Makulu ake ndi ang'ono, apakati kapena akulu. Kutalika kwa thupi 100-290 masentimita, kutalika mchira 15-90 cm, kutalika kufota 62-180 cm. Zolimbitsa thupi ndi zolemera. Kumbuyo kuli kowongoka. Khosi limakhala lalitali, lalikulupo komanso lamphamvu. Mutuwu ndi wokulirapo. Maso ali ochepa kapena akulu. Makutu ndi akulu, aafupi, apakati kapena achitali. Mchirawo ndi waufupi kapena wautali. Nyanga zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Amuna ndi akazi onse ali nazo (omalizira ali ndi zochepa). Nyanga za kutalika kwapakatikati - 15-40 masentimita, molunjika ndikuwongolera kumbuyo. Nyanga za njati zaku Asia zimatalika masentimita 35 mpaka 355, m'lifupi ndipo zimapinda chikwangwani chooneka ngati chikwakwa kumbuyo ndi mkati, ndizachikulu-zitatu, ndipo chithunzi cha makona atatu chimayang'anidwira mkati. Nyanga za njati zaku Africa zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri, zitsulo zake zimatha kuyima mtunda wina ndi mzake kapena kuphatikiza ndi inzake, zimatha kukhala zazifupi komanso zokumbikika kumbuyo kwake kapena zazitali kwambiri komanso zopindika kumbali, kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo kapena kumbuyo ndi mkati, m'munsi mwa nyangazi ndiwosakanikirana. . Zingwe za pakatikati ndizazikulu, zazikulu ndi zozungulira, zokhala ndi zofananira zolimba (njati zaku Asia ndi ku Africa) kapena ziboda zamkati zazifupi komanso zozungulira, ndi zina zazing'ono (anoa).
Chingwe ndi chotsika kapena chapakatikati, chofewa kapena chowukirapo, nthawi zina chimasowa pang'ono. Mtundu wake kumbali yakumbuyo ya anoa ndi wa bulauni kuchokera ku bulawuni wakuda, wakuda. Kumbuyo ndi m'mimba mwa njati yaku Asia ndizotuwa mpaka zakuda, ndipo njati yamu Africa imakhala yotuwa komanso ya bulauni mpaka yakuda.
Chigoba chimakhala chachikulu, ku Anoa ndi chachifupi komanso chachikulu, buffalo yaku Asia ndi ku Africa - yayitali. Maso amaso ndi akulu. Mphepete mwake zimatulukira m'mbali. Mbali yakutsogolo ndi yotakata. Ma diploid angapo a ma chromosomes ku Anoa 48, njati yaku Asia 50, njati yaku Africa 52-54.
Kugawidwa ku Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, kumwera kwa China, ku Kampuchea, Laos pa zilumba za Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Philippinespine. Amakhala munkhalango komanso m'nkhwawa zowirira, kuphatikizanso kumapiri ndi kumapiri, kukwera mpaka 3 miliyoni mamita kumtunda kwa nyanja. Amadyetsedwa makamaka ndi udzu, nthaka, chithaphwi komanso madzi am'madzi. Yogwira ntchito m'mawa, madzulo ndi usiku. Amasungidwa awiriawiri ndi magulu am'banja (anoa) kapena ochulukirapo kapena ochulukirapo (ma buffaloes aku Asia ndi ku Africa). Monga lamulo, palibe nyengo pakubala. Komabe kubadwa kwa ana nthawi zambiri kumangokhala kumapeto kwa nyengo yadzuwa. Kutalika kwa pakati ndi miyezi 9,5 mpaka 10 (Anoa ndi Asia buffalo) kapena miyezi 10-11 (buffalo waku Africa). Wamkazi amabweretsa imodzi, kawirikawiri ana awiri. Nthawi ya mkaka wa m'mawere imatha miyezi 6-9. Kutha msinkhu kumachitika zaka 1.5-2.5. Chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 20-25.

anoa - B. depressicornis N. Smith, 1827 (Sulawesi Island),
Buffalo waku Asia - V. athe Kerr, 1792 (India, [Pri Lanka, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, China chakumwera, Kampuchea, Laos, Kalimantan ndi Islands Islands),
Njati zaku Africa - B. caffer Sparrman, 1779 (Africa).

Ofufuzawo osiyanasiyana amapereka mawonekedwe amtunduwu mosiyana. Chifukwa chake, Simpson (1945), I.I. Sokolov (1953) ndi Heptner (1961) onse omwe ali pamtunduwu ndi amitundu yosiyana: Apoa N. Smith, 1827, ViBa-lus N. Smith, 1827 ndi Syncerus Hodgson, 1847. Buffalo ya ku Philippines yaku B. agpee nthawi zina imasungidwa kukhala mtundu wapadera wa B. mindorensis Heude, 1888, ndi buffalo wamtundu wochokera ku B. chaffer kukhala mtundu wapadera wa B. nanus Boddaert, 1875. Buffalo yaku Asia imabedwa ndipo imapezeka m'maiko ambiri.

Buku Lofiyira limaphatikizapo: monga malipoti osakhalitsa a buffalo waku Asia kuchokera pachilumba cha Mindoro (kuchokera pagulu la zilumba za Philippine Islands) V. agpee mindorensis Heude, 1888 (chiwerengero cha nyama pafupifupi 150 pofika 1971), masanjidwe a anoa ochokera kudera lakumpoto. Sulawesi - B. depressicornis depressicornis N. Smith, 1827, komanso kuchokera kumapiri a Sulawesi Island B. d. boglesi Owens, 1910 (chiwerengerocho ndi chaching'ono kwambiri ndipo ali pafupi kumaliza kutha), ndipo monga mtundu wocheperako womwe ungakhale pangozi yotha posachedwa, njati yaku Asia (chiwerengero ku India ndi Nepal pofika 1972 ndi nyama pafupifupi 2,000).

Moyo

Njira yokhala ndi njati zamadzi imagwirizana kwambiri ndi matupi amadzi, makamaka ndimayimidwe kapena madzi oyenda pang'onopang'ono. M'mawa ndi madzulo, nthawi yozizira, msipu wa njati, ndipo nthawi zina masamba am'madzi amakhala mpaka 70% ya chakudya, ndipo gawo lonse lotentha tsiku lomwe amagona, limamizidwa kumutu m'matope amadzimadzi.

