Nyama zina zosowa zinali ndi mawonekedwe a nyama zingapo nthawi imodzi. Fossil marten perunium anali ofanana ndi marten, wolverine ndi chimbalangondo nthawi yomweyo. Nthawi zina imatchedwa kuti Medvedosomakha. Perunium inali yochokera ku chimbalangondo chaching'ono, pomwe ana ake amakono amakula kakang'ono.
Mwa kapangidwe ka ubongo wa marten, zikhalidwe zina za chirombo zidabwezeretseka!

Wasayansi uja adakumbukiranso zopezeka m'mafupa a perunium poona kuti mawonekedwe achibadwa ake a bongo adapezeka mu chigaza cha chilombo - uku ndikofunika kwambiri. Kuponyako kunaphunziridwa ndi Soviet paleontologist Yu.A. Orlov, yemwe dzina lake ndi Paleontological Museum ku Moscow

Kanema: Leo. Odyera kwambiri. Makanema olemba. National Geographic Channel TV

Kodi mwatani? Mwachiwonekere, pamene marten adamwalira, fuvuyo pang'onopang'ono idayamba kudzaza ndi mwala, patapita nthawi, miyala yamchenga kuchokera kumbali zonse kuzungulira ubongo wa marten. Chifukwa chake chilengedwe chinapatsa asayansi mphatso yofunikira - adatha kuphunzira patatha zaka zambiri malingaliro a nyama yakale.

Woyamba kufufuza zotsalira za perunium anali wasayansi waku Russia Yu. Orlov. Adaphunzira zambiri zazing'ono kwambiri za ubongo wa marten, chifukwa chake adatha kudziwa momwe amachitira ndi moyo wawo.

Kanema: Nyama zowopsa kwambiri ku Russia

Maonekedwe a mdani wakaleyu anali wofanana ndi marten, wolverine ndi chimbalangondo. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwewo, adatchulanso dzina lachiwiri - "Medvedosomakha".

Peruniums anali olusa kwambiri, kukula kwawo kunafika pa kukula kwa zimbalangondo zamakono.

Maso awo anali amphamvu, ndipo miyendo yawo inali yotakata, motero amayenda kwambiri chipale chofewa.

Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti makolo a agalu amakono anali amodzi mwa zidole zakale kwambiri, omwe anali achibale a ma beelid ndi zimbalangondo. Koma makolo a amphaka ndi azungu anali adyera osiyanasiyana.

Zotsalira za njati yamadzi ku Europe zinapezeka koyamba ku Russia

Akatswiri ochokera ku Paleontological Institute. A. A. Borisyak wa ku Russia Academy of Sciences adawululira chinsinsi cha chiwonetserochi chomwe chimasungidwa m'makampani a Museum of Local Lore a Kolomensk Zotsatira zake, ndi ya njati yamadzi ku Europe.

Asayansi adapeza chaka chatha, akuyang'ana ziwonetsero. Nyama yachilendo, yomwe zotsalira zake sizinapezeke ku Russia, sizinkakhala kutali ndi Kolomna amakono.

Asayansi adapeza chaka chatha, akuyang'ana ziwonetsero. Nyama yachilendo, yomwe zotsalira zake sizinapezeke ku Russia, sizinkakhala kutali ndi Kolomna amakono.

Mu 2019, a Moscow paleontologists anapeza chigamba chapadera cha njati zamtengo wapatali pakati pa zinthu zosungidwa pa Kolomna Museum of Local Lore. Chibowo chokha chidapezedwa kale mu 1939 pafupi ndi mudzi wa Lukerino, 4.5 km chakumadzulo kwa mzinda wa Kolomna, pa mtsinje wa Kolomenka, kumanja kwa Mtsinje wa Moscow.

Ofufuzawo anazindikira kuti ndi mtundu wina wa nyama zaku Europe zam'madzi (Bubalus murrensis). Poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa kulumikizika ndi kuwonongeka kwa mano, chigaza chinali cha munthu wamkulu wazaka zisanu mpaka zisanu ndi chimodzi.

Amadziwika kuti kumapeto kwa Middle and Late Pleistocene, njati zamadzi zinkakhala pakatikati pa Europe. Panthawi yotentha, ambiri oyimira anyani opatsa ulemu amabwerera kumpoto ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa, ndipo pakatikati pa Europe, nyama zosafunikira zamalo awa monga mvuu ndi njati zimawonekera.

