanshim National Park pafupi ndi Novo Progresso. NACHO DOCE / REUTERS.

Chithunzi 19.

Mawonedwe akuwona malo opangidwa ndi damu lamagetsi pamagetsi a Teles Pires, omwe amayenda ku Amazon, pafupi ndi Alta Forest, Para, Juni 19, 2013. NACHO DOCE / REUTERS.

Chithunzi 20.

Chithunzi 21.

Malo opangira matabwa osaloledwa adawonedwa ndi helikopita ya apolisi pa Operation Hileia Patria ku Nova Esperanza do Piria. RICARDO MORAES / REUTERS.

Chithunzi 22.

Dera la nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon, lomwe linawotcha kuti malo odyetserako ziweto, likuwoneka pafupi ndi Novo Progresso. NACHO DOCE / REUTERS.

Chithunzi 23.

Chithunzi 25.

Chithunzi 26.

Mtengo wagona pansi m'nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon ku Zhamanshim National Park pafupi ndi tawuni ya Novo Progresso. NACHO DOCE / REUTERS.

Chithunzi 13.

Thirakitayo, yomwe kale idagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula mitengo kuchokera ku nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon, imawotchedwa ndi apolisi pafupi ndi Novo Progresso. NACHO DOCE / REUTERS.

Chithunzi 27.

Wapolisi amayang'anitsitsa mtengo wodulidwa mosaloledwa m'nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon ku Zhamanshim National Park pafupi ndi Novo Progresso. NACHO DOCE / REUTERS.

Apolisi amalondera bambo atamangidwa chifukwa chodula mitengo mosavomerezeka m'nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon pafupi ndi Mwanaish Almeida. NACHO DOCE / REUTERS.

Nayi njira, mutu wina wa chilengedwe: Golide Wakuda waku Nigeriandipo apa Anga ndi malo achitetezo akulu ku Guatemala, chabwino, ndikudandaula Mbali inayi ya paradiso

Mphamvu

Ndizovuta kudziwa kuchuluka kwa kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, chifukwa bungweli (Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, FAO) limakhazikitsidwa ndi data yochokera kumabungwe ena. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa bungweli, kutayika konse konse padziko lapansi pazaka 5 zoyambirira za zana la 21 lino kunali mahekitala 6 miliyoni a nkhalango pachaka. Malinga ndikuyerekeza kwa World Bank, 80% kudula mitengo nkosaloledwa ku Peru ndi Bolivia, ndi 42% ku Colombia. Kuthanso kwa nkhalango za Amazon ku Brazil ndiwofulumira kwambiri kuposa momwe asayansi amaganizira.

Kupulika kwa mitengo kukufalikira kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 20. Pofika kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za XXI, kutsika kwa 75% m'dera la nkhalango kunali m'zaka za XX, zomwe zimalumikizidwa makamaka ndi kufunika kokwaniritsa zofunikira za kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lapansi. Podzafika 2000, 50% ya nkhalango zakale padziko lapansi zidasinthidwa kale ndi anthu, ndi 22% yokha ya nkhalango zomwe zidatsala zomwe sizikukhudzidwa. Gawo lalikulu la nkhalango zomwe zatsalira lili m'maiko atatu - Russia, Canada ndi Brazil. Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwambiri kunalembedwa ku Asia, ndikutsatiridwa ndi Africa ndi Latin America. Zaka 40 zapitazi, nkhalango padziko lapansi idatsika ndi 50%, kuchokera pa mahekitala 1,2 mpaka 0.6 ha pa munthu.

Kupenda kwa zithunzi za satellite zapadziko lonse kwa zaka 12 kuyambira kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 21 kunapangitsa kufotokozera kwa kusintha kwamphamvu mderalo la nkhalango padziko lapansi. Mukukula kwazomwekukula ndikukula, zoyambirira zikupezeka: dera la nkhalango likuchepa, kupitirira zaka khumi latsika ndi 1.4 miliyoni km 2. Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwambiri kwa malo achitetezo chokhudzana ndi Kukula kudalembedwa madera otentha, ochepa kwambiri - kwa odziletsa. Ziwerengero za dziko la Brazil zikuwonetsa kugwirira ntchito komwe maboma akutenga kuti asunge nkhalango zotsalira. Ndichofunikanso pakukulitsa ubale wapadziko lonse lapansi kuti uongolere kuyambitsidwa kwa mitundu yachilengedwe, popeza m'magawo atsopano amatha kuyambitsa epiphytosis yamitengo yamitengo [ gwero losavomerezeka? ] .

Ponseponse, mu 2000-2005, kuchuluka kwa nkhalango (mahekala 6 miliyoni pachaka) kukwera poyerekeza ndi zaka 1990-2000 (ma miliyoni 3 pachaka), kuyambira 1990 mpaka 2005 dziko lonse la nkhalango padziko lapansi latsika ndi 1 , 7%.