Nthawi yomweyo, nthawi zambiri amakhala limodzi ndi ma rhinos aku India komwe zipembere zimatsalira (Kaziranga, Chitwan Park ku Nepal). Pakadali pano, njati zimakhala zomwe zimayang'ana pafupi ndi azungu oyera ndi mbalame zina, zomwe, zimakhala kumbuyo ndi mutu wa nyamayo, zimatulutsa nkhupakupa ndi majeremusi ena kutuluka zikopa zawo. Akamba amadzi nawonso amatero. Manyowa a njati amagwira ntchito ngati feteleza wachilengedwe, chifukwa chomwe kukula kwazomera kumathandizira m'malo osungidwa ndi njati.

Buffalos nthawi zambiri amasungidwa zazing'ono, zomwe zimaphatikizapo ng'ombe yakale, ng'ombe zazing'ono ziwiri kapena zitatu ndi ng'ombe zingapo zazing'ono zamphongo. Utsogoleri wagulu lankhondo, ngati likulemekezedwa, siwokhwimitsa zinthu. Ng'ombe yakale nthawi zambiri imasunga nyama zina, koma ikathawa ku ngozi, imayang'ana khosalo, ndikumaomba nyanga, ikubweretsa ng'ombe zosochera. Mukasuntha, dongosolo linalake limawonedwa: akazi achikulire amayenda m'mutu, ana a ng'ombe pakati, ndipo oyang'anira kumbuyo amapangidwa ndi ng'ombe zazing'ono zazing'ono ndi ng'ombe. Zikakhala zowopsa, gululi nthawi zambiri limabisala mumtambo, limafotokoza semicircle ndipo, ikaima, imadikirira wowathamangitsa m'makwalala ake.

Ng'ombe zachikale kwambiri sizimagwirizana kotero zimasungidwa zokhazokha. Njati zayekha zotere zimakhala zowopsa - nthawi zina zimathamangira kwa munthu popanda chifukwa chodziwika.

Monga anthu ambiri okhala mdera lotentha, nthawi yopuma ndi kubereka mu ma buffalo aku India sizikugwirizana ndi nyengo inayake. Mimba imatenga masiku 300-340, kenako mkazi amabweretsa ng'ombe imodzi yokha. Buffalo zatsopano zovala ubweya wachikasu wonyezimira. Nthawi yodyetsa mkaka imatha miyezi 6-9.

Njatiyo ilibe adani achilengedwe ocepa. Akambuku ndi kambuku amatha kuukira ana a ng'ombe kapena ana a ng'ombe, koma ng'ombe yamphongo yachikulire ndi nyama yopanda nzeru. Ng'ombe zambiri, komabe, zimafa chifukwa cha kutentha komanso matenda osiyanasiyana.

Mavuto osunthika ndi kuteteza zachilengedwe

Buffaloes za ku Asia zimakhala ku India, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Laos ndi Cambodia, komanso ku Ceylon. Mkati mwa zaka za zana la 20, njati zinapezeka ku Malaysia, koma tsopano, zikuwoneka kuti, palibe nyama zakuthengo zomwe zatsalira pamenepo. Pachilumba cha Mindoro (Philippines) m'malo osungirako enaake a Iglit amakhala malo apadera, ochepera, otchedwa tamarau (B. b. mindorensis) Izi zawoneka kuti zatha. Koma mbiri yakale yakukhazikika kwa njatiyi ndi yayikulu. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka 1000 zoyambirira BC. e. njati zamadzi zimapezeka kudera lalikulu kuyambira Mesopotamia mpaka kumwera kwa China.

M'malo ambiri, njati tsopano zimakhala m'malo otetezedwa komwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu ndipo sizikhalanso zakutchire kutanthauza kuti mawu. Buffalo yamadzi idayambitsidwanso ku Australia m'zaka za m'ma 1800 ndipo inafalikira kumpoto kwa Africa.

M'mayiko a ku Asia, manambala ndi mitundu yambiri ya njati zamadzi ikucheperachepera. Chifukwa chachikulu chomwe sichili kusaka, komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepa ndipo kumachitika molingana ndi ndalama zowerengera, koma kuwononga malo, kulima ndi kukhazikitsa madera akutali. Malo omwe njati zamtchire zitha kukhala m'malo achilengedwe zikucheperachepera. M'malo mwake, tsopano ku India ndi ku Sri Lanka njati zamtchire ndizolumikizidwa kwathunthu ku mapaki adziko (Kaziranga National Park wodziwika ku India ku Assam ali ndi gulu la njati zopitilira zolinga chikwi). Zinthu ku Nepal ndi Bhutan ndizabwino pang'ono.

Vuto lina lalikulu ndikumakhala kosinthasintha kwa njati zamtchire ndi zanyumba, ndichifukwa chake mitundu yamtchire imayamba kutaya magazi. Kupewa izi ndizovuta kwambiri poganiza kuti pafupifupi kulikonse njati zamtchire zimakhala moyandikana ndi anthu ndipo, chifukwa chake, njati zam'makomo zimakhala pabusa laulere.

13.10.2019

Buffalo wam'madzi aku India, kapena buffalo wamadzi aku Asia (lat. Bubalus arnee) ndi a banja la a Bovidae. Ndiye woimira gulu lodziwika bwino la mtundu wa Bubalus, mitundu yotsalayi ya 3 imapezeka m'malo achilengedwe pazilumba zochepa ku Southeast Asia.

Buffalo la ku Europe (Bubalus murrensis), lomwe limakhala kumwera kwa Europe ndi North Africa, likuti lidatha zaka 10,000 zapitazo.

M'madera ambiri, nyamayi idasungidwa. Ndi nyama zochepa chabe zomwe zidatsala. Ambiri mwaiwo mwina amapangidwa ndi njati zaku Asia. Ku India, amatchedwa arnies. Amagwirizana kwambiri pamtundu wa tamarau buffalo (Bubalus mindorensis).

Mtunduwu udafotokozedwa koyamba mu 1792 ndi wolemba mbiri waku Scottish komanso wazachilengedwe Robert Kerr.

