Nematode, dzina lina ndi ozungulira, ali m'gulu la nyongolotsi za celiac. Mitundu yawo yosiyanasiyana ndiyabwino kwambiri. Pakadali pano, pali mitundu pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi ya nyongoyi yomwe yapezeka.
Onsewa amasiyanitsidwa ndi moyo waulere komanso majeremusi. Mtundu wa zonse nematode ndi kapangidwe. Thupi la nematode lokha limawoneka ngati chopendekera, chopendekera kumizere: kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo.
Amatchedwa ozungulira chifukwa gawo la mtanda limapereka bwalo. Matupi awo amakutidwa ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono, minofu yautali imakhala pansi pake. Izi zitha kuwoneka bwino pa chithunzi cha nematode.
Palibe njira yozungulira komanso yopumira. Kupuma kumachitika ndi ndege yonse ya thupi kapena anaerobically. Njira yogaya chakudya ndiyosavuta ndipo imakhala pakamwa ndi anus, pakati pomwe pali chubu cholunjika.
Pali "kamwa" pamutu lomwe lazunguliridwa ndi milomo. Kudzera mu izi, zakudya zimapezeka: chakudya chimayamwa. Mitundu ingapo ya nematode opanda moyo ali ndi maso, omwe amatha kukhala ndi utoto wamtundu wosiyanasiyana. Kukula kwa nyongolotsi kumayambira pa 1 mm mpaka 37 cm.
Mu chithunzi, kapangidwe ka nematode
Nematode onetsani chitsanzo chowoneka bwino cha kupita patsogolo kwachilengedwe. Masiku ano amakhala m'malo onse. Kuyambira pansi pa nyanja yamchere, chifukwa cha chisinthiko, adagula matupi amadzi abwino, dothi ndipo tsopano amatha kukhala ndi moyo ndikuchulukana munyama zamitundu mitundu.
Chikhalidwe komanso chikhalidwe cha nematode
Monga majeremusi aliwonse, nematode nyongolotsi, imasinthasintha mwangwiro, imakhala ndi moyo wosalira zambiri ndipo ikukula mwachangu kwambiri. Itha kutchedwa "yabwino" majeremusi.
Wokhala m'thupi la "mwini "yo, amatha kusangalatsa matenda osiyanasiyana, koma osapha. Nematode imagwiritsa ntchito chakudya chake ndi thupi lake moyo wonse, kuti asawononge - imachotsa mazira ake chamoyo "Master". Chifukwa chake, kupeza wokhala pakati, ndikukhazikitsa gawo lalikulupo.
Kuti mupulumuke, nyongolotsi zonse kalasi nematode, ili ndi zida zowonjezera zomwe adalandira chifukwa cha chisinthiko. Chipolopolo chake chokhala ndi dongo chimateteza motsutsana ndi timadziti tam'mimba, akazi ndi achonde kwambiri, ziwalo zapadera kuti azilumikizidwa. Mitundu ina ya nematode imagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kufafaniza mphutsi "zovulaza".
Zojambula Zazikulu za Roundworm
Chingwe chimachokera ku ma virus 80 mpaka 8 metres. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakula kuposa amuna. Oimira onse ali ndi mgwirizano wamagulu awiri.
Kapangidwe ka thupi nthawi zambiri kamakhala ngati cylindrical kapena lopindika, komwe kumadziwika kuti kulibe gawo. Wotsogola wandiweyani umaphimba thupi kuchokera kunja. Thupi lam'mizere yozungulira limazunguliridwa ndi chikwama cha minofu yakhungu. Muli ndi madzi omwe amadzaza pakati pa ziwalo zamkati. Imakhala othandizira ndipo imagwira ntchito yoyendera.
Mitundu ya parasitic imatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osakanikirana pomwe minyewa yakunja ya epithelial isagawidwe pawiri, koma imakhala imodzi ndi misa. Hypoderm yomwe ili pansi pa syenesstium imakhala ndi michere (glycogen).
Mitundu ya Nematode
Mwachikhalidwe onse nematode logawika pawiri mtundu wa: zokhala mwaulere komanso tiziromboti. Zoyambazi zimakhala m'nthaka ndi m'madzi, pomwe zotsalazo zimakhala pazomera ndi nyama, tizilombo, komanso anthu.
Mitundu yopanda ufulu chifukwa cha mitundu yambiri ya zozungulira. Zonsezi ndizochepa kwambiri, zimphona zimangofikira 3 cm zokha. Zimatha kukhala ndimadzimadzi aliwonse, ngakhale mu viniga.
Kutentha kochepa, ngakhale ku North Pole. Ma nematode ambiri omwe amakhala m'madothi amapereka zabwino mosakayikira ndipo amatenga gawo lalikulu pakapangidwe dothi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito izi nematode anapeza ndi mu aquarium. Ndi chakudya chabwino kwambiri mwachangu. Amakula makamaka kapena kudzipanga nthawi yochulukirapo kapena potayira zinyalala.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timayambitsa mavuto osasinthika muulimi, maulimi a nyama ndi anthu. Nematode kuyambitsa osiyanasiyana muukali matenda. Zitha kufalikira mu ziwalo zilizonse. Nyongolotsi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi zazikulu zazikulu. Mwachitsanzo, ma spode whalewode amatha kukhala a 8 metres.
Chakudya cha Nematode
Ma nematode okhala opanda moyo amadya algae yaying'ono, mabakiteriya, zinyalala za mbewu. Zoyang'anira pakati pawo ndizosavuta. Ndi pakamwa pawo, amangoyamwa chakudya. Tizilombo tamoyo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala pazomera zokha zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera pamkamwa.
Ma Nematode amawabaya ndi minofu ndikubaya jekeseni wawo wa m'mimba, kenako ndikuyamwa chakudya. Izi zimatchedwa chimbudzi cham'mimba chambiri. Ma Nematode omwe ali m'thupi la "wolandira" amapezeka chifukwa cha michere yomwe amapanga. Zomwe nematode ingogwiritsani ntchito kukula kwawo ndi chitukuko.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali wa nematode
Zonse mitundu ya nematode wachigololo. Amuna ndi ocheperako poyerekeza ndi zazikazi kukula, ndipo malekezero ake kumbuyo amapindika pang'ono. Kubalana kumachitika mwa kugonana. Mitundu ina ya akazi, ikakonzekera kuswa, imatulutsa fungo lamphamvu, yomwe yamphongo imakumana nayo.
Ndipo amaphimba chachikazi ndi chikwama cholowera, kenako ndikumayambitsa ma spicule kumaliseche. Amayikira mazira kuti apitilize mtunduwo, komanso pali mitundu ya nyongolosi zomwe zimabisidwa mwa kubadwa kwamoyo. Ma nematode opanda moyo amaikira mazira 100 mpaka 2000 moyo wonse. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tili ndi chonde kwambiri ndipo mtengo wake umatha kufikira 200,000 kokha patsiku.
Mu chithunzi, nematode mu nsomba
Mazira amalowa mu chilengedwe chakunja, kenako kukula kwa mphutsi kumayamba. Mwa kukhala mwaulere ndi nematode parasitizing pamimba, kukula konse kwa mphutsi kumachitika kumalo amodzi.
At nematode majeru nyama ndi anthu pagenesis zovuta. Itha kuchitika ndi kapena popanda “wolandila” wapakati. Mulimonsemo, amasungunula katatu, mpaka atakula kukhala munthu wachikulire, wokonzekera kubereka. Koma gawo lomaliza labwino, liyenera kukhala kale mthupi la "mwini".
Kuyamba kwa moyo wa nematode kumayamba m'matumbo, ukazi ukadzayamba. Amatsikira mu rectum, pomwe amayikira mazira mu anus. Pambuyo pake, amwalira. Mazira enieniwo amatha mpaka maola 6 pamalo abwino.
Kupyola m'manja akuda amalowa m'matumbo am'mimba kachiwiri, kutenga matenda kumayambikanso. Kutembenukira ku mphutsi, pambuyo pa masabata awiri amayamba kukhala okhwima.
Kutengera mtundu wa nematode, magawo otsatirawo a moyo wawo amasiyanitsidwa:
- Mazira, atangoika atayiyika ndiikazi, amatha kulowa ngati alowa m'thupi la nyama.
- Mazira omwe mluza umadutsa gawo lina, pambuyo pake umatha kupatsira "wolandirayo".
- Mazira omwe mphutsi zimakhwima ndikusiya dothi, pambuyo pake amalowa m'thupi. Pafupifupi, moyo wa nematode uliwonse umakhala pafupifupi masabata awiri ndi atatu.
Zizindikiro ndi chithandizo cha nematode
Mitundu yoposa 50 nematode - majeremusi angathe chifukwa matenda mwa anthu. Liti nematode ndi mthupi la munthu, ndiye kugaya chakudya koyamba.
Izi zitha kukhala zowonongeka pamakoma a matumbo komanso kutsekeka kwa ndulu zamkati, zomwe zimawonetsedwa ndi chopondapo, kupweteka m'khosi kapena kuyendayenda, mseru ndi kusanza.
Kuphatikiza apo, nematode, olowa m'magazi, akusunthira m'thupi lonse laumunthu, amatha kuthana ndi ziwalo zake zonse. Chifukwa chake, Zizindikiro zimatha kukhala kupupuluma komanso kupweteka kwa minofu. Kukula kwa zomwe zimachitika mthupi kumadziwikanso ndi zina: matalala olimbitsa thupi, kuyabwa, kuchepa chitetezo chokwanira, kumangokhala kufooka ndi mseru.
Chithandizo kuchokera nematode kochitidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena okosijeni. Mankhwala nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi poizoni, motero amaikidwa ndi dokotala. Ndi chithandizo cha okosijeni, mpweya umalowa m'matumbo, ndipo nematode amamwalira popanda chithandizo chamankhwala.
Ziweto zathu timazolowera matenda omwe amayambitsa majeremusi ozungulira. Mumphaka Zizindikiro za matenda nematode Izi ndi izi: kukhazikika kawirikawiri komanso chifuwa chonyowa, kusinthana kwa m'mimba ndi kudzimbidwa, kusintha kwa khungu ndi kutopa.
Mu agalu, awa ndi: kusanza, kutsegula m'mimba mwachikasu, kuthina kwambiri, kuluma mchira, kunenepa komanso kusachita chidwi. Zizindikirozi zikawoneka, ndikofunikira kupita ndi chiweto kwa veterinarian, komwe amupatse mankhwala.
Morphology
Mwa kapangidwe kake, nematode amawonedwa ngati zolengedwa zochepa. Nyongolotsi wamkulu imakhala ndi ma cell pafupifupi 1000 ndi mazana a maselo omwe amagwirizana ndi njira yoberekera. Zozungulira zimatchedwa "chubu mu chubu", izi zimatengera komwe amapezeka m'mimba, komwe kumayambira kumutu mpaka pakamwa mpaka mchala. Ma Nematode ali ndi dongosolo logaya chakudya, lamanjenje, lopatsirana, kubereka, koma alibe njira yoyendayenda yoyendera ndi kupuma. Kukula kwa nyongolazi kumayambira pa 0,3 mm mpaka kukula mpaka 8 metres.
Thupi la mphutsi zopanda moyo ndi laling'ono kukula kuchokera pa 0.5 mpaka 50 mm, anthu parasitic nawonso ndi ochepa, koma pali mitundu ya nyongolotsi yomwe imafika pa 8.4 m. Komanso, zazikazi nthawi zonse zimakhala zazikulu kuposa zazimuna. Mawonekedwe a tiziromboti tili ndi fusifomu, mafilimu, mawonekedwe osagawika.
Helminth imasiyanitsidwa ndi chikwama chofotokozedwa bwino cha khungu, chokhala ndi hypodermis, cuticles ndi minofu. Kumsana, peritoneum ndi mbali zake ndi ma 4 hypodermal ridges. Mabatani a msana ndi m'mimba amadzazidwa ndimatumbo amanjenje, makatani amtsogolo amafunikira kudzipatula ndipo amadzazidwa ndi mitsempha yam'mutu.
Machitidwe amanjenje
Mphamvu yamatumbo a nematode imakhala ndi mphete ya peri-pharyngeal, yomwe ili kumayambiriro kwa esophagus, nthambi zisanu ndi imodzi zamtundu kuchokera pamenepo mpaka mtsogolo. Kuti mulumikizane mitengo yonse iwiri ya mitsempha, pali mphete zopyapyala kumanzere kumanja ndi kumanja. Amakhalanso ndi ziwalo zowoneka bwino ndi ziwalo zamagetsi zamagetsi.
Kapangidwe ka nematode
Kutalika kwa thupi la ma roundworms (nematode) kumasiyana, kuchokera kochepera millimeter mpaka ochepera 10 mita. Thupi silikhala logawikana, nthawi zambiri limakhala fusiform kapena filatera, lotchulidwa mbali zonse ziwiri, pamtanda pali mawonekedwe a bwalo. Kulinganiza kwa thupi kuyenera kuonedwa ngati mbali ziwiri, ngakhale kuli zinthu zina za radial (mulifupi ndi simiti itatu mumutu).
Khoma la thupi la nematode, komanso mawonekedwe a flatworms, mafomu chikopa ndi minofu. Komabe, mu zozungulira, mawonekedwe ake amaphatikiza minofu yayitali yokha (zingwe zinayi), hypodermis (epithelium) ndi cuticle. Minofu yodutsa komanso yam'mimba, monga ma glworms, sichoncho. Pankhaniyi, nematode amatha kugwadira thupi lawo. Cuticle imagwira ntchito yoteteza, ili ndi mawonekedwe osakhala ma cell, imapangidwa kuchokera pakupanga kwa hypodermis. Itha kukhala yosalala kapena yopingasa (koma nyongayo ilibe pabwino!). Hypoderm imapanga zigawo zautali woponderezedwa kulowa mkati mwa thupi (dorsal, m'mimba, kumanzere ndi kumanja).
Pazowoneka mozungulira munthawi ya chisinthiko cham'mimbayowotchedwa cholinga cha pseudo. Khola ili lilibe chingwe cha epithelial, ndi malo chabe pakati pa chikwama cha minofu ya pakhungu ndi ziwalo zamkati, zodzazidwa ndi madzi.
Njira yogaya chakudya ya nematode ili ndi mawonekedwe a chubu kudzera mkati mwake, momwe muli magawo atatu: kunja, pakati komanso poseri. Chubu ili ndi mabowo awiri: mkamwa ndi anal (anal). Maonekedwe achibowo chachiwiri m'matumbo amadziwika kuti ndi fungo labwino mu nyama. M'matumbo am'mimba, m'matumbo, m'mphepete, kutsogolo, pakati komanso kumbuyo mumabisala. M'mitundu yambiri, kamwa imazunguliridwa ndi milomo itatu, kenako yokhala ndi minyewa yam'mimba. Pharynx imatseguka ndikufika pakatikati.
Dongosolo la excretory limapangidwa ndi imodzi yayikulu maselo a excretory ndi phagocytic cell. Selo la excretory limagwira ndi njira zomwe zimalowa mkati mwa thupi la nyongolotsi yozungulira, imatseguka ndi bowo limodzi.Panjira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zili m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi pamakhala maselo apamwamba kwambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zowola ndikuzilowetsa ku njira.
Mphamvu yamatsenga ya nematode imakhala mutu ganglia, mphete ya periopharyngeal, mitengo ikuluikulu yautaliyolumikizidwa ndi mitundu yopumpha. Mwa mitengo yayitali yakutali, kumbuyo ndi m'mimba zimakwanitsa kukula kwakukulu.
Pali machitidwe okhudza ndi mphamvu zamagetsiMitundu ina ili ndi maso akale.
Ma Nematode, ngati nkhwangwa, palibe kuzungulira ndi kupuma kachitidwe. Kusinthana kwa mafuta kumachitika kudutsa thupi lonse. Kuphatikiza apo, mumtundu wina, kupuma kumachitika popanda kutenga mpweya (glycolysis). Zakudya zochokera m'matumbo zimagawidwa kudzera m'maselo a thupi kudzera m'madzi omwe amadzaza pseudo-chandamale.
Kwa oyimira ambiri a nematode ndiwofatsa dichotomy (anthu ena ali ndi machitidwe obala achikazi, ena ndi amuna okha). Makina onse obala achikazi ndi amuna ali ndi mawonekedwe a tubular. Kuphatikiza apo, yamphongo imakhala ndi chopanda chiwalo (testis imodzi, vas deferens, ejaculatory channel yomwe imatseguka m'matumbo a kumbuyo). Mwa njira yolerera ya akazi, ophatikizidwa sikuti ndimimba ndi ma oviducts okha, komanso chiberekero. Wopanda nyini yokha. Nthawi zambiri, akazi amasiyana amuna, i.e., akufotokozedwa zithunzi zolaula.
Kukula kwamunthu m'mitundu yambiri kumachitika ndikusintha kosakwanira (pali magawo omwe amakhala ndi izi, koma palibe metamorphosis).
Gulu
Popeza nematode ambiri samamvetsetsa bwino, ndipo chidziwitso chonse sichikusowa, gulu lawo limawonedwa ngati lotsutsana komanso losinthidwa mobwerezabwereza. M'mafotokozedwe osiyanasiyana, pamakhala magulu otsutsana a nematode. Mpaka pano, gulu la zojambula zapadziko lonse Zootaxa limadziwika kuti ndi lamakono kwambiri ndipo liperekedwa motere:
Gulu | Kufikira | Kufotokozera |
Chromadorea | Benthimermithida | Pali mitundu 33 ya gulu la azungu. Anthu okhwima amakhala pansi koma osadyetsa, ndipo mphutsi zimalowa mkati mwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi kuzifalitsa. Nyongolotsi zimakhala munyanja, pamtunda wa makilomita 6. |
Chromadorida | Chinyengochi chili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 18,000 ya nyongolotsi, woyimira munthu ngati wozungulira mozungulira amawoneka woimirira. Amakhala m'matupi amadzi, dothi, limatha kufalikira pazomera ndi nyama za anthu ndi anthu. Amayambitsa matenda monga ascariasis, anisakiosis, toxocariasis ndi ena. | |
Desmodorida | Chachikacho chili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 750. Nyongolotsi zimagawidwa momasuka m'madzi am'nyanja, kawirikawiri m'madzi oyera, nthaka. | |
Desmoscolecida | Dera lomwe lili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 300 ya nyongolotsi zomwe zimakhala m'madzi am'madzi, madzi abwino komanso dothi. | |
Diplogasterida | Lamuloli limaphatikizapo pafupifupi mitundu 350 ya nyongolotsi zomwe zimakhala m'nthaka momasuka komanso m'matupi amadzi. Kutalika kwa thupi kumasiyana kuchokera pa 0.3 mpaka 3 mm. Kutalika kwa moyo kumatenga milungu iwiri. Kufalitsa nkhani zogonana. | |
Drilonematida | ||
Leptolaimida | ||
Monhysterida (incl. Araeolaimida) | Chachikacho chili ndi mitundu yopitilira 1000. Oimira amakhala momasuka m'madzi, kawirikawiri m'nthaka. | |
Panagrolaimida (incl. Tylenchina) | Pakupezekako, pafupifupi mitundu 4000 ya nyongolotsi zomwe zimakhala m'nthaka zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zimamera pazomera ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. | |
Plectida | ||
Rhabditida | Oyimira chodutsachi ndi amoyo wopanda moyo ndipo akukhala m'nthaka yoyipitsidwa ndi zinyalala zopanda chilengedwe. Zimatha kumera pamadzi ndi nyama komanso anthu. Kuphulikako kumaphatikizapo zigawo 4 (Rhabditina, Tylenchina, Caenorhabditis elegans, Myolaimina), oimira omwe amayambitsa matenda: hookworm, enterobiosis ndi ena. | |
Selachinematida | ||
Spirurida (incl. Ascaridina) | Dongosolo lake limaphatikizapo pafupifupi mitundu 6000 yomwe imakhala paliponse. Mphutsi zophuka zimamera mu nyama zopanda nyama, komanso anthu okhwima mu zolengedwa zam'madzi ndi zapadziko lapansi. | |
Teratocephalida | ||
Enoplea | Auntida | |
Enoplida | ||
Ironida | ||
Isolaimida | ||
Oncholaimida | ||
Rhaptothyreida | Dongosolo limayimiridwa ndi banja limodzi la Rhaptothyreidae, momwe mitundu iwiri ya zozungulira zimakhala m'madzi am'nyanja North Atlantic pakuya pafupifupi 4 km. | |
Stichosomida | ||
Tripylida | ||
Trefusiida | ||
Tripyloidida | ||
Dorylaimea (itha kukhala yofanana ndi yam'mbuyomu) | ||
Dioctophymatida | Pali mitundu 40 m'gululo, oyimira omwe amafanana ndi nyama zomwe zimayamwa, nyama ndi mbalame. Malo okhala pakati ndi nsomba ndi nyongolotsi zazing'ono. | |
Dorylaimida | Pali mitundu pafupifupi 2,000 m'gululo. Nyongolotsi zimakhala m'madzi oyera komanso dothi. | |
Marimermithida | Pali mitundu isanu ndi umodzi yokha yokha yamagulu okhazikika mwa gululi. Mphutsi zimatulutsa tizilombo ta m'madzi touluka. | |
Mermitida | Oyimira malamulowa atha kukhala zopanda moyo komanso majeremusi a nyama zopanda nyama, makamaka tizilombo. | |
Mononchida | Chachikacho chili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 400. Amakhala m'nthaka komanso madzi abwino, ndi omwe am'madzi komanso odyetsa. | |
Muspiceida | ||
Trichocephalida | Dongosololi likuyimiriridwa ndi mitundu ya nyongolotsi 60 zomwe zimamera m'magulu amtundu wa vertebrate, mwa omwe oimira genera Trichuris, Capillaria, Trichinella amakhala ponseponse, zomwe zimayambitsa trichocephalosis, trichinosis ndi ena mwa anthu. |
Tebulo limatchulanso kuphatikiza kwa zowonda, zomwe zimafotokoza majeremusi ambiri ndi anthu omasuka, omwe ambiri mwa iwo ndi adani.
Malinga ndi gulu lakale, ma helminth okha omwe akukhudza anthu ndi nyama ndi omwe amawaganizira.
Chigawo | Kufotokozera |
Ascaridina (Ascaridata) | Akazi amafika kutalika mpaka 40 cm, amuna - osapitirira 20 cm. Omaliza omaliza amakhala ndi moyo ndikugaya dongosolo. Mbali yachilendo ya mphutsi ndi kupezeka kwa milomo itatu pamutu wa thupi ndi kummero kwa mawonekedwe. |
Oxyurata (Oxyurata) | Gululi limaphatikizapo helminths monga ma pinworm. |
Strongilata | Amuna a nematode awa ali ndi chifuwa cha papaya chokhala ndi nthiti ndi ma spicule awiri. |
Spirurata | Gululi limadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa esophagus awiri komanso milomo ingapo. Amakonda kukhala ndi ziwalo zopumira komanso kupukusa chakudya. |
Filariata | Nyongolotsi za gululi ndi viviparous, zimakhala ndi kuwonda kawiri ndipo zimakonda kukhazikika minofu yolumikizana, ma tendon komanso m'mimba. |
Trichocephalida (Trichocephalata) | Gululi limaphatikizapo oimira monga chikwapu ndi trichinella. Helminths ali ndi esophagus wautali, wazunguliridwa ndi maselo amtundu wa tiziwala tomwe timawoneka bwino. |
Dioctophimates (Dioctophymata) | Amuna amakhala ndi vuto logontha mwamiseche komanso amodzi amodzi. |
Magawo onse ofotokozedwa ali ndi mabanja angapo; amagawidwa m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, motero, genera mitundu.
Gulu la Nematode, kapena Roundworms (Nematoda)
Zikadakhala kuti mitundu ya nyama zomwe sizili pamtundu wa nyama zomwe zimangotchulidwa pamwambapa, ndiye kuti chikhalidwe chamtunduwu chomwe chidatulukira mu sayansi yamakono sichikanakhala kuti chidapangidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, kufunikira kwachuma zachilengedwe komanso ntchito zachuma zamunthu zitha kukhala zochepa kwambiri kotero kuti kuphunzira kwa omwe siopanda mphindi sikungakwaniritse zomwe zikuwoneka m'nthawi yathu ino. Chidwi chachikulu mu mtundu wa zomwe siziri zachimuna sichimatsimikiziridwa kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a gastrotrichs, cinorhinxes, komanso ma rotifers, koma m'malo mwake chifukwa chophunzira gulu lapakati, gulu lalikulu komanso lalikulu la osachita zachimuna, gulu la nematode (Nematoda).
Mwachilengedwe, gulu ili la anthu osakhala achimuna lidzakhala pakati pathu.
Kupita patsogolo kwachilengedwe. Wophunzira wasayansi wodziwika bwino ku Soviet A.N. Severtsov (1866-1936), pophunzira kusinthika kwa ma vertebrates, adawerengera mwakuya zovuta zamayendedwe apamwamba a nyama phylogenesis. Adakhazikitsa, makamaka, kuti kwa magulu ambiri achilengedwe nyama yosinthika ngati yofananira, yodziwika ndi zizindikiro zingapo zotsogolera zomwe zimapangitsa bwino maguluwa. A. N. Severtsov adatchula ichi ngati chiwonetsero chapadera kupita patsogolo kwachilengedwe.
Kupitilira kwachilengedwe, A.N. Severtsov akuwonetsa izi: 1) Kuchulukitsa kwa anthu omwe amapatsidwa mwatsatanetsatane gulu (taxonomic), 2) kukhazikika pang'onopang'ono, i.e, kulanda malo atsopano, 3) mitundu yambiri yowonjezereka (subspecies, mitundu, kubereka mwana, etc.).
Gulu la Nematode yodziwika ndi zenizeni izi zachilengedwe - Zizindikiro zakuyenda patsogolo.Nematode anali ndi malo onse okhala asayansi.