Zinyalala zawo nthawi zambiri zimapezeka ku Rhine Valley ku Germany, zimadziwikanso ku France, Italy ndi Netherlands. Mafunde awiri akulu pakusuntha kwa mitundu yamadzi okondana ndi kutentha amawasiyanitsa - patadutsa zaka 425-337 zaka masauzande zapitazo ndi zaka 100,000 zapitazo.

Kupeza kwa chigaza cha njati yakale yamadzi kunali kosayembekezeka: kunapezeka makilomita zikwi ziwiri kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa mitundu yayikulu ya ku Europe ya nyama - mdera la Moscow, pafupi ndi Kolomna. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyang'ana kwa radiocarbon kwa sampuli yomwe idapezeka kudera la Moscow kunawonetsa kuti nyamayi idakhala zaka zana zapitazo pambuyo pa abale ake aku Western Europe - pafupifupi kumapeto kwenikweni kwa Pleistocene, zaka pafupifupi 12,800 zapitazo.

Sarmiento Gawo 2 - nkhalango Yoleredwa

Pomwe ndidakonza njira yakukulira ku Patagonia, panali njira zingapo momwe mungadutsire. Kusankha kudutsa mu mzinda wa Sarmiento kunapangidwa chifukwa cha kupezeka kamodzi kosakopa - nkhalango yoyesedwa.

Nayi chimtengo chomwe chimawoneka ngati mtengo wouma. Koma, zoona zake, zinthu zake zonse zidasinthidwa mwala.

Kapangidwe konse kamitengo yakale kamasungidwa, komwe kamayikidwa, ming'alu ndi chowawa. Ngakhale khungwa likuwoneka.

Mitengo yamitundu yonse ili paliponse - kuchokera ku zitsa zazing'ono mpaka mitengo yayikulu:

Kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, zotsalira za nkhalango yakale zinkabisidwa pansi pamiyala ndi dongo, koma pakali pano pali njira yolumikizirana.

M'malo mutha kuwona osati mtengo wokha, komanso chipolopolo cha miyala yomwe idasanjika, ndikuyika miyala pang'onopang'ono. Samalani zomwe miyala ikulu ikubowola. misewu yadzikoli ili ndi zigawo zamtunduwu, zosiyana kwambiri ndi nsonga zamtsogolo.

Kuphatikiza pa nkhalango yakale, malowa nawonso ndi okongola kwambiri. Kukongola kowuma kwa chipululu, kumene, komabe. "Chigwa cha Mwezi":

Pambuyo pa mapiri okhala ndi mitundu isanu ndi iwiri amapita kumpoto kwa Argentina, koma ku Sarmiento pali china choti muwone:

Sizokayikitsa kuti Sarmiento sidzakhala malo ofikira alendo - ali ochulukirapo kwambiri kwina kulikonse, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kukongola ndi mawonekedwe a ngodya zabwinozi zidzakhalapobe kwanthawi yayitali. Tili ndi zokumbukira zabwino kwambiri zokhala mumzinda.

Mchira wa plesiosaur unali wozungulira, ngati chinsomba

Mchira wa plesiosaurus unali wokongoletsedwa ndi chikopa ndipo umapezeka mozungulira, monga momwe zimakhalira m'miyambo yamakono komanso ma siren. Mapeto ake adakwaniritsidwa ndi ofufuza a Paleontological Institute. A. A. Borisyak potengera kupendanso kwa zinthu zakale kwambiri komanso kusanthula kwa mabuku.

Kukhalapo kwa chikopa chakumapeto kwa mchira kumapeto kwatsimikiziridwa zaka zoposa zana zapitazo pa sampu ya Jurassic Siliosaurus (Seeleyosaurus guilelmiimperatoris) okhala ndi mawonekedwe a contour ya thupi. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, ndalama za "caudal" za plesiosaurus nthawi zambiri zimanyalanyazidwa pamapangidwe otchuka ngakhale mu kafukufuku wasayansi. Popeza udindo wa ndalama zoyambirira pazokha zomwe sizinapezeke zodziwikiratu sizodziwikiratu, malingaliro osiyanasiyana akadali kupangidwa pankhaniyi. Mkulu wa gulu lantchito ya paleoherpetology A.G. Sennikov adafufuza zigawo 14 za zanyama zam'madzi za Jurassic kuchokera ku ndalama za Paleontological Institute, komanso zida zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi am'madzi komanso zotulutsa m'mabungwe ena ofufuza. Zowonera zingapo zikuwonetsa komwe khomalo limapangidwira, lomwe limatikumbutsa kwambiri ma siren amakono ndi ma cetaceans.