Kuchulukana kwa mitengo kumasiyanasiyana madera. Pakadali pano mitengo ya mitengo ya m'nkhalango ndiyokwera kwambiri (ndikuwonjezereka) m'maiko osatukuka omwe amakhala m'malo otentha. Mu 1980s, nkhalango zachilengedwe zotentha zidataya mahekitala 9.2 miliyoni, ndipo m'zaka khumi zapitazi za XX century - mahekitala 8.6 miliyoni. Mwachitsanzo, ku Nigeria, kuyambira 1900 mpaka 2005, 81% ya nkhalango zakale zidawonongedwa. Ku Central America, kuyambira 1950, 2/3 yamvula yamvula yasinthidwa kukhala msipu. Hafu ya dziko la Brazil la Rondonia (dera lomwe lili makilomita 243,000,000) awonongedwa kale zakale. Madera akulu amvula yamvula yataya mayiko monga Mexico, India, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia, Bangladesh, China, Sri Lanka, Laos, Congo, Liberia, Guinea, Ghana ndi Côte d'Ivoire.

Poyerekeza ndi chiyambi cha 2000s, malo omwe ali pansi pa nkhalango mu 2017 adakwera ndi 5%. China ndi India ndizochita gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aliwonse a kutengapo malo, koma maiko amenewa akuimira 9% yokha ya dziko lapansi yotetezedwa ndi zomera. Kukula kwa zobiriwira zomwe zimawonedwa padziko lonse lapansi ndikuwongoleredwa ndi India ndi China sikulipira zowonongeka kuchokera pakuwonongeka kwa zomera zachilengedwe m'malo otentha monga Brazil ndi Indonesia.

Mayiko omwe atayika kwambiri nkhalango

Ku Russia, kuyambira 2001 mpaka 2014, kunali kuchepetsedwa kwa nkhalango pamalo a mahekitala 40.94 miliyoni, kubwezeretsanso - mahekitala 16.2 miliyoni (pazomwe zikuwonetsedwa - malo oyamba padziko lapansi, chifukwa cha nkhalango zazikulu kwambiri - mahekala 761 miliyoni), kutayika kwa ma ukonde - Mahekitala 24.74 miliyoni, ndiye kuti 3,25% ya nkhalango yonse (kuyerekezera, ku Brazil, kutayika kwa maukonde kunali mahekitala 31.21 miliyoni, United States - mahekitala 15.4 miliyoni, Canada - mahekitala 22.09 miliyoni). Chifukwa chake, ku Tanzania, malo athunthu okhala ndi nkhalango ali pafupifupi 52%, kuchepetsa nkhalango kwam pachaka ndi 685,000 ha, i.e. Kuchepetsa nkhalango kwakachaka kwadera lililonse komwe kuli nkhalango ndi 0,71%. Ku Colombia, ziwerengerozi ndi 53%, mahekitala 308,000, ndi 0.53%, motsatana. Ku DR Congo - 68%, mahekitala 311,000, 0.20%, motsatana.

Kudula kwakukulu

Kugwa kwakukulu kumachitika kokha m'malo omwe akula nthawi yakucha. Agawidwa m'mitundu iyi:

1. Chokhazikika. Ndi mtundu wamtunduwu chilichonse chimadulidwa kupatula chisavu. Anyengereni limodzi. Kuletsedwa kwawo kukhazikitsidwa kumayikidwa m'nkhalango za chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe, komanso m'malo osungirako nyama ndi malo osungirako nyama.
2. Pang'onopang'ono. Ndi kugwa kwamtunduwu, mayimidwewo amakololedwa mu magawo angapo. Nthawi yomweyo, mitengo yomwe imalepheretsa kupititsa patsogolo nyama zazing'ono, zowonongeka komanso zodwala, zimadulidwa kaye. Nthawi zambiri pakati pa kudula kumeneku kumatenga zaka 6 mpaka 9. Mu gawo loyamba, pafupifupi 35% ya mayimidwe onse amachotsedwa. Poterepa, mitengo yambiri pamitengo yathunthu.
3. Kusankha. Cholinga chawo chachikulu ndikupanga minda yabwino kwambiri. Pakati pawo, odwala, akufa, mkuntho ndi mitengo ina yotsika adulidwapo. Zowonda zonse zimagawidwa m'mitundu iyi: kufotokozera, kuyeretsa, kupatulira ndi kuyenda. Kutengera mtundu wa nkhalango, kupatulira kumatha kupitilizabe.

Kudula mitengo mwalamulo komanso mosaloledwa

Kudula mitengo konse kumayendetsedwa ndi malamulo aku Russia. Pankhaniyi, chikalata chofunikira kwambiri ndi "Telling Felling". Pa kapangidwe kake mufunika zikalata zotsatirazi:

1. Mawu osonyeza chifukwa chake agwera.
2. Malingaliro amalo ogawika chiwembu chosankhidwa kuti azidula.
3. Kufotokozera kwamisonkho yamisika yodulira.

Tikiti yodikiranso ifunikanso kuti mutumize matabwa okolola. Mtengo wake umakhala wolingana ndi mtengo wolipirira ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito zachilengedwe. Kudula mitengo popanda zikalata zoyenera kumatchulidwa kuti kudula mitengo mosaloledwa.