Sitikudziwa malo okhalamo, monga ma biotopu omwe sakanakhala nematode. Pansi pa nyanja zam'madzi ndi nyanja zamchere zochokera kumpoto kupita kumtunda wakum'mwera (izi zitha kunenedwa ndi chidaliro chonse) zimakhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya anthu komanso anthu a nematode. Ma nematode opanda moyo amadziwika pena paliponse, pamalo onse am'nyanja, omwe aphunzira maphunziro apadera. Atagonjetsa pansi pa nyanja zonse ndi nyanja zamadzi, matope adalowera, mwina pambuyo pake, m'matupi amadzimadzi oyenda. Chifukwa chake, mitundu yayitali kwambiri ya nematode imakhala pansi pa zimbudzi zamadzi opanda broker, kuphatikiza m'malo am'madzi - mitsinje iyi ikuyenda m'madzi. Maumboni angapo amadziwika omwe amawonetsa kuti m'mbiri yakale ya kalasi ya nematode gawo lofunikalo lachitukuko lidayamba pomwe iwo adayamba kulowa m'matupi amadzi abwino, ndipo pamapeto ake magulu ambiri amtsinje wopanda mitsinje wopanda madzi. Mtsogolomo, nematode adapanga gawo lina lofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa mbiriyakale - adalowa m'madzi amdothi ndikukhala zigawo za fauna zamdothi - zovuta zamtundu wa biocenoses. Zindikirani kuti chitukuko cha chilengedwe cha magulu ena chinaima pamenepo. Kwa magulu ena a nematode, njira yopita ku saprobiotic foci idapezeka kuti idatsegulidwa. Zomera zanyama ndi nyama zimayamba kuwonongeka chifukwa cha zochita za mabakiteriya omwe amatsatizana, mothandizidwa ndi zomwe zimapangitsa nthaka kuwola. Mumau awa, magulu ofanana a mabakiteriya a saprophytic nthawi zonse amawola zinthu zamagulu m'zinthu zosavuta. Makamaka, mapuloteni amawagawika kukhala osavuta, othandizira madzi, ma polysaccharides amasinthidwa kukhala osungunuka di- ndi monosaccharides, cellulose, mafuta, zipolopolo za pactin zamtundu wazomera zimawonongeka, ndi zina. Chifukwa chake gulu lodziwika bwino la mitundu ya saprobiotic nematode linapangidwa. Ndi gululi lomwe lidakhala gwero la chitukuko cha magulu ena a nematode, zomwe zidapitilira kukhalapo kwa parasitic pothana ndi nyama komanso chomera. Mapeto ake, magulu awiri akuluakulu amitundu mitundu ndi mitundu ya nematode amapangidwa, kusinthidwa, kumbali imodzi, ku parasitization mu ziwalo za anthu ndi nyama, ndipo mbali inayo, pazinthu zomera.
Kuchokera pamwambapa zimatha kuwoneka kuti mitundu yonse ya chilengedwe chathu, chilengedwe chonse, mwina nyama zonse zamitundu mitundu ndi mbewu zonse zidasanduka malo a nematode. Zodabwitsazi zimatiwonetsa chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zosangalatsa kwambiri za kupita patsogolo kwa chilengedwe. Chiwerengero chonse cha mitundu ya nematode sichinafotokozedwe ndi sayansi. Katswiri wodziwika ku America pa nematode N. A. Cobb (N. A. Cobb) amakhulupirira kuti mitundu yonse ya mitundu ya nematode - yaulere komanso yamatira - ili pafupi miliyoni.
Izi pamwambapa zimawonetsa chidwi chomwe asayansi ambiri a za nyama zanyama za m'gulu lanyama aka adachita. Poganizira izi, kudziwana ndi bungwe lawo komanso zamoyo wawo ndizothandiza kwa owerenga bukuli.
Kumanga. Monga taonera, magulu ena a anthu osakhala achimuna amaimiridwa ndi mitundu yaying'ono: ambiri aiwo ndi ochepera 1 mm, ndipo mitundu ikuluikulu siyachilendo. Pakati nematode pali mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri. Mmodzi wa iwo - Trichoderma minutum - amafikira ma maikolofoni 80 kutalika. Mitundu yaying'ono ngati iyi imadziwika munyanja ndi m'nthaka, momwe ma nematode 200-300 mautali amapezeka. Komabe, pamodzi ndi mitundu iyi ya ma microscopic, zimphona zenizeni kuchokera kudziko la nematode zimadziwika. Akazi bulu wazungulira kufikira 37 cm kutalika. Giant Svaynik (Dioctopliyme renale) mita imodzi, pomwe Placentonema gigantissima ndi tiziromboti sperm whale, cetacean wamkulu, thupi lalikulu kwambiri, lopanda kukokomeza, amafanana ndi constorateor, akazi ake mpaka mita 8-kuphatikiza! Chifukwa chake, mu nematode timawona kusinthika kwakukulu mu kutalika kwa thupi - kuchokera ma maikolofoni 80 mpaka 8 m.Kusinthasintha kumeneku m'litali mwathupi ndi umboni wina wosiyana kwa malo omwe ma nematode adachita.
Mkuyu. 223. Nematode. A - bungwe la nematode lamadzi lamadzi lokhala ndi nyanja: 1 - esophagus, 2 - chaposachedwa babu, 3 - matumbo apakati, 4 - testis, 5 - ma spicule, 6 - tiziwalo tating'ono, 7 - tiziwalo ta khomo pachibelekeropo. B - Steineria mirabilis
Kodi m'mimba mwake muli chiani? Wolemba zanyama wodziwika bwino ku Russia, wolemba ntchito zambiri zapadera komanso zolembalemba komanso nthawi yomweyo wolemba womasulira waluso. N.A. Kholodovsky adatcha nematode "zingwe". Tsopano mawuwa alandila tanthauzo locheperako, koma akadali abwino chifukwa amapereka lingaliro lachifanizo cha momwe thupi la nematode limapangidwira. Zoonadi, ndi zazitali komanso zopyapyala, ngati chingwe. Komanso, pamtanda wa matupi awo owonda, monga lamulo, amapanga bwalo lozungulira.
Mitundu yaying'ono imakonda kufaniziridwa ndi ulusi wopyapyala. Ndipo liwu lomwe "nematode" lidachokera ku liwu Lachi Greek nemas, lotanthauza ulusi.
Njira yayikulu, mwachizolowezi, yosunthira nematode m'malo omwe amagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a thupi la nematode: imayenda ngati njoka zam'maso kapena zowoneka ndi maliseche. Pogona nthawi zonse pambali pake, nematode amatapinda mu ndege yaku dorsal-m'mimba ndikusunthira pansi pazosungira, muma filimu yamadzi yolimba ya dothi, matumbo ndi ziwalo zina za anthu ndi nyama, pakati pa maselo a mizu, zimayambira, masamba ndi magawo ena a mbewu.
Thupi lonse la nematode limakutidwa ndi cuticle yosinthika, yotanuka komanso yolimba. Kucheka kumeneku ndi kutengera kwa kagawo kakang'ono kwambiri kakang'ono ka khungu, kamene kumatchedwa nematode hypodermis. Hypodermis ndi minofu yamoyo ya epithelial yomwe imasunga cuticle pamwamba pake. Ma cuticle a nematode amatha kukhala osalala kapena osasangalatsa, kuwonjezera apo, mphete zimamangidwa moyenera, zonse ndi zamtundu uliwonse wa mitundu iliyonse ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zisindikizo zosiyanasiyana - sclerotiaokhala ndi mawonekedwe a malo opezeka molondola, mizere (timitengo), mbale, etc. Hypodermis ndi yochepa kwambiri. Koma m'mbali za thupi, komanso kumbuyo ndi m'mimba, imakhala yokhazikika, makamaka mmbali, komwe kumanja kumanzere kumanzere, komwe kumadziwika kuti "chorda" kapena minda (kumene, sikugwirizana ndi kutengera nyama zapadera). Mkati mwa mbali zotsalira za nematode, njira yakumanzere kumanzere ndikumanzere. Wodulidwa ndi hypoderm amapanga kutumphuka kwa khungu la minofu yolimbitsa thupi la nematode. Pansi pa hypodermis pali minofu yayitali. Komabe, zosanjikiza minofu sizipitilira. Chimatambatirana m'thupi ngati zingwe zinayi zam'misempha - ziwiri zamkati ndi zina zam'mimba, pambuyo pake, zolekanitsidwa wina ndi mzake ndi "ma chords" anayi. Ma cell a minofu amakhala amtali ndipo nthawi zonse amakhala mbali imodzi, zomwe zimadziwika kwambiri ndi zomwe zimatchedwa ma polarized cellular of min. Muzochitika izi, axis yautali komanso yapadera yamaselo imayang'aniridwa mthupi lonse. Chifukwa chake, maselo onse am'misempha amagwira ntchito mu konsati, mogwirizana, komwe mwachilengedwe kumawonjezera mphamvu zawo za kinetic. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti matuwa oonda amatha kulowa m'malo opapatiza pakati pa ulusi, pakati pa bowa mycelium hyphae, pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi filillary film yamadzi, kulowa m'matumba a nyama, kulowa mu masamba a masamba, mizere yolumikizana ndi mizu, zina ndi zina.
Kumapeto kwa thupi la nematode kumakhala ndi chifanizo chamutu chomwe chimapuma pamkono wowonjezera wamkati mwa kachulukidwe kakang'ono. Chovala chamutu chimakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri zazikulu - mutu wa chifuwa ndi milomo yosuntha. Koma mitundu yambiri, milomo ndi chifuwa cham'mutu zimalumikizana ndi mutu wapamwamba wamba. Ziwalo zogwira zimapezekapo - tangoreceptorsokhala ndi mawonekedwe a bristles kapena papillae, i.e. papillomas. Kumapeto kwenikweni kwa kapisozi kamutu, pakatikati komanso kungosuntha pang'ono pamimba, pakamwa potseguka ndi milomo. Pamutu wamkati, kapena kumbuyo kwake, kapena pamilomo yotsatana, pali ma fossae ofananira nawo, omwe amadziwika mu nematode pansi pa dzina ofananira nawo ziwalo kapena amphide. Mitsempha ya olildory imachoka ku ma amphid. Ma nematode ena opanda moyo amakhalanso ndi maso omwe ali ndi mandala ndi galasi lowala m'mitundu ingapo - wobiriwira, lalanje, papo, wofiirira, wakuda. Nthawi zina bristles amatulutsa thupi lonse.
Mkuyu. 224. Mitu ya nematode zam'madzi: 1 - tangoreceptors, 2 - patsekeke pamlomo, 3 - onhi, 4 - Photoreceptors (maso). Ma receptors opangidwa mwamphamvu mu nematode aulere ndizofunikira.
Mkuyu. 225. Oyimira ma nematodi apamadzi. Ma tangoreceptors opangidwa mwamphamvu (2) ndi ziwalo zamagetsi zam'maso - kuzungulira (2), zozungulira zozungulira (3), zamkati (4) ndi thumbo ngati (5) ndizofunikira.
Thupi la nematode limasiyanitsidwa bwino kwambiri m'magawo atatu. Dera lakunja lili ndi ziwalo zam'mutu zomwe tafotokozazi, ndipo gawo lakunja la matumbo, matumbo akunja, limafanana. Gawo lachiwiri la thupi limafanana ndi matumbo apakati ndipo limaphatikizanso, kuwonjezera pamenepo, machubu obadwa nawo. Lachitatu - limapanga mchira, wocheperako kumbali ya thupi ndi anal crevice (anus). Mapeto a mchira ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Pakati mantha dongosolo imakhala ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitsempha yomwe imakhala m'thupi, ndipo imalumikizidwa ndi mitengo ikuluikulu kuti ikhale imodzi. Mu nematode, wamba kwambiri kulira kwa mitsempha ya mphetekuphimba esophagus. Amapanga "mphete yamitsempha" ya nematode, yomwe siyimakhala ndi mitsempha ya mitsempha ndipo imakhala ndi neurofibrils. Komabe, kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwake, kwa esophagus, ndi dongosolo lovuta la maselo a zigawenga. Ndi dongosolo lino la ma ganglion cell mokwanira lomwe limapanga china chofanana ndi "ubongo" wa turbellaria ndi gastrotrich. Ma ganglia angapo amatha kudziwika mu "ubongo" uwu. Kuchokera ku ganglia mtsogolo, kupita ku ma tangoreceptors ndi ma amphoni am'mutu, zingwe zamanjenje zimachoka. Kuphatikiza apo, mitsempha ya mitsempha imapinda mu minyewa yam'mero, minyewa yamitsempha imayendetsa kayendedwe ka minofu ya esophagus, ntchito ya mano, mikondo ndi mawonekedwe omwe nematode ambiri ali ndi zida, ndi mawonekedwe a zotupa za m'mimba.
Mkuyu. 226. Gulu la ditylenchus: 1 - masitayilo, 2 - esophagus, 3 - babu wapakatikati, 4 - bulb glandular, 5 - mphete yamitsempha, 6 - maselo am'magazi
Njira zamagetsi ndipo nematode ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa mitundu yam'makalasi apitawa. Bokosi lamkati limagawidwa pamlomo wamkamwa, kapena stoma, ndi esophagus. Ngakhale onse stoma ndi esophagus, polankhula mosamalitsa, si kanthu kena koma khosi, komabe, munthawi yakudziwitsa za nematode, kapena nematology, dzina lamawu ili lakhazikitsidwa: stoma, kapena pakamwa patsekemera, ndi kupindika. Pali zifukwa zolimba izi. Stoma ndi gawo limodzi la pharynx lomwe limagwira ngati chitseko chamlomo ndipo nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zophatikizika zomwe zimayenera kukhala ndi dzina la ziwalo. Emophagus ndi gawo la pharynx yomwe imatha kusuntha mwamphamvu kukankhira chakudya chochuluka m'matumbo apakati. Chifukwa chake, nematologists (akatswiri mu nematode) samatcha stoma ndi esophagus pharynx (pharynx). Lolani kufananiza ma morphologists kukhala kolondola kuti onse stoma ndi esophagus of nematode ndi pharynx, pharynx. Komabe, moyenera ndi stoma ndi esophagus. Mu stoma kusiyanitsa zoyenda zosasunthika, kapena onhi, ndi mano osuntha, nematode ena adasiyanitsa "nsagwada", ena ali ndi pathupi woyamwa stiletto ndi pomaliza, mkondo .
Mkuyu. 227. Kapangidwe ka nematode. Ndodo ndi mkondo. A - ectoparasitic muzu nematode Hoplolaimus tylenchiformis: 1 - mutu kapisozi, 2 - makongoletsedwe, 3 - mitu ya masitayilo, 4 - minofu ya protractor, 5 - koyambira kwa esophagus, 6 - malo olowera kumimba kwa kumimba, B - Dorylaimus striatus: 1 - mkondo, 1 - mkondo. 2 - amphide
Matumbo apakati ndi ofanana gastrotrich. Khoma lake limakhala ndi maselo amodzi. Kumbuyo kwa matumbo kumalowa mu thumbo, kutsegukira kunja ndi anus omwe atchulidwa kale. Kudzimbidwa mu nematode ndizachilendo. Mu esophagus pali tiziwalo tosiyanasiyana tomwe timatulutsa michere.Ma enzyme amenewa amabwera ndi chakudya mpaka matumbo apakatikati, pomwe chakudya chimayamwa, kapena chimbudzi, kenako chimbudzi cha chakudya chitha kupezeka kunja, kutsika kwa ma enzymes a nematode, atatha kudya chimbudzi mwachangu ndikulowetsedwa m'matumbo.
Kachitidwe kodziyimira Pali mitundu iwiri ya nematode. Mwanjira zina, limakhala ndi khungu limodzi lokha lachiberekero, lomwe limatseguka kunja ndi khomo lachiberekero. Kupatula izi, chotengera chamchiberekero, pali ngalande zozembera zina. Zolemba zawo zimatulutsidwa kudzera pamimba pathupi. Sitidzapita tsatanetsatane wa magawidwe. Zindikirani kuti zinthu za metabolic zimalowa m'matumbo amadzimadzi. Apa, mothandizidwa ndi ma cell apadera ma cell, iwo amasankha, amadzaza m'matumbo ndipo amawonekera.
Mitundu yonse imakonda kukhala yanyama. Amuna apanga ma testes, vas deferens komanso ngalande yamuchira. Semennikov akhoza kukhala awiri kapena mmodzi. Kuphatikiza apo, amuna amakhala ndi ziwalo zapadera zowonjezera - ma spicule ndi lamulokuwongolera mayendedwe awo. Amitundu achimuna amakhala ndi thumba losunga mazira, mawaya am'mayi ndi chiberekero. Kutsegula maliseche achikazi kumakhala mbali ya thupi. Amuna amalowetsa ma spicule mu maliseche achikazi ndikupeza manyowa achikazi. Ukala wa nematode ulibe mafoni a flagella. Palibe chilichonse mwa ziwalo za nematode chomwe chili ndi ma cellelular am'manja, makamaka cilia. Ayi, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, ndipo michira ya umuna. Amasuntha mayendedwe amoeboid. Mchiberekero cha akazi, mazira amapangidwa. Amakhala ndi umuna ndi umuna wa abambo mumtundu wa wamkazi, makamaka pama receptor apadera. Mazira okhathamiritsidwa amadzitsekera kudzera mu maliseche a mkazi kapena kukulira mkati mwa timachubu tathupi. Poterepa, mphutsi (kubadwa kwa moyo) zimatuluka kuchokera ku maliseche aakazi. Mazira a Nematode adatsekeka mu zipolopolo za mazira, kuwateteza ku kuwonongeka kwakuthupi ndi mphamvu zamphamvu zachilengedwe. Mphutsi zimasunthidwa kanayi, motsatana, pambuyo pa molt chilichonse zimadutsa gawo lotsatira la chitukuko, ndikusintha kukhala mphutsi za m'badwo wachiwiri, wachitatu ndi wachinayi. Kuchokera pa mphutsi yachinayi, mitundu ing'onoing'ono imapangika - wamwamuna kapena wamkazi. Nthawi zambiri, mphutsi sizimawoneka ngati mitundu ya akulu. Zikatero, nematologists amalankhula za chitukuko ndikusintha.
Mkuyu. 228. Nematode Aphelenchoides composticola: 1 - masitayilo, 2 - esophagus, 3 - bulb wapakati, 4 - tiziwalo ta esophagus, 5 - mphete yamitsempha, 6 - kutsegulira kwapadera, 7 - matumbo apakati, 8 - m'mimba kumbuyo, 9 - anus, 10 - ovary, 11 - wolandila ndi umuna, 12 - chiberekero chamtsogolo, 13 - chiberekero chakumaso, 14 - kutsegulira kwa maliseche
Mkuyu. 229. Kukula kwa Ontogenetic ndi morphogenis ku Rabditis anomala: I - mphutsi za m'badwo woyamba, II - mphutsi za m'badwo wachiwiri, III - mphutsi za m'badwo wachitatu, IV - mphutsi za m'badwo wachinayi, V - wamkazi wamkulu, 1 - dongosolo la kubereka
Awa ndi malingaliro ambiri pazokhudza nematode. Munjira zambiri, bungwe lawo limafanana ndi bungwe la gastrotrich, sinema ndi ma rotifers. Komabe, nematode amasiyana kwambiri ndi nthumwi iliyonse yamagulu awa pazinthu zofunikira izi: mawonekedwe amthupi, mawonekedwe, kuyenda ndi akazi), zachilendo makamaka kwa gastrotrichs, unyinji wamitundu ndi magulu awo, ndipo adatcha zizindikiro za kupita patsogolo kwachilengedwe. Monga magulu ena a zoletsa zakusagwirizana ndi amayi, nematode alibe ziwalo zopumira kapena magazi.
Systematics of nematode. Izi mwina ndi “imodzi mwazovuta kwambiri.panali mitundu 200 ya nematode kuchokera munthawi ya ma tylenchids, omwe pakati pawo pali majeremusi ambiri azomera. Kafukufuku waku America wa nematode awa, Thorne (Thorne, 1949), adawonetsa kuti mwina nambala iyi ndi 5% ya mitundu ya mitundu yotchulidwa yomwe imakhala mu dothi ndi mbewu. Podzafika mu 1962, chiwerengero chawo chinafikira mitundu 800, i.e., kuyambira 1949 mpaka 1961, mitundu 600 ya ma tylenchids adayambiranso.
Maphunziro asayansi ambiri nematode ogaŵikana magawo awiri - subclass Adenophorea (Adenophorea) ndi subcass c Othandizira msonkhano (Secernentea).
Unyinji waukulu adenophorea - Benthos okhala m'madzi am'madzi ndi nyanja, ambiri (ngakhale ochepa a iwo) amakhala m'nthaka komanso m'madzi oyera. Mwa iwo, magulu ochepa amadziwika omwe amasinthidwa ndi parasitism mu ziwalo za nyama ndi nyama. Zonena, m'malo mwake, zimasinthidwa kukhala ndi moyo wa parasitic mu minofu ndi ziwalo za zomera ndi nyama.
Tiyeni tikhazikike pamagulu ena ofunikira kwambiri pamtunda uno.
Habitat
Nematode ndizambiri. Ma Roundworm amatha kusinthana ndi chilengedwe chilichonse, chomwe chimawapatsa mwayi wokhala mumchere ndi madzi abwino, dothi (dothi), malo otentha komanso zigawo za polar.
Chigawo chotsatsira Adenophorea (Adenophorea)
Kwambiri adenophoreamonga tanenera pamwambapa, amakhala m'madzi am'nyanja ndi munyanja. Ena mwa iwo amakhala m'madzi abwino ndi dothi. Magulu ena amayimiriridwa ndi majeremusi a zomera ndi zinyama.
Chiwerengero chachikulu cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabanja komanso mabanja a adenophorea amatsogolera kukhalapo kwaulere kumapeto kwa nkhokwe, i.e., mu benthos. Awa ndimawonekedwe wamba, omwe ali ndi bungwe labwino kwambiri komanso loyambirira. Pakati pawo pali mitundu ingapo yaying'ono kwambiri yomwe kutalika kwake kumakhala kofanana ndi tizigawo ta millimeter. Trichoderma minutum yomwe ili pamwambapa ndi yamtunduwu ndipo imakhala munyanja. Pakati pa adenophorea pali mitundu yambiri. Kutalika kwake sikumayesedwa mamilimita, koma masentimita, nthawi zambiri masentimita. Koma alipo ochepa aiwo. Kuchuluka kwa adenophorea kumayimiriridwa ndi mitundu yaying'ono, kufikira kutalika kwa 1-5 mm.
Ndi zizindikiro ziti zomwe zimadziwika ndi subclass ya adenophorea, oyimira ake ambiri okhala mwaulere? Loyamba ndi kukula kopita patsogolo kwa malingaliro. Chithunzi 230 chikuwonetsa malekezero a cephalic a mitundu ingapo, momwe kukula kwamphamvu kwa kukhudza, komwe ma adenophorees a m'madzi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe amizere yayitali, amawonekera bwino. Chitsulo chilichonse chimakhala ndi chivundikiro chomata, mbali yolowera komwe kuli mitsempha (ma tango receptors). Pakhoza kukhala anayi, asanu ndi mmodzi, khumi, khumi ndi awiri oterewa pama tangoreceptor. Nthawi zambiri, tangoreceptor amodzi amakhala kumbali ya kapisozi kamutu - wina kumanja, wina kumanzere, kuwonjezera, pamitundu iwiri ya receptors - pamagawo a subventral ndi a subdorsal a mutu. Pazonse, motero, ma sikelo sikisi. Komabe, nambala iyi m'mitundu inanso imakwera mpaka ikhumi (ngati ma receptor awiri amapangidwa kumbali ya mutu), kapena akutsikira mpaka anayi. Kukula kwa ma tangoreceptors mwa mawonekedwe a bristles lalitali ndizodziwika bwino kwa adenophores aulere. Izi ndizotsatira mwachindunji ndikusintha kwaulere, munthawi yomwe mafoni akuyenda panyanja amawombana ndi ma invertebrates ena ambiri, kuphatikiza nyama zolusa.
Mkuyu. 230. Ziwalo zokhudzana ndi adenophorea
Gome 22. Nemertin Lineus longissimus
Komabe, zolumikizira zazitali zokhala ndi ma bristle zimapangidwa kokha pamutu pa tubercles, pomwe bwalo lamkati la receptors, nthawi zonse limakhala ngati papillae kapena setae lalifupi kwambiri, limapangidwa pamilomo. Uwu ndi bwalo wa zolandila zolimbitsa thupi. Itha kuganiziridwa kuti mutu wolandila umayendetsa nematode kunja, malo olembetsera - m'malo opezeka chakudya.
Chinthu chachiwiri chomwe chimakopa chidwi ndi kupezeka kwa ziwalo zopangidwa mwaluso mu ma adenophoreas omasuka - ma amphid. Chithunzi 225 chikuwonetsa kuti akhoza kukhala amitundu yosiyanasiyana.Ma Nematode amawona ndi ziwalo izi mankhwala a zinthu zozungulira ndipo amachoka kapena amayandikira. Mitundu yambiri ya m'madzi ilinso ndi maso, yopanga galasi lamaso, yomwe imakonda kupakidwa utoto wamitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndi mandala a crystalline. Inde, maso awa saona zinthu, koma zimayang'ana kuwala. Komabe, maso ndiwokonda kuposa lamulo.
Stoma mu adenophorea ndi yosiyanasiyana mawonekedwe ndi ntchito. Nthawi zambiri imakhala yaying'ono, yokonzedwa mwanjira ya pris, chubu kapena magalasi, zothandizira, etc. Muli ndi mitundu yambiri, ili ndi zida zowoneka ngati lakuthwa (ma onkhs). Mitundu ina, zowonjezera zapakompyuta ndi mafoni. Awa ndi "mano" ndi "nsagwada". The esophagus ndi yosavuta. Khoma lamatumbo kwa gawo lalikulu limakhala ndi gawo limodzi la maselo akuluakulu a polygonal. Rectum imatseguka kumbali yamkati mwa gawo lopyola anal. Chizindikiro cha adenophorea chiyenera kuonedwa ngati chitukuko cha khomo lachiberekero, monga chida cha osmoregulatory - chothandizira. Nthawi zambiri chiwalochi, chomwe chimayimiriridwa ndi selo limodzi, chimangotchedwa zodabwisa. Imakhala ndi duct, nthawi zambiri imagona pamimba pamimba, pansi pa kum'mero. Kutsegulira kumatseguka m'mimba. Iron pazokha zimatha kukhala zamitundu yosiyanasiyana: tubular, mawonekedwe a peyala, sacular. Kuphatikiza pa chimbudzi chija, chomwe chimatchedwanso kuti chibelekelo, ziwalo zina za pakhungu zimabadwa mu adenophorea. Amadziwikanso ndi timizere tozungulira tomwe timatulutsa timizere tambiri (tambiri tambiri) tomwe timakhala mbali imodzi. Tiziunikira tokhala ndi timitini tachifupi tomwe timatsegulira kunja mu minda yotsogola ya thupi. Ichi ndi chizindikiro cha adenophorea. Pomaliza, ambiri a iwo, kuphatikiza dothi ndi magulu ena, kuphatikiza ena ofunda, ali ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala m'matumbo a mchira, kutsegula kunja ndi njira zitatu zomwe zimatuluka mchira wa mchira kumapeto kwa mchira. Chifukwa chake, ma adenophoreas, makamaka mawonekedwe am'madzi am'madzi, omwe amayenera kuwonedwa ngati nematode, ali ndi magulu ambiri amtundu wa khungu, kapena, monga momwe akatswiri a nematologists amanenera, ali ndi zida zapamwamba kwambiri. Mosakayikira, tiziwalo timeneti tonse timachotseredwa, ndiko kuti, timasanja timatulutsa tawo kunja. Akatswiri ena, popanda chifukwa, amaganiza kuti ziwonetserozi ndi gawo limodzi la dongosolo lodzala.
Amitundu amakhala ophatikizidwa (kuphatikizapo ziwalo zamphongo zazimuna, kapena testes), kapena osakwatiwa. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti adenophoreic cuticle imatha kupezeka mosavuta kuti mchere umasungunuka m'madzi. Adenophorea adagawika m'magulu awiri: chromadorid (Chromadorida) ndi enoplid (Enoplida).