Plesiosaurus, m'mawu ophiphiritsa a English Paleontologist William Buckland, ndi njoka yoluka kudzera m'thupi la kamba. The plesiosaurus ali ndi yemweyo yofiyidwa thupi, wokakamizidwa ndi chimango chachikulu cha m'mimba nthiti. Pakati pa sytebrae yomaliza yotsiriza komanso malo oyamba opezeka, amapezeka kuti amatha kumayenda momasuka. Njira zopendekera zopindika za caudal vertebrae kwakukulu zimapitilira kutalika kwa njira zopindika ndi ma hemal arches, zomwe zimalepheretsa kuyenda kwa mchira mu ndege yopingasa. Kuphatikiza apo, gawo lomaliza la mchira wa plesiosaurus silikuyenda chotsika, monga zimakhalira kwa mitundu yambiri yokhala ndi zozungulira zolowa.

Pakati pamadzi amadzimadzi am'madzi, mulibe fanizo lofanana ndi mchira, motero, pamayendedwe am'madzi momwe zimakhalira mu plesiosaurus. Chifukwa chake, fanizo lofananira la plesiosaurs lidayenera kupezeka m'magulu ena am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi. Choyandikira kwambiri chinali kapangidwe ka mchira wa ma sirem ndi ma cetaceans okhala ndi waya womata. M'malo mwake, mchirawo ndi wowongoka, wotakataka komanso wosalala, womwe umatikumbutsa ndalama zoyambira zamakono. Kumapeto kwa mchira, malo osiyana ndi omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi ma vertebrae osakanizidwa, omwe amangothandizidwa kokha ndi mtengo wopingika wozungulira, womwe unkasunthira uku ndikuyenda pansi ndipo mwina unkakhala ngati wowongolera kwambiri.

Mafupa a plesiosaur Wellesisaurus sudzuki (cast). Paleontological Museum. Yu.A. Orlova

Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ma plesiosaurs ndi ma cetaceans ndi ma siren ndikuti ziwalo zazikuluzikulu zotanthauzira zomwe zili mkati mwake ndizopanga, osati mchira. Pankhaniyi, mbali zonse ziwiri za miyendo zimasungidwa mu ma plesiosaurs, pomwe mu cetaceans ndi sirens, miyendo yakumbuyo imachepa.

Zamoyo zakale zapamadzi zam'madzi zinkagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosambira yosiyanasiyana yokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe a mafupa awo. Ichthyosaurs, mosasaurs ndi ng'ona zam'madzi zimaweramitsa thupi mu ndege yopingasa pamene akusambira, amakhala ndi mchira wokwera, wothinikizidwa pambuyo pake womwe umakhala wokhazikika pang'onopang'ono, gawo lomaliza la msana limawerama ndikuchirikiza kumbuyo kwa lobe yotsika. Akamba am'nyanja amagwiritsa ntchito miyendo yokha yomwe imasinthidwa kukhala mbande posambira.

Kulengeza: Sennikov A.G. Zodabwitsa za kapangidwe kake ndi mawonekedwe a locomotor a mchira ku Sauropterygia // Biology Bulletin. 2019 Vol. 46. ​​Ayi. 7. P. 751-762. DOI: 10.1134 / S1062359019070100

Glyptodonts waku Argentina

KuArgentina, akatswiri ofukula zam'madzi komanso akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale akugwira ntchito limodzi m'chigawo cha Buenos Aires pafupi ndi bomali la Bolivar, anapeza zipolopolo zinayi zakale za aglyptodonts, zolengedwa zachilengedwe zomwe zakhala padziko lapansi kwazaka mamiliyoni ambiri, pakama pa mtsinje wa Vallimanka.

Kupezako kunanenedwa ndi National Council for Science Science and Technical Research (Incuapa-Conicet). Zinthu zotsalira za glyptodonts zinapezeka pafupi ndi San Luis Lagoon. Kukhazikitsidwa kuti ndi amtundu wa Glyptodon reticulatus.