Kulowetsa madzi Buffalos

Buffaloes zamadzi zidawonekera ku Early Pleistocene pafupifupi zaka 1.8 miliyoni zapitazo ku Asia, kuchokera komwe amakhala pang'onopang'ono kumadzulo. Anawalemba zaka pafupifupi 6,000 zapitazo ku China. Pambuyo pake adayamba kukula ku India ndi Mesopotamia.

Nyama zamphamvu zodabwitsa izi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito polima minda, kupanga mkaka ndi nyama. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwamafuta kwambiri (pafupifupi 8%), mkaka wawo, wosiyana ndi mkaka wa ng'ombe, umatha kusungidwa nthawi yayitali ndikukhalanso ndi thanzi labwino. Buffalo amadziwika ndi thanzi lawo labwino ndipo amadwala nthawi zambiri kuposa ng'ombe zina.

Chiwerengero cha ziweto zawo chikuyerekezedwa ndi anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni 150. Mpaka pano, mitundu yopitilira 70 idadulidwa. Kupitilira 40 miliyoni mkaka wa njati ndi matani 3 miliyoni a nyama amapangidwa chaka chilichonse ku Asia.

Ma buffalo aku Asia tsopano ndi omwe amayesedwa m'maiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Amadziwika ku Egypt, Brazil, Australia, Japan ndi zilumba za Hawaii. Ku Europe, amasungidwa ku Italy, Romania, Bulgaria ndi Hungary.

Nyama ndizodziwika chifukwa cha zomwe zimadandaula. Samawonetsa nkhanza kwa anthu ndipo amatha kuwongoleredwa mosavuta ngakhale ndi ana aang'ono.

Makhalidwe

Buffalo zam'madzi zamtchire ndizazikulu komanso zolemera kuposa njati zamadzi zam'nyumba, ndipo zimalemera pakati pa 600 ndi 1,200 kg (1,300 mpaka 2,600 mapaundi). Kulemera kwakukulu kwa njati zamtchire zakuthengo kunali makilogalamu 900 (mapaundi 2,000). Mutu wawo mpaka kutalika kwa thupi ndi kuyambira 240 mpaka 300 cm (kuchokera pa 94 ​​kufika pa 118, mu) ndi mchira kuchokera 60 mpaka 100 cm (kuchokera 24 mpaka 39 inches) kutalika ndi mapewa kuchokera ku 150 mpaka 190 cm (kuchokera 59 mpaka 75 in). Amuna onse awiriwa amakhala ndi nyanga zolemera m'munsi ndikufalikira mpaka 2 m (ma mainchesi 79) m'mphepete zakunja, zochulukitsa kukula kwa nyanga ya ng'ombe ina iliyonse. Khungu lawo ndi la ashen - imvi mpaka lakuda. Tsitsi lalitali, loyera komanso lozungulira limalunjika kutsogolo kuyambira kumbuyo mpaka kumutu wazitali komanso wopyapyala. Pali mtolo pamphumi, ndipo makutu ndi ochepa. Msonga wa mchira ndi wandiweyani, ziboda zake ndizazikulu ndipo zimafalikira. Pamodzi ndi gaura, zimakhala mkati mwa nyama zoweta kwambiri, zamtchire, popeza zonsezo zimafanana pakali pano, ngati siziri zolemera, ngakhale, ndi miyendo yayitali, yazifupi, njati zamadzi zakutchire ndizochepa pang'ono kutalika ndi kutalika kuposa gaura.

Kugawa ndi malo okhala

Njati zamtchire zimachitika ku India, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand ndi Cambodia, komwe kuli anthu osagwirizana ku Myanmar. Anachotsedwa ku Bangladesh, Laos, Vietnam ndi Sri Lanka. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha madambo onyowa, zithaphwi komanso zigwa zambiri.

Ku India, malingaliro amakhala ochepa ku Kaziranga, Manas ndi Dibru-Saikhowa National Parks, Laokhowa Wildlife Sangment ndi Bora Chapori Nature Reserve, komanso angapo obalalika m'matumba awo ku Assam, ndi kuzungulira kwa D'tch Wildlife San Temple Memorial ku Arunachal Pradesh . Gulu laling'ono limapulumuka ku Balpakram National Park ku Meghalom ndi ku Chhattisgarh ku Indravati National Park ndi Udanti Nature Reserve. Chiwerengerochi chitha kufalikira kumadera oyandikana ndi Orissa. Koyambirira kwa zaka zam'ma 1990, zitha kukhalapobe njati zam'munda pafupifupi 3,300-3,500 ku Assam ndi mayiko oyandikana ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India. Mu 1997, chiwerengerochi chinkawerengeredwa osachepera 1,500.

Anthu ambiri omwe atsala akuganiza kuti adasakanikirana ndi nyama kapena njati. Chakumapeto kwa 1980s, ma buffaloes osakwana 100 adatsala ku Madhya Pradesh. Podzafika mu 1992, akuti pali nyama 50 zokha zomwe zatsalira kumeneko.

Chiwerengero cha anthu aku Nepal okha ndi omwe amakhala ku Koshi Tappu Wildlife Sangment ndipo chidakula kuchoka pa anthu 63 mu 1976 kufika pa anthu 219 mu 2009, kalembedwe komaliza kudachitika mu 2016, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti chiwerengero tsopano chakula kwambiri ndikufika pa anthu 432 omwe ali ndi Amuna 120, akazi 182 ndi ana a ng'ombe 130. Komanso, popeza palibe kambuku, nyalugwe kapena Dhole losungidwa, kuchuluka kwa njati zamtchire kumawerengeka kopitilira 7%. Pamene kuchuluka kwa anthu kwachulukirachulukira, akuluakulu oyang'anira akuganiza zosamutsira anthu ena kumadzi osefukira a Chitwan National Park mu 2016.

M'nyumba yosungirako malo yotchedwa Royal Manas National Park ya Bhutan, kuli njati yaying'ono yomwe imachitika. Ichi ndi gawo lamawu omwe amapezeka ku Man National Park of India. Ku Myanmar, zinyama zingapo zomwe zikukhala mosadalira zachuma cha anthu zimakhala ku Tiger Reserve Hukaung Valley.