Dongosolo la Chromadorida (Chromadorida)
Nthawi zambiri mitundu yaying'ono. Chizindikiro ichi chimawerengedwa ngati mawonekedwe awo. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu chromadorid kulimba mtima. Ma chromadorids ambiri, nsomba zazifupi kapena zochepa zimakhala pamutu (onani mkuyu. 223). Milomo ya milomo mwanjira ya papillas. Mu stoma "mano" owoneka (mafoni a m'manja) ndi onhi (mikono yokhazikika). Emophagus nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi babu kumapeto kwake. Bulbus nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mkati mwake, yopanda zida zamkati. M'matumbo am'minyepfu mumapezeka tiziwalo timene timataya timimba. Pali ma ovari amodzi kapena awiri, nthawi zambiri amodzi, koma palinso mayeso awiri. Amuna omwe ali mbali yakumaso kwa thupi, kutsogolo kwa anus, ziwalo zomwe nthawi zambiri zimadziwika kuti ndi chromadorids, zimapangidwa, mothandizidwa ndi zomwe amuna amadzitsogolera pokonzekera gawo lotsegula maliseche aakazi. Ma spicule nthawi zambiri amapindika komanso kutsogoleredwa ndi gawo lapadera lothandizira - chiwongolero . Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tomwe tili mchira, ndipo chubu chopanda kanthu chimakhala kumapeto kwa mchira. Zomwe zili ndi zotumphukira zimayenda munyanja kapena m'madzi atsopano ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimagundika mu kampata. Milandu imeneyi, ma chromadorida amaterera pansi, nkumamatira kumchenga ndipo kumawunitsa thupi lake lochepera mbali ndi mbali. Ma chromadorids nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi maso - akuda, ofiira, ruby, lalanje, violet, ndi mitundu ina. Chypadorid cha cuticle chimamangidwa chovuta kwambiri.Nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi kubwereza molondola mphete za mulifupi wina. Mphetezo zimakutidwa ndi zisindikizo, kapena tinthu tosiyanasiyana tambiri, titagundika m'mbali mwa microscope, ngati miyala yamtengo wapatali.
Izi nematode zimadyetsa mwanjira inayake yam'madzi am'madzi am'madzi, ndipo mitundu yawo yambiri yamtunduwu ndi adani.
Mkuyu. 231. Chitsiriziro cha thupi la nyanjayo nematode Hypodontolaimus btitschlii. Mchira wamphongo wawonetsedwa: 1 - ma spicule, 2 - taxus, 3 - ziwalo zowonjezera, 4 - minofu ya ma spicule, 5 - tiziwalo tating'ono, 6 - chubu lamiyala ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono, 7 - mawonekedwe a cuticle
Ma chromadorid ena kalekale padziko lapansi lathuli adalowa madzi abwino ndi malo abwino. Pakati pa dothi chromadorids, banja liyenera kudziwika patchid (Plectidae). Ili ndi gulu losangalatsa la ma chromadorid ang'ono omwe apeza gwero labwino la zakudya m'dothi - cholinga chakuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Mu zinthu izi, mothandizidwa ndi mabakiteriya a saprobiotic ndi bowa wa saprophytic, njira zovuta zowonongeka kwa zinthu zopanda kanthu zomwe zili mbali ya mitembo ya chomera zimachitika (zotsalira, mizu, masamba akufa, ndi zina). Mothandizidwa ndi michere ya mabakiteriya ndi bowa, zinthu zachilengedwe zopanda kanthu zimagundika ndikusandulika sungunuka (m'madzi) zinthu zosokonekera zama protein ndikupanga chakudya chosungunuka (ma mono- ndi ma disaccharides) ndi zinthu zina zosavuta. Malo a saprobiotic, kuphatikiza apo, amakhala ndi madzi ambiri, momwe zinthuzi zimasungunuka. Saprobios nthawi zonse imakhala ndi ziphuphu zowirira za "zidutswa" zotsalira za minofu yazomera. Pomaliza, m'malo ano mumakhala mabakiteriya ambiri a saprobiotic, ma spores a saprophytic, ndi ena. Mu chilengedwechi, ma plectids adapeza magawo azakudya. Chifukwa chake, bungwe la saprobiotic chromadorids limakhala ndi machitidwe olimba a kukhalapo kwa saprobiotic. Popanda tsatanetsatane, tikuwona kuti mawonekedwe amomwe ali olimba amasonyezedwa makamaka m'magulu am'kamwa ndi m'mphepete mwa ma plectids. Khomo lamkamwa (stoma) limakhala ngati chofunda chogwirizira kapena silinda, mumkati mwake pomwe mtanda wa chakudya umalowera osophagus osachedwa. Mitundu yolimba yam'mero imapereka mayendedwe olimbitsa mofulumira. Kumapeto chakumapeto kwa esophagus pamakhala chopondera chapadera cha anyezi, kapena babu, wokhala ndi chida chamkati cha "crusher", kupwanya chotupa. Nthawi zambiri, ma plectids amametsa saprobiotic detritus ndi zonse zomwe zimakhala: madzi omwe ali ndi zinthu zowola zomwe zimapezeka pamwambapa amasungunuka, kuphatikiza mabakiteriya, ndi zina zambiri.
Kuchokera pazomwe tafotokozazi, zitha kuwoneka kuti ma plectids amasinthidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito gawo lapansi la saprobiotic - gwero la zakudya zawo. Ma dothi ma chromadorides adapeza gwero labwino la chakudya m'gululi, ndipo ichi ndi chifukwa chomwe amasinthira kukhala ndi moyo wokhala ndi malo osungirako zinthu zakale. Komabe, moyo m'malo ano siwokhawo wokhala plectids. Palibe amene anganene za tinthu tating'onoting'ono iti kuti timangotengera chilengedwe cha saprobiotic. Iwo adangoyambira gawo lokhala ndi malo achitetezo a saprobiotic, koma sanakhale nzika zake zofunika. Pali zambiri m'nthaka, kuzungulira mizu. Amatha kulowa mkatikati mwa minyewa yogwiritsa ntchito zina zoyipa za chomera. Otsata ngati "pamphambano." Adataya zinthu zachilengedwe za makolo awo akale - ma chromadorids, adakhala mitundu ya nthaka, adalumikiza moyo wawo ndi saprobiotic foci, koma sadalowe m'malo a saprobiotic monga nzika zake zofunika. Zithunzithunzi zili ngati "alendo osakhalitsa" a chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, sizipezeka kawirikawiri mu saprobios, ndipo ndizofala kwambiri m'malo omwe njira ya saprobiotic ili kumayambiriro komanso malire a chitukuko chake. Komanso tikuwona kuti kugonjetsedwa kwathunthu kwa chilengedwe cha saprobiotic kunachitika ndi gulu lina la nematode, lomwe sitinafotokoze pano.
Gulu la Enoplida (Enoplida)
Ma Nematode amtunduwu ndiosiyana kwambiri ndi ma chromadorids, ndipo ambiri aiwo amasangalatsidwa ndi kufunikira kwawo pazachuma. Mosiyana ndi ma chromadorids, ma cuticle omwe ali ndi ma enoplids ndi osalala, osasangalatsa. Mutu, monga ma chromadorids, umakhala ndi mitu yayitali yamtanda wamtambo ndi labala papillae. Ziwalo zamtsogolo, kapena ma amphides, i.e. ziwalo zamankhwala akumva zamankhwala (olildory), nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati matumba omasukirana, imodzi kumanja ndi kumanzere. Mphepo imakhala ndi chida chogaya. Timalimba tating'onoting'ono ta caudal timapanga mchira, koma palibe timatumba kumapeto kwa mchira. Ambiri ma enoplid amataya mutu wawo umasinthidwa ndi papillae (papillomas) Izi ndizofanana kwambiri ndi ma enoplid a nthaka ndi oyimira parasitic amtunduwu. Maonekedwe a mitundu yamasamba pakati pa oimira ichi ndi chimodzi mwazosiyana ndi ma chromadorids.
Pali mitundu yambiri yamadzi am'nyanja ndi nyanja. Ambiri a iwo ndi mitundu yaying'ono, ena amafikira kukula kwakukulu, amayeza ngakhale masentimita. Ma enoplids am'madzi ndi omwe amasamalira gulu linalake la mitundu iyi (onani mkuyu. 224). Ambiri a iwo ndi nyama zolusa zomwe zimakhala ndi mano onyansa omwe ali mkatikati mwa khomo ndipo amadziwika kuti ma onkhs. Ena ali ndi mano osunthika, akumakhala ngati nsagwada zamphamvu (onani mkuyu. 224). Nthaka, madzi oyera ndi mitundu ina ali ndi mkondo wamphamvu womwe umatha kupita kunja. Mkondo umakhala ndi mphamvu (yolankhulidwa ndi maincosm mulingo wamphamvu) ndipo umagwira ngati chida cholusa kapena ngati chinthu choyamwa (onani mkuyu. 227).
Ma enoplids am'madzi, komanso oyimira nthaka ndi madzi oyera pamtunduwu, ali osiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, pakati pa ma enoplids a dothi, limodzi ndi nyama zolusa, majeremusi a nyama ndi zomera amadziwika. Chifukwa chake, tidzayang'ana pamtunda wamagulu ndi dothi la enoplids.
Enoplidae --opanduka. Mwa ma enoplids pali mitundu yambiri ya nyama yomwe imayimiriridwa ndi zilombo zolusa. Awa ndi mtundu wa "mikango" ndi "akambuku" a nematode lapansi, omwe amawonekera kokha ndi ma microscope.
Mkuyu. 232. Mononch, 'dzino limodzi' (Mononchus papillatus): 1 - papillae, 2 - mkamwa wamkamwa wokhala ndi mainchesi, 3 - esophagus, 4 - mphete yamitsempha, 5 - matumbo okhala ndi maselo akuluakulu, 6 - ovary, 7 - dzira, 8 - kutsegula kwa maliseche achikazi
Ganizirani za mmodzi mwa oimira nyama za genus amonke (Mononchus, mkuyu. 232). Dzinali limamasuliridwa ku Russian kutanthauza "odnozub". Mononch, yomwe tikambirane, ikutanthauza mtundu wa Mononchus papillatus. Akazi amtunduwu amafika kutalika kwa 1.8 mm, amuna ndi ochepa. Pyramidal papillas imapangidwa pamutu wa mononch, womwe uliwonse amanjenje. Awa ndi ma tangoreceptors otakasuka. M'mphepete mwa mutu - woboola pakati ma amphides (ziwalo zamankhwala) Milomo imaperekedwanso ndi nerilla papillae. Kumapeto kwa thupi kuli pakamatseguka pakamwa. Imalowetsa mkatikati mwa kamwa, komwe inch yokulira komanso yayikulu imatuluka, ndikuyang'aniridwa ndi nsonga kuzama kwa stoma. The esophagus yaitali m'malo mwake imakhala ndi minofu yamphamvu, ngakhale ilibe bulb. Kuwala kwam'mphepete kumakhala ndi ulungizo. Thupi loonda limakhala lamphamvu kwambiri. Matumbo apakati ndiochulukirapo, khoma lake limakhala ndi maselo a polygonal, okulirapo. Akazi amakhala ndi mazira awiri. Mazira akuluakulu kwambiri amakhala amodzi panthawi imodzi. Thumba losunga mazira lomwe limapezeka kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwa lotseguka wamkazi. Amuna ndi osowa. Amakhala Mononchus papillatus m'nthaka. Uwu ndiwotchi yoyipa kwambiri. M'matumbo mwake mumatha kupeza zotsalira za minofu yowuma yamatumbo osiyanasiyana, ma rotivers, ndi zina zotere. Zimapezekanso kuti mononch uyu amatha kudya mphutsi za nematode owopsa omwe amaphatikizira mbewu zofunikira zaulimi. Poganizira izi, nematologists adakhala ndi chidwi ndi tanthauzo la mononch wodziwika bwino pakuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa nematode omwe amawononga mbewu ndikupangitsa matenda enieni a nematode mwa iwo. Kuyesera kunayamba.Pofuna kumveketsa bwino nkhaniyi, a Steiner ndi a Heinley anaika amonkewo pachikhalidwe chapadera. Pachikhalidwe, asayansi awa adatha kusunga ma monkhs mpaka milungu 18. Zinapezeka kuti mononch ndiwowonerera bwino. Chifukwa chake, kuyang'ana kwa imodzi mwa "akambuku" a microworld kumawonetsa kuti mkati mwa tsiku limodzi lokha mononch adadya mphutsi 83 zowopsa ndulu (onani pansipa). Chinanso chinanso cha amonke chidayang'aniridwa kwa masabata 12, ndipo zidapezeka kuti nthawi iyi adadya 1332 toyesa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamatumbo!
Kodi amachita bwanji izi? Kodi amagwira bwanji nyama yake? Tiyenera kunena kuti nyama siziganiza kuti "wopusa" ndi woopsa bwanji. Talingalirani wochita kafukufuku atakhala pa makina oonera tinthu tating'ono ndipo akuyang'ana moona. Mononch amasambira m'madzi pansi pa chivundikiro. Amapinda thupi lake mwamphamvu komanso pang'onopang'ono. Mitundu ina imasambira momuzungulira, ndikugwedeza mutu wake ndi mchira. Ambiri aiwo amakumana ndi mdani, amaugwira komanso amawukankha. Palibe zotsatira! Mononch sawazindikira. Ndipo zilidi. Koma m'modzi wa otayika, mwangozi, mwanjira, anachita mosiyana. Akudutsa wopitilira, adagwira thupi lake pakamwa. Kutsatiridwa ndi chidziwitso cha nthawi yomweyo! Ndipo pambuyo pake, m'magawo a sekondi imodzi, ziwopsezo zokhala ngati sekundgus zadzidzidzi zidayamba kugudubuka, ndipo, ngati kamvuluvulu wamphamvu, womenyedwayo adakopedwa mwachangu m'manja mwa wolusa. Pambuyo pake, wozunzidwayo - nematode wocheperako - wadutsa kale pachiwindi cha esophagus ndipo adalowa m'matumbo a mononh. Pano mwabisidwa, ndipo patapita kanthawi kwenikweni ndi "nyanga ndi miyendo" zokha zomwe zatsalira - m'matumbo mwa nyama zomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito momwemo mumatha kuzindikira zigawo zamphongo zazimeza, makoma amkamwa mwa wozunzidwayo ndi zotsalira zina.
Kuneneratu kwa monkhs ndikwachangu kwambiri mpaka asayansi adayamba kuganiza za momwe angazigwiritsire ntchito poletsa kuchuluka kwa mbewu za parasitic.
Amonke akumeza nyama zawo. Enoplids ena okhala ndi mkondo wokhoza kutembenuka, amakhala ngati mpeni wakuthwa wopindika. Amatha kuboola thupi la omwe amawazunza ndikuyamwa timadziti.
Enoplids ndi majeremusi obzala. Mwa mitundu ya dongosolo la enoplid, kuphatikiza ndi nyama zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa, majeremusi azomera amadziwikanso. Enoplids awa ali ndi mkondo wautali. M'malo mwake, mkondo uwu siwanthu wamba kuposa dzino lalitali lomwe limatha kutuluka kuchokera pakamwa. Nematode alasa ndi mkondo chigamba cha maselo a chomera ndi chomera cha chomera. Nthawi yomweyo, nematode yokha imakhalabe m'nthaka, ndipo mutu wokhawo wam'mimba umamizidwa m'matangadza a mizu yokhwima. Monga lamulo, izi nematode zimakhala mu dothi lakuya kwambiri - lotsika komanso lakuya kuposa gawo louma, lomwe nthawi zambiri limafikira masentimita 25. Ambiri mwa nematodiwa ndi a banja la Longidoridae. M'modzi mwa oimira banjali ndi Xiphinema americanum. Izi parodeic nematode imafika 3 mm kutalika. Pansi pa mkondo wake wautali ndiwotakata, monga momwe amaimira onse amtunduwu, ndipo kum'mero chakumapeto kuli chodziwikiratu. Mkondo umakhala ndi mkondo wamkati, ndipo mutu wake umadulidwa mosazindikira, ngati nsonga ya singano mu syringe yamankhwala. Thupi lalitali ndi loonda limafanana ndi thupi la njoka. Xiphinema americanum, yoyamwa madzi kuchokera ku mizu ya mbewu zosiyanasiyana, imayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa tinthu tamatenda ndi matenda a nematode, omwe akuwonetsa kulepheretsa mbewu.
Monga zanenedwa, nematode iyi imalowa m'mizu ya mbewu, pomwe imatsalira mu dothi ndipo simamizidwa lonse chomera, i.e, ndi gulu la chilengedwe cha majeremusi akunja chomera (ectoparasites).
Gulu la ectoparasitic la nematode lilinso ndi oyimilira oyambirira a banja trichoride (Trichodoridae). M'mitundu ya banja ili, mkondo uli mkati umakhala ngati wagawika mbali zitatu. Ziwalo zamphamvu zamankhwala ndizodziwika bwino - ma amphides: ali bilobar mwa mitundu iyi, ndipo kumbuyo kwanyumba kuli "mitsempha yopanga" yomwe ili mtolo. The esophagus kumbuyo imakulitsidwa kwambiri.Dzira lalikulu limapangidwa m'machubu akukulidwa bwino. Trichorousngati ma xyamaponyera mkondo wawo wautali muzu wa mizu, nkumapangitsa zochita za pathogenic pamizu ya mbewuzo, kuphatikiza apo, amalowetsa mavairasi ndi mkondo wawo wautali kulowa mu tinthu tazomera, ndikuyambitsa matenda owopsa a ma virus.
Enoplidae - majeremusi a invertebrates. Mwa ma enoplid,, sikuti ndizomera zokha zomwe zimadziwika, komanso magulu omwe amayimiriridwa ndi majeremusi azinyama.
Banja lalikulu komanso lolemera mermitid (Mermitidae) amayimiriridwa ndi majeremusi a crustaceans, tizilombo ta m'madzi ndi nthaka komanso magulu ena a ma invertebrates. Ma mermitids akuluakulu, omwe amafika kutalika kwa 50 cm, amakhala ndi moyo waulere, pomwe parasitism imachokera ku mphutsi za nematode izi. Mu mermitid wandiweyani multilayered cuticle, kawirikawiri anamaliza mutu, onyamula papillary tango zolandilira ndi zisonga kapena conical kapena tupookruglenny mchira. Ma ntchto zazikulu kapena zazing'onoting'ono zimawoneka m'mbali za mutu. Nthawi zina amachepetsedwa. mutu mapeto pakati, monga nematodes onse, ndi pakamwa, imbaenda nakwera kum'mero, amene makamaka amapita mwachindunji ku intestine yaitali. Mosaphula kanthu tikadayamba kuyang'ana matumbo a Mermitid, ofanana ndi omwe timawawona mu nematode ena. Kukhalapo kwa parasitic kwapangitsa kuti chitukuko ichi chikhale chamtundu wapakati wamatumbo apakati. Mu mermitid palibe lumen matumbo. Izi zimawonekera makamaka pamene esophagus ili pafupi kufika mchira. Zonsezi zimakhala ndi chubu cha cuticular, makoma ake amasungunuka (kufooketsedwa), ndipo chubu cham'mphepete mumazunguliridwa ndi mizere ya maselo a plasma okhala ndi nuclei yayikulu. Izi ndi intestine, popanda kwenikweni ndi malo awo. Maselo amadzaza ndi michere yosungira. The anus imapangidwa bwino mwa amuna okhaokha. Imakhala ngati bowo lomwe ma spicule amatambalala kunja. Mazira yaitali kuyatsa mfundo zawo, yotsala ya mdima chifukwa kudzikundikira maselo nyongolosi - tsogolo mazira - ndalama ndithu yolk lapansi. Mazira otukuka amalowa m'm oviducts ndipo kuchokera pamenepo amalowe muchiberekero cha minofu. Mazira amasulidwa kunja - kumadzi kapena pansi - kuchuluka kwa zikwi kapena mazana. Ndi kwambiri chidwi khalidwe pa dzira atagona Mermis. Kusintha kwa nthaka kumapangitsa kuti akazi azituluka panthaka. Mermitida imakwera, ngati njoka, kupita pachomera, tsamba lina la udzu, ndikusuntha kwamutu wake. Mapeto nyongolotsi mutu akukumana kwa kuwala. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndi kukhalapo kwa ocelli ku Mermitids (genus Mermis, etc.). Zotsatira za kuwunikira ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa ndikuwunika kwa mazira. Mu Mermis mazira TACHIMATA wobala mphukira. Njira izi zimayandikana ndi chipolopolo pomwe limagona m'chiberekero. Mazira akatulutsidwa kunja, amawongoka pomwepo kenako nkumagwiritsa ntchito popangira mazira ku gawo lapansi. Ena mermitid kusankha mazira ndi malowedwe awo mu makamu mermitid kumene ali parasitic m'chigawo larval, zimatheka mwa njira zina. Tizilombo timameza mazira a Mermis ndi zakudya zamasamba. Mukakhala ndi tizilombo touluka, mphutsi zomwe zimatuluka dzira nthawi zambiri zimalowa mkati mwa dzira, momwe zimadyera mosadukiza kudzera mwa ma cuticular integument. Kenako tizilombo mphutsi kusiya thupi ndi kuyenda kwa moyo wopanda mu dothi kapena madzi (malingana ndi mtundu ndi mtundu mermitidy). Pofika nthawi yomwe amakhala ndi moyo wodziyimira pawokha, amakhala ndi ziwalo zoberekera. Izi zimachitika pambuyo pobweretsa achinyamata mermitida m'nthaka.
"Kuchokera mphutsi ku thupi la khamu tizilombo - analemba wotchuka Soviet nematology I. Philip - ndi chakupha tizilombo, iwo anaphedwa ndi kutopa kotheratu chifukwa cha moyo wakale mphutsi, kapena matenda ndi yowola mabakiteriya." Kugonjetsedwa kwa tizilombo ndi ma mermitid, monga lamulo, kumaphatikizapo kufa kwawo kapena kuponyedwa, i.e.kuwonongeka kwa maliseche awo ndi kulephera kubereka. Chifukwa chake, ma mermitid ndi amodzi mwa nematode opindulitsa omwe amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo zovulaza.
Enoplidae - Matendawa okhala ndi Vertebrate.
Enoplids ambiri ndi aulere, ena mwa iwo, monga taonera, ndi tizirombo tazomera (mizu). Tidadziwikanso mitundu yochepa ya gulu lomwe limayimiriridwa ndi majeremusi a tizilombo komanso mitundu ina yamtundu wam'madzi. Tsopano taganizirani za ma enoplids oyambitsa ziwalo zamkati.
Tiyeni tikhazikike m'modzi mwa oimira chisangalalo dioctophimate (Dioctophymata). Tikutanthauza nematode yayikulu kwambiri - chimphona chenicheni poyerekeza ndi mafomu omasuka - chimphona chachikulu (Dioctophyme renale). Nematode iyi ndi majeremusi a impso ndi ziwalo za thupi za zolengedwa. Kukula kwa nematode iyi kumapitilira ndikusintha kwa magulu awiri - oligochaetes ndi zolengedwa - agalu kapena carnivores (Carnivora). Kuchokera dzira lomwe limagwidwa bwino (lomwe makamaka limakwanira), mphutsi za m'badwo woyamba zimayamba. Ngati dzira lamizidwa ndi oligochaetes Lumbriculus anosgatus, ndiye kuti limatulutsa mphutsi kuchokera pamenepo, lomwe limalowa m'matumbo a nyongolotsiyo kenako kulowa mkati mwa thupi lake. Kuchokera apa, mphutsi imalowa mkatikati mwa magazi a oligochaetes, pomwe imakula ndikuwonetsa kawiri, ndikukhala, mphutsi yachitatu. Mphutsi yotereyi imakhala yoopsa kale kwa nyama, mwachitsanzo, galu, mwachitsanzo, imakhala yovuta, yomwe imatha kukulira ziwalo za nyama yomwe ili pachimake chachikulu. Koma kuti izi zithe, ziyenera kulowa matumbo a galu.
Galu amatha kumeza ma oligochaetes omwe amakhudzidwa ndi mphutsi za mulu waukulu, mwachitsanzo, ndi madzi. Pankhaniyi, mphutsi zamphongo zazikulu zimaphatikizidwa m'matumbo am'mimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale hematoma chifukwa cha kukha magazi pang'ono pomwepo pamalowa. Pambuyo pa milungu iwiri, mphutsi imalowa m'chiwindi, kusunthira mkati ndikuphwanya umphumphu wa zimakhala za chiwalochi. Pomaliza, mphutsi zakumalizira komaliza (3rd molt) ndipo, kale ngati mawonekedwe a mphutsi yachinayi, zimalowa mkati mwa thupi la nyama yaikazi. Kuchokera apa imalowa impso, nthawi zambiri - kumanja, nditamaliza komaliza, yachinayi, molt ndikusintha kukhala kachilombo kakakulu.
Mkuyu. 233. Mulu wa Giant (Dioctophyme renale)
Matendawa amayambitsa kutopa kwambiri galu. Kukhala mu mafupa a impso, kumatha kuyambitsa magazi. Mkozo mu izi umakhala wamagazi. Pamodzi ndi mkodzo, mazira ambiri amasungidwa kumalo achilengedwe - gwero la matenda atsopano (kuwukira).
Panthawi yolowerera m'chiwonetsero cha impso, agalu amawonetsa malo akulu kwambiri atatseguka.