Mitundu isanu ndiosiyanitsidwa:

Glyptodon clavipes Owen, 1839 wamba

Glyptodon elongatus Burmeister, 1866

Glyptodon euphractus Lund, 1839

Glyptodon reticulatus Owen, 1845

Glyptodon munizi Ameghino, 1881

Zipolopolo zikuluzikulu zopangidwa ndi miyala ikuluikulu zimapezeka pafupi ndi inzake. Mwinanso nyama izi zinafa nthawi yomweyo. Mwa njira, ofufuza akumaloko sanakhalepo ndi zotulukapo zazikulu ngati izi.

Asayansi sanakhazikitsenso kugonana kwa nyama ndi zaka zomwe adamwalira, komanso, ngati nkotheka, chomwe chimayambitsa kufa. Glyptodonts amayimira gulu lokhala ndi chidwi komanso lanyama la anyani. Anali azitsamba, omwe matupi ndi mutu wawo unkatetezedwa modzitchinjiriza ndi chipolopolo cholimba.

Zamoyo izi zidakula mpaka mamita atatu m'litali, ndipo kukula kwake kudafika matani awiri. Ndiye kuti, pama paramu awo, anthu akuluakulu anali ofanana ndi galimoto yaying'ono.

Zotsalira za nyama izi zimapezeka makamaka kumwera kwa South America. Amakhulupirira kuti akadatha kuwonekera monga gulu zaka zoposa 30 miliyoni zapitazo. Nthawi yakusowa kwawo sichinakhazikike. Akuyerekeza kuti izi zitha kuchitika zaka 30 mpaka 10 zapitazo. Mwinanso ma glyptodonts adazimiririka nthawi yamodzi yomwe inatha.

Ricardo Bonini anati: "Mlanduwu ungatchulidwe kuti ndife apadera, chifukwa tapeza anthu angapo omwe adamwalira nthawi yomweyo," akutero a Ricardo Bonini: "Kuwerenga izi kungatipatse chidziwitso chatsopano chokhudza nyama zodabwitsazi, komanso kutipatsa mwayi kuti tionenso zingapo zoyerekeza zaposachedwa m'zaka zaposachedwa. "

Ofufuzawo akuti zaka pafupifupi 30 zapitazo, mitundu ya Glyptodon reticulatus inayamba kukhala pagulu lawo. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, zotsalira za zolengedwa izi zidapezeka ku Argentina m'zaka za zana la 19. Kenako adakhulupirira kuti m'masiku akale mudali mitundu yambiri ya ma glyptodonts.

Komabe, kafukufuku wotsatira adawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kunali kocheperako kuposa momwe kale kudaganizirira. Komanso, zidadziwika kuti m'zaka miliyoni zapitazi mitundu iwiri yokha ya nyamayi idakhalako modalirika.

Wokolola Imfa. Wachibale wa T-Rex wopezeka ku Canada

Woponderezayu adakhala padziko lapansi pafupifupi zaka mamiliyoni 80 zapitazo.

Asayansi anena za kupezeka kwa mitundu yatsopano ya ma dinosaurs yomwe inayenda kufalikira kwa North America pafupifupi zaka miliyoni 80 zapitazo.

Thanatotheristes degrootorum, kutanthauza "Wokolola Imfa" m'Chigiriki, amagwirizana kwambiri ndi chimphona chotchuka kwambiri cha tyrex (Tyrannosaurus rex) ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi membala wakale kwambiri wabanja la wankhanza lomwe limapezeka kumpoto kwa North America. Wotsogola uyu adafika mita eyiti m'litali mwake ndipo ndi wa banja lomwelo, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mtundu wa ankhanza - ma tyrannosaurids (Tyrannosauridae).

"Tasankha dzina lomwe limafanana ndi wankhanzayu. Ndiwe yekhayo amene anali kudziletsa ku Canada, ndipo anali woyamba kubadwa, ”- a Darla Zelenitsky, pulofesa wothandizira wa dinosaur paleobiology ku University of Calgary, Canada.

Zidutswa za chigaza cha T. degrootorum zidapezeka ndi anthu aku Canada, okwatirana a John ndi Sandra De Groot, mu 2010 m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Luk kumwera kwa Alberta. Mafupawo adatumizidwa ku Royal Tyrrell Museum, komwe adalakwitsa chifukwa cha zotsalira za Tyrannosaurus rex, mpaka mu 2018, a Jared Voris, wophunzira omaliza maphunziro awo ku yunivesite ya Calgary, adayamba kuphunzira.