Ku Thailand, njati zamtchire zimanenedwa kuti zimapezeka m'matanthwe ang'onoang'ono a anthu osakwana 40. Chiwerengero cha anthu 25-60 chimakhala m'madambo a Huaikhakhang kuyambira Disembala 1999 mpaka Epulo 2001. Chiwerengerochi sichinakule kwambiri pazaka 15 zapitazi, ndipo mwina zingakhale zodutsa mitengo yanyumba.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ku Cambodia ndi dera laling'ono lakum'mawa kwa Mondalkiri komanso mwina zigawo za Ratanakiri. Ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe atsala.

Buffaloes zam'madzi zamtchire ku Sri Lanka ndi ma subspecies migona koma amakhulupirira kuti ndi mbadwa za zoweta. Sizokayikitsa kuti njati zamadzi zakutchire zilipobe masiku ano.

Zamoyo zakutchire zomwe zimapezeka kwina ku Asia, Australia, Argentina, ndi Bolivia ndizobwereza zabodza.

Ecology ndi machitidwe

Buffaloes zam'madzi zamtchire ndi usana ndi usiku. Akazi achikulire ndi magulu awo achichepere amakhala ndi anthu pafupifupi 30 omwe ali ndi nyumba kuyambira 170 mpaka 1000 ha (0,66 mpaka 3.86 miles miles), kuphatikizapo malo osangalalira, kudyetsa, kupeta ndi kumwa. Ana a ng'ombe amatsogolera ng'ombe zachikale, ngakhale ng'ombe zitatsogolera gulu. Magulu angapo amapanga gulu la nyama 30 mpaka 500 zomwe zimasonkhana m'malo opumira. Amuna akuluakulu amakhala magulu a anthu wamba osakwana 10, ndipo amuna akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amakhala osakwatira, ndipo amakhala nthawi yayitali kupatula mabanja achikazi. Ndiwo obereketsa mwa nyengo zawo zambiri, nthawi zambiri mu Okutobala ndi Novembala. Komabe, anthu ena amabereka chaka chonse. Amuna achimuna ndi akazi a mabanja, omwe pambuyo pake amawathamangitsa. Nthawi yawo ya bere ndi kuyambira pa miyezi 10 mpaka 11, ndi nthawi yobadwa chaka chimodzi. Nthawi zambiri zimabereka mwana m'modzi, ngakhale mapasa amatha. Zaka za kutha msinkhu ndi miyezi 18 kwa amuna ndi zaka zitatu kwa akazi. Nthawi yayitali kwambiri yokhala ndi moyo ndi zaka 25 zakutchire. Kuthengo ku Assam, kukula kwa ng'ombe kumachokera pa anthu atatu mpaka 30.

Awa ndi herbivores azisankha, amadya kwambiri njere zikapezeka, monga zitsamba za Bermuda komanso Kupro sedge, koma amadyanso zitsamba zina, zipatso, ndi makungwa, komanso mitengo ndi zitsamba. Amadyanso mbewu, kuphatikizapo mpunga, nzimbe ndi jute, nthawi zina zimawononga kwambiri.

Agalu ndi mamba amagwira anthu akuluakulu njati, ndipo zimbalangondo zakuda zaku Asia zimadziwikanso kuti zimazipha.

Zowopsa

Kutsika kwa anthu osachepera 50% m'mibadwo itatu yapitayi zikuwoneka kuti zikuwoneka, chifukwa chowopseza, makamaka kuphatikiza, izi zikuyembekezeka kupitilizabe mtsogolo. Zowopsa zofunikira kwambiri:

• kuyenda mozungulira ndi njati zakuthengo komanso zoweta ndi malo otetezedwa,
• kusaka, makamaka ku Thailand, Cambodia ndi Myanmar,
• kutayika kwa malo okhala osefukira chifukwa chakusintha kwa ulimi ndi chitukuko cha magetsi,
• Kuwonongeka kwamadzi chifukwa cha zachilengedwe zowononga monga mapira olimba ndi mapulani,
• matenda ndi majeremusi opatsirana ndi ziweto zamkati,
• mpikisano waukulu wa chakudya ndi madzi pakati pa njati zamtchire ndi ziweto.

Mbiri ya taxonomic

Karl Linney amagwiritsa ntchito binomial Bos bubalis kupita ku buffalo wamkati pofotokozera koyamba ka 1758. Mu 1792, Robert Kerr adagwiritsa ntchito binomial Bos arnee kwa mitundu yamtchire yomwe imapezeka ku India kumpoto kwa Bengal. Pambuyo pake, olemba amayamba kuyatsidwa ndi njati zamtchire pansi pa chilichonse Bos , Bubalus kapena Buffelus .

Mu 2003, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature idayikidwa Bubalus arnee pa mndandanda wa mayina apadera mu zoology Kuzindikira kuyenera kwa dzinali kwa mitundu yamtchire. Olemba ambiri adavomereza binomen Bubalus arnee kwa njati yamtchire yovomerezeka kwa taxi.

Zolemba zochepa chabe za DNA ndizomwe zimapezeka kuchokera ku njati zamtchire. Kuchulukitsidwa kwa nyama zamtchire kumaganiziridwa kuti ndiko koyambitsa buffalo yamakono, koma kusiyanasiyana kwamtunduwu kuli mkati B. Arnee sizikudziwika bwino, komanso momwe zimalumikizirana ndi mitsinje yobisika ndi mitundu ya bog.

Kugawa

Malo okhala arni amapezeka ku India, Thailand, Nepal ndi Bhutan. Ku China, zilombo zamtchire zidasowa mkati mwa zaka za makumi awiri.

Pafupifupi pafupifupi 3,000 zam'madzi zam'madzi zathawa ku India. Amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono m'malo osungirako Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh ndi Meghalaya. Mutha kuwaona ndi maso anu m'mapaki adziko la Manase ndi Kaziranga, omwe ali m'chigawo cha Assam.

Kunja kwa India, palibe mitundu yoposa 1000 yomwe idapulumuka. Gulu lalikulu kwambiri la nyama 150 limakhala kumalo osungirako a Kosi-Tappu ku Nepal.