Oyimira wina chigwirizano - trichocephalate (Trichocephalata) - majeremusi owopsa am'mimba ndi anthu. Mitundu yodziwika bwino yokhudzana ndi banja la trichocephalid (Trichocephalidae) ndi mtundu Trichocephalus. Mitunduyi imakhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya nyama zomwe zimapanga kholingo ndi nyama zambiri - zangumi, agwape, mbawala, agwape, nkhosa, ngamila, ng'ombe ndi nyama zina. Mtundu umodzi umafalikira mwa anthu, m'matumbo. Mtunduwu umadziwika kuti Trichocephalus trichiuris, ndipo machitidwe azachipatala amatchedwa wamutu wamutu. Dzinali limachitika chifukwa choti kutsogolo kwa thupi la chikwapu ndi kochepa thupi kotero kumawoneka ngati tsitsi. Kumapeto kumbuyo kuli kakuthwa. Kutalika kwamphongo kumafika 30-40 mm, ndipo zazikazi 35-50 mm (zazikazi ndizokulirapo kwa onse nematode). Nematode iyi ndi yoyera, nthawi zina imakhala yofiyira. Gawo loonda la thupi limangokhala ndi matumbo a kunja, i.e., stoma ndi esophagus. Esophagus ili ndi mizere 1-2 ya maselo akuluakulu aminyewa, koma minyewa yake imakula. Kumbuyo, gawo lamphamvu lathupi ndi matumbo ndi kumaliseche kwa wamwamuna kapena wamkazi. Akazi amakhala ndi ovary imodzi yokha; Amuna amakhala ndi serosi imodzi. Zamoyo zazikazi zimatulutsa mazira owoneka bwino, pomwe kupezeka kwa anthu kumawonetsa kuti ali ndi matenda. Vlasoglav sikuti imamera m'matumbo a munthu, koma, monga momwe amadziwitsira akatswiri a helminthologists, "imasokoneza" membala wake wamkati, kulowa mkatikati mwake ndikumadya ndikuwononga magazi a munthu. Ichi ndi mawonekedwe a biology ya chikwapu. Chifukwa chake, chikwapu ndi mtundu wa majeremusi womwe umakhala pachimake chifukwa cha timadziti tamadzimadzi timene timakhala.Kutha "kufupikitsa" mucous membrane wa colon akufotokozedwa ndi kukhalapo kwa tiziwalo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatchulidwa pamwambapa, omwe ali ndi ntchito yonyowa, ndiko kuti, ntchito ya mankhwala pazinthu zothandizirana mothandizidwa ndi ma enzyme. Ma Enzymes ndi mapuloteni ovuta kuphatikiza amitundu yosiyanasiyana, amatha kuthana ndi mapuloteni a nyama kapena masamba, kusintha mashuga osapindulitsa (ma polysaccharides) kukhala sungunuka (mono- ndi disaccharides, etc.). Tizilombo tosiyanasiyana (esophagus) ya nematode tili ndi ma enzymes ambiri, ndipo timapereka kuthekera kwa chikwapu "kupasuka" minofu ya nyama ndikugwiritsa ntchito ngati mphamvu. Mwa kuyatsa minofu, chikwapu chimakumana ndi magazi a wolandirawo, omwe samangopatsa thanzi la tiziromboti, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wake wogwirizana ndi hemoglobin wa m'magazi ofiira amwazi a m'magazi a anthu.
Mkuyu. 234. Trichocephalus trichiurus
Kodi munthu amakhala bwanji ndi kachilombo? Kapena, monga momwe zimakhalira kunena mu sayansi za nyongolotsi zam'mimba, kapena helminth (chifukwa chake dzina la sayansi - helminthology), kodi kuwukira kwamatumbo a munthu ndi chikwapu kumatheka bwanji? Ndikusintha kuti munthu amatenga kachilomboka ndikudya madzi, momwe mazira achikwapu amapezeka. Izi zimachitika ngati chimbudzi cha munthu chikalowa m'madzi. M'madzi, makamaka ofunda, mazira amakula pafupifupi mwezi umodzi kapena theka. Mkati mwa chipolopolo cha dzira, nthawi imeneyi, mphutsi zimatha kukhala m'mazira a miyezi yambiri. Munthu akatenga madzi angapo okhala ndi mazira a kachilombo, mphutsi zazing'ono zimatuluka m'mazira m'matumbo amunthu, ndikusintha ndikukhala mitundu yayikulu ikakwaniritsidwa kwawoko, i.e., m'matumbo akulu. Nthawi yomweyo, "amawaza" matumbo a m'mimba.
Kuthamangitsidwa kwa chikwapu si ntchito yosavuta kwenikweni chifukwa "imasokoneza" mucous nembanemba ndipo imakhalabe yolimba. Odwala amathandizidwa kulandira chithandizo chapadera; kupambana kumaganiziridwa kuti kumatheka ngati chopondapo cha tiziromboti tasiya kupanga mazira. Whipworm akhoza kukhala chifukwa cha m'mimba matenda, kuchepa magazi, zochitika zamanjenje.
Wina wa banja la Trichocephalidae ndiowopsa - trichinella (Trichinella trichinella), yemwe amatchedwa "trichina." Nematode iyi yakwanitsa kwambiri kwambiri masanjidwe. Kuzungulira kosavuta kwambiri komanso koyambirira kwa chitukuko cha chikwapu kungafotokozeredwe ndi kakhazikitsidwe: "limba lolandira - madzi othandizira. Trichinella adataya kwathunthu kutsatira dongosolo ili; palibe gawo mu chitukuko chake lomwe limalowa mu chilengedwe chakunja (dothi, madzi, ndi zina).
Munthu amatenga matenda a Trichinella, monga lamulo, chifukwa chodya nyama yophika mosaphika komanso yophika. Koma kodi tanthauzo lake likuti - "zokwanira" kapena "zosakwanira" nyama yophika kapena yokazinga? Ngati chidutswa chachikulu cha nyama ya nkhumba yophika kapena yokazinga kapena nyama ina itasuta, ndiye kuti imatha "kuphika", ndipo katswiri wa helminthologist amatiuza kuti nyama “yokonzedwa” kapena chidutswa chachikulu cha nyama, ngati ili ndi trichinella, imakhala chowopsa cha matenda aanthu - matenda omwe amadziwika kuti trichinosis.
Trichinella amakhala m'matumbo a nkhumba (ndipo "ham" yokonzeka yopangidwa mwaluso)! Mumapaketi a mandimu. Ngati munthu adya chidutswa cha nyama yokhala ndi encichinella wokhazikika, ndiye kuti m'mimba minofu yake yamatumbo ya nyama ya nkhumba imasweka mothandizidwa ndi madzi am'mimba, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, kapisozi kosamalitsa kamasungunuka motsogozedwa ndi hydrochloric acid yomwe ilimo. Trichinella womasulidwa ku kapisozi amalowa m'matumbo aang'ono ndikutuluka mofulumira. Pakangopita maola 48 atalowa m'matumbo amisempha, amphongo amakumana ndi umuna, mu umuna womwe mazira ndi ana a Trichinella amakula. Mbadwa za mkazi m'modzi nthawi zambiri zimafika pa anthu awiri. Trichinella wachichepere amatuluka kuchokera ku maliseche a mkaziyo ndikulowa mwachindunji m'matumbo am'mimba, momwe akazi anali.Adani aku Microscopic - Trichinella wachichepere - tsopano agwera m'mitsempha ya m'matumbo am'mimba mwa munthu kenako kulowa m'magazi ake. Nthawi yomwe mphutsi zambiri za Trichinella zimalowa mkatikati mwa matumbo a munthu sizimamuyanja. Munthawi imeneyi, yomwe nthawi zambiri imayenda mwachangu kwambiri, munthu amadzuka kutentha, kutupa kwa nkhope ndipo makope amakula kwambiri, kusintha kwa magazi, etc. Ngati pali trichinella wambiri, nthawi imeneyi imatha kupha. Tiyerekeze kuti izi sizinachitike - mwamunayo anapulumuka. Komabe, matendawa satha. Mphutsi za Trichinella zimalowa m'magazi, monga lamulo, m'matumbo omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri ndikukhala pano. Nthawi imeneyi yolowera minyewa imathanso kuphatikizidwa ndi zochitika zowawa - kupweteka kwa minofu, nthawi zina kupuwala kwakanthawi kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana yama minofu, etc. Kenako matendawa amatha. Koma bambo kwa zaka zambiri amakhala wodala wa Trichinella. M'misempha yozungulira majeremusi, pamakhala kapu yolerera. Ma trichinella okhala ndi khoma mumisempha ya munthu mwachilengedwe amayenera kufa.
Mkuyu. 235. Trichinella mu minofu ya nkhumba
Mu minofu minofu ya nkhumba yomwe ili ndi kachilombo ka trichinella mukamadya makoswe, njira yomweyo ya kukulitsa kwa trichinella imachitika ngati minofu ya minofu ya anthu, koma "mathero" omaliza a trichinella mu minofu ya nkhumba ndi osiyana. Munthu amaphika ndikudya nkhumba. Chifukwa chake, nkhumba ndiyo chimayambitsa matenda. trichinosis.
Zikhala bwanji? Momwe mungadzitetezere ku matenda a trichinosis?
Makoswe amatenga kachilombo ka kudya nkhumba ya trichinosis, nkhumba zimadwala ndi trichinosis pakudya makoswe. Chifukwa chake, kulimbana ndi makoswe, chiwonongeko chawo chosawoneka bwino m'mafamu a nkhumba ndi njira imodzi yofunika yotsutsa trichinosis. Munthu amatetezedwa ku trichinosis ndi lamulo, malingana ndi kuti palibe nyama yankhumba yomwe imaloledwa kugulitsa mpaka itayesedwa kwa trichinosis. M'misika ndi m'masitolo amagulitsa nyama ya nyama ya nkhumba ndi nkhumba yoyesedwa trichinosis. Chifukwa chake, kugula nkhumba kuyenera kuchitika pokhapokha pogula maukonde a boma kapena misika yolamulidwa ndi malo azachipatala azowona. Nkhumba iliyonse yopita kokaphedwa imayenera kukayezetsa ngati sing'anga wazachipatala.
Kwa akatswiri a zoologist, Trichinella amakhalanso chinthu chachilengedwe - chochititsa chidwi kwambiri pakukula kwa parasitism. Trichinella, kamodzi mwa munthu, amadutsa mu magawo onse a kukula kwake mthupi lake, komanso pakuyenda kwawo - kuchokera ku mphutsi mpaka munthu wamkulu komanso kuchokera ku dzira (kuchokera pa akazi omwe amapanga khoma lamatumbo) kupita ku wamkulu - sizingathe kupita kumalo kwina. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti chizolowezi chomaliza cha parasitism.
Chigwa chokha cha Secernentea
Sizowopsa kuti ndakumana nazo subclass timayamba chachiwiri. Adenophorea - mitundu yaulere yam'nyanja - monga nematode. Olanda Zopereka limaphatikizapo magulu ambiri a nematode, bungwe lomwe ndilo chidindo cha akatswiri.
Mkati dongosolo la chromadoridadalowa m'madzi oyera ndipo nthaka imayamba banja losamala (Plectidae), omwe oimira ake adalowa mu saprobiotic foci, pomwe ophatikizawo adapeza "chopangidwa chotsiriza" chopangidwa - gwero labwino lazakudya zawo. Ndi liti banja losamala, sizikudziwika, chifukwa kwenikweni ma nematode "sanasiye" zolemba zilizonse zamtundu wa paleontological. Koma mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, ziyenera kuti zidawuka pomwe zinthu zachilengedwe zidayamba kale komanso pomwe kuphatikiza zinthu zachilengedwe kudayamba m'nthaka. Iyi ndi njira yakale kwambiri. Monga wapadera Soviet maphunziro apad. V. I. Vernadsky (1926), "tikamaphunzira zambiri za zinthu zachilengedwe, timakhala otsimikiza kuti palibe milandu yomwe ikadakhala kuti ikadakhala yosadalira pa moyo." mbiriyakale ya chilengedwe. "Tikudziwa pafupifupi nthawi yomwe bowa, ndipo otsika, ma hyphomycetes amawonekera Padziko lapansi. Mwina adawonekera munthawi ya Carboniferous. Bacteria anaonekera kale kwambiri. Koma saprobiotic foci, yomwe imayamba chifukwa cha kuwola kwa mitembo ya chomera, idawonekeranso m'nthaka ngakhale nyengo yobiriwira yapadziko lapansi ya Carboniferous ipanga. Ndizotheka kuti ndendende panthawiyi, poganizira zapamwambazi, mapangidwe a banja la ma plectids mawonekedwe ake amakono amayamba, i.e, mawonekedwe amitundu omwe adasinthidwa ndi zakudya chifukwa cha kusweka kwa zinthu zomanga mapuloteni ndi zosungunuka za Sugars zomwe zimakhala ndi saprobiotic foci. M'malo osungira, izi zitha kuchitika kale.
Takumbukira apa banja Plectidae chifukwa sayansi yamakono yakhazikitsa kufanana pakati pa Plectidae, mbali imodzi, ndi mafomu banja Rhabditidae - mbali inayo. Chidwi cha nkhaniyi chikugwirizana ndi chakuti banja Rhabditidae si wa gulu laling'ono la Adenophorea, lomwe tidalowetsa wowerenga pamwambapa, koma kwa wina chodzaza ndi nematode - Secernentea. Chifukwa chake izi ziwiri banja - Plectidae ndi Rhabditidae - kumangiriza pamodzi zigawo ziwiri zamatchulidwe aubwenzi, ndipo izi zimaliza kamvedwe kathu ka kusintha kwa kalasi la nematode.
Koma banja Rhabditidae ndiwokondweretsa komanso wosadalira pazomwe zimachitika pakusintha kwa kalasi ya nematode.
Saprobios. Kodi saprobiotic sing'anga ndi chiani? Choyamba, izi ndi zovuta kuzinthu zachilengedwe, njira yachilengedwe yovuta kuphatikiza ndi zochita zachilengedwe za nayitrogeni, kaboni ndi michere. Kuzungulira kwa zinthu izi kumachitika chifukwa cha ntchito ya zinthu zachilengedwe, mbali imodzi, kupanga zinthu zachilengedwe zopanga mitundu yamoyo (mapuloteni, chakudya, mafuta, pectin, CHIKWANGWANI, ndi zina), ndipo, kumbali ina, kubwezera kuwonongeka kwa zinthu izi m'nthaka. Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta zomera ndi nyama. Njira zopangidwa nthawi zonse zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi njira zowonongera, kuwola, komanso zonsezi, zokhudzana ndi chilankhulidwe, mbali zokhudzana ndi moyo zimakhala zachilengedwe makamaka mu dothi monga chinthu chachilengedwe. Kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zakachilengedwe zomwe zimachitika pakuwonongeka kwa nyama ndi nyama zakufa zimapanga maziko a machitidwe a chilengedwe cha saprobic. M'nthaka, saprobiotic sing'anga imachitika ngati munthu saprobiotic foci. Pakutha kwa nyengo yomera mbewu zobzalidwa, munthu amatha kuyang'anitsitsa zipatsozo atakolola. Chifukwa chake, m'munda wa beetroot, makamaka mvula ikagwa, munthu amatha kupeza masamba owola a beet, omwe amatha kupindika kwa saprobiotic makamaka kuwonekera pansi pamasamba oyang'anizana ndi dothi. Ngati mutenga dontho la zinthu zowola (kuchokera pepala) ndikuziyang'anitsitsa pansi pa maikulosikopu, mutha kuwonetsetsa mosavuta kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokhala ndi khungu limodzi ikuwoneka mu dontho ili, kuphatikiza mabakiteriya, mafangasi am'munsi, protozoa ndi ma nematodi ambiri osuntha. Zamoyo zonsezi nthawi zonse zimakhala zachindunji, ndiye kuti, amapanga magulu omwe amapezeka kokha m'malo ovuta ano. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mabakiteriya a saprophytic, bowa wa saprophytic, nematro, etc. zina zonsezi zimagwira ntchito yovuta kwambiri pakuwola kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndipo zimayambitsa zochitika za malo achilengedwe. Zochita zawo zimawonetsetsa kuti zibwerere kunthaka ya zinthu chifukwa cha zomwe zimakhala ndi nyama ndi mbewu zimapangidwira. Pachilankhulo cha zamankhwala osokoneza bongo, njira yodabwitsa ya kulenga komanso kuwonongeka ikufotokozedwa m kuzungulira kwa zinthu zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kapangidwe kake ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimapangidwa mwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi kudziwa cholinga cha moyo.
Chifukwa chake, chilengedwe cha saprobiotic ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, ndipo mwa kuwola kumeneku, zinthu zina zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zikhale ndi moyo mthupi la saprobiotic zimatenga nawo gawo ndikuzipereka, makamaka mabakiteriya ndi bowa.Tizilombo timeneti timapanga ma enzymes enaake omwe amawonetsetsa kuti ma cell a mankhwala achilengedwe apezeka - mapuloteni, chakudya, fiber, ndi zina zambiri - pazinthu zina zowonjezera.
Chizindikiro cha chilengedwe cha saprobiotic ndi mphamvu zake. Chimapezeka nthawi zonse pakusintha ndikusintha, cholumikizira chomaliza chomwe ndi kuphatikiza zinthu zachilengedwe - kubwereranso kwa zinthu zakale m'nthaka. Njira za Saprobiotic zimachitika nthawi zonse m'nthaka, ndipo zolengedwa zimakhalamo, kuphatikizapo nematode, zomwe mwanjira ina zimachita nawo mwa njira zowonongera zachilengedwe. Izi nematrobiotic nematode ndiye muzu wa masentents onse, a subclass onse.
Magulu onse akuluakulu a saprobiotic nematode ndi a chothandizira Rhabditida. Pali magulu ambiri osiyanasiyana pagululi - kuchokera pa saprobiotic mpaka majeremusi odziwika. Pakati pa oimira subclass mitundu yambiri yazinyama, anthu ndi zomera - zochulukirapo kuposa mkati subclass of adenophorea. Cholinga cha izi ndikuti, mkati mwa chokha cha adenophorea, palibe banja limodzi lomwe lingagwirizane kwambiri ndi chilengedwe cha saprobiotic monga banja la rhabditid. Zowona, wowerenga adadziwa banja la plectids a adenophorea. Koma ma plektid ndiwo gwero lachitukuko cha ma rhabditids, osati a adenophoreas.
Chizindikiro choyamba, chodziwika kwambiri cha oyimilira banja la rhabditid (Rhabditidae) - zazikulu zazing'ono. Kutalika kwa thupi lawo ndi pafupifupi 1 mm, ndipo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepera. Chizindikiro chachiwiri chakunja cha izi zotchedwa ma saprobiotic nematode ndi mawonekedwe owumbika owoneka ngati awa: kumutu ndi mchira, thupi la ma rhabditids nthawi zambiri limafupikitsidwa, ndikuwonekeratu kuti lili pakati. Mutu, monga lamulo, umanyamula tuctile papillae (papillas), osati mabuloni, ngati plectids. Amphoni, kapena ofananira nawo ziwalonthawi zonse imakhala pa ndege yakutsogolo kwa mutu, i.e. pamilomo. M'kamwa mwa pakamwa pake pali mawonekedwe ofanana. Mgawo lakuya la siliyitiyi, "ma pharyngeal tubercles" amawoneka. Mu gawo lokhotakhota lamkamwa, lomwe lili pakati pa "pharyngeal tubercles" lomwe limalowerera mkatimo, anthu ambiri pabanja lachifwamba ali ndi mano ang'onoang'ono otchedwa onkhs.
Cylindrical oral cavity of rhabditides ndi yosalala komanso yotakata bwino kuti muphonye mosavuta mtanda wa saprobiotic gawo lapansi, lomwe nthawi zambiri limamezedwa ndi rhabditides. Pambuyo popyola mkamwa, pakamwa pali chakudya. Makoma ake ndi a minyewa ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi makulidwe awiri, odziwika monga mababu. Mmodzi wa iwo pafupifupindi enawo kumbuyo. Babu lam'mbuyo lalimbitsa minofu ndi zida zapadera zakuphwanya zamkati, zomwe zimaphwanya mtanda wazomedwazo. Mtsempha umatsatiridwa ndi matumbo apakati akudutsa m'matumbo a kumbuyo. Yotsirizira imatsegukira kunja ndi anus, yogona, monga nematode onse, mbali yakunja ya thupi, m'munsi mwa mchira.
Zachikazi zimakhazikika bwino. Maqanda onse (nthawi zina amodzi) amakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa maselo a nyongolosi - ovogonychifukwa mazira amapangidwa. Amuna amakhala ndi testis imodzi, yomwe imakhala yotalikilapo, yotsatiridwa ndi ngalande yovunda yomwe imalowa m'matumbo a kumbuyo. Mmenemo mumagona ziwalo zomwe zimabwezeretseka zamphongo zazimuna - ma spicule. Chiwalo chodabwitsa kwambiri chachimuna sichachidziwikire kuti ndi mchira mapiko a bursal. Chimodzi mwa izo chimagona kumanja, ndipo kumanzere, ndikuyamba kutsogolo kwa mchira ndipo nthawi zambiri chimafika kumapeto kwake.
Mkuyu. 236. Ma machubu ogonana a Rhabditis aberrans: 1 - ovary, 2 - mazira
Izi ndi gawo lalikulu la gulu la ma rhabditids, omwe amabwerezedwanso mosiyanasiyana kwambiri m'mitundu yopitilira 240 ya banja lino. Sikuti mwangozi kuti timangoganizira za gulu la ma rhabditids. Ntchito yomwe tiyenera kutsata tsopano ndikuyesa kufotokoza chifukwa chake zizindikiro zomwe tafotokozazi zidapangidwa.
Zimapezeka kuti zonse zomwe zili pamwambazi zimafotokozedwa mosavuta komanso mwachilengedwe chifukwa chakuti zimagwirizana mokwanira ndi zochitika zazikulu za chilengedwe cha saprobic. China china chikuyenera kuwonjezeredwa ku mawonekedwe a sing'anga awa omwe afotokozedwa pamwambapa: saprobiotic sing'anga, monga lamulo, siyimayimiriridwa ndi madera akuluakulu, koma nthawi zambiri ndi kupatula saprobiotic foci. Chidutswa chilichonse cha zolengedwa zomwe zidagwera pansi, tsamba lililonse, chidutswa, ndi zina zotere, chimakhala choyambitsa kukula kwa lingaliro laling'ono la saprobiotic. M'nthaka pakhoza kukhala, ndipo, alipo ambiri, olekanitsidwa, odziyankhira osiyanasiyananso, ndipo m'modzi aliyense, mothandizidwa ndi mabakiteriya ndi bowa, njira ya saprobiotic imayamba. Apa, tating'onoting'ono timeneti, tating'ono, tating'onoting'ono tambiri tokhala ndi ma rhabditid, ophimbidwa ndi khungu lokwera, timapumula m'nthaka. Akuyembekezera kuchitika kwa saprobiotic. Pakakomoka, mabakiteriya a saprophytic amayamba ntchito yawo yowonongeka ndipo mapangidwe ndi kukhazikitsa kwa saprobiotic kuyang'ana mu dothi kumayamba, njirayi imakhala chothandizira kukulitsa mphutsi za rhabditid. Zikukula mwachangu, zigawenga zimasanduka zazikazi ndi zazimuna, ndipo moyo wopatsa moyo umayamba.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro azachilengedwe, ngati tigwiritsa ntchito terminology yamasewera, titha kunena kuti ma rabditids ndi ophatikizira enieni, koma osati mu liwiro la kayendedwe, koma mu lingaliro lakufulumira kopitilira muyeso.
Pali mitundu yodziwika ya ma rhabditids, gawo lonse la chitukuko cha munthu - kuchokera pa dzira kupita kwa wamkulu wamkazi - limachitika patangopita maola ochepa. Madeti pafupifupi maola 12 kapena 24 ndiofala. Ngati kakulidwe kakang'ono ka saprobiotic kakhalapo, titi, masiku 20, panthawiyi mpaka mitundu 10 mpaka 15 ya ma rhabditids amasuntha mmenemo, omwe amalozerana wina ndi mnzake pafupifupi masiku onse atatu. Kusintha kwamitundu kumeneku kwamangokhala kodabwitsa. Wofufuza wina waku Germany Reiter (1928) adaona kusintha kwa mitundu ya zoyesa zake. Patsiku lachitatu, anthu masauzande ambiri a Rhabditis inermis anali mu gawo loyesera la saprobiotic, kuyambira ochepa mpaka mazana a Rhabditis elongata ndi mitundu ina itatu. Patatha masiku awiri, woyamba wa mitunduyi atamwalira, enawo atatu anachulukitsa masauzande ambiri. Patatha masiku atatu, chithunzichi chinasinthanso ndipo imodzi mwa mitunduyo, m'mbuyomu yowerengeka, inaonekera zochuluka. Chifukwa chake, masiku asanu ndi atatu anali okwanira kukula mu "miccosm" yaying'ono yolinganiza kwambiri, yochulukitsa masauzande ambiri, kuyambira chiwombankhanga chochepa kwambiri chomwe chidalipo m'nthaka yomwe idayesedwapo. Kuwona zikwizikwi za ma rhabditid pansi pa chivundikiro, mutha kuwona kuti ambiri mwa nyama zazing'onozi ali mgulumo. Ndi maikulosikopu yayikulupo, titha kuwoneka kuti nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito ndi bulabu yapakati ya esophagus ndi zida “zophwanya” za wachiwiri, zamkati, babu ndi kumeza unyinji wazakudya zomwe zimakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta saprobios - saprobiotic detritus, bacteria ndi fungal spores. Ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu, tikupeza kuti magulu onse a mabakiteriya a saprobiotic akhazikika pam mchira wa rhabditid. Matumbo nthawi zambiri amakhala odzaza, ndipo mumatha kuwona m'mitundu yambiri chakudya. Komabe, chakudyachi chili ndi madzi ambiri, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimasungunuka kwa mapuloteni, dzuwa ndi zinthu zina zosungunuka mkati mwake ndizochepa, ndipo ma rhabditides ayenera kumeza chakudya mwamphamvu kuti asangokhala chakudya chawo chokha, komanso "Kukula" kwa mazira. Koma mzimayi aliyense, kutalika kokwanira kufika 1 mm, amapatsa moyo wake, woyezedwa m'masiku, mpaka mazira 250-300, omwe akazi ndi amuna atsopano amapanga masiku 1-2. Zakudya sizopatsa thanzi, zimafunikira kwambiri, chifukwa chake ma rhabditid ayenera kusunthira pafupipafupi kuti azikhala ndi chakudya pafupi ndi iwo.Ichi ndichifukwa chake ma rhabditid amatenga chakudya pafupifupi nthawi zonse ndikusuntha mosalekeza. Ndi kakulidwe kakang'ono ka maikulosikopu, malo owonera momwemo amawonekera - onse ndi osunthika, ochokera kunyama zazing'ono zambiri zanjoka! Pano pali kutembenuka msanga kwa chakudya, assimilation chakudya, zinyalala zotupa, kukula msanga kwa maselo a nyongolosi, "kusintha" kwa chiwopsezo, imfa ndi kubadwa kwatsopano. Rhabditid wachikazi ikuyenda mosalekeza. Ngakhale yamphongo ikailowetsa, imagwira chakudya, ikung'ambika ndikusunthasuntha, imayenda chamtsogolo kapena cham'mbali mwa chivundikiro poona kuwala kwa ma tayi. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake champhongo chimafunikira mapiko a bursal. Amawakonzera mwamphamvu thupi la mkaziyo ndikugwira ntchito yake yonse mofananamo!
Monga mukuwonera, bungwe lonse la rhabditids limakumana ndi zikhalidwe za saprobiotic. Izi zimangobwera, chifukwa mmenemo, mothandizidwa ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a mabakiteriya a saprobiotic, kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe kumachitika ndipo machitidwe amthupi a saprobios amasintha tsiku lililonse. Izi zikufotokozera kukula kwa ma rhabditids mwachangu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndizochepa kwambiri - kukula kwakang'ono kumapangitsa kuti vutoli lisakhazikike mwachangu. Ma Rabditids amafunika kudya nthawi zonse, chifukwa chakudyacho ndi chopatsa thanzi, ndikofunikira kudziunjikira m'badwo waukulu womwe umapereka tsogolo, ndiye kuti, moyo wamadzimadzi omwe amakhalabe m'nthaka kuyembekezera kutuluka kwa saprobiotic yatsopano mukasintha mibadwo yambiriyi. Bungwe lonse la rhabditids limakwaniritsidwa ndi kufunika kwa malo okhala ndi saprobiotic.