Pafupifupi zaka khumi zitachotsedwa ntchito zolembazo ndi kuzilemba, Voris ndi amzake adayamba kusanja chithunzi. Gululi linayang'ana fupa la nsagwada, lomwe linali ndi zigawo zapadera, likuwoneka pamaso pa magulu apadera. Chifupa cha nyamayo chinali chowolokanso pamtanda, mosiyana ndi ankhanza ena okhudzana kwambiri.

Komabe, munjira zina T. degrootorum anali ofanana ndi abale ake, omwe, mwa zisonyezo zonse, momveka bwino sanali obwezeretsa. Zinthu zakale za Tyrannosaurus nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zolakwika zamakangano akale ndi abale ndi ma dinosaurs. Wowonjezera mawuwa ndiwofatsa: chikwapu choyera chomwe chimatambasulidwa m'chiuno mwake chakumtunda sichinthu chongokhala bala, ofufuzawo atero.

Zinthu zakalezi zimatithandizanso kudziwa kusiyanasiyana kwa olamulira ankhanza ku North America, omwe ambiri mwa iwo amakhala ndi kumwalira m'mphepete mwa nyanja yamadzulo yamadzi yamchere, yomwe imayambira ku Arctic Ocean mpaka ku Gulf of Mexico.

Thanatotheristes amatuluka kuchokera kudera lomwe silipezeka. Zaka zake zikuyembekezeredwa zaka 79.5 miliyoni. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti anali ndi muzzle wokwera, zomwe zimapangitsa kusiyanitsa mizere iwiri ya achiwawa m'magawo osiyanasiyana a North America - okhala ndi zisonga zazitali (kumpoto) ndi zazifupi, zokhala ngati bulldog (kumadera akumwera).

Asayansi amati kusiyana kwa mawonekedwe a chigaza cha ankhanza m'magawo osiyanasiyana kumatha kukhala chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakudya komanso kudalira nyama zomwe zikupezeka nthawi imeneyo - mwachitsanzo, achidole achikulire aku Asia, omwe amakakamizidwa kulanda nyama yayikulu ngati zimphona za herbivorous zavropod, atha Zotsatira zake, onjezani kukula pazifukwa izi.

Zinthu zakalezi zimathandizira kudziwa kusiyanasiyana kwa olamulira ankhanza ku North America, omwe ambiri mwa iwo amakhala ndi kumwalira m'mphepete mwa nyanja yamadzulo yamadzi yamchere, yomwe imayambira ku Arctic Ocean kupita ku Gulf of Mexico.

Thanatotheristes amatuluka kudera lamapiri lomwe simupezekanso. Zaka zake zikuyembekezeredwa zaka 79.5 miliyoni. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti anali ndi muzzulo wokwera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azitha kusiyanitsa mizere iwiri ya achiwawa m'malo osiyanasiyana kumpoto kwa America - okhala ndi muzzles (kumpoto) komanso zazifupi, ngati bulldog-like (zigawo zakumwera).

Asayansi amati kusiyana kwa mawonekedwe a chigaza cha ankhanza m'magawo osiyanasiyana kumatha kukhala chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakudya komanso kudalira nyama zomwe zikupezeka nthawi imeneyo - mwachitsanzo, achidole achikulire aku Asia, omwe amakakamizidwa kulanda nyama yayikulu ngati zimphona za herbivorous zavropod, atha Zotsatira zake, onjezani kukula pazifukwa izi.

Pamene olamulira anayamba kuwoneka koyamba (pafupifupi zaka miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo), sanali otchuka komanso owopsa kwambiri omwe Steven Spielberg adalemekeza mu filimu yake Jurassic Park. Kukula kwa ena mwa iwo sikunafikire mita imodzi ndi theka.

Ma Tancannosaurs adasaka mthunzi wa mabanja ochulukirapo a carnivores omwe ankalamulira nthawi imeneyo - allosaurus ndi megalosaurids.Pafupifupi zaka 80 miliyoni zapitazo, nyama zodyerazi zidasowa, zomwe zidapatsa oponderezedwa mwayi kuti akwere pamwamba pa chosakanikirana cha zakudya ndikusintha kukhala zimphona zomwe zidalamulira pa Cretaceous. Asanathere padziko lapansi, olamulira ankhanza amatha kufikira mamita 12 m'litali ndi kulemera pafupifupi matani asanu ndi anayi.

Giant pliosaurs adapulumuka kumayambiriro kwa Late Cretaceous

Vertebra yomwe idapezeka kudera la Saratov inali yodziwika bwino kwambiri ku Russia. Zosungidwa za m'badwo wa Cenomanian (100.5-93.9 Ma), palibe zonga izi zidapezeka kale. Malongosoledwe opezedwa adasindikizidwa mu magazine Cretaceous Research.