Arnies omwe amakhala ku Sri Lanka amadziwika kuti ndi mbadwa za njati zam'nyumba zomwe zinali zoyipa m'zaka za XIX.

Khalidwe

Nyama zokhala ndi ziboda izi zimakhala m'nkhalango zam'madzi otentha komanso zam'madera otentha, komanso malo otentha ndi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yomwe ili m'malo akutali kwa anthu. Nthawi zina, amakhala pamadambo kapena pamiyala, koma nthawi zonse amakhala pafupi ndi madzi.

Buffalo zamadzi zimatha tsiku lonse m'madzi. Atatenga njira zamadzi, amakonda kukhazikika pamatope oyandama, okutidwa ndi matope. Njira zoterezi zimatha kuchotsa tizilombo toyipitsa mtima komanso majeremusi ena akhungu. Pambuyo pouma, dothi limapanga kutumphuka kolimba, pomwe tizirombo tambiri timafa.

M'mapiri, njati zaku Asia zimawonedwa pakati pa nkhalango pamalo okwera mpaka 2500 m pamwamba pa nyanja.

Amakhala m'magulu a mabanja a nyama 15-25. Nthawi zina amaphatikizidwa mu gulu la anthu pafupifupi 120, omwe amakhala ndi akazi okhwima ndi ana awo. Amuna achichepere, akafika paunyamata, amalowa m'magulu a ng'ombe zosakwana 10.

Ng'ombe zakale zimakhala zodzipatula. Amphongo amalowa nawo achikazi mu nthawi yakutha ndipo amathamangitsidwa ndi iwo atatha kubereka bwino.

Gulu lililonse limakhala malo a 200 mpaka 1000 ha. Mapulani amatha kudutsana.

Njuchi zam'madzi zakutchire zimawopa anthu ndipo nthawi zambiri zimathawa zikaonekera. Kusiyana kwake ndi ng'ombe zamphongo zakale. Nthawi zambiri amapita kumbuyo kukadziteteza mwachangu ndipo amakhala oyamba kuthamangira kuwukira.

Nyama zayamba kumva fungo komanso kumva kwabwino. Masomphenya ndi ofooka ndipo amatenganso mbali yachiwiri.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Pokhala zokongoletsera, ma arn amadya zakudya zamtchire zokha. Zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi udzu ndi zomera zam'madzi. Nthawi zina, masamba achinyamata ndi mphukira za zitsamba zimadyedwa.

Artiodactyls amadya masana masana. Nthawi zambiri amafunafuna chakudya pamitsinje ndi m'mitsinje. Nthawi zina amapita kuminda ya anthu osawuka ndi kukadzisangalatsa ndi tirigu.

Kuswana

Mwa akazi, kutha msambo kumachitika pazaka 18-18, ndipo mwa amuna pafupifupi chaka chimodzi. Nyengo yakukhwima ikudutsa mvula ikatha. Ziphuphu zimabwera kwa akazi ndikuzindikira kukonzekera kwawo mating ndi fungo, kununkhira mkodzo wawo komanso maliseche.

Mimba imatenga masiku 320 mpaka 340.

Yaikazi imabweretsa imodzi, kawiri kawirikawiri ng'ombe zazing'ono ziwiri. Atatsala pang'ono kubereka, amachoka m'gululo ndipo amapeza malo obisika otetezedwa ndi udzu wautali kapena zitsamba.

Mwana wang'ombe wangobadwa kumene amatha kuimirira kale pamapazi ake ndipo atabadwa, tsatirani amayi. Amalemera 35 kg. M'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yotsatira, ng'ombe imadya mkaka wa m'mawere. Pamapeto pa kudyetsa mkaka, amasinthana ndi chakudya cholimba.

Kufotokozera

Kutalika kwa thupilo ndi masentimita 240-300. Kutalika komwe kumafota ndi masentimita 150-180. Kutalika kwa mchirawo ndi 60-90 cm.Malemu amachokera 800 mpaka 1200 kg. Akazi ndi ochepa kwambiri komanso opepuka kuposa amuna. Nyama zozikika nazonso ndizocheperako komanso zopepuka kuposa anzawo akumtchire. Nthawi zambiri amalemera 300-600 kg.

Chovala chachifupi ndi cha imvi, chakuda kapena chofiirira. Mchira umatha ndi burashi wakuda. Buffaloes yakunyumba imatha kukhala ndi mtundu oyera, oyera kapena opindika ngati oyera komanso oyera komanso oyera.

Makutu ang'onoang'ono ali kumbuyo kwa nyanga mbali za mutu wopyapyala komanso wamtambo. Amuna ndi akazi onse ali ndi nyanga za mbali yolowera mbali. Nthawi zina amapinda pang'ono mkati. Pamtanda, nyanga zimakhala pafupifupi zitatu. Amuna ambiri ali ndi nyanga zambiri kuposa zazikazi.

Ziboda zake ndi zazikulu. Zimasinthidwa kuti ziziyenda panthaka yofewa.

Kutalika kwa njati yamadzi ku India kumafika zaka 30.

Buffalo ndi bambo

Buffalo yamadzi yakhala ikulowetsedwa kuyambira kale. Buffalo yanyumba imasiyana ndi yamtchire pamalo opanda phokoso, yofupika (nthawi zambiri), ndi thupi - matumbo ake amakhala otseguka, opepuka, pomwe njati yamtchire imakhala yotentha kwambiri.

Buffalo yakunyumba ndi imodzi mwazinyama zazikulu zaulimi kumayiko aku Southeast Asia, India, kumwera kwa China, komanso zilumba za zilumba za ku Mala. Pali ma buffalo ambiri am'mayiko akumwera kwa Europe, makamaka Italy, komwe adawonekera, zikuwoneka, ndi Aluya m'zaka za zana la 8 - 9. Buffalo zapakhomo zabweretsedwa ku Japan, Hawaii, ndi Latin America. Milandu yambiri yakunyumba ku Sudan ndi maiko ena a East Africa komanso pachilumba cha Madagascar. Kwa nthawi yayitali amalima njati ku Caucasus. Komanso njati zimawelengedwa m'chigawo cha Transcarpathian komanso dera la Lviv ku Ukraine.