Wama cameraman amatha kupanga chithunzi chodabwitsa, kujambula mphamvu zosaneneka za moyo wa ma rhabditid ndi mabungwe awo, atasinthidwa mwatsatanetsatane kuzowonjezera zamphamvu zenizeni zenizeni!
Awa ndi ma rhabditid. Pomvera mtundu wa kuvunda kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, amatenganso gawo lalikulu pobwezeretsa nthaka ku nayitrogeni, kaboni, sulufu ndi zinthu zina zamafuta. Pansi pa "kuwongolera" kwa akatswiri azachilengedwe opanga kwambiri - mabakiteriya a chilengedwe cha saprobiotic komanso mothandizidwa ndi bowa wotsika - eni ma enzyme amphamvu, saprobiotic rhabditides amatenga nawo gawo pazinthu zomaliza zamankhwala okhala ndi organic, ndikubwezeretsanso dothi ndipo potero nkukhala chimodzi mwazinthu zatsopano za mitundu yamoyo. Zamoyo zakufa, kudzera mu kuvunda, zimakhala mwala wopondera kumoyo watsopano.
Ndi kukongola komanso chiyembekezo chotani nanga cha moyo m'madongosolo opanga zinthu!
Pakadali pano, ndizotheka kutsimikiza kuti ma rhabditid adachokera ku ma plectids akale. Chochita chachikulu pakupanga ma rhabditids chinali malo a saprobiotic, momwe ma rhabditid adadzipezera okha mawonekedwe a bungweli chifukwa cha kusankha kwachilengedwe komwe Charles Darwin (onani C. Darwin, The Origin of Species kapena K. A. Timiryazev, Charles Darwin ndi ziphunzitso zake) kukumana mokwanira mikhalidwe ya saprobios.
Ma Rabditid adagwira nawo gawo lalikulu pakusintha kwa gulu la nematode, lomwe munthu amakakamizidwa kuvomereza kwambiri.
Zizindikiro za nematode mwa anthu
M'malo mwake, zizindikiro za nematodoses ndizosazindikira, ndiko kuti, malinga ndi chithunzi, ndikosatheka kuzindikira kukhalapo kwa majeremusi ozungulira mthupi la munthu. Komanso, nematodoses nthawi zambiri amapezeka popanda zizindikiro zakunja, zomwe zimasokoneza kwambiri chithandizo chapanthawi yake.
Tizilombo ta nematode amtundu waumunthu titha kuyambitsa zovuta zina mthupi. "Zizindikiro zochenjeza" ndi ziti zomwe zimawoneka ndi nematodoses:
- Kuchulukana kwapadera kwa thupi. Nthawi zambiri, matenthedwe amakhala achilengedwe komanso samapitirira 38 digiri. Nthawi zina, kutentha thupi kumatha kupitilira madigiri 39, koma izi sizimawonedwa kawirikawiri. Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha ndi mtundu wa "chizindikiro" chokhudzana ndi kuyambitsa kwachilengedwe chitetezo chamthupi. Mwanjira ina, chitetezo chathu cha mthupi chidayendetsedwa ndipo chikuyesetsa mwamphamvu kulimbana ndi mawonekedwe amoyo oyipa,
- Mutu ungachitike chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha yolumikizana ndi ubongo chifukwa cha mphutsi za nematode kapena kumatha chifukwa cha kuledzera.
- Kusokoneza msana / kusanza / chizungulire / kusungulumwa - zonsezi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuledzera kwambiri kwa thupi. Nematode mkati mwa moyo wawo amatulutsa zinthu zomwe thupi limazipanga kukhala zowopsa,
- Maonekedwe amisala osiyanasiyana amakhudzana ndimomwe thupi limagwirira ntchito poizoni amene amatulutsa majeremusi. Ma immunoglobulins apadera (ma antibodies) a gulu la IgE amapangidwa, omwe pambuyo pake amathandizira kutulutsa kwa histamine (mkhalapakati wa zotsatira zoyipa) ndi serotonin m'magazi, omwe amatchedwanso "hormone ya chisangalalo",
- Mavuto ochokera ku epermermis (mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya totupa, chikanga, khungu, kukalamba msanga pakhungu, khungu, ndi zina) ndi zotsatira za kuyambika kwa ntchito yapakhungu pakhungu, popeza chiwindi sichitha kulimbana ndi poizoni yemwe amatulutsidwa ndi matupi,
- Kuchulukitsa kwamisempha / kukhumudwa / kutopa / kufooka wamba / kusakhazikika pamalingaliro / kusokonezeka kwa miyambo yabwinobwino yogona. Zizindikirozi zimawonekera chifukwa cha kupweteketsa poyizoni wamanjenje limodzi ndi kuperewera kwa michere,
- Kuchepetsa (kuletsa) kwa chitetezo chachilengedwe ndipo, chifukwa chake, matenda opatsirana pafupipafupi kapena kuchulukitsa kwa matenda osachiritsika. Kuponderezedwa kwa chitetezo chathupi kumawonekera limodzi ndi kuphatikiza mitundu yayikulu ya majeremusi mthupi komanso kuperewera kwakukulu kwa michere yofunika. Pamwamba pa izi, chitetezo cha mthupi chimalimbana ndi tiziromboti,
- Ululu pamimba. Nthawi zina, ululu umatha kulowa m'dera lumbar kapena miyendo ina (monga phewa kapena mkono). Kupweteka kwam'mimba ndi chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwamakina ndi ma cell a ziwalo zamkati ndi ziwalo zamatumbo,
- Kuchulukana kwa masisitere,
- Kutupa ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kapangidwe ka gasi / kuyambitsa matumbo - chotsatira cha kusokonezeka m'matumbo ndikuwamasulidwa ndi mphutsi zozungulira za zinthu zomwe zimadzetsa njira zotupa kwanuko.
- Mavuto a Stool (kudzimbidwa ndi kutsegula m'mimba). Kudzimbidwa kumatha kuchitika chifukwa cha nematodosis wamkulu. Mwanjira ina, pamakhala mphutsi zochuluka kwambiri zomwe zimatha kubisa kuwala kwa m'matumbo. Kutsegula m'mimba kumachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito bwino chakudya cham'mimba, kupezeka bwino kwa michere, zotupa zakumalo,
- Matendawa ndi chotsatira cha kusowa kwazitsulo mthupi, nthawi zambiri kumawonedwa ndi ascariasis,
- Kuchulukitsa chilimbikitso / kulemera - mawonekedwe achitetezo amthupi chifukwa chosowa kufunikira zinthu ndi zinthu,
- Kupezeka kwa ntchofu kapena magazi mu ndowe, komanso kupezeka kwa mozungulira mozungulira kumayeneranso. Magazi amawoneka chifukwa cha microdamage kupita kumimba mucous. Mucus ndi omwe amachitika chifukwa cholakwika ndi m'mimba, koma matumba omwe amapezeka ndowezo ndi zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo m'matumbo,
- Ululu m'matumbo ndi mafinya amatha kuchitika pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi kusuntha kwa mphutsi, chifukwa nthawi yomweyo zimatha kuwononga minofu ndi mafupa.
- Kuyamwa nthawi zonse, kumayambiriro kwa usiku / usiku (chizindikiro ichi ndi cholondola kwa enterobiosis). Amawoneka ngati chotayikira mazira ndi mkazi. Pofuna kukonza mazira, nthenga za akazi zimabisala chinthu chomata chomwe chimakwiyitsa khungu,
Nthawi zina, kupweteka pachifuwa, kuvuta kupuma, kufupika, kutsokomola, ndi zina zambiri zitha kuonedwa.
Njira ndi njira zochiritsira
Popeza tapeza zisonyezo zomwe zimawonetsera kupezeka kwa nyongolotsi m'thupi, ndikofunikira kukaonana ndi katswiri kuti mutsimikizire za matendawo ndi chithandizo chofunikira.
Madokotala amapereka mankhwala ndikuwerengera mlingo malinga ndi kulemera kwa wodwalayo. Nthawi zambiri, mukamamwa mankhwala anthelmintic, muyenera kudziwa mlingo wake ndendende.
Nthawi zambiri, mankhwala a oxygen amagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi tiziromboti. Chithandizo chake chimakhala pobweretsa mpweya wabwino m'matumbo. Majeremusi ena amafa ndi njira imeneyi yochizira ndipo amatuluka ndi zinthu zonyansa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwazokongoletsera ponseponse kwa nematode - magnesium sulfate, mchere wa glauber kapena mbewu zomwe zili ndi kapangidwe kake (cassia acutifolia, rhubarb).
Chithandizo cha nyongolotsi nthawi zambiri chimasinthidwa ndimaphikidwe omwe amapezeka mu mankhwala azikhalidwe. Pali mbewu zingapo momwe anthelmintic zimapezeka. Ali m'gulu la zokometsera ndi zonunkhira.
Maphikidwe ogwira mtima ogwiritsa ntchito udzu wa Bogorodskaya, chitsamba chowawa, maluwa otuwa.
Garlic ndi anyezi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana nematodes ozungulira. Ginger amakhala ndi fanizo la anthelmintic - muzu wake watsopano, tinctures ndi zomwe zimakonzedwa.
Gulu la ma rhabditids (Rhabditida)
Ma Rabditid, wogwirizana ndi moyo wokhala m'malo a saprobiotic ndikukhala nawo gawo muzinthu zakuthupi motsogozedwa ndi mabakiteriya okhala ndi saprophytic ndi bowa, ndiye gwero la chisinthiko chonse cha Rhabditida subclass (Secernentea). Mitundu ya mabanja olimba a odutsa m'malo a saprobiotic adatsogolera kale oimira banja la rhabditid kuti apeze mawonekedwe a thupi omwe amathandizira kusintha kuti akhalepo ngati okhazikika mu ziwalo za nyama, makamaka m'matumbo awo. Akuganiza Acad. K. I. Skryabin (1946), kuti kulowa kwa rhabditides m'matumbo a nyama inali gawo loyamba pakupanga zooparasitic concentrate, ndizodalirika. Chigawo chotsatira chosangalatsa cha sayansi chimadziwika. Njuchi zinakhala pamphepete mwa dziwe ndikadzipukula pamadzi. Ndi madzi, ameza ma rabditides amoyo. Ma Rabditid sanafe m'matumbo a njuchi. M'malo mwake, iwo adakhalamo ndipo adayambitsa zovuta za njuchi. Mlanduwu komanso ma rhabditid omwe adachitapo nawo adalembetsa ku K.I. Scriabin All-Union Science Science Research Institute of Helminthology. Ma Rabdit adachita izi ngati "mimba" zanyama. Amadziwika komanso kufotokozedwa ndi mitundu ya ma rhabditides omwe amapezeka mwa anthu ndipo amatha kupezeka m'matumbo ake, makamaka m'matumbo. Ma rabditid ena apezeka ndowe za anthu. Ngakhale mafomuwa sanakhalepo "enieni" majeremusi, akuwoneka kuti amatha kukhalapobe kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo izi, zikufotokozedwa, chifukwa chakuti machitidwe amapezeka m'matumbo omwe amafanana ndi saprobiotic.
Mkati CHIKULKA ACHALANDEDomwe tsopano tikumudziwa, makamaka, pa chitsanzo cha banja Rhabditidae, pali magulu ofanana ndi am'banja lino.
Banja Strongyloididae amaimiridwa ndi nematode omwe mwina ndi a hermaphrodites kapena amtundu womwe akazi awo amatha kubala, kapena gawohenogenetic, kubereka. M'banja ili, mtundu umadziwika, pakukula komwe mibadwo iwiri ikuphatikiza - imodzi yaulere ndi inayo parasitic. Kuzungulira kwa chitukuko kumaphatikizapo mibadwo yonse. Tiyeni tiyambire ndi imodzi mwa izo - parasitic.
Mwa anthu, zazikazi za parthenogenetic zimatha kukhala ngati tizirombo mu mucous membrane wa duodenum ndi matumbo ochepa. Awa amatchedwa matumbo, kapena solidyloid, nematode, omwe amadziwika kuti Stron gyloides stercoralis. Amadziwika ndi kukula kocheperako, esophagus wautali, komanso mchira wa conical. Kutsegula kumaliseche kwa mkazi kumasiyidwa kumbuyo, pafupi ndi anus. M'mazira awiri, mazira amapangidwa omwe amapanga gawo limodzigenetically, i.e., popanda kutenga amuna. Mazira awa amawonekera ndipo mitundu iwiri ya mphutsi imatha kupezeka mwa iwo. Zina mwa mphutsi izi, zomwe zimatsalira m'nthaka, zimasungunuka kenako zimasanduka mphutsi "zamtundu wina" (zokhala ndi esophagus yoonda kwambiri).Izi mphutsi ndi madzi akumwa kapena kudzera pakhungu limalowa mu thupi la munthu ndikuyambanso kukhala zazikazi zopanga ma hermaphroditic zomwe zimatsogolera kukhalapo kwa parasitic. Mphutsi zina zokhala ndi rhabditoid esophagus zimatulutsa molingana ndi mtundu wa heterogony, i.e. zimapereka zazikazi ndi zazimuna zomwe zili m'nthaka, mutatha kuphatikiza umuna ndi zazikazi, mphutsi zimayambitsidwa, zomwe pamenepa zimalowanso m'thupi la munthu kudzera mkamwa kapena kudzera pakhungu. Amalowa mkatikati mwa duodenum ndi matumbo ochepa. Chifukwa chake, nematode iyi ili ndi mibadwo iwiri - parasitic komanso yaulere. Kupezeka kwa gawo la mphutsi za rhabditoid esophagus kumawonetsa kuyandikira kwa phylogenetic wa Strongyloididae ndi rhabditids. Kukhalapo kwa mibadwo iwiri - parasitic komanso kwaulere - kumasonyezanso kuyandikira kwa ma rhabditid aulere. Strongyloididae ndi imodzi mwamavuto oyambira mukukula kwa parasitism mkati subclass.
Mkuyu. 237. Strongyloides stercoralis
Banja Oxeuridae ndi gawo lapadera komanso lodziwika bwino pakukula kwa parasitism. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani za sayansi ya majeremusi odziwika kwambiri a colon ya munthu ndi cecum - Enterobius vermicularis. Nematode iyi imadziwika kuti nsunguinde, thupi lake lolozedwa kumchira. Komabe, pamakhala kufupika kwakumanzere kumapeto kwenikweni kwa thupi. Kutsegula pakamwa kumatsogolera ku stoma yopapatiza, ndikudutsa mu esophagus, wokhala ndi babu. Pali mazira awiri achikazi ndi testis imodzi mwa amuna. Mchira wachikazi umakhala wowongoka bwino. Pinworm parasitic peculiarly. Nematode iyi imayambitsa kukhumudwitsa ndi kutukusira kwa mucous nembanemba, amatchulidwanso kuti ndi gawo lina pachitukuko cha zotupa za cecum (appendicitis). M'matumbo a anthu, tiziromboti sizimayambitsa zowonongeka zazikulu (kupatulapo, kumene, appendicitis). Pinworm imadya zomwe zili m'matumbo, ndipo, zikuwoneka kuti, kachilombo ka colon kamene kali ndi gawo lalikulu pakudya kwake. Pafupifupi zimadziwika kuti ngati munthu yemwe ali ndi kachilombo ka nthendayo amatenga mapiritsi awiri a biomycin m'mawa kapena madzulo kwa masiku awiri kapena atatu motsatizana, ndiye kuti ma pinworm adzafa. Limagwirira ntchito, mwachiwonekere, limadzuka chifukwa chakuti biomycin imathandizira kuti ziwonongeko zam'mimba zitheke, ndipo izi mwina zimalepheretsa magwero azakudya ndi mapini. Kuyesaku kukuwonetsa kufunikira kwa maluwa ofunda a bakiteriya m'zakudya za pinworm. Zofanana zimatha kupezeka ngati mabakiteriya awonongedwa ndi biomycin mu chikhalidwe chokhazikika cha rhabditides. Chifukwa chake, ma pinworm, ndi gawo loyambirira kwambiri pakukula kwa parasitism, mwakuthupi pafupi ndi rhabditids. Chosokoneza chachikulu chomwe munthu amakhala nacho kuchokera kupezeka kwa ma nthumbu m'matumbo ake sichikhala chovuta kwambiri pamatumbo am'mimba monga momwe zimakhalira ndi michere ya pinworm. Madzulo, zazikazi zimadutsa pakati pausiku wa munthu ndikuyambitsa kuyabwa. Mwa ana, kuyimitsidwa kumeneku kumaphatikizapo kukanda. Mazira a zikhomakhota amakhalabe pansi pa misomali, yomwe imatuluka kunja kwa anus ndikumaikira mazira pakhungu lake. Mazira a tiziromboti amayenera kukhalapo kwakanthawi mlengalenga, chifukwa mpweya mumlengalenga ndiwofunikira kwambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kukula kwawo. Ndi zala, mazira amatha kulowa mkamwa mwa mwana mosavuta. Kuchoka pano, mazira okhala ndi mphutsi amalowa m'matumbo ndipo atafika pamatumbo, amakhalanso akuluakulu opukutira. Zikatero, matendawa amatha nthawi yayitali, osati mwa ana komanso achikulire. Masiponji amatha kupatsirana ndikalumikizana ndi munthu wakhudzidwa ndi nematode iyi, ngati simutsatira malamulo aukhondo. Mazira a Pinworm amatha kudya chakudya cha anthu ntchentche, Amphongo a Prussian etc. Mutha kuwameza ndi fumbi ngati kuli mazira a nematode pansi. Ngati matenda akupezeka, pitani kuchipatala.Popeza kachilomboka kakuwuluka kunja kwa usiku usiku, munthu akagona kapena wagona kale, pofuna kupewa kudzidwalitsa, ndikofunikira kuvala zazifupi usiku kuti mazira a pinworm asagwere papepala. Ndipo m'mawa, amantha amayenera kuponyedwa ndi chitsulo chotentha kupha mazira. Njira izi ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito musanalandire chithandizo komanso mukamalandira chithandizo, mpaka paziwunika za pomwepo pomwe mazira akuwonetsa kuti kulibenso.
Mzere wazaka zamunthu (Ascaris lumbricoides). Chosasangalatsa komanso chachikulu ndi nthenda ina yamunthu, yomwe ndi, yokhudzana ndi parasitization m'matumbo ake ozungulira wamunthu. Nthomba zimangowunikidwa zimafikira 1 hedgehog kutalika (zazikazi). Ascaris ndi nematode omwe amafika pamlingo wokulirapo: chikazi chimafikira 20 cm masentimita, ndipo chachimuna ndi 15-25 masentimita m'lifupi ndi 6 ndi 3 mm, motsatana. Ichi ndi chimphona kale, makamaka poyerekeza ndi ma rabditid ang'ono. Pakamwa pa chingwe chozungulira chimazunguliridwa ndi "milomo" itatu. Kumapeto kwa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a thupi lowonda, “lamba.” Mbali yotsekera ya “lamba” uyu pali zotsegula zamtundu wa akazi (mwa akazi). Lamba ndi chopepuka cha thupi ndipo chimagwira ngati chothandizira wamkazi pakulowetsa akazi. Thupi kuchokera kumutu mpaka pakati limakulirakulira ndikuchokeranso kumchira. Mchirawo ndi waufupi kwambiri, ndipo mwa amuna umapinda. Chodulira chomwe chimaphimba thupi la ascaris ndi wandiweyani. Minofu ndi yolimba, koma mayendedwe akuyenda pang'onopang'ono. Yaikazi lotseguka imawonetsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono, matumbo apakatikati pang'ono komanso kumbuyo. Koma chodziwika kwambiri mu bungwe la akazi ozungulira wamkazi ndi amphongo. Kutsegula kumaliseche kwa mkazi, komwe kumakhala mbali ya "lamba", kumatsogolera mu chubu cha nyini (nyini), yolumikizidwa ndi chiberekero ziwiri - kumanja ndi kumanzere. Pang'onopang'ono chiberekero chimacheperako ndikudutsira m'mazira am'mimba, ndipo, nawonso, amakhala m'mimba yayitali komanso yopyapyala. Matumba amtundu wa Ascaris amafikira kutalika kwakukulu, kangapo kupitirira kutalika kwa thupi. Mu nematode opanda moyo, thumba losunga mazira silifikira kutalika kotere ndipo limakhala lalifupi kwambiri kuposa kutalika kwa thupi kapena kupitirira pang'ono. Dokotala wodziwika bwino wamagetsi ku Germany Leuckart (1876) adalemba izi motalika: "Mwa akazi 280 mm aliyense, chubu chilichonse chogonana chimafikira 1500 mm, ndipo onse anali okwanira nthawi 11 kuposa kutalika kwa thupi." Kukula kwamphamvu kwa ziwonetsero zoberekera ndi kusinthika kwa kukhalapo kwa parasitic, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kupendekeka kwakukulu kwa mawonekedwe a anthu ozungulira. Mkazi aliyense masana amatulutsa mazira pafupifupi 200,000. Tanthauzo lakuwonekera kwa kubereka kwa "zakuthambo" izi ndikuti panjira ya chitukuko - kuchokera kumalo akunja kupita ku thupi la munthu - pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimatsogolera gawo lalikulu la mbewu mpaka kufa, ndipo chonde chambiri chokha chomwe "chitha kutsimikizira" kupitilizidwa kwa moyo wa zolengedwa.
Mkuyu. 238. Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis)
Ascaris imafalikira m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono amunthu. Komabe, mbewu siziperekedwa ndi kukhalapo kwa mkaziyo m'matumbo ochepa a wolandirawo. Amuna amakhathamiritsa mazira, koma osapereka chitukuko, monga momwe zilili ndi nyama zopanda moyo. Kuti dzira lilowe m'magawo oyambira kukula, liyenera kulowa m'malo akunja, popeza limafunikira mpweya. Pokhala kunja, mazira pafupifupi masiku 9 mpaka 13 amakula mpaka kufika pa mphutsi yachiphamaso.
M'matumba a dzira, mphutsi zimadutsa molt woyamba. Kenako chitukuko chimayima ndipo sichimayambiranso ngati dzira lokhala ndi mphutsi yachiwiri singalowe m'thupi la munthu. Dzira liyenera kumeza. Matenda amatenga ndendende monga momwe zimakhalira ndi kachilomboka - ndi chakudya, kudzera m'manja akuda, chifukwa choluma msomali, mazira amabweretsedwa ndi ntchentche, kapena agalu, kapena chifukwa cha kusamalira zakudya mosasamala. Dzira la ascaris lomwe limalowa mkamwa mwa munthu ndipo limakhala ndi mphutsi yachiwiri-yolandila limalandira mphamvu yatsopano yotukula.M'matumbo ang'onoang'ono aumunthu, mphutsi zimamasulidwa kuchokera ku dzira ndipo kuyambira lero zimayamba njira yawo yopitilira kukula. Choyamba, amalowa mucous nembanemba wa m'matumbo aang'ono, kenako - m'mitsempha yamagazi.
Tizindikire kuti m'zaka zaposachedwa pakhala kukayikira m'mabuku asayansi yokhudza Ascaris ndi abale ake omwe ali m'misoka kapena ngati onse mozungulira (chigwirizano Ascaridata) kusamukira ku gulu adenophorea. Zaulere adenophorea- mawonekedwe okonda mpweya. Monga tawonera kale, kwa zooparasitic adenophoreas, chizolowezi "chosoka" chimakhala chofanana kwambiri, potero timakumana ndi mitsempha yamagazi ndipo, motero, ndi mpweya wamagazi. Mwina njira ya mphutsi zamkati mwa minofu ya anthu, yolumikizidwanso ndimagazi athupi lathu, titha kuiona ngati chifukwa cha ubale wam'mbuyomu ndi adenophorea yaulere? Tsopano nkhaniyi siyinathetsedwebe.
Kupyola m'magazi, mphutsi za Ascaris zimalowa m'chiwindi, kuchokera ku chiwindi kupita mu mtima, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kufalikira kwa magazi. Kuchokera pamatumbo oyenera a mtima, mphutsi zimalowa m'mapapu. M'mapapu, mphutsi zimakhazikika m'makola, nthawi zambiri zimapangitsa misozi yawo komanso magazi. M'tsogolomu, njira ya mphutsi imasintha. Kuchokera pamatumbo am'mapapo, mphutsi zimalowa mkati mwa bronchi, mwa iwo kulowa trachea, komanso kuchokera trachea kupita pharynx. Tsopano njira yopita kummero ndipo kuchokera pamenepo kupita matumbo (kudzera m'mimba) yatseguka. Uwu ndiye gawo lotsiriza laulendo wautali. M'matumbo ang'onoang'ono, mphutsi zimamaliza kukula kwawo ndikusintha kukhala amuna ndi akazi akuluakulu. Kuzungulira kwatsopano kumayamba.
Mkuyu. 239. Anthu Ascaris (Ascaris lumbricoides): kumanzere ndi mkazi, kumanja ndi wamwamuna, pansi pake pali dzira
Tsoka ilo, njoka zam'mimba ndizomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Kulowa ndi nematode kumatha kufika pamitundu yayitali. Kutupa kwa chingwe cham'mimba kuchokera m'matumbo komanso kayendedwe ka matumbo ndikosasangalatsa, nthawi zina kowopsa. Koma nkhaniyi njakutali ndi kumverera kwachilengedwe kwa kunyansidwa, kapena mantha, kapena nkhawa zomwe munthu amakhala nazo, ndipo sikuti ndi ana. Nthawi zambiri, matendawa omwe amayambitsidwa ndi mikwingwirima, makamaka ngati alipo ambiri m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono, amakhala ndi chikhalidwe choopsa komanso chowopsa paumoyo wa anthu komanso moyo. Ma Roundworms ali ndi mawonekedwe kwambiri pamakhalidwe - amakonda kulowa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono komanso ndima. Pali milandu yodziwika yomwe imalowa mkati mwa chiwindi. Nthawi zina nyongolotsi zimalowa m'mimba, kenako chifukwa cha kusanza, zimadzuka mpaka pakhosi, ndipo kuyambira apa mphuno zam'maso ndi m'mphuno. Zobwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza zamatenda owoneka amoyo kapena akufa kudzera pamphuno amadziwika. Dr. Brown akuti, "Izi, zimakamba za mlandu womwe Albrecht adawonetsa, pomwe mambowo udachotsedwa pamphuno ya mtsikana wazaka khumi. Kuchokera pa nasopharynx," a Brown akupitilira, "ozungulira amatha kulowa mu chubu cha Eustachian ndipo kuchokera pamenepo kupita khutu lapakati." Zowopsa kwambiri ndizovuta kulowa mkati mwa nyongolotsi mu mkokomo ndi trachea, chifukwa mu izi zimatha ngakhale kuphedwa kumene. Zingwe zozungulira zimatha kulowa mkodzo ziwalo. Milandu yodzikongoletsa makoma a matumbo ang'ono ndi kulowetsedwa kwamkati mwa thupi, yomwe imaphatikizapo peritonitis, i.e. kutupa kwa peritoneum, akufotokozedwa.