Vertebra yayikulu imapezeka zaka zingapo zapitazo mdera la Nizhnyaya Bannovka m'chigawo cha Saratov Volga. Malo awa amadziwika kuti amapeza imodzi mwa ma ichthyosaurs omaliza (Pervushovisaurus bannovkensis) ndi ichthyornis woyamba ku Russia. Kupeza kwatsopano ndi kwamphamvu kwambiri kwa ma Pliosaurs a subfamily Brachaucheninae.

Gawo la mayesowo ndi khosi lachiberekero lomwe limakhala ndi mainchesi 19. (Cervical vertebrae of size) amadziwika chifukwa cha ma pretosaurs atatu oyamba kwambiri a Cretaceous - Kronosaurus queenslandicus a ku Australia ndi Kronosaurus boyacensis ndi Sachicasaurus vitae aku Colombia. Ma pliosaurs akuluakuluwa adafika pamtunda wa 10-11 metres, kukhala nyama zazikuluzikulu panyanja za Cretaceous.

Chifukwa chake, vertebra ya kukula kofananira kuchokera kudera la Saratov inali ya pliosaurus yayikulu kwambiri ku Russia. Komabe, chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi zaka zomwe apezazo - Cenomanian (100.5-93.9 Ma). Phunziroli lisanachitike, amakhulupirira kuti pofika nthawi imeneyi, a Pliosaurs anali ataphwanyidwa kwambiri patatsala pang'ono kutha kwa Late Cretaceous m'zaka zotsatira, zaka za ku Turkey. Kupeza kwatsopano kukusonyeza kuti ma pliosaurs akuluakulu omwe amakhala m'mizere ya mapiramidi azakudya adalipo kumayambiriro kwa Late Cretaceous. Mwina kutha kwawo kulumikizana mwanjira ina ndi kutha kwa ichthyosaurs kumapeto kwa zaka zana la Cenomanian, koma kuti apeze zidziwitso zowona, zopeza zambiri kuchokera panthawiyi zikufunika.

Ntchito yokonzanso nyumbayo idapangidwa pamaziko a chigoba chachikulu kwambiri cha pliosaurus Sachicasaurus vitae kuchokera ku Lower Cretaceous la Colombia.

Kulengeza: Nikolay G. Zverkov, Evgeny M.Pervushov. Pliosaurid wopambana kwambiri kuchokera ku Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) waku Volga Region, Russia // Cretaceous Research, wopezeka pa intaneti February 19, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104419

Zamoyo zopanda kanthu kapena mwala wapamwamba chabe?

Lero ndapeza pano mwala ngatiwofunda m'mphepete mwa imodzi mwa zitsamba za Russian Island. Funso kwa olumikizana kuti ili ndi buluzi / chinsomba / fupa losindikizika, dzino, matanthwe, kapena mwala wamba wamwala?

Fotkal pa Honor 10, ndi kuwombera kachilengedwe iye ali ndi mavuto

Pansipa pali zomwe ndapeza ndi mitundu yochepa

Kupanga masonry?

Chaka chatha ndidapeza, ndikuwoneka ngati, womangika. Mazira (ngati ndi mazira), ofanana kukula kwake, kutalika kwa 20 cm. Lero adayenda paulendo bwato, kujambulidwa.
Kodi zomwe tikupeza zikuyimira phindu lililonse? Kale chisel chili ndi nyundo kukonzeka, itasonkhana kwa ine ndi kulemera))) Kungosewera, zoona, koma nthabwala iliyonse, monga akunenera.

Malo: Miyala yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa nyanja yaku Crimea.

Entelodontidae

Entelodonts (banja la Entelodontidae) anali ma artiodactyl akuluakulu ochokera ku Eocene-Miocene waku North America ndi Eocene-Oligocene wa Eurasia (Brunet, 1979). "Nkhumba zazikulu "zi zinali zokhala ndi miyendo inayi yolumikizana ndi nsagwada zazikulu ndi mano zomwe zimawalola kuphwanya ndi kudya zakudya zazikulu zosagwirizana ndi mafupa, kuphatikizapo mafupa (Joeckel, 1990).