Buffalo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ntchito yokakamiza, makamaka pokonza minda ya mpunga, komanso ng'ombe zamkaka, ngakhale kupanga buffalo kumakhala kotsika kangapo poyerekeza ndi ng'ombe zamkaka. Komabe, mkaka wa njati umakhala wonenepa kuposa mkaka wa ng'ombe. Nyama ya njati, ngakhale ana a ng'ombe, ndi yolimba kwambiri, motero sikudya.

Ng'ombe yayikulu ya njati zokhala ndi nyanga zazikulu ndi njira yabwino yosakira mlenje. Komabe, m'maiko ambiri momwe njati zamtchire zapulumuka, kusaka kwawo ndizoletsedwa kapena kochepa. Kupatula kumeneko ndi ku Australia, komwe njati ndi nyama yofunika kusaka. Njati imakhala yolimba pachilonda, ndipo kuvulazidwa ndizowopsa. Chifukwa chake, zida zazikulu zopangira zida zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posaka, nthawi zambiri zosachepera .375 N & H Magnum kapena .416 Rigby.

Gulu

Pali mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya njati zaku Asia, zomwe ofufuza osiyanasiyana amapereka mtundu mwatsatanetsatane. Pakadali pano, mitundu inayi ya njati zam'mwera zakutchire ndizodziwika bwino kwambiri. Bubalus arnee, ndipo mawonekedwe ochulukidwa amawonedwa ngati mitundu ina Bubalus bubalis ndi amtundu umodzi mosiyana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana:

• Bubalus arnee arnee (= B. bubalis arnee) - East India ndi Nepal,
• Bubalus arnee fulvus (= B. bubalis fulvus) - malo amtundu waukulu kwambiri, Assam ndi madera oyandikana nawo,
• Bubalus arnee aerapati (= B. bubalis theerapati) - madera akumadzulo ndi kum'mwera kwa Indochina Peninsula,
• Bubalus arnee migona (= B. bubalis migona) — Buffalo wamadzi a Ceylon , chilumba cha Sri Lanka,
• Bubalus bubalis bubalis - mtundu wobisika wa Asia buffalo, wotchedwa "mtundu wa mitsinje", uli ndi ma chromosome 50,
• Bubalus bubalis var. kerabau - Mtundu wapadera, "mtundu wa dambo" wa njati yanyumba yaku Asia, uli ndi ma chromosome 48.

Zambiri zodabwitsa

• Tchizi chotchuka cha mozzarella ku Italy malinga ndi njira yoyenera imapangidwira kuchokera mkaka wa buffalo.

• Ku India, kumene ng'ombe yodzipatula ndi nyama yopatulika ndipo sangawombere nyama, imagulitsidwa, komabe, mumatha kupeza ng'ombe komanso nyama yamphongo. Vuto limeneli limafotokozedwa chifukwa chakuti zoletsa zachipembedzo sizigwira ntchito pa njati, chifukwa chake, pansi pa dzina la ng'ombe, sogulitsa chilichonse koma nyama ya buffalo. Amasiyana ndi ng'ombe yeniyeni mu kukoma, kupatula njati ndizolimba kuposa ng'ombe.

• M'malo angapo ku Southeast Asia (madera ena a Vietnam, Thailand, Laos), masewera oseweretsa njati amakonda kuphatikiza ndikumenyera njati zapanyumba.

Ng'ombe zazitali kwambiri ndizokonzekera mpikisano kwanthawi yayitali, wophunzitsidwa ndi wonenepa mwapadera. Nkhondoyi imachitika popanda kulowererapo kwa anthu - ng'ombe zamphongo zimabweretsedwa pamalowo moyang'anizana ndi mgulu, mpaka imodzi itapulumuka kunkhondo kapena kuwonetsa zodziwikiratu zakugonjetsedwa (mwachitsanzo, imagwera pamapazi a wopambana). Kulimbana sikumakhala kowamba wamagazi - nthawi zambiri ma buffalo siziwadzetsa vuto lina lililonse. M'zaka makumi aposachedwa, kumenyedwa kwa njati kwathandizanso kwambiri kwa alendo okaona malo.

Malingaliro ena:

Zomera zakale za mitengo yazithunzithunzi

Zmeyevogorsk Forest

Nyumba yachilengedwe ya Grachevskaya

Natural Park "Kumysnaya Polyana"

Forest Lingonberry Sukhodol

Nkhalango za paini za Agarevskie

Zomera Zakale za Karaman

Nkhalango za Teplovsky Forestry

Kubzala paini panjira

Kapepala kakuti "Mbali Yanyumba"