Kuchokera pazomwe tafotokozazi zikuwonekeratu kuti nematode iyi sayenera kuloledwa kulowa m'matumbo amunthu. Ndipo ngati njoka zam'mimba zalowa m'matumbo amunthu, ndikofunikira kuchitapo kanthu nthawi yomweyo kuzichotsa, kutanthauza kuchita chinthu chapadera mame - kuchotsa kapena kuchotsedwa kwa tiziromboti kumatumbo ang'onoang'ono amunthu.
Chabwinonso ndikuwonetsetsa kuti nyongolotsi sizingalowe m'matumbo athu. Njira yofunikira kwambiri yodzitetezera ndikusunga manja ndi thupi, komanso zofunda komanso zofunda, ngati munthuyo ali ndi kachilombo kale, pofuna kupewa kudzidwalitsa wodwalayo pafupipafupi ndi ascariasis. Chofunika kwambiri ndi njira zoteteza ku matenda zomwe zingachitike.
Pali milandu yodziwika ya mazira amoyo a Ascaris pamwamba pa makeke ndi zakudya zina zokhala ndi konyowa. Kunena zowona, sikulakwa konse kuphika mikate yofunda musanadyepo poyatsira mafuta. Osamadya masamba osasambitsidwa, monga kaloti, letesi, nkhaka zowotcha, ndi zina, chifukwa mazira a ascaris amatha kubweretsedwa m'nthaka komanso pamtunda.
Pofuna kupatula matendawa ndi matenda a helminth, kuphatikizapo ascariasis, ndikofunikira kuthana ndi chizolowezi choyipa cha anthu ena kuluma misomali yawo.
Ascaridosis nthawi zonse imakhala komwe nthawi yotentha imakhala yotentha komanso yofunda, panthawi yomwe pali dothi lambiri.
Ndizowopsa kudya masamba m'minda ya anthu, popeza pali chizolowezi chothira dothi ndi chimbudzi cha anthu. Muzochitika izi, mazira a Ascaris amalowetsa nthaka ndi mbewu. Kugwiritsa ntchito masamba osasambitsidwa pamasamba amtunduwu nthawi zonse kumakhala ndi zotsatirapo zake. Tikuyenera kuleka ku chizolowezi chodyera anthu ambiri mumsewu, sitima yapansi panthaka, mgalimoto yodutsa, etc. Palibe chitsimikizo motsutsana ndi kuthekera kwa matenda pamizere yozungulira, komanso nematode ndi ma helminths ena, kuphatikizapo oyipa, monga echinococcus kapena alveococcus.
Chifukwa chake, ukhondo wamoyo, malingaliro odziwika bwino pamakhalidwe azikhalidwe ndi mdani wamkulu wa nyongolotsi ndi nyongolotsi zina za parasitic.
Oimira mabanja a ascaris sizingokhudza anthu okha. Pafupi ndi anthu nkhumba chozungulira akumenya nkhumba, pomwe yayikulu bulu wazungulira (Parascaris equorum) ndi majeremusi ofanana ndi kavalo wakunyumba. Mafomu onsewa amagwiranso ntchito kwa banja Ascaridae. Pafupi naye banja Ascaridiidae wokhala ndi mtundu wina wa mtundu wa Ascaridia ali ndi mitundu yambiri yamatumbo omwe amakhudza matumbo a mbalame, makamaka pamtunda. Mu chuma cha dziko, Ascaridia galli ndi chinyama chachikulu cha nkhuku. Matendawa ndi oopsa makamaka kwa nyama zazing'ono.
Katswiri wodziwika bwino wa ku Soviet mu zozungulira A. A. Mozgovoi akuwonetsa kuti "ascaridosis. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika ngati ma epizootic amafa kwambiri." Ascaridosis a nkhuku amachepetsa kupanga mazira, nkhuku, ngati sadzafa, ndiye kuti otsalira pambuyo kukula. Pankhondo yolimbana ndi nkhuku ascariasis, kupatsa mbalame mavitamini omwe amathandizira kuti thupi lawo lisalowe ndikofunikira kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, njira zapadera zimafunika popewa matenda owopsa. Mafamu amasunga nkhuku kukhala zoyera: zinyalala zimachotsa mankhwala, mbalame zimadyetsedwa kuchokera kuzakudya zapadera, zakumwa zimayenera kutsukidwa chaka chilichonse, kufufuza konse kwa ma nkhuku - zakumwa, zakudyetsa, komanso malo omwe ali ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, amasamalidwa 5% yankho la carbolic acid, etc. Zonsezi ndizofunikira kuthana ndi matendawa ndikuletsa kufalitsa, zomwe zikuwopseza kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa nkhuku.
Strordilata suborder (Strongilata)
A nematode ochokera banja Strongylid (Strongylidae) - Strongylus vulgaris. Awa ndi matchuthi achikasu akuluakulu, achikazi omwe amatalika 20 mpaka 20 mm (amuna - 14-16 mm). Mbali yakutsogolo ya stoma imanyamula "korona" wa pamakhala - kunja ndi mkati. Stoma ndi lalikulu, goblet. Amuna ali ndi mawonekedwe okhala ndi mbali zitatu. Akazi a mazira akuluakulu amtunduwu wa nematode omwe amalowera kumalo achilendo pamodzi ndi chimbudzi cha akavalo (komanso bulu ndi zebra). Mphutsi za m'badwo woyamba zimasiya mazira tsiku loyamba. Amakula msanga: tsiku lachiwirili amapeza molt woyamba, ndipo amakhala mphutsi za m'badwo wachiwiri. Pakatha sabata, pameranso multi wachiwiri, pomwe mphutsi zimafikiranso. Mphutsi izi, osadzimasula ku zikopa zawo, zimayamba kulimbana ndi zochitika zakunja komanso nthawi yomweyo zowukira, i.e. zimapatsira nyama. Akavalo, abulu ndi mbidzi, kumeza mphutsi zoterezi ndi madzi, zimayambukiridwa ndi majeremusi.Mu mahatchi, mphutsi za Strongilida izi zimatulutsa kapamba, zomwe zimapweteka kwambiri, zotsatira zake zomwe zimatha kupha nyama. Njira yabwino yotetezera kavalo ku matendawa ndi ukhondo wa swill ndi chakudya, komanso kubowola kwakanthawi, i.e, kuthamangitsidwa kwa majeremusi ndi katswiri wodziwa zanyama.
Mkuyu. 240. Delofondia vulgaris
Tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono ta ngozi ndiyotengera maboma - duodenal crankhead (Ancylostoma duodenale). Nematode imafika kutalika kwa 8-18 mm ndipo imakhala m'matumbo aanthu ochepa. Dzinali - krivogolovka - limafotokozedwa chifukwa chotsegula pakamwa pa tiziromboti kanthawi kena kanasunthira mbali yam'mimba. Khosi lamkamwa lalikulu lili ndi ma onkhs (mano osakhazikika) omwe amakhudza mucous membrane wamatumbo amunthu. Zilonda zamagazi ndi chimodzi mwazotsatira za mutu wovuta wa parasitic m'matumbo a anthu. Krivogolovka ndiofalikira m'maiko angapo. Ku USSR, amadziwika ku Caucasus. Zachikazi zazikulu, zimayambitsa matumbo amunthu, mazira achinsinsi omwe amapezeka palimodzi ndi chopondera munthu. Mphutsi zimakhala ndi rhabditoid esophagus. M'dothi, amayamba kukhala ndi moyo wa saprobionts ngati rhabditids. Kenako amaletsa chakudya cha saprobiotic ndikusandukira mphutsi ya "solidyloid", yomwe atatha kusungunuka imalowa gawo lachitatu la chitukuko. Mphutsi zoterezi, zikakhala m'nthaka, zimasokoneza, i.e., zitha kulowa thupi la munthu. Mphindi yovuta kwambiri mu sayansi ya miluyi iyenera kuganiziridwa ngati kukhoza kulowa m'magazi a anthu kudzera pakhungu lolowerera). Mphutsi za mutu wamkati zimalowa m'magazi a anthu ndipo kenako zimangolowa mu atrium yoyenera yamtima. Pambuyo pake, kudzera m'mpweya wam'mapapo, mphutsi zimalowa m'mapapu amunthu. Hemoptysis ndiyotheka nthawi imeneyi. Kuchokera m'mapapu, nematode amalowa pharynx ndipo kuchokera pamenepo amalowa m'matumbo a munthu, makamaka mu duodenum, pomwe mutu wa crani umafikira munthu wamkulu, wokhwima ndikuyamba kudzipatula mazira.
Mkuyu. 241. Mutu wam'mutu wamutu wopindika wa duodenal (Ancylostoma duodenale). Mano akulu amawoneka pamkamwa.
Zikuwonekeratu kuti kupezeka kwa tiziromboti mthupi la munthu sikungokhala popanda zotulukapo. Katswiri wina wamaphunziro, a E.N. Pavlovsky, analemba kuti: "M'matumbo, ululu wam'mimba, wowonjezereka ndi nkhawa, umadziwika. Zakudya zamtunduwu zimafooketsa mukamadya zinthu monga lapansi kapena choko cha hookworms (mwachitsanzo odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a hookworm.-A . P.) nthawi zambiri pamakhala kupotoza kukoma, ndipo mwachibadwa amamva kufunika kudya dziko lapansi (geophagy), lomwe limatha kuyang'aniridwa ndi kusintha kwamphamvu kwa dziko lapansi chifukwa cha ululu m'mimba mwa m'mimba. " Mlembiyu akupitilirabe, "kusanza kwamadzimadzi, mucous kapena bile. Kutsekula m'mimba nthawi zambiri kuposa kudzimbidwa. Pakhoza kukhala magazi mu chopondapo. M'tsogolo, zochitika za kuchepa kwa magazi, kufooka, chizungulire, palpitations, kuchuluka kwamphamvu, kupuma movutikira kumatha kuwonekera. Imfa siyipatula.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti matenda amatha, mwachitsanzo, polumikizana ndi khungu lopanda kanthu pansi. Chifukwa chake kulumikizidwa kwa hookworm (monga momwe matendawa amatchulira) ndi ntchito ya akumba, alimi, ogwira ntchito m'migodi, ndi zina zambiri.
Kukula kwa matendawa kumatsimikizira kufunika kolimbana ndi tiziromboti toyambitsa matenda komanso chithandizo chapadera ngati matenda. Kuchulukana kwamtundu wa anthu akumaderamo khwawa ndiye njira yofunika kwambiri polimbana ndi tiziromboti.
Banja la Nitchat (Filariata). Banja ili limaphatikizapo nematode, yomwe m'dziko lathu idawonongedwa kwathunthu. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zakuthana ndi kuwonongedwa kwathunthu kwa matanthwe a parasitiki potengera chidziwitso cholondola cha sayansi yawo yazinthu komanso kukula kwazinthu. Tikutanthauza kuti tiziromboti tofika kutalika kwa masentimita 120, kutalika kwa thupi ndi 1.0-1.7 mm. Ichi ndi rishta, kapena Dracunculus medinensis.Ichi ndi chimodzi mwamavuto owopsa kwambiri aanthu. Wamkazi wachikulire amatenga mbali ya m'mitsempha ya m'mimba, minyewa ya m'mimba, komanso minyewa yolowerera, makamaka miyendo ya munthu. Matendawa amayamba ndi kuyabwa m'malo ena a khungu, ndipo m'malo amenewa kuuma kumamveka. Pambuyo pake, chilonda chimayamba, kuchokera pakatikati pake, kudzera pakudutsa pakhungu ndi pakhungu, khungu limayamba kutuluka. Kudzera pachilonda, nematode amatulutsa mphutsi. Pambuyo pake, kutengera ndi komwe kuli rishta, ululu wolumikizana ungawoneke. Matenda achiwiri, zilonda zam'mimba, ndi zina zotheka. Ngati mazira a rishta agwera m'madzi, mphutsi zimatuluka. Komabe, zinthu zomwezi zimachitika m'nthaka yonyowa. M'madzi, mphutsi sizikhala nthawi yayitali, pafupifupi masiku atatu. Panthawi imeneyi, amalowa thupi lamapapu ochepa - ma cyclops. Mitundu ingapo ya ma cyclops amadziwika, ndipo onse a iwo (Cyclops coronatus, C. quadricornis, C. oitonoides, C. vicinus, C. uljanini) atha kukhala makamu apakati a makoswe a rishta. Ma cyclops akumeza mphutsi izi ndikupatsirana. Kuchokera pamimba ya cyclops, mphutsi zimalowa mkatikati mwa thupi la crustaceans. Apa zimapindika, zimapitiriza kukula kwake kwa miyezi 1 - 1.5, ndipo, zotsalira m'thupi la crustaceans, zimapanga mawonekedwe ofanana ndi microfilariae. Ngati munthu, limodzi ndi madzi akumwa, akameza kachilombo kamene kamakhala ndi kachilomboka, matendawa amatha kulowa m'matumbo am'mimba, kenako nthenda imayamba kudwala yomwe yatchulidwa ndi dzina la majeremusi dracunculiasis.
Rishta ndizofala kwambiri. Amadziwika ku Iran, ku India, m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yofiira, m'mphepete mwa Nile, ku Asia ndi Africa. Anthu adziwa kale matenda oyambitsidwa ndi rishta. Galen (131-201 BC) wodziwika bwino anatulutsa kale matenda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha majeremusi. Rishta adadziwika ndi olemba achiarabu komanso Ayuda akale ochokera m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yofiira, yemwe amatcha nematode wautali "njoka yamoto."
Chithandizo chokha m'masiku akale chinali kuchotsa rishta ndikutsitsa mphutsi yayitali pa ndodo. Njira iyi yakhala ikudziwika kwa nthawi yayitali.
Ku USSR, ma dracunculiasis adachotsedwa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zidakonzekera. Amakhala kuti adapanga mame anthu onse ndi dracunculiasis. Atamaliza ndi zoyipa zachikulire mwa anthu, adanyamula mayendedwe. Pachifukwa ichi, nyumba zosungiramo (nyumba) zidakonzedwa ndimitsinje motsatizana. Magetsi a dzuwa anawononga mayendedwe onse. Kenako malo osungira (nyumba) adakonzedwa, mipata yomwe idali pakati pa mafulati am'nyumba idathiridwa ndi simenti, ndipo njira yoperekera madzi idapangidwa mumzinda (Bukhara). Anthu anali oletsedwa mwamphamvu kumwa madzi osaphika ochokera m'malo osungirako. Kuti tichite izi, adalimbikitsidwa kumwa madzi am'miyala, omwe mphuno yake idakutidwa ndi mpango wowuma, kuti ma cyclops omwe adatsalira m'madziwewo asathe kumeza munthu. Chifukwa chake, adatengedwa kuti alepheretse matenda ndi njira zothandizira odwala. Njira zingapo zoyesedwa ndi boma la Soviet pamaziko a zidziwitso za sayansi zidapangitsa kuti kuthetsere kuyambiranso pakati pathu. Zinali zopambana kwambiri pa sayansi ya Soviet ya nyongolotsi zam'madzi - helminths, zomwe zimadziwika pansi pa dzina wamba helminthology. Izi zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwake ndikuphunzira molondola momwe kukula kwa helminths (nyongolotsi zam'mimba). Pa kafukufuku wasayansi weniweni wa helminths ndi chitukuko chawo, chiphunzitso cha zowonongera helminths - kuchotsedwa kwawo ku moyo ndi moyo wa anthu aku Soviet.
Ili ndiye loto labwino kwambiri wa chipani chachikulu cha Soviet helminthologist. K. I. Scriabin.
Kulamula. Nkhosa imatsokomola ndi chifuwa chowuma, chouma. Pambuyo pake, chifuwa chikukulira, chimayamba kukhala chovuta komanso chovuta. Kuchokera mkamwa ndi mphuno za nkhosazo, ntchofu za imvi zobiriwira nthawi zina zimamasulidwa. Mapeto ake, nyamayo imafa. Choyambitsaimfa ichi ndi nematode odziwika mu sayansi monga Dictyocaulus filaria. Thupi loyera la nematodewa limafika kutalika kwa 30-80 mm mwa amuna ndi 50-112 mm mwa akazi ndi makulidwe amthupi a 0,35-0.59 mm.Amuna amakhala ndi bursa.
Nematode imamera mu bronchi ndi trachea ya nkhosa, nthawi zambiri pamiyeso ikuluikulu, imapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa mucous membranes ndi mafotokozedwe akunja a matenda omwe amatchedwa dictyocauliasis.
Mu bronchi komanso pang'ono mu trachea, majeremusi akuluakulu amaikira mazira ambiri. Mazira amayeretsedwa ndi nkhosa mkamwa. Mazira amalowa mu malo akunja mokha, mphutsi zimatuluka mwa iwo pano. Mazira ambiri amalowa m'matumbo a nkhosa. Pamenepanso mphutsi zotuluka mazira. Amakula, amayenda kwambiri ndipo atalandira matumbo a nyama kupita kumalo odyetserako, amapeza phindu la mphutsi zowononga, mwachitsanzo, amatha kupezeka paliponse m'thupi la nkhosa. Mphutsi zosaoneka ndizoopsa kwambiri. Amakhala ngati gwero la matenda a nkhosayo ndi dictiocaulosis. Mphutsi zikangolowa, limodzi ndi msipu, kulowa mkatikati mwa nkhosazo, kukula kwa tiziromboti kumayamba. M'matumbo a nkhosa, mphutsi za ulusi, zimataya khungu lotsalira pambuyo pa molt wachiwiri (woyamba anali mu dzira), kenako ndikulowa m'mitsempha ya nkhosa. Pabedi la zotengera izi, mphutsi zimalowa mumtima, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo zimalowa m'mapapu a nkhosa. Kugwetsa timitsempha tating'ono ta m'mapapo, mphutsizo zimalowa mu bronchi. Zotsatira za matendawa zimadalira kukula kwa nkhosazo. Ngati ndichabwino, kufa kwa nyama ndi zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha matendawa.
Dictiocauliasis ndiye mliri wakusakazidwa kwa nkhosa, chifukwa chake kulimbana kwamphamvu ndikumenyedwa kulimbana ndi matenda a nkhosawa, omwe, kuwonjezera pa chithandizo chapadera cha nkhosa, kuyang'anira nkhosa ndizofunikira kwambiri. Popeza kuti mphutsi za diktiocaulus zimasakazidwa patatha masiku 6-7, nkhosazo zimasungidwa kumalo osungirako osaposa masiku asanu, kenako zimasungitsidwa kumalo osungira kumene, komwe zimadyetsanso kosaposa masiku asanu, kenako kusamukira kumalo atsopano. Zotsatira za mayendedwe a nkhosa oterewa, zotsatirazi zimachitika: mphutsi za diktiocaulus zimatulutsa m'matumbo a nkhosazo, ndipo zikafika palimodzi ndi chimbudzi cha nyama, zimafika pagawo lowonongera, koma sizikupeza mwini, i, nkhosazo (zakhala zikusunthidwa kale kubusa loyera) . "Malo omenyera nkhondo" - msipu - umasiyidwa ndi nkhosa munthawi, ndipo mphutsi zotsala za dictiocaulus zimafa. Zikuwonekeratu kuti zochitika zodziwikirazi zimatheka pokhapokha ngati minda yayikulu ya Mayi athu ndi malo awo odyetserako ziweto.
Nyama zina, kuphatikiza ng'ombe, zimadwalanso dictyocaulosis, koma mitundu ina ndi mfundo yogwira pamenepa.
Njira Yogwiritsa Ntchito Roundworm
Ma Nematode, kapena mwachidule, nyongolotsi, mosiyana ndi abale awo, amapatsidwa anus. Matumbo amadutsa thupi lonse la helminth, amatenga mawonekedwe a chubu lolunjika. Chakudya chimalowa kummero (gawo loyambirira la matumbo), lomwe limayimiriridwa ndi makoma amisempha.
Chakudya chachikulu cha majeremusi ndi algae, mabakiteriya, tinthu tating'onoting'ono totulutsa - kutengera chilengedwe. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pakamwa timakhala ndi mano achilendo - ma cuticles. Mitundu yofananira imadalira chimera chomera, nyama, ndi anthu.
Zipangizo zopumira
Monga lamulo, kupuma mozungulira mozungulira kumachitika kudzera mu thupi lonse, chifukwa palibe njira yoyendera magazi. Chifukwa chake, palibe chifukwa chofumira kwa oksijeni ku ziwalo zonse. Mphamvu yochokera ku chakudya imamasulidwa kudzera mu kuwonongeka kwa glycogen, chinthu chamoyo.
Neurological kadi nematode
Makina amagetsi amanjenje ndiwophweka, koma amagwira ntchito ndipo ndi mphete yamanjenje ya minofu yokhala ndi nthambi zingapo zamanjenje kuchokera pamenepo, pomwe zimakhudzidwa. Awiri mwa iwo: dorsal ndi m'mimba, ali ndi mawonekedwe ozama ndipo amadutsa magawo a hypodermal a zigawo zogwirizana ndi majeremusi. Ojumpha amalumikiza mathero a mitsempha kukhala dongosolo limodzi.
Ziwalo za kukhudza ndi kuzindikira kwa mankhwala zimapangidwa bwino. Zida zomvera m'matumbo sizikupezeka.
Nematode Moyo Wazungulira
Tizilombo tambiri tomwe tidakhalako timakumana magawo asanu a kukula: anayi aiwo ndi akulu ndi akulu m'modzi. Kusintha konse kumalumikizidwa ndi kusintha kwa malo kapena kusamuka kuchokera kumodzi kupita kumodzi.
Tizilombo timene timakhala mwaulere chifukwa cha njala yosatha timatha kubweretsa mphutsi zotchedwa Dauer mphutsi.
Biohelminths
Biohelminths ndi mtundu wa majeremusi omwe amapita patsogolo pomwe pali onyamula apakatikati, ndipo gulu la mphutsi zamtunduwu womwewo umawerengedwa kuti ndi yaying'ono. Malo abwino otukula biohelminths ndi subtropics ndi otentha. Pabanja Fil-lariodea ndipo ndizomwe zimayambitsa matenda - filariasis.
Zonyamula zazikulu ndi anthu, anthropoids ndi zolengedwa zina zoyamwitsa. Ma Biohelminths amayendetsedwa ndi tizilombo tomwe timayamwa magazi.
Kukhazikika kwa anthu akuluakulu (philariae) ndi ziwalo zamkati, pomwe mphutsi (microfilariae) zimalowa m'mimba ndi magazi. Mthupi la wotumizirayo, majeremusi amakula motere: kulumidwa ndi kachilombo ka microfillaria kukafika pamimba, kenako mphutsiyo ndikudutsa m'matumbo a minofu, pomwe imafika gawo loukiridwa, kenako kupita ku phenoscis. Chifukwa chake, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda nthawi yomweyo timakhala ngati chonyamula komanso chonyamula.
Ma Filaria amalowa m'magazi okhaokha pokhapokha wonyamulayo atagwira ntchito kwambiri. Pankhani ya udzudzu, ino ndi nthawi yamadzulo ndi usiku. Mu mahatchi - m'mawa ndi masana. Mukasamutsa ma phyllarium ndi midges kapena midging yoluma, zotulutsa zawo sizikhala ndi nthawi yeniyeni, ndipo zimangotengera chinyezi.
Mitundu yayikulu ya zozungulira
- Wuchereria banctofti: mwa anthu ndi anyani, amayang'ana mitsempha yamagazi ndi ma lymph node. Zimayambitsa kukoka kwa magazi ndi zamitsempha. Amayambitsa ndi elephantiasis ndi ziwengo. Wonyamula wamkulu ndi udzudzu.
- Brugia malayi: eni chomaliza ndi anthu, mitundu ina ya anyani, ndi banja la mphaka. Pathogenicity ndi ndende ndizofanana Wuchereria banctofti. Amanyamulanso ndi udzudzu.
- Pavocerca volvulus: imafalikira ndi midges, ndipo wonyamula helminth ndi munthu. Amadziunjikira m'thupi pansi pa khungu la mutu, chifuwa, mikono ndi miyendo. Imalimbikitsa mapangidwe a mayina opweteka. Kuzindikira m'malo a ziwalo zamasomphenya - kumatha kuyambitsa khungu.
- Loa loa: yotakasuka pansi pakhungu ndi mucous nembanemba mwa anthu ndi anyani, amapanga timinofu topweteka komanso zotupa. Imayenda ndi mahatchi.
- Mansonella: imayang'ana pa thupi la amanyamula, omwe ndi anthu, mu gawo lopanda mafuta, mawonekedwe am'mimba komanso pansi pa ziwalo za serous. Yonyamulidwa ndi kuluma midges.
M'pofunikanso kutchulanso mitundu yazowoneka kwambiri yazowoneka mozungulira.
Gulu la Tylenchidae
Dzikoli la ma parasitic othandizira kuphatikizira ziwalo za anthu ndi nyama ndilosiyanasiyana ndipo mulinso mitundu yambiri ya nematode. Tilibe mwayi pano wopitiliza kufotokozera za helminths. Zimakhalabe kwa oimira ena mwa owongolera, omwe adasinthika kukhala parasitization mu ziwalo za mbewu. Mitundu yonseyi, ili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 1000, ili yonse gulu tylenchid (Tulenchidae).
Tsinde Nematod a banja Tylenchidae ndi mtundu Ditylenchus. Tiyeni tilingalire za kufotokozera kwa tsinde nematode lomwe limayambitsa adyo ndi anyezi. Chisankho chathu chimatsimikiziridwa ndikuwonongeka kwakukulu komwe nematode iyi imayambitsa mbewu ya anyezi m'mafamu a dziko lathu. Mu storages, kutayika kumatha kufika 40-60% ya mababu osungidwa, otsirizawa amakhudzidwa ndi tsinde la anyezi ndikufa chifukwa cha kuwola kwa putrefactive.
Tsinde la tsinde lomwe limafunsidwa limatchedwa Ditylenchus dipsaci. Mtunduwu ndi wa kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya mitundu ya polytypic, i.e. yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe ochulukirapo mwachilengedwe, kapena valevere.Izi zikufotokozedwa, makamaka, poti Ditylenchus dipsaci imapereka miyambo yambiri yachilengedwe yosinthidwa kukhala parasitize pazomera zambiri.Chifukwa chake, mpikisano wa anyezi ukhoza kufalikira osati mu minofu ya anyezi ndi adyo, komanso nyemba, buckwheat, sipinachi, beets wamafuta, mpiru, udzu winawake ndi mbewu zina.