Wotsogola woyamba anali Eoentelodon wochokera kumapeto kwa Eocene waku China ndi Mongolia (Chow, 1958, Dashzeveg, 1976, 1993). Mtundu wokulirapo komanso wokhazikika wa Entelodon, wodziwika kuchokera ku Western Europe, China, Mongolia ndi Kazakhstan, anali wofala ku Eurasia ku Middle Eocene-Early Oligocene ndipo anali ndi magawo ambiri (mwachitsanzo, Matthew Granger, 1923, Trofimov, 1952, Young ndi Chow, 1956 , Biryukov, 1961, Hu, 1964, Dashzeveg, 1965, Brunet, 1979, Tomida. 1986, Emry et al., 1995, Lucas ndi Emry, 1996). Ma epelodonts akale kwambiri ku Europe ndi amodzi mwa odziwika kwambiri ndipo amagawidwa m'magawo awiri, Paraentelodon ndi Neoentelodon, omwe amadziwika ndi Late Oligocene-Early Miocene a Georgia, Kazakhstan ndi China (Gabuniya, 1964, Aubekerova, 1969, Brunet, 1979, Qiu et al. )

Entelodonts adayamba kuwonekera ku North America kumapeto kwa Eocene monga osamuka ku Asia (Bruner, 1979, Emry, 1981, Lucas, 1992). Foss awo amadziwika kwambiri kumapeto kwa Eocene-Early Oligocene chakumadzulo kwa United States ndi Canada. Ma Entelodonts amalimbikira mu Oligocene ndi Early Miocene, mwanjira ina chifukwa cha mtundu watsopano wa entreodont wa mtundu Daeodon, yemwe dzina lake loyambirira ndi Dinohyus, lomwe likuyimira mzere wamasinthidwe am'mbuyo wa Asia omwe adasamukira ku North America kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Oligocene (Brunet, 1979, Lucas et. , 1997a, Effinger, 1998).

Oimira wamkulu pa banja la entelodont (Entelodontidae) anali adikoni (Daeodon) ndi achikulire, mwina kholo lawo, paraentelodon (Paraentelodon). Ndi uti wa iwo omwe anali yokulirapo pakadali pano sanganene motsimikiza, popeza zotsalira za paraantelodon, mosiyana ndi wachibale wake, ndizogawika kwambiri.

Otsatira awo ndi Archeotherium (Archaeotherium), oyimira kwambiri omwe omwe kufota amafika kutalika kofanana ndi deodon, koma archeotherium anali wotsika kuposa deodon mu ukulu. Komabe, m'lifupi mwake chigaza ndi zinthu zakale zomwe zimapangidwa ku archeotherium chinali chachikulu kwambiri pakati pa ma entelodonts onse.

Ma Entelodonts mwina adasinthidwa kuti azithamanga mwachangu komanso moyenera. Kukhala ndi miyendo yayitali ndi ziboda zopota. Zomwe zimachitira umboni za moyo m'malo otseguka. Miyeso ndi savannah. Ndi kukula kwawo komanso nsagwada zamphamvu, amatha kuthana ndi ozunzidwa ang'onoang'ono (ma artiodactyls ang'ono panthawiyo anali zingwe), kuwapha ndikudya iwo mwa kungophwanya minofu ndi mafupa ndi mano awo, popanda chifukwa chodulira.

Chifukwa cha kukula kwawo kochititsa chidwi, mano owopsa, komanso kufanana kwawo ndi nkhumba (Suidae), adatchedwa "nkhumba za terminal" (kuchotsa nkhumba).

Ngakhale ubale ndi kufanana ndi nkhumba, pali zosiyana zingapo zapakati pa mabanja awiriwa. Zina mwa zoyesa kwambiri pa izi ndi izi:

1. Mosiyana ndi nkhumba, ma canins apamwamba a entelodonts sanawerame, koma adakula.

2. Mafangayi (onse kumtunda ndi m'munsi) anali ozungulira koma osasunthika pambuyo pake, ndipo analibe mbali yakudula ndipo analibe nsonga yakuthwa ngati abale awo.

3. Mosiyana ndi nkhumba, zokhala ndi zala zinayi zakumapeto kwa ziboda, zolumikizira mbali iliyonse zinali ndi zala ziwiri zitavala ziboda.

4. Maofesi am'madzi, mosiyana ndi oimira banja la nkhumba, anali ndi mawonekedwe owonera mwakathithi, popeza maaso awo adalunjika kutsogolo kwakukulu kuposa abale awo.