Chingala cha Forest

Elnik pafupi ndi Kamenka

Msika wa Ursa womwe udasefukira

Golitsyn koyamba akafika

Sukhokarabulak larch nkhalango zachilengedwe

Forest Suhodol

Golitsyn amafika chachiwiri

Malo abwino kwambiri bowa m'dera la Saratov

Zomera zodzala ku Bazarny Karabulak

Pine wachinyamata paphiri la Klyuchevskaya

Bazaar-Karabulak msango wa bowa

Mitundu ya nsomba

Buffalo yaying'ono, kapena buffalo (lat.Ictiobus bubalus) - mtundu wa nsomba zamadzi oyera amtundu wa Iktiobusy wa banja la a Chukuchanov. Kunja, amafanana ndi carp, carp siliva kapena siliva carp. Ponseponse, mtunduwu umaphatikizapo mitundu isanu ya nsomba zaku North America za banja la a Chukuchanov. Nthawi zina asodzi amakwanitsa kupha nyama yayikulu kwambiri ngati chikopa, koma nthawi zambiri imakhala nsomba ya iktiobus, kapena kuti njati, yomwe imagawidwa mozungulira matupi amadzi ku Russia. Iye si wachibale wa crucian carp kapena nthumwi zina za banja la cyprinid, ngakhale ali ofanana kwambiri ndi iwo. Mu 70s ku USSR adayesa kupanga njati yaying'ono (Ictiobus bubalus), komanso njati yakuda (Ictiobus niger). Kuyambira 1971, nsomba izi zidakulira m'mphepete mwa nsomba za Goryachy Klyuch, kenako kuyesako kunapangidwa kuti aziswana m'madziwe, komanso m'malo osungira ku Kuibyshev ndi Saratov. Komabe, njatiyo sinakhale nayo mizu - ndipo inasowa, koma sizinapange phindu kuipanga mwakapangidwe. Ngakhale anthu ake amakula msanga, amafika pamlingo woyenera, koma nsombayi imakonda kukhala m'madziwe ndi nyanja ndi madzi ofunda ndipo imakonda matenda ambiri am'deralo. M'malo osowa, mutha kugwira nsomba izi mpaka lero, makamaka kumwera. Asodzi mu beseni la Volga nthawi zina amakumana ndi oimira njati zamtchire, amazitenga kupita nawo kwa oyenda pamaofesi akuluakulu. Ngakhale mlendo wakunjayu alibe chochita ndi nyama ya carp ndipo sangadutse ngakhale ndi carp ya carc, monga nsomba za banja lina sianthu ayi, koma a Chukuchans.

Iktibus ndi thermophilic, maiwe ndi abwino malo awo, madzi omwe amatenthetsedwa bwino. M'madziwe ozizira ndi m'madziwe, anthu sapezeka. Anthu aliwonse amamva bwino m'madziwe amatope. M'madziwe ndi m'madziwe momwe mumakhala siliva ndi carp, nsomba za njati sizabwino. Nthawi zambiri amakhudzidwa ndi Lerneosis. Kukoma kwa nyama kumavoteledwa kwambiri. Nsomba imadziwika ndi mafuta ambiri, ilibe fungo lakunja. Poyerekeza ndi cyprinids, zomwe zimakhala m'mafupa ang'onoang'ono zamkati ndizochepa. Kugwiritsa ntchito njatiyi mokhudzana ndi gastronomy kumatha kuwoneka mosavuta, mosiyana ndi crucian carp, masikelo, ngakhale pamimba, masikelo ang'onoang'ono amachotsedwa mosavuta ndikusuntha kwa mpeni komanso kupulumuka kwakukulu, chifukwa chomwe chimatha kusungidwa chatsopano kwanthawi yayitali ndikuyendetsedwa pamtunda wautali. Mutha kuphika mulimonse momwe mungathere carp ndi nsomba zina zamchere zatsopano ndi thupi lanthete. Yophika, yophika, yowuma, yosuta. Mutha kuwonjezera khutu lanu kapena kupanga khonde labwino kwambiri.

Kutalika kwambiri kwa thupi ndi 90.9 masentimita, kulemera mpaka 31.4 kg. Chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo woposa zaka 14. Kapangidwe ka buffalo kofanana ndi carp crucian. Thupi limakhala lokwera pang'ono, lopanikizidwa kumbali, kumtunda. Kumbuyo kumakutidwa bwino, kutsogolo kwa ma forsal fin imakakamizidwa mwamphamvu pambuyo pake mawonekedwe a keel. Mitu ya anthu ndi yotalika. Ndiwofanana ndi mitu ya siliva carp. Maso ndi akulu. Pakamwa ndi yaying'ono, pafupifupi yopingasa. Malangizo a dorsal ndi aatali, ma ray ake oyambira 6-7 ndi atali kwambiri kuposa ena onse, mbiri yoyipa imakhala yofanana ndi chikwakwa. Mtundu ndi wofanana: kumbuyo ndi mbali zimasiyana kuchokera kumdima kupita ku imvi, kuwala kwa golide kapena kupindika, m'mimba mwake ndi utoto wonyezimira, zipsepse zimayera imvi, zofanana mu mtundu ndi carp.

Chimakhala m'madzi akuya, othamanga, oyera komanso omveka bwino a mitsinje yayikulu. Sungani kwambiri mseu waukulu, komanso wotchulidwa mu akulu ndi nyanja zamadzi osefukira. Chakudya chopatsa thanzi chimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi zolengedwa za benthic. Kuphatikiza pa plankton, imadyanso ma diatoms ndi ma algae ena, mphutsi zazilombo, crustaceans, bivalves, ndi nyama zina. Nsomba zambiri zimagwiritsanso ntchito mphamvu yochulukitsa khungu, yomwe mchenga umalowa mgonero.

Amuna amatha kutha msinkhu ali ndi zaka 4-5 zokhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi kupitirira 41 cm, zazikazi - wazaka 6 kapena kupitirira, ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 44. Wambiri kulemera kwa nsomba nthawi imeneyi ayenera kufika 2−2,5 kg. M'mikhalidwe yoyipa, akazi samamera chaka chilichonse. Kukula kumatambasulidwa kuyambira mwezi wa Marichi mpaka Seputembala, ndikumapeto kwa Julayi. Anzeru omwe amapanga zisa okhala ndi amuna awiri ndi atatu ndi wamkazi. Pafupifupi wamkazi ndi wamwamuna m'modzi yekha, ena onse amasungidwa patali ndi pafupi ndi madzi, kumalizira kumapeto kwa dorsal. Amuna amatha kuponyera kumbali, kupendekera pamtunda, zofanana ndi "masewera" a mitembo yowala.

Kubereka kwa akazi ndi mazira 200-290,000, mwa akazi opitilira 80 cm - mazira oposa 500,000. Kutchera kwa nthawi imodzi kumachitika m'madzi osaya, nthawi zambiri m'malo okhala ndi masamba pansi pamadzi. Caviar ndiung'ono, wachikasu, wosasinthasintha, womata. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timene timatulutsa ndi zinthu zilizonse zolimba pansi pamadzi. Akazi amatha kutuluka pazinthu zina (mizu, toljak, udzu wosefukira), miyala, kapena kapangidwe ka madzi. Caviar imamira pansi kapena imamatira ku mbewu. Pamatenthedwe amadzi a 21.1 ° C, mphutsi zimaswa pakatha masiku 4 mutabereka. Zochita zimawonetsedwa pambuyo pomenyera, kukwera ndi kumira pansi. Chakudya cha achinyamata chimakhala cha ma crustaceans awo apansi. Nsomba za chaka chimodzi zimadzaza ndi nsikidzi zamadzi, ma ostracod ndi phytoplankton; chaka choyamba cha moyo, kukula kwachinyamata kumakhala kotalika masentimita 10. Pofika zaka zitatu zaulimi, nsomba zochuluka zimatha kufika 1 mpaka 2 kg. Ndi kusungiramo zinthu zakale zosungira, izi zimapereka phindu mwachangu poyerekeza ndi cyprinid kapena siliva carp. Kulemera kwa mitembo yakale ya ma buffalo kumatha kupitirira 2,5 kg, ndipo kulemera kwakukulu kuli pafupifupi 30 kg. Nsomba za Buffalo zimafika zazikuluzikulu (mpaka 1 mita kutalika) ndikuyimira chithunzithunzi chabwino ngakhale adakali aang'ono.