Kodi ditylench amadya bwanji? Choyamba, kwa iye, monga oyimira ena onse a tylenchid order, kusinthika kwa khomo lamkamwa kukhala chida chakuthwa lakuthwa - masitayilo, ndi khalidwe. Mu Ditylenchus dipsaci, makongoletsedwewa amafikira 11 mm kutalika. Kumapeto kwa sitimayo kumadulidwa mwachisawawa ndipo potero, kumakhala ngati singano ya syringe yachipatala. Kumapeto kwake, makongoletsedwewo amakhala ndi "mitu" itatu. Mikwingwirima itatu imalumikizidwa ndi "mitu" iyi, malekezero ena ake omwe amalumikizana ndi zigawo zitatu zoyambira. Izi basal septa ndiye maziko a makongoletsedwe a kapisozi kamutu, komwe kumakhala kutsogolo kwa thupi layleylench. Mizere itatu yamatumbo a stylet amapanga atatu protractoromwe ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu yamagalimoto ndipo amatha kuponyera sitayilo mwachangu potsegula pakamwa pang'ono. Ditylench kwenikweni "amawombera" ndi kalembedwe kake, ndikukumenyera ndi dzenje lopapatiza mu chipolopolo chofowoka komanso chopyapyala. Chojambulachi, sichimangokhala ngati "chopatsa" mafuta, komanso chiwalo chomwe Ditylench imayamwa maselo osungunuka kudzera mumsewu wake wamkati. Makina onse olondola ndi osunthika awa ali ndi kukula kwakutali. Sichingakhale cholakwika ngati titi kuti patsogolo pathu ndi "zokongoletsera" zabwino kwambiri zachilengedwe! Ichi ndi chida cha Ditylench ndi woimira wina aliyense wa nematode kuchokera gulu tylenchid . Dzinalo, Tylenchida, lidapangidwa ndi Englishologistologist Bastian mu 1865 pophatikiza mawu awiri achi Greek: ma tylos - chimanga ("Mitu" ya masanjidwewo) ndi ma ench - singano. Kuwonekera kwa makongoletsedwe kumadutsira ku lumen ya esophagus, yomwe poyambirira, ndiko kuti, pafupi ndi sitayilo, imakhala ndi mulifupi wofanana ndi kutsimikizira kwa kalembedwe.
Mendulo imagawika m'magulu atatu: thupi, mtundu (mtundu) ndi babu la mtima. Corpus ,yo, imagawidwa kukhala gawo la kutsogolo, kapena Corpus, ndi kumbuyo - metacorpus, yomwe imakulitsidwa mu tylenchids ambiri, kuphatikiza anyezi dilenchus, kupukusa kwapakatikati.
Kuti timvetse tanthauzo la ntchito yofukizira (kupyoza) ya sitoloyi, tiyeni tiziganizira ntchito za babu. Bulb ya metacorpal imakhala ndi minofu ndipo imatha kuyendetsa kayendedwe ka contractile, komwe, imasinthira masitayilowo kuti asangokhala kuboola, komanso chitho choyamwa. Chifukwa chake, kalembedwe ka tylenchid kali ndi phindu lonyamula chiwalo chogoba ndipo mu mawonekedwe oyipa tingafanizidwe ndi zida zoboola za tizilombo tina (ma aphid, udzudzu, nsikidzi, ndi zina).
Komabe, makongoletsedwe amatha kukwaniritsa ntchito yake pokhapokha ngati ndodo yakebooyo imamizidwa m'madzi, komanso, m'madzi ochepetsetsa. Apo ayi, ntchito yake imakhala yovuta kapena yosatheka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti sikokwanira kungolongedza masitayelo amenewo mu misa yotakika ngati ma plasma a cell chomera. Ndikofunikira kusungunula plasma iyi. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kukhala ndi zida zomwe zimatha kugwira ntchito iyi. Ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti ndikofunikira kusintha gawo la cholengedwa cham'mimba kukhala zinthu zomwe zimasungunuka m'madzi. Ntchito iyi imachitidwa ndi tiziwalo timene timagona mu mtima bulb. Chofunika kwambiri ndi kutulutsa kwa msana, komwe mu ditylenchus kumakhala ndi gawo yayitali lomwe limayenda kulowa kolowera kumbuyo kwa mawonekedwe. Kutulutsa kwa chithokomiro kumeneku kumayenda modutsa m'makola am'madzi, ndikumayilowetsa m'matumbo a chomera. Kuchita kwa chimbudzi kwa msana kumangokhala nthawi yomweyo: imasungunula kapena kusintha zinthu za m'magazi a chomera ndi zonse zomwe zilimo, ndipo makamaka pazinthu zomanga mapuloteni ndi ma polysaccharides (pakati pazinthu zina, zomwe sitidzalankhula pano). Mapuloteni amawomberedwa kukhala zinthu zosavuta, zosungunuka, ma polysaccharides amasinthidwa kukhala mono- ndi ma disaccharides, nawonso sungunuka m'madzi. Izi, makamaka, ndizomwe zimayambitsa kukonzekera kwa zinthu zovuta monga mapuloteni ndi ma polysaccharides.Kuwabweretsa ndi zinthu zosavuta komanso zosasungunuka ndi madzi zomwe zimasanduliza zinthu zosavuta izi zomwe nyama, kuphatikizapo zinthu za microscopic phytoparasitic nematode, zimatha kuyamwa. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito pazinthu zina zachilengedwe, zomwe dziko lapansi limadzala ndi zochuluka - mafuta, ulusi, zipolopolo za pectin zomwe "zimamatirana" zimabzala maselo mu minofu imodzi ndi mawonekedwe, titero, kachitini komwe njira yamoyo yazinthu zophatikizidwa mwachilengedwe. Ditylench ndi ma tylenchids osiyanasiyana m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndikusiyanasiyana kosiyanasiyana amawononga ma organic zovuta awa, amawabweretsa kuti akhale osavuta komanso ogaya kwambiri, makamaka matupi osungunuka.
Mkuyu. 242. Anyezi-adyo ditylench (Ditylenchus dipsaci): 1 - masitayilo, 2 - esophagus, 3 - bulb wapakati, 4 - zotupa za esophagus, 5 - mphete yamitsempha, 6 - excuctory duct, 7 - matumbo apakati, 8 - anus, 9 - ovary, 10 - dzira, 11 - zofunikira m'maso, 12 - kunja ndi chiberekero 13 -
Kodi maziko oti "nyongolotsi" zathu zazing'onozi ndi ziti? Sayansi imapereka yankho lomveka bwino pafunso ili: pakusintha kwa zinthu zovuta za maselo a chomera ndi ziwalo kukhala zinthu zosungunuka ndi zopopera, ma enzymes omwe amatulutsidwa ndi ma chithokomiro kuchokera ku tiziwalo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timaphatikizika kapena timene timayambira. Tizilombo timene timatulutsa timadzi tambiri. Kutupa kwa msana ndikuwoneka kuti ndiye kutsogoleredwa. Maso ake, okhala ndi ma enzymes, amayenda kumunsi kwa sitayilo kapena ku lumen ya gawo lakunja la babu la metacorpal. Kuchokera apa, thovu lomwe limaphatikizika limalowa mu mawonekedwe a pateleri kenako kulowa mu cell ya chomera. Pafupifupi, gawo lapafupi kwambiri la plasma ya cell, imachiritsidwa ndi dontho la enzymatic excretion, imasungunuka ndipo imakokedwa ndikuwunikira kwa esophagus ndi mphamvu yoyamwa ya metacorpal bulb. Komabe, makongoletsedwewo "amayamwa", popeza umagwira gawo laling'onoting'ono ndi mphamvu yayikulu yoyamwa. Chifukwa chake, kwenikweni, chimbudzi chakunja chimakhala chachilengedwe mu tylenchids. Chigawo chokonzeka, kuchepetsedwa komanso. akudya ngakhale kunja kwa nematode, dontho la michere limapezeka m'matumbo apakati. Chifukwa chake izi phytoparasitic nematode zimadyetsa.
Anyezi Ditylench, kapena liwiro la anyezi (Ditylenchus dipsaci), amatha kudya mwanjira ina. Iziodeode samamatira sitimayo m'maselo a babu. Zimangophwanya umphumphu wa minofu ndi makongoletsedwe ndikuchita ndi puloteni yake pazigamba za pectin zamaselo a chomera. Zigobazi zimasungunuka ndipo minofu ya bulb imatsata zomwe zimatchedwa maceration, i.e., imagawika kukhala maselo osalumikizana onse. Zomwe zimaphatikizika zimafalikira kunja, kumadzipangitsa kukhala madzi okhala ndi zinthu zosungunuka mkati mwake, omwe amayamba ndi maselo. Njira imeneyi imadyetsanso nematode. Maceration imalola nematode kulowa mkati ndikuzama kulowa mu minofu ya babu ndikuwawononga pang'ono pang'onopang'ono, kudya zakudya zomwe zimapangitsa kuti michere iwonongeke.
Komabe, nematode samangodya, komanso amayamba kutulutsa mazira. Kuchokera mazira pano, mu sing'anga yophika iyi, mphutsi zimabadwa. Ngakhale dzira, mphutsi za m'badwo woyamba molt. Kutuluka m'zigamba za mazira, iwo amatembenuka malo a anyezi wokhala ndi zipatso zambiri pamodzi ndi abale awo achikulire. Akasungunuka m'mazira, amapinda mphutsi zachiwiri. Ndiye iwo amayimba kachiwiri ndi kudutsa mu m'badwo wachitatu. Pambuyo pake, molt wachitatu umachitika ndipo mphutsi zimafika m'badwo wachinayi. Pambuyo pa molt wachinayi, nematode amasintha kukhala mitundu yayikulu. Zonsezi zimatenga masiku 10-12. Imayamba, motero, mofulumira, ngakhale pang'ono pang'onopang'ono kuposa ma rhabditids. Kukula kumathamanga kwambiri kotero kuti mwa mazira 250 omwe mayi m'modzi amapereka m'moyo wake, mbadwa zazikulu zimakula. Ana onse awa - ndipo awa ndi mawonekedwe a ditylenchus - samasiya babu komwe chitukuko chinayambira.Mosiyana ndi izi, m'mizimba yake mizera yotsatizana imayamba, ndipo popeza nthawi yotalikirana ya moyoylench ndi yayikulu (osachepera chaka), nematode ambiri amadzaza tinthu tambiri tomwe timakhala m'nthaka komanso posungira. Choncho, chives mmodzi kamodzi akuti makope 7186 ditylench!
Ngati inu kudula ndi anyezi anyezi kapena clove wa adyo mutizidutswa tating'ono ting'ono ndi kuviika iwo mu nyuzi ndi madzi, limene pogona pa gululi zitsulo, ngakhale ndi apoyera, ndi bwino pa kawiri galasi lokulitsira inu mukhoza kuwona chithunzi chachikulu, angakaphe kwa nthawi yoyamba pakuwona. Zikwizikwi za ditylenchas zimayamba kuonekera kuchokera pazidutswa za anyezi kapena adyo patapita mphindi zochepa, ndikuyamba kulowerera pang'onopang'ono m'khosi la tsabola. Kupotoza, iwo kupita mu mphira chubu ndi zokuzira pa khosi la nyuzi ya. Kuyambira pamenepo, miyendo clamping padera, chimodzi amatha kusiyanitsa mu slurry izi nematodes ndikuyesetsa chubu. Kuwona kukonzekera kwa malembawa pansi pa chivundikiro kumatipatsa mwayi kuti tidziwe gulu la ditylench. Ife tonse kuona zinthu mmene nyama tosaoneka ndi maso, ndi akazi amene sakonda olumpha 1 mm m'litali: stiletto, protractors izo esophageal babu, zopangitsa wamphamvu phukusi kumbuyo kwa kum'mero, maliseche, spicules ndi mapiko bursal wa mwamuna mchira. Zazikazi mu oviduct ndi zooneka limba pokha zotsogola zotsogolaOngokhala mizere inayi ya maselo chonse. Akukhulupirira kuti England amatulutsa excreta, zolimbikitsa chitukuko cha munthu wa nembanemba dzira. Pakufika kwa gland iyi, ndikosavuta kuzindikira kuzungulira.
Kuti mapulaniwo nematodes, kapena ditylenchilinso ya mbatata ditylench, yofanana kwambiri ndi zomwe zidafotokozedwa kale. Ditylench mbatata - mmodzi wa tizirombo kwambiri oopsa kwa tubers mbatata, kupulula katundu zomvetsa chuma.
muzu mfundo nematodes. Mwa mitundu tylenchids kudziwika nematodes owopsa yoperekedwa kwa mtundu wa ndulu - Meloidogyne. Akazi a nematodes izi ziri thupi kutupa amuna wochepa kwambiri. Mbali yocheperako komanso yotalikirana yakumbuyo kwa thupi la mkaziyo imanyamula bokosi laling'ono lokhala ndi mutu. Kumbuyo oumbidwa ya thupi ndi m'matumbo yaikulu ndi ziwiri kugonana chubu popanga ambiri mazira - zoposa zikwi ziwiri mwezi kuli chachikazi. Mphutsi za nematodes muzu mfundo pa kusiya zipolopolo dzira mu nthaka ndi kudutsa mizu ya zomera zambiri. Nthawi zambiri, mphutsizo zimalowa mkati mwa msana pafupi ndi kapu. Iwo amasunthira pa kenaka n'kukakhala pansi, kutembenuzira mutu kumapeto kwa mtima mtolo mizu. Kuchokera pamenepa mfundo sayenda mphutsi asiye. Amakhala nyama zangokhala, kapena zangokhala. Umayamba kukhala, kudutsa mndandanda wa siteji anayi limodzi larval ndi wamkulu. Ngati awiri a ukuwonjezeka thupi mphutsi ndi likukhalira mu mpweya wamkulu wamkazi kapena wamwamuna. Amuna nthawi zambiri samawoneka kawirikawiri komanso makamaka okhala ndi moyo wowonjezereka.
Bola ngati chitukuko, mchikakamizo cha secretions (michere) nematodes wayamba kusintha boma zokhudza thupi mbali ma wa muzu minofu, ndi Komanso, anthu amene ali pafupi kutha mutu wa larva osauka. Maselo kuwonjezera kukula ndi kutaya luso lawo kugawaniza, ngakhale kuti iye mobwerezabwereza anagawa phata la maselo amenewa. Chifukwa chake, maselo akuluakulu amitundu yambiri, otchedwa chimphona. Mu yomweyi, kukula pang'onopang'ono kwa maselo azinga nematode ndi muzu kukula chotupa, amene ali ndi mawonekedwe anamaliza ndi odziwika monga Gau, choncho dzina "muzu mfundo nematodes." Ziphuphu monga mikanda imazika mizu yomwe yakhudzidwa ndi ndulu ya ndulu. Apa m'pofunika kulankhula za mbali ina ya ndulu. chakuti Agal aumbike monga chitukuko wamkazi anamanga nsalu zake. Mtsempha uli, ngati kuti ndi bokosi la piritsi la ndulu ya ndulu, "malo ake achitetezo", chitetezo chake, malo omwe akukhalamo, amakula komanso kubereka ana.M'moyo wa mkazi yemwe wafika msinkhu wokhwima, mphindi yofunika kwambiri imabwera - kukonzekera kudzipatula kwa mazira. Pakadali pano, michere yambiri imayamba kuonekera kuchokera ku tiziwalo tambiri, tomwe timadziunjikira mbali zomaliza za thupi la mkazi. Unyinji wowoneka bwino umachulukirapo chifukwa cha magudumu obisika a magawo ake onse atsopano. Pafupifupi masekondi 10 aliwonse, dontho latsopano la zotupa limatuluka. Pamene gawo lonse lazimayi lotseguka limakutidwa ndi michere yambiri, mazira amayamba kutuluka. Mwanjira imeneyi thumba la mazira limapangidwa, kapena ooteka.
Mphutsi zikatulutsa mazira, tsogolo lawo limatha kukhala losiyana. Mbali ina ya mphutsi pafupi kwambiri ndi masamba a ndulu m'nthaka ndikuvulaza mizu yatsopano. Ena amakhalabe ndulu. Chifukwa chake, nduluyo imayamba kukula. Arises ndulu yovuta, kapena singall. Singalla amatha kukula kwambiri, nthawi zina mpaka 2-3 cm. Kuchokera pamasewera oterowo, mphutsi zambiri zimatha kusiyanasiyana ndikupanga madzi.
Mkuyu. 243. Gall nematode: A - atatu ma ndulu nematode (1) muzu muzu wa nkhaka, 2 - khungu lalikulu, 3 - nuclei ya maselo akulu. B - nsonga ya muzu wa nkhaka. Minyewa yodetsedwa ya nematode imalowa mkati mwa mizu
Tsoka la Gauls nthawi zonse limakhala chimodzimodzi. Poyamba amakhala oyera, okhala ndi opalescent pamwamba. Pambuyo pake, njira zimayamba mwa iwo. necrosis - momwe mbewuyo imapezekera ndi majeremusi muzu minofu. Kenako nduluyo pang'onopang'ono imasanduka yofiirira. Njira za nectrotic mmenemo zimakopa mabakiteriya omwe amatha kuwonongeka. Kutsatira mabakiteriya ndi njira zowola zomwe zimayambitsa, saprobiotic rhabditides omwe amatidziwitsa kale kuti alowe ndulu. Zotsatira zake, zonse ndulu ndi malo omwe ali ndi mizu yomwe yakhudzidwa awonongedwa. Mtengowo umaponderezedwa osabala zipatso, kapena umafa kwathunthu. Mu greenhouse, chifukwa cha kubadwanso ndulu nematode, wamkulu ndulu ya nematodose, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala kuwonongeka kwa 40-60% ya zokolola zazikuluzikulu za minda iyi (nkhaka). Awa ndi ma ndulu a ndulu, akukhudza mitundu yambiri ya mbewu, kuphatikiza wowonjezera kutentha, dimba, vwende, zipatso komanso ukadaulo.
Kulimbana ndi nematode awa ndizovuta kwambiri komanso mtengo. Mpaka pano, palibe njira zodalirika zopezekera zomwe zatsimikiziratu kuti matendawa atayika, ngakhale zakhala zikuyenda bwino pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osiyanasiyana a anti-nematode, omwe amadziwika ndi dzina lodziwika bwino nematicides. Zitha kuchepetsa kuwonongeka ndikugulitsa famuyo, ngakhale ndizofunikira kuyika nthaka mobwerezabwereza mankhwala mobwerezabwereza, kubwereza "kukhathamiritsa" kwamayiko osagwira ntchito mobwerezabwereza.
Chosangalatsa chachikulu ndi choyambirira mu gulu lake la dothi nematode a banja Cephalobidae. Ma cuticle awo onyezimira amakhala ndi mphete zazikulu, osakongoletsedwa ndi maulalo okhala ndi zonyezimira. Komabe, chidwi chimakopeka ku bungwe la mutu: ili ndi zida zoyendetsera bwino nthambi, zomwe zimatchedwa probol. Proboles amapanga zida zovuta, mothandizidwa ndi momwe nematodes amaphulitsira zinyalala zomwe zikuwonongeka, zomwe zimapereka chakudya ku Cephalobidae. Zambiri mwa izi zimatha kulowa mizu. Chifukwa chake, asayansi ena amawona gulu la nematode ngati nyama zomwe zalowera njira yophunzirira minofu yazomera pogwiritsa ntchito zida zawo zoyambirira.
Mkuyu. 244. Oimira nthaka Cephalobidae: A - Acrobeles complexus, B - mutu wa Acrobes ciliatus, C - mtsogoleri wa Acrobeles ctenocephalus, D - mutu wa Acrobeles ornatus. Malo opangidwa bwino amawoneka.
Kuphatikiza pa phytoparasitic nematode omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa, mitundu ina yambiri imadziwika yomwe imayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu paulimi. Kuwerenga kwa nematode awa (tylenchid) otanganidwa phytohelminthologists - oimira asayansi achichepere ndipo tsopano akutukuka kwambiri - phytohelminthology, kapena phytonematology, monga momwe sayansi iyi imatchulidwira m'maiko ambiri.
Pomaliza
Ndikosavuta kuyankha funso komwe kulibe nematode. Zachidziwikire, iwo sakukhala akasupe otentha. Komabe, matupi amadzi okhala ndi kutentha pafupifupi 40 ° C, amadziwika. Ma Nematode amakhala m'malo onse momwe moyo ungatheke. Sichingakhale kukokomeza kunena kuti chilengedwe chonsechi ndi malo okhala nematode. M'nthaka, malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa nematode, gulu lalikulu la zolengedwa zamitundu yambiri ndi. Pansi pa nyanja ndi nyanja zam'madzi "ndizodzaza" ndi nematode. Palibe nyama zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapezeka m'matumbo awo zomwe nematodes sizinapezeke. Nematode parates mu parasite. Amatha kupezeka m'magawo a ma cestode. Mosakayikira, wina angadabwe ndi mbewu zomwe sizingakhale nematode imodzi. Ma Nematode ndi mazira awo amadziwika kuti amayenda ndi mpweya kudzera mumphepo. Amadziwa zambiri. Palibe gulu lina la nyama lomwe "lingadzitamande" chifukwa cha kufalikira kodabwitsa kotere. Udindo wa nematode m'chilengedwe mosakayikira ndi waukulu kwambiri. Kodi zitha kukhala choncho ngati dothi lonse likulowedwa ndi iwo, ngati zikuoneka kuti mbewu iliyonse ikakumana ndi iwo, ngati atakhala tizirombo ta pafupifupi nyama zonse, ngati agwirira mbewu zathu, ngati atalowa paliponse? Izi zikuchulukirachulukira za nematode ndizosangalatsa kwambiri m'mbiri yawo, moyo wawo.
Kuphunzira zinsinsi za kupambana kopambana kwa nematode - izi ndizinyama zazing'ono - ndi imodzi mwamavuto ofunika kwambiri azowona zamakono komanso chuma chonse.
Ziwalo zogaya
Tizilombo ta m'mimba ta ma roundworm timapangidwa mochulukirapo. Tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tosiyana ndi ma fuluwamoyo ndi kukhalapo kwa anus. Amalekananso mbira.
Chimbudzi chomgaya chimagawidwa m'magawo atatu: kutsogolo, pakati komanso kumbuyo. Chakudya chimakakamizidwa kupita mkamwa, kummero ndi kum'mero. Kudzimbidwa kwa msuzi wa chakudya kumachitika pakatikati, ndipo atatha kuperewera kwa michere, zotsalazo zimachotsedwa.
Kuyenda kwa chakudya tsopano kukuchitika mbali imodzi yokha, komwe kwathandizira kugaya bwino chimbudzi.
Matumbo dongosolo la ozungulira
Kuyerekezera kwa ma annelids ndi mawongo, mawonekedwe awo ndi zosiyana
Feature | Zozungulira | Ma Annelids |
---|---|---|
Symmetry | Yogwirizana | |
Chiwerengero cha maselo | Zosiyanasiyana | |
Tizilombo toyamwa | Pakamwa, pharynx, matumbo ndi anus | |
Fomu | Zosagwirizana | Thupi lalitali |
Njira yobereka | Dioecious | Hermaphrodites ndi dioecious |
Machitidwe amanjenje | Pharyngeal nerve ganglion yokhala ndi mitsempha yamkati ndi yamkati | Mphete ya Peripharyngeal yokhala ndi unyolo wamanjenje am'mimba |
Njira yozungulira | Ayi | Chotseka |
Zodzikongoletsa | Kudzera mu madzi amkati ndi tubules | Metanephridia |
Mitsempha yathupi | Poyamba | Sekondale |
Komanso, zozungulira mozungulira m'moyo wawo nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito magulu apakati kuti azichita bwino. Ma mphete sakhala khalidwe. Ma Annelids amasiyana ndi ozungulira ndi kupezeka kwa njira yotsekemera yozungulira, yoyimiriridwa ndi m'mimba ndi ziwalo zam'mimba.
Kuyerekeza nyongolotsi zozungulira komanso zozungulira, kufanana kwawo ndi zosiyana
Feature | Zozungulira | Flatworms |
---|---|---|
Symmetry | Yogwirizana | |
Njira yozungulira | Ndikusowa | |
Ziwalo zopumira | Sanapangidwe | |
Fomu | Fusiform | Wokongola ndi wosalala |
Chikwama cha pakhungu | Minofu yayitali | Longitudinal, annular, dorsoventral minofu. |
Zodzikongoletsa | Kudzera mu madzi amkati ndi tubules | Kupanga tubules |
Machitidwe amanjenje | Pharyngeal nerve ganglion yokhala ndi minyewa yam'mimba komanso ya dorsal | Mitsempha yamagalimoto ndi mitengo ikuluikulu |
Ziwalo zogaya | Pakamwa, pharynx, matumbo ndi anus | Kutsegula pakamwa, pharynx, m'mimba |
Habitat | Nthaka, madzi, zamoyo | Madzi, majeremusi |
Mitsempha yathupi | Poyamba | Osati zachilendo |
Njira yobereka | Dioecious | Hermaphrodite |
Moyo wazakudya ndi zakudya za ozungulira
Kukhazikika kwa ozungulira ndi osiyanasiyana. Amakhala mozama mwa nyanja, amakhala m'madzi abwino, dothi, mitundu ina imakhala ndi moyo wamatenda, imayambitsa matenda akulu mwa anthu ndi nyama.
Thanzi la nematode limatengera momwe akukhalira, ena amadya mwala ndi mabakiteriya, ena amadya zomwe zimathandizira, ndipo pali nyama zomwe zimadya.
Kukula kwachilengedwe ndi moyo wa munthu
Ma Roundworms ndi gawo limodzi lamaunyolo. Anthu okhala mwaufulu amatenga mabakiteriya, protozoa, ndipo iwo amakhala chakudya cha nsomba ndi crustaceans.
Zamoyo zomwe zimakhala padziko lapansi zimadwala zobowola, motero zimathandizira pakupanga dothi.
Mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi moyo wa parasitic, imapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa ulimi. Zozungulira, ma pinworms amagwiritsa ntchito nyama, tizilombo, mbalame ngati zazikulu kapena zapakatikati. Khalani omwe amayambitsa matenda akulu ndi kufa kwa zamoyo.
Tizilombo tosiyanasiyana titha kupatsira bowa ndi zomera, ndikuchepetsa kwambiri zipatso. Ma Nematode amalowera muzu ndikuwatsogolera kuti mbewuyi iphedwe, mwakutero akuletsa kukula kwa mbewu. Mbewu ndi ndiwo zamasamba (anyezi, mbatata, nematode a tirigu) nthawi zambiri zimayambukiridwa.
Nematodoses
Tizilombo taumunthu, tomwe timakhala ngati mtundu wamkombero, timayambitsa nematodoses - matenda akuluakulu a helminth. Mavuto akuluakulu ndi ascarididae (ascariasis), Trichinella spiralis (trichinosis), Enterobius vermicularis (enterobiosis).
Chozungulira parates m'mimba yaying'ono. Mazira amalowa m'thupi la munthu kudzera masamba kapena zipatso zosasamba. Mphutsi imatuluka mwa iwo, yomwe imalowa mkatikati mwa matumbo, imalowa m'magazi ndikulowa m'mitsempha yamapapu. Kenako mphutsi zimayembekezeredwa mu oropharynx ndikumeza kachiwiri. Mphutsi, kulowa m'matumbo, imakula ndikukula ndikuwatsogolera pakupanga ascariasis.
Ziwawa - masamba 5-10mm kukula kwake. Wokhazikika m'matumbo akulu, mbaleyo imakhudza ana. Tizilombo ta chachikazi timatuluka ndipo timayikira mazira pamenepo. Izi zimayendera limodzi ndi kuyabwa kwambiri. Mwana amadula malo osakidwa ndipo mazira amagwera pansi pa misomali. Chifukwa chake kudzera mmanja osasamba bwino pamakhalanso matenda.