5. Zipinda zitatu zoyambirira (zonsezo pamwendo wapansi komanso wotsika) zimakhala ndi mano amtundu wosweka (apa mutha kujambula fanizo ndi mano a ziphuphu (Hyaenidae).

Ikhozanso kuganiziridwa (ngakhale palibe umboni wachindunji wa izi) kuti, pazinthu zina, panali zosiyana m'magulu amkati ndi endocrine system.

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mizere yoyamba ya entelodons inali yophwanya. Mu nkhumba, mano onse ammbuyo (onse maofesi ndi ma molars) ali a mtundu wopera. Ndiye kuti, amatha kudula mafupa mosavuta komanso bwino. Fels wa Entelodont anali ndi "mawonekedwe apamwamba." Ndiye kuti, adawapangira kuti akhale ngati kuluma, osati kuwamenya iwo. Ma Entelodonts anali ndi masomphenya abwinobwino amagetsi (i.e. voluminous more). Chifukwa chake, kunali bwino kuwerengera mtunda kwa omwe akukumana nawo. Mwa zina, ma entelodonts anali ndi zala zochepa zochepetsedwa, zomwe (mosasamala) zimawonetsa kuti anali othamanga abwino kwambiri ndipo amatha kuyenda mtunda wautali popanda mphamvu zowonjezereka posaka carrion kapena zofunkha pompo.

Tsopano titembenukira ku nkhumba, zomwe m'njira zonse "zimataya" ku entelodonts mu kulosera. Ngakhale iwo, monga nguluwe zamtchire (Sus scrofa), kapena nkhumba zoweta, kuwonjezera pa kubzala zakudya, amadya nyama. Nguluwe zatchulidwa pamwambazi nthawi zina zimasaka zokha (makamaka nyengo yotentha kwambiri), zimapha ngakhale zazing'ono zazing'ono, makamaka agwape (genus Capreolus). Ndipo pazonsezi, nkhumba zakutchire sizikhala ndi ma fangala ndi nyumba zomwe zimadyedwa kale.

Kuwona kwakutali kwambiri kwa ma botel omwe amadziwika ndi ma intelodonts kunawalola kuti athe kugwiranso bwino munthu womenyedwayo, ndipo ma fang awo akuluakulu (omwe sanawerame m'mwamba) adawalola kuti agwire lalikulu.

Nkhumba imadziwika kuti ndi nyama yopatsa chidwi, koma zakudya zopangidwa ndi mbewu zimakonda zakudya zake. Kuchokera kuzonse zomwe tazitchulazi, titha kunena kuti ma impelodonts anali nyama zodabwitsa (chimodzi mwazomwe zatsimikizidwa ndizotsala zakunja ndi zomangira zopopera), komabe, nyama yazinyama idawathandiza kwambiri pakudya kwawo.

Mwachidule, titha kunena kuti ma intelodonts anali omnivores, kudya mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kwinaku akugwiritsa ntchito kukula kwawo ndi mphamvu zawo zomwe amachita ngati zigawenga-zigawenga, amatenga nyama kuchokera kwa ochita bwino koma otsala ofooka, ndipo nthawi yomweyo amapeza nyama zawo mwa njira (i.e. kusaka).

Nsagwada ya m'munsi (cast) ya entelododont yaposachedwa (Paraentelodon intermedium). Miocene woyambirira wa Kazakhstan. Chithunzi cha Paleontological Museum cha Yu.A. Orlov Chithunzi changa.

Fuvu la Entelodont waku Kazakhstan. Chithunzi changa.

Chigoba archeotherium cha galu. (Archaeotherium caninus).

Kukonzanso kwa Deodon kuchokera kumalo osungirako zinthu zakale ku Denver.

Mafupa a entelodon (chachikulu cha Entelodon) kuchokera ku Odala Oligocene a dera la Myneskesuyek (dera la Karaganda) ndi nsagwada ya kumapeto kwa paraentelodon (Paraentelodon intermedium) kuchokera ku Late Oligocene kudera la Sary-Ozek (dera la Almaty). Museum of Natural ku Almaty, Kazakhstan.

Cholengedwa

«Ndawonapo Masisitere Amdima ambiri. Ndi zinthu zazifupi. Mmodzi wa iwo adaphwanyidwa, wina pansi lachitatu lidadyedwa ndi chimphona chachikulu!»
- Gnarl.

Giant marten (eng. Giant weasel- - cholengedwa chotchulidwa Kupitilira: kukweza gehena.