Udindo wawo waperekedwa mu Article 260 ya Gawo 1. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati kuchuluka kwa zowonongeka kupitirira 5,000 rubles. Pophwanya zazing'ono, zovuta zoyang'anira zimagwira. Zimatanthawuza chindapusa kuchuluka kwa ruble 3,000 mpaka 3,500 kwa nzika komanso kuchokera pa 20 mpaka 30,000 kwa akuluakulu.

Zotsatira za kudula mitengo

Zotsatira za kudulidwa kwa mitengo ndi vuto lomwe limapita patsogolo kwambiri. Kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango kumakhudza chilengedwe chonse. Izi ndizowona makamaka ku vuto lakudziyeretsa ndi mpweya wa mpweya.

Kafukufuku waposachedwa apezanso kuti kugwa kwakukulu kumathandizira kutentha kwadziko. Izi ndichifukwa cha kuzungulira kwa kaboni komwe kumachitika padziko lapansi. Nthawi yomweyo, munthu sayenera kuyiwala za kayendedwe kamadzi m'chilengedwe. Mitengo imatengamo gawo. Amapanga chinyezi ndi mizu yake, amachisinthira m'mlengalenga.

Kukokoloka kwa zigawo za nthaka ndivuto lina lomwe limakhudzana ndi kudula mitengo. Mizu ya mitengo imalepheretsa kukokoloka ndi nyengo ya zigawo zachonde zachonde. Pakusowa nkhalango, mphepo ndi mpweya zimayamba kuwononga gawo lapamwamba la madzi, ndikupanga nthaka yachonde kukhala chipululu chopanda moyo.

Vuto la kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndi njira zothetsera

Njira imodzi yothanirana ndi vuto la kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndi kubzala mitengo. Koma sangathe kulipira zonse mokwanira pazowonongeka zomwe zidachitidwa. Njira yothetsera vutoli iyenera kukhala yokwanira. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kutsatira zotsatirazi:

1. Dongosolo la kasamalidwe ka nkhalango.
2. Limbitsani chitetezo ndikuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe.
3. Kupanga dongosolo lowunikira ndi kuwerengera ndalama za tchire.
4. Sinthani malamulo a nkhalango.

Nthawi zambiri, kubzala mitengo sikubweretsa zowonongeka. Mwachitsanzo, ku South America ndi ku Africa, ngakhale atachitapo kanthu motani, dera la nkhalango likupitilirabe mosavomerezeka. Chifukwa chake, kuti muchepetse mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa cha kugwa, ndikofunikira kuchita zinthu zingapo zowonjezera:

1. Onjezerani malo obzala chaka chilichonse.
2. Pangani madera otetezedwa ndi boma loyang'anira nkhalango mwapadera.
3. Fotokozerani zoyesayesa zazikulu zoteteza moto wam m'nkhalango.
4. Yambitsani kubwezeretsa nkhuni.

Ulamuliro Wochita Padziko Lonse Lapansi

Ndondomeko zoteteza nkhalango m'maiko osiyanasiyana zimasiyana kwambiri. Wina amaletsa choletsa kugwiritsa ntchito, pomwe wina amangowonjezera kuchuluka kwa kubwezeretsa. Koma, njira yatsopano yothetsera vutoli yayamba Norway. Amakonzekera siyirani kudula.

Dzikoli lalengeza kale kuti zomwe zikutchedwa "zero de m'nkhalango" zichitike m'malo ake. Kwa zaka zambiri, dziko la Norway lakhala likuchirikiza machitidwe osiyanasiyana oteteza nkhalango. Mwachitsanzo, mchaka cha 2015, adagawa ma ruble 1 biliyoni ku Brazil kuti ateteze nkhalango zamvula za Amazon. Zachuma ku Norway ndi mayiko ena ambiri zathandiza kuchepetsa kudula mitengo ndi 75%.

Kuyambira 2011 mpaka 2015, boma la Norway lidagawa ma ruble miliyoni 250 kudziko lina lotentha - Guyana. Ndipo kuyambira chaka chino, dziko la Norway lidalengeza mwalamulo "kulolera mitengo". Ndiye kuti, sadzagulanso zinthu zamtchire.

Akatswiri azachilengedwe akuti mapepala amathanso kupangidwa mwa kubwezeretsanso zinyalala zoyenera. Ndipo zinthu zina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta ndi zida zomangira. Ndalama zapenshoni za boma ku Norway zayankha pamawu awa pochotsa pagawo lililonse mabizinesi okhudzana ndi kuwonongeka kwa thumba la nkhalango.

Malinga ndi Wildlife Fund, mphindi iliyonse nkhalango zimasowa padziko lapansi ndi malo ofanana ndi magawo 48 a mpira. Nthawi yomweyo, mpweya wozungulira womwe umathandizira kutentha kwadziko lapansi umachulukanso kwambiri.