Palibenso majeremusi owopsa omwe trichinella. Zimakhala zofala kwambiri pamafamu omwe amaberekera nkhumba. Nyama ya nyama zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi Trichinella zili ndi cysts. Ngati munthu adya chakudya choyambitsidwa ndi majeremusi, ma cysts amalowa m'mimba ndipo, mothandizidwa ndi chakudya cham'mimba, chipolopolo chake chimasungunuka. Nyongolotsi zimalowa m'matumbo aang'ono ndikukula m'masiku angapo. Kuphatikiza apo, wamkazi amayamba kupanga mphutsi zomwe zimafalikira thupi lonse, koma zimangokhala mizu yokhazikika.
Matumbo oyenda
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta roundworms timafanana ndi chubu kudzera. Imayamba ndi mkamwa wamkamwa, imadutsa m'mphepete, kenako mpaka mkati, pakati ndikumaliza ndi matumbo apambuyo, omwe amatseguka kumbuyo kwenikweni kwa thupi kuchokera mbali yakumbuyo. M'magulu angapo a parasitic, matumbo amasinthidwa kukhala trophosome popanda lumen. Kutsegula pakamwa ndi chodwala kapena sikasunthika ku mbali ya porral kapena dorsal. Pakamwa pake pamazunguliridwa ndi milomo ndipo kumalowetsa kukhosi. Pharynx imakhala ndi lumerals yopanda mphamvu, imakulitsa ndi kupindika kwa ulusi wama minyewa, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyamwa chakudya. Ili ndi kapangidwe kovuta ndipo m'magulu ambiri amtundu wankhwawa komanso parasitic wanyamula zida zosiyanasiyana. Pharynx imatseguka m'matumbo apakati a endodermal chiyambi. Kupukusa kwam'mimba kumatha ndi m'mimba ya kumbuyo, kutseguka mwaikazi ndi anus, komanso amuna ndi kutsegula kwa zovala. Ma Nematode amadya makamaka mabakiteriya, algae, ndi detritus, pakati pawo pali nyama zolusa, zambiri mwa izo ndizinyama, bowa, ndi zomera.
Kachitidwe kodziyimira
Amaganiziridwa kuti ziwalo zazikuluzikulu za ma pulretory system ya nematode ndizowonjezera (kapena zochepa nthawi zambiri) kapena zamitundu yambiri zam'mimba, kapena ma cell of canracellular canals (revts), ndi maselo akuluakulu a pseudo-cellocyte. Renetta ali ndi thupi lolimba ndipo amakhala ndi gawo lopendekera, lotseguka lakunja ndi pore yosinthika. Ma cell a Pseudo alibe ma ducts - amadzipatula ndikugwiritsa ntchito zinthu za metabolic. Kuphatikiza apo, ammonia imatha kumasulidwa mthupi la nematode ndi kulowetsedwa kudzera khoma la thupi.
Njira yobereka
Ambiri mwa nematodes ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyana azakugonana azisinthasintha komanso okhudzana, koma hermaphrodites amadziwikanso. Nematode amaikira mazira, nthawi zambiri amakhala viviparous. Kuchokera mazira ophatikiza, mphutsi. Izi zimachitika kumalo akunja kapenanso kumaliseche kwamkadzi (kupanga dzira). Amuna, chimaliziro chakumapeto kwa thupi chimakhala chodumphira kumbali yamanja ndipo pali zida zowerengeka zovuta. Udindo wa kusungidwa kwa akazi mukamachita kukaseweredwa umaseweredwa ndimitundu yambiri yowonjezera komanso (mu rhabditid nematode) bursa. Sperm imayambitsidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma spicule omwe amatuluka kuchokera pachitseko chotseka. Ziwalo zamkati mwa mtundu woyambirira zimaphatikizidwa ndipo zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a tubular. Akazi amakhala ndi gawo limodzi la ovary, oviduct ndi chiberekero, nyini nthawi zonse imakhala yokhayo. Amuna amakhala ndi mayeso amodzi kapena awiri okhala ndi vuto la vas deferens ndi ngalande yaulera yopanda mphamvu. Umuna wa Nematode uli ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, wopanda flagella komanso amoeboid (koma osachitapo kanthu).
Kuzungulira kwa chitukuko
Kukula kumachitika popanda metamorphosis. Mwambiri, pali magawo anayi aubwana ndi munthu wamkulu m'moyo. Kusintha pakati pa magawo kumachitika mu njira yolumikizirana, kuchuluka kwa magawo aulere kumatha kuchepetsedwa. Mu rhabditid nematode, otchedwa. Gawo la Dauer ndi gawo losinthika lachitatu la ana omwe amatenga gawo lofanananso ndikukumana ndi zovuta zachilengedwe.
Kuchulukitsa misonkho ndi misonkho
Bungweli lidazindikiridwa koyamba ndi Karl Asmund Rudolfi mu 1808 pansi pa dzinalo Nematoidea (Dr Greek čῆμα, gen. ήμήμήμτ ςς - "ulusi" ndi εἶδoς - "kuwona"). Gululi lidasankhidwa pambuyo pake monga banja pambuyo pake. Nematode Burmistrom mu 1837 ndi momwe adayitanitsira Nematoda K. M. Kudukiza mu 1861.
Mawonekedwe a taxonomic ndi madongosolo amtundu wina wa nematode (makalasi, subclass, oda) amakambidwa. Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi gulu lina lakale, gulu lalikulu kwambiri la Chromadorea lidatengedwa pang'ono (popanda Ascaridida, Spirurida, Tylenchida) ndipo lidaphatikizidwa ndi gulu la dongosolo la Chromadorida Chitwood, 1933 pagulu lofananirana la nematode Adenophoreakapena aphasmidia (Adenophorea, Aphasmidia Chitwood et Chitwood, 1933). Kugawidwa kwa nematodes kukhala magawo awiri kwa nthawi yoyamba mu 1930s kunakhazikitsidwa ndi B. Chitwood (Chitwood B., 1933, 1937). Komabe, dzina lomwe adatchulapo a Phasmidia Chitwood et Chitwood, 1933 lidatengedwa kale ndi dzina lakale lomweli la imodzi mwazilombozi. M'magawo ambiri a XX century, nematodologists adagwiritsa ntchito mayina otsatirawa:
- Subclass Adenophorea Linstow, 1905 (kapena Aphasmidia Chitwood et Chitwood, 1933) ndi madongosolo Chromadorida (pambuyo pake agawidwa m'magulu Araeolaimida, Desmodorida, Desmoscolecida, Monhysterida) ndi Enoplida (Dorylaimida, Mermithida, Muspiceal, Trichida)
- Subclass Secernentea Linstow, 1905 (kapena Phasmidia Chitwood et Chitwood, 1933) koyambirira kokhala ndi maulamuliro awiri okha Rhabditida ndi Spirurida (ndiye adagawika ku Aphelenchida, Ascaridida, Camallanida, Diplogasterida, Rhabdiasida, Rhabditida, Spirurida, Strongylida)
Kapangidwe kamene kalingaliridwe kameneka ka msonkho wa nematode (makamaka Adenophorea) kwatsimikiziridwa mowonjezereka ndi maphunziro apamwamba a anatomical and mole mole. M'machitidwe ena amtsogolo, momwe ma nematode onse amawerengedwa m'magulu a kalasi, magawo atatu ali osiyanitsidwa (Malakhov, 1986).
Gulu lamakono
Malinga ndi deta ya 2011, mtundu wa nematode ukuphatikiza magulu atatu, ma oda 31, mabanja 267, mitundu 2829 ndi mitundu 24,783, ndi fosil taxa yomwe ikuyimira mitundu iwiri ya mitundu 10, palinso mitundu 7 ndi mitundu 7 yodziwika pokha pakale (kale kuyerekezera kunanenedwa kuchokera pa 15 mpaka 80,000, ndipo mitundu yeniyeni ya nematode - poganizira chiyembekezo chakufotokozera mitundu yatsopano - ikuyerekezedwa ndi mitundu miliyoni imodzi).
Mtunduwu umaphatikizapo magulu atatu ndi magawo 30:
Matenda a chomera cha Nematode
Matenda a Nematode a zomera (herbaceous, Woody, zitsamba) zimayambitsa zovuta zingapo za kudya masamba. Zimapezeka mmera zambiri zamtchire komanso zolimidwa. Nthawi zambiri, kunja zizindikiro za nematode zotupa za mbeu zimawonekera pang'onopang'ono pakumera kwa mbande, kukula ndi kukula kwa mbande, maluwa ofooka, pang'ono (zina zofunika) kufa kwa mbeu ali mwana, kapena kuchepa kapena kufa kwa mbewu. Mukudyetsa, nematode amaphwanya umphumphu wa mizu, potithandizira kulowetsedwa kwa bowa tizilombo, mabakiteriya ndi ma virus mu chomera. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa nematode mu mizu ya mbewu nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa kulimba kwamizu ndikumata mizu yaying'ono (beet, mbatata, heteroders), mapangidwe azitseko zosiyanasiyana (ma ndulu a mizu pamizere ya masamba ndi mbewu za mafakitale), akuti "milomo" (sinamoni - lat. Anguina radicicola - pamizu yamphesa zamtchire), zilonda, zomwe zimatsogolera pakuphedwa kwa mizu. Tsinde nematodes imapangitsa kukulira kokhala ngati kupindika kwa masamba, kupindika kwa tsamba komanso kupindika kwake, mu masamba akuthengo: kutulutsa masamba petioles, ndevu ndi kuwonongeka kwa tsamba, kupangika kwa malo amdima obisika kumapeto a mbatata ya mbatata, kusweka kwa maziko ndi kumasula kwa masamba okhathamira a masamba.
Matenda opatsirana
M'chilengedwe, pali mitundu yoposa 45 ya nyongolotsi zomwe zimagwira anthu ndipo ndizomwe zimayambitsa matenda akulu. Matendawa ndi a gulu la nematodoses. Kuzindikira koyenera komanso mtundu wa majeremusi omwe atenga kachiromboka akhoza kutsimikizika pomadutsa mayeso ndi mayeso a labotale.
Njira zakuzungulira kuti mulowe Thupi
- Kusasamala kwa malamulo aukhondo, kudya masamba ndi zipatso zosavomerezeka, chakudya chosakonzedwa bwino ndikumwa madzi omwe ali ndi kachilombo ndi magwero a matenda a helminth.
- Kulumikizana ndi tizilombo kungayambitse matenda kudzera pakhungu.
Mukakhala ndi matendawa amtundu wa anthu, zizindikiro zotsatirazi zimachitika:
- Chopondapo chovulala
- Nusea ndi gag Reflex,
- Kupanda chilimbikitso
- Mabwalo amdima akuwonekera pansi pa maso,
- Kusasangalala (kuyabwa) mu anus.
Matenda a nyama
Nematode amatha kukhudza ziwalo zonse ndi nyama. Kuchiza kumalimbikitsidwa ndi:
- Nyengo (malo okhala mphutsi),
- Kupezeka kwa helminth makamu apakati,
- Nyama,
- Kupanda njira zodzitetezera.
Popanda kutsatira malamulo oyela aukhondo, anthu amatha kudwala matendawa kuchokera ku amphaka, agalu, ndi nyama zina.
Matenda opatsirana
Tizilombo toyambitsa majeremusi timatulutsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono komanso dothi. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zowonda, zomwe zimakhudza nyama zamtchire ndi ulimi, zimayambitsa nematodose kulikonse muzomera. Zomera zonse zazomera ndizochepa kukula, mpaka 2 mm. Zomera nematode zimagawika tsamba, muzu, tsinde. Koma mu agronomy ndi horticulture adagawidwanso m'magulu osiyanasiyana, chifukwa nyongolotsi zambiri zimayambitsa mitundu ya mbewu mwachitsanzo: chrysanthemum nematode (Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi), sitiroberi nematode (A. fragariae), beet nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt).
Odziwika kwambiri ndi awa:
- Strawberry Nematode - Zimakhudzana ndi minofu ya sitiroberi, yotambasulidwa pamitengo, masamba, yomwe imatsogolera ku kukula kwa mbewu. Matendawa amafalikira pansi, namsongole ndi zomera zopatsirana. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuchotsa udzu wokhala ndi kachilombo m'nthaka ndikuwotcha, ndikuwaza nthaka ndi bulitchi ndikuchotsa zomera zonse mosamala patsamba lino.
- Anyezi ndi adyo akupatsirani tsinde nematode, nthawi zina, zimakhudzanso mbewu zina. Nyongolotsi zikuwoneka ngati ulusi, zosaposa 1.5 mm kutalika.
- Zomera zambiri za bulb zimavutika anyezi nematode, nyongolotsi amadya madzi, omwe amayambitsa kuuma ndi kufa.
- Gall nematode (pali mitundu yopitilira 60) imatha kudya pafupifupi masamba onse azomera. M'mawonekedwe, nyongolotsi imafanana ndi peyala, mutu wa thupi umaloza. Wamkazi amatha kuikira mazira 2000, amaikidwa m'mizu, wofanana ndi m'malovu akuda. Kutupa kwamaluwa kumera kachilombo kachilombo. Tizilombo timene timayambitsa kuphuka kwa mbewu, imapangitsa kuti ikhale yovuta, izi zimabweretsa kufota ndi kufa.
- Mbatata Yobiriwira Wamkazi (Globodera rostochiensis) imakonda kusinthidwa kumalo ogulitsa mbatata ndi phwetekere, pomwe nyongolotsi wamkulu imayamba. Zomera zam'mimba zimafalikira ndi nthaka, mphepo, madzi ndi ma tubers omwe ali ndi kachilombo. Kuzindikiritsa mbatata ya mbatata ikuwopseza kukhazikitsa malo omwe ali ndi kachilombo.
Tizilombo ta mbewu timakhala tabwino kwambiri kwa anthu.
Chozungulira
Ascaris (Ascaris lumbricoides) - ndiye wothandizira wa ascariridosis mwa ana ndi akulu, matenda omwe amapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse. Ascaris ndi geohelminth wokwanira mokwanira, zazikazi zomwe zimatha kukula mpaka 40 cm, ndipo zazimuna mpaka 20 cm. Thupi lamtunduwu limapangidwa mozungulira mozungulira ndipo kumapeto kwake, ndipo mwamunayo limapindika molunjika kumzere kumimba.
Ascaris ndi mtundu wa geogelmint womwe umakhala ndipo umadyetsa pafupifupi mthupi la munthu. Mazira omwe atha kukumana ndi umuna amachotsedwamo ndi ndowe komanso kuti apulumuke, amafunika kukhala m'nthaka. Kusasitsa kwa tiziromboti kumayamba pakunyentchera kwambiri, kuvomerezedwa kwa mpweya ndi kutentha kokhazikika (24-25 ° C) kwa masabata awiri. Pakukana kwawo, amatha kupitiliza kugwira ntchito zofunika kwa zaka zopitilira 6.
Nthawi zambiri, matenda a Ascaris amapezeka kudzera masamba ndi zipatso zosasambitsidwa bwino, pomwe mazira amakhala. M'matumbo, mphutsi zimatuluka, zomwe zimapangitsa njira yovuta kwambiri kusuntha kudzera m'thupi lake. Mwakutero, imalowa mkatikati mwa matumbo, ndikulowa nthawi yomweyo m'mitsempha yamagazi ikuluikulu, magazi atadutsa chiwindi, amapita atrium ndi m'mimba, ndikulowa m'mapapu, kenako ku alveoli ndikuyima mu bronchi ndi trachea.
Kukhalapo kwa parasitic kumayambitsa chifuwa cham'mimba mwa munthu, chomwe chimatha kuponyera chingwe chakum'mero, chomwe munthuyo amamezanso ndi tiziwalo tositsa. Pambuyo kulowa kachiwiri m'matumbo, tiziromboti timakhala munthu wokhwima, yemwe amatha kubereka komanso kukhalako pafupifupi chaka.
Chiwerengero cha mozungulira mozungulira mwa munthu chimatha kufikira mazana kapena zikwizikwi, popeza munthu m'modzi wamkulu amatha kutulutsa mazira 240000 patsiku.
Zotsatira za patathogenic zamavalo m'thupi
Kuledzera kwa majeremusi kumawonetsedwa ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi:
- general malaise
- ulesi
- Kuchepetsa kukumbukira ndi zizindikiro zina.
Kupha poizoni wambiri ndi ma geohelminths kumabweretsa kutsekeka m'matumbo, appendicitis, blockage ya bile ducts (chitukuko cha jaundice), ndikupanga mapangidwe a hepatic abscesses. Pali zochitika zina zokhazokha zokhala ndi majeremusi m'makutu, mmero, chiwindi ndi mtima.
Pinworm
Pinworm ndiye wothandizila wa enterobiosis, matenda omwe amatha kufalikira kulikonse, koma nthawi zambiri amawonekera m'magulu pakati pa ana, motero amakhala ndi dzina.
Pinworm ndi nyongolotsi yoyera yoyera, akazi achikulire omwe amakula mpaka 10 mm, ndipo amuna mpaka 5 mm. Kapangidwe ka thupilo kali kowongoka, komwe kali ndi nsonga yolunjika. Amuna, nsonga imapindapinda kuti ikhale yofanana. Mazira ndi opanda khungu, owoneka bwino, okhala ndi mawonekedwe owuma, otambalala kuchokera kumphepete limodzi, ndipo kukula kwa mazira a pinworm sikudutsa ma microns 50.
Tizilombo tokhwima timakhazikika m'munsi m'matumbo ang'ono ndipo timadya zomwe zimadzaza. Kusintha kwa eni sikuchitika. Akazi usiku amatuluka kuchokera ku anus ndikusiya mazira okhwima m'makhola a anus, mpaka 15,000 nthawi, kenako nkufa, kuyikira kumachitika nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi kuyabwa kosasangalatsa mu anus.
Modabwitsa, mazira otayikidwawo amakhala okhwima patangotha maola ochepa. Ana omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka majeremusi amaphatikiza malo awo okhudzidwa ndi maloto, ndichifukwa chake pali mazira ambiri pansi pa misomali yawo. Kuchokera mmanja amapita kumkamwa wamkamwa kapena kufalikira pazovala zonse ndi zofunda.Pambuyo pameza, mazira amatumizidwa kumtumbo yaying'ono, komwe amachedwetsa mwa okhwima. Kutalika kwa moyo wa munthu wamkulu kumatenga masiku 56 mpaka 58. Ngati munthawi imeneyi kulibe kubwerezabwereza mobwerezabwereza, zonse zimatha ndikuchira kwathunthu.
Zotsatira za thonjegenic pamimba ya ana
Kuyamba chifukwa cha tizirombo kumayambitsa mavuto ogona, ana amakhala osakwiya msanga, mkhalidwe wawo umakulirakulira. Kulowetsa kwa kachilombo kakumapeto kumapeto kumapangitsa kutupa kwake, kapena, mwa zina, kutupa kwa apendenditis (kamodzinso kukula kwake ndi ascariasis). Chifukwa cha malo a zikhomakhoma pamakoma a matumbo aang'ono, pali kuphwanya umphumphu wake ndi kutupa kwathunthu. Kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa chakudya komwe kumalowetsedwa, kufa kwa majeremusi sikuchitika, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi ma tapeworm ena, popeza ma pinworm amafunikira chakudya chochepa pamoyo, chifukwa cha kukula kwawo.
Vlasoglav
Kukwapula kwaumunthu ndi mtundu wa helminth womwe umayambitsa matenda a parasitic - trichocephalosis, omwe amadziwika kuti ndiofala. Monga lamulo, chikwapu chimakhala m'matumbo owonda komanso apamwamba.
Vlasoglav imatha kupezeka mthupi la munthu, pomwe alibe kusintha kwa eni, ndipo njira ya chitukuko imachitika popanda kusamuka. Kuti helminth ipitilire kukula, imafunikira kupita kunja kumazira ake ndi ndowe za anthu. Kupititsa patsogolo kwa chikwapu kumatengera kutentha kwa dothi komanso chinyezi. Ngati pali kutentha kwabwino, patatha milungu itatu, mazira a chikwapu ndi okonzeka kubereka m'nthaka.
Matenda a chikwapu mwa anthu, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi matenda ambiri a helminth, amapezeka kudzera masamba osasamba, zipatso ndi zipatso. Ndipo nthawi zina, kumwa madzi kumatha kuyambitsa matenda.
Tizilombo timeneti timatha kukhala m'matumbo kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo magazi amunthu ndi chothandiza pakupulumuka. Kuphatikiza pa magazi, majeremusi samadyanso kalikonse, mathandizidwe ake, chithandizo cha chikwapu chimakhala ndi zovuta zina. Matendawa amaluma khoma la matumbo ndi kutsogolo kwake, potero amachititsa kutupa, kuphwanya umphumphu wamatumbo. Pali poyizoni wa thupi laumunthu lolumikizana mwachindunji ndi kugwira ntchito kwa majeremusi.
Zizindikiro za kukhalapo kwake zingaphatikizepo kupweteka mutu, kutopa, kugona komanso kukwiya. Pokhudzana ndi kuphwanya kayendedwe ka matumbo, kupweteka kwam'mimba kumawonekera, ndipo kukokana kwina ndikotheka. Popeza magazi amakhala chida chothandizira kupha majeremusi, kuchepa magazi m'thupi kumatha kutha nthawi. Dysbiosis imayamba. Ndi matenda opatsirana, njira zotupa zimawonekera kumapeto.
Trichinella
Trichinella ndi wothandizila wa trichinosis. Matendawa amadziwika padziko lonse lapansi nyengo iliyonse. Mthupi la munthu, mphutsi za Trichinella zimapezeka minofu yolimba, m'matumbo.
Matenda a Trichinella ngati mungadye nyama yokhala ndi kachilombo ka trichinosis. Ngakhale kukonza kwa zophimba sikungasunge chakudya chanthawi zonse kuchokera ku tiziromboti.
Kuchuluka kwa matendawa kumatengera kuchuluka kwa mphutsi m'thupi, nthawi zina, kukula kwa matendawa kumatenga masiku 45, ndipo matendawa pawokha mwina sangawonekere. Tizilombo toyambitsa tiziromboti timatha kusintha makina, zomwe zimatanthawuza kuti pakapita nthawi, minofu imagwira ntchito.
Hookworm
Khwangwala kapena khwangwala waku America ndi mtundu wa nyongolotsi yomwe imayambitsa matenda monga hookworm. Wachikulire ndi zolengedwa zazing'ono za pinki zazing'ono. Miyeso ya nthumwi zoyimira ndi pafupifupi 1-1.2 cm.Amakhala ndi makapu oyamwa pakamwa, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizira kukhoma la matumbo. Tizilombo tambiri tofala kwambiri m'malo otentha komanso kotentha. Amapezeka kumayiko monga Australia, South Asia.
Malo osungira kwambiri a hookworm ndi zonyowa zonyowa zosiyanasiyana za ndowe, pomwe mphutsi zimayamba chifukwa cha kutentha. Amatha kukhala pansi m'miyezi ingapo. Mphutsi za Hookworm zimalowa mthupi la munthu m'njira zosiyanasiyana:
- Kudzera masamba ndi zipatso zakuda,
- chifukwa manja osagwira bwino atakhudza pansi,
- kudzera pakhungu, mukuyenda wopanda nsapato komanso mukakhala paudzu wodwala.
Nthawi zambiri, ogwira ntchito m'migodi, ana aang'ono, mafani akumasangalatsidwa mdziko muno komanso nzika za chilimwe ndizovuta kwambiri kutengera matenda opatsirana.
Pa gawo loyamba la matenda, mphutsi za hookworm zimalowa m'magazi, kenako zimangokhala mu bronchi.
Ankylostoma amatha kukhala mthupi la munthu mpaka zaka 15.
Nthawi zina, zowonongeka zimachitika mkati mwa dongosolo lamanjenje, lomwe limafotokozedwa ndi chizungulire komanso kupweteka m'makachisi. Amayambitsa matupi awo sagwirizana ndi khungu.
Pofuna kuthana ndi hookworms, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kumayenera. Chithandizo chimachitika palokha mothandizidwa ndi dokotala, ovulala kwambiri, wodwala amayikidwa kuchipatala. Mankhwala onse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo:
Rishta
Rishta kapena Guinean nyongolotsi - ndi majeremusi, woimira ozungulira, omwe amapezeka kwambiri m'matupi amadzi ku Asia, onyamula ndi ang'onoang'ono crustaceans, komanso matupi amadzi oyenda. Mphutsi zachimuna zimatha kutalika masentimita 4, zazikazi ndizokulirapo - mpaka masentimita 120 ndipo zimasiyana pakotalikirana. Ngakhale kutalika kwake kosangalatsa, nyongolotsi zoyera zowongoka ndi 2 mm zokha.
Njira yamkamwa yotengera matenda imafalikira kudzera pakumeza mphutsi, komanso zinthu zomwe zimadzazidwa kale nazo.
Mukangokhala m'matumbo, tiziromboti timatumizidwa ku dongosolo la lymphatic, pomwe limakula ndikuchulukana. Wamphongo amwalira pambuyo poti akhoza kukhwima. Yaikaziyo imakhala pansi pa khungu ndikuwona. Komwe kuli malo osanjikiza manja, miyendo, khosi komanso kumaliseche. M'mutu, ndizosowa. Zotsatira za majeremusi m'thupi:
- matuza akuluakulu a purulent, omwe nthawi zambiri mumatha kuwona chomwe chimayambitsa matendawa, rishta,
- kupweteka kwambiri ndi kuyamwa kosaletseka,
- magazi poyizoni
- genin ndi matenda opatsirana kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kukhalapo kwa thupi lachilendo mthupi kumatha kutsimikiziridwa popanda ufulu. Kumva kusasangalala ndi nthawi yoyendera katswiri ndikupita kukayezetsa koyenera.
Mankhwala sikokwanira kuwononga rishta. Njira yokhayo yothetsera majeremusi ndikuchita opareshoni. Kukula kwakukulu kwa nyongolotsi kumasokoneza ntchitoyo pang'ono, popeza kuwonongeka kwa thupi kumatha kuyambitsa zotsatira zakupha ndikupha poizoni m'thupi.
Kuteteza Matenda a Parasite
Pofuna kupewa kuyamwa kwa nyongolotsi zilizonse, majeremusi ndi mphutsi, ndikofunikira kuwunika malamulo aukhondo nthawi zonse:
- musanadye, onetsetsani kuti mwawakonza mosamala,
- khalani oyera
- Pewani kulumikizana kwanthawi yayitali ndi dothi.
- pazithunzi ndi kuyenda kwamtunda, gwiritsani nsapato,
- kumwa madzi apadera oyeretsedwa.
Pazizindikiro zoyambirira zokhala ndi matenda a helminth, nthawi yomweyo funsani ambulansi kapena mwachindunji ndi dokotala woyenera. Khalani ndi kupenda pafupipafupi ndikuwonetsetsa thupi lanu.