Nsomba zoweta zimakhala zambiri ndipo zimatha kugwidwa ndi zida zilizonse. Buffalo imagwidwa chimodzimodzi monga crucian carp. Nthawi zambiri nsomba zimasodza kuchokera pansi. Kuluma kwabwino kwambiri kumachitika pakudya kwa chilimwe ndikutuluka kwa m'mawa kapena kulowa kwa dzuwa. Amagwiritsa ntchito ma doko, ndodo za usodzi komanso odyetsa usodzi. Black iktiobus imakhala yosamala kwambiri ndipo imasunga madzi pansi, kuti ugwiritse ntchito zida za carp kapena carp.Masika, chilimwe ndi kugwa ndi nyengo zomwe mukakhale ndi mwayi wopita kukawedza njati. M'mawu, titha kukumana nawo munthawi yokoma yokha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti nthawi yabwino kwambiri yosodza ndi nthawi yachilimwe. Nthawi yomwe kuluma kwambiri kumayambiriro m'mawa kapena madzulo, koma nthawi zambiri chilimwe chimakhala chikugwedezeka tsiku lonse. Mu nthawi ya masika ndi yophukira, ndibwino kupita kukawedza masana dzuwa litatentha madzi. Kuluma usiku nthawi imeneyi ndikosowa kwambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, nsomba zamtunduwu sizikugwidwa konse, popeza ntchito zake ndi njira yodyetsa zimatha.

Malinga ndi akatswiri, njira yabwino kwambiri yogwirira njati ndi ndodo yosodzi yoyandama - njira yosavuta kwambiri koma yodalirika. Pakusodza, ndodo yosenda ya 5-6 mita imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yopingidwa ndi chingwe chodziyimira 0.1-0.2 mm wandiweyani ndi mbedza zowerengeredwa 12-16. Musaiwale za kutayikira, makulidwe ake omwe ndi 0.10-0.12 mm. Mtundu wa mzere wasodziwo umasankhidwa kutengera madzi osungira: chifukwa madzi oyimirira amakhala ndi udzu, pomwe ukuyenda mwachangu ndikwabwino kuti muzikonda bulawuni. Koma ngati njati ikugwira, ndiye kuti mtundu wa mzerewo sugwira. Choyandama chikhale chamtundu wa Mediocre komanso chosinthika, popeza mbali zake zopendekera zimapangitsa kuti madzi asinthike kwambiri, pomwepo amagwidwa ndi njati yanzeru. Kuluma kwa Buffalo kumakhala ndi zovuta zake: nthawi zambiri choyandama chimakhala pambali pake ndikupita mbali imodzi kapena mwadzidzidzi amapita kumbali yomweyo - apa muyenera kuti musamayanjane molakwika pakapita nthawi. Monga tanena kale, nsombayi ili ndi luso lokwanira, motero imatha kukhudza nyambo mosamala ndikuyenda mozungulira kwa nthawi yayitali. Osathinimitsa njati, chifukwa izi zimawonjezera mwayi woti ubwere chifukwa cha pakamwa. Ndikofunikira kukoka munthu wolemera bwino, komabe, kusodza mochedwetsa kumadzaza ndi kutulutsidwa kwake. Mukamafufuza njati ndi wodyetsa, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito ndodo yoluzungulira, kutalika kwake kusakhale kosaposa 2.7 m, kuyesaku kuyenera kukhala pafupifupi 60 g ndi wodyetsa wolemera mpaka 20 g.

Buffalo ndi nsomba yopatsa chidwi, koma pamaziko a chakudya chake ndi zooplankton, ndiye nyambo yodziwika bwino ya carp carp yowonjezera ndi nyongolotsi zamwazi, mphutsi ndi mphutsi ndizabwino ngati nyambo. Pazibowo, mungagwiritse ntchito: ma boilies, nyongolotsi ndowe, chophika kapena chimanga chophika, mtanda, barele, oatmeal, semolina. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti zakudya zizipangidwanso ngati mipira yolimba, nthawi zonse zomwe zimakwaniritsidwa poyeserera. Kuchenjeza kwa buffalo kumafuna kusamalidwa nthawi ya nyambo, makamaka pamene nsomba ili pafupi kwambiri, ndikuwonekera kwamadzi kumakupatsani mwayi kuti muwone. Magulu amatha kusintha malo posachedwa, motero muyenera kukopa chidwi chawo. Komabe, kuponyera nyambo pafupipafupi kumatha kuwopseza banja lanyumba kwanthawi yayitali. Kuchulukana kosankhidwa bwino kwa chakudya kumapangitsa kuti mayendedwe ake akhale amvula ndipo osamira pansi. Ngati, kuwonjezera pa njati, pali nsomba zazing'ono zambiri mu dziwe, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti muwonjezere kukula kwa mipirawo, apo ayi gawo la mkango la nyambo lingasungidwe molakwika. Monga crucian carp, njati imazindikira kwambiri zina zowonjezera zonunkhira, zomwe nthawi zina zimawonjezera mphamvu ya zakudya zowonjezera. Nthawi yomweyo, sizofunikira konse kugwiritsa ntchito zonunkhira zabodza - nsomba zimayankha moyenera pazinthu zachilengedwe. Ndikofunikira kungosunga muyeso winawake, kumverera kwake komwe kumabwera ndi nthawi, pomwe asodzi a novice ayenera kutsatira mfundo ya "kugona kugona kuposa kugona".