Common Al kale (Natrix natrix) afalikira ku Europe konse, kupatula gawo lakumpoto kwake, kumpoto kwa Africa ndi Asia - kummawa mpaka ku Central Mongolia, Northern China, ndi kumwera mpaka Central Iran. Ku Russia, ndi imodzi mwa njoka zodziwika bwino, pano imakhala mbali ya ku Europe kumwera kwa Karelia kumpoto, kummawa - ku Transbaikalia.
Ma Habitats ndi osiyana kale. Nthawi zambiri imakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi - m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, nyanja, maiwe, mitsinje yothirira. Nthawi zambiri imatha kukumana ndi madambo onyowa, m'mphepete komanso m'nkhalango. Itha kupezanso malo okhala m'minda, m'minda yakhitchini, nyumba zakale, kosungira, etc. M'madera okhala, njoka izi zimatha kuchita popanda maiwe, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimapeza malo oti ziziberekana, kudyetsa ndi kuzizira nyengo imodzi. Mulu wa manyowa ndi zinyalala zowola zitha kusungidwa njoka.
Kodi wamba wamba amawoneka bwanji? Kufotokozera ndi chithunzi
Uwu ndiye woyimira wamkulu kwambiri wamtunduwu: kutalika kwa thupi limodzi ndi mchira wake kukhoza kufika pa mita 1.2, komabe, zonena za 80-90 cm ndizofala kwambiri.
Thupi la serpenti ndi lalitali komanso lochepera, lophimbidwa ndi mamba ofanana mkombero kuchokera pamwamba. Pali zikopa zazikulu zisanu ndi zinayi pamutu. Kuzungulira thupi, pakatikati, pamzere umodzi pali miyeso 19. Makala yachira ndi nthiti zofewa kapena yosalala.
Pamwambapa, imvi, khungu, bulauni, nthawi zina kwathunthu lakuda, monga chithunzi pansipa.
Mtundu wowala, mawanga amdima angapo akuwoneka.
Pansi pake ndi zoyera, gawo lapakati pamiyeso yam'mimba limakhala lakuda, chifukwa chomwe chingwe chakuda kapena chotalika kwakanthawi chimadutsa pamimba.
Zitha kusiyanitsidwa kale ndi mawanga awiri achikasu owoneka ngati lalanje kapena oyera oyera okhala kumphepete kumbuyo kwa mutu.
Zowona, nthawi zina malo awa amatha kusiyanasiyana.
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Nthawi zambiri, izi zapambuyo zimakhala zazing'ono kukula, mpaka 1.2 m. Ngakhale nthawi zina zimatha kufikira 2.4 mamita kutalika. Alemba miyeso ndi nthiti. Pachithunzichi Chimawoneka ngati tcheni chopotedwa mwaluso, masikelo ake ndiolimba kwambiri. Pali zishango zamkati pamutu. Ana ndi owazungulira, mphuno zimawalozera kumbali ndi m'mwamba. Mimba ndi malo. Chotchinga chogawanika.
Tikuwonjezera pamalongosoledwe abwino amodzi mwa oyamba - njoka wamba. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka nafe. Awa ndi malo otchuka achikaso pamutu omwe amachititsa kuti azindikire. Mitundu ya mawanga ikhoza kukhala lalanje, chikasu chopepuka, pang'ono beige, ngakhale yoyera. Chinthu chimodzi chomwe timamvetsetsa nthawi yomweyo - mawanga awa akuwonetsa kuti sitife njoka yoyipa patsogolo pathu. Njoka zina zilibe mawanga.
Matupi awo ndi owonda komanso osinthika, mitu yawo ndiyochepa, ndipo makosi awo ndi osiyana. Mchira umalunjikitsidwa kumapeto. Mano ambiri amakhala patsaya ndi pakamwa. Mano a pa nsagwada zapamwamba amawonjezeka mwakuya kupita kukamwa, otsirizawa amakhala akulu kwambiri. Palibe mafupa a mafupa amchifuwa m'chifupa. Ali ndi mawonekedwe angwiro amunthu omwe timawaganizira ngati njoka.
Mutha kuyitcha kuti cholengedwa chanzeru, chimasiyana ndikumvetsetsa zina zambiri zobwezeretseka. Ndipo kusuntha, kumene. Pali mawu okhazikika: "Nimble, bwanji." Nthawi zambiri timadzifunsa ngati pali poizoni. njoka yokhala ngati njoka?
Inde, ndizowonjezera zomwe zimakhala zowopsa kwa anthu. Komabe, amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi zizindikiro zina:
- Choyamba, awa ndi mawonekedwe a thupi. Ndizowopsa, wina anganene kuti, "zimayendetsedwa kwambiri".
- Nyoka ili ndi chingwe chakazungulira kumbuyo kwake; njoka ilibe. Kuphatikiza apo, njoka zambiri zimakhala ndi malo owoneka achikaso pamitu yawo.
- Maonekedwe a mitu yawo amakhalanso osiyana. Pa njoka - chowulungika, pang'ono povunda, pamimba yopingasa, yofanana ndi nsonga ya mkondo.
- Ana a maso a njoka, ngati zapoizoni, ndi mawonekedwe a alkalis ophatikizika; mwa ana, ophunzirawo ali pafupi ndi mphaka.
- Njoka ikatsegula pakamwa pake, ndipo zikuonekeratu kuti ili ndi ma fang awiri, imangowonjezera. Njoka ilibe mafungo owopsa, mano ndi ochepa.
- Njoka ikangolira mosangalala ndipo sathawa kuthawa, ndiyowonjezera. Njoka nthawi zambiri zimakhala zamtendere.
- Vipers sakonda achule, amakonda makoswe, m'malo mwake, amasankha amphibians.
Kuchokera pazonse pamwambapa, muyenera kumvetsetsa - ngati mukukumbukira bwino, kodi njoka imawoneka bwanji, mutha kusiyanitsa mosavuta ndi anzawo oopsa.
Ah - mtundu wa njoka zopanda poyizoni za banja kale. Dzinalo "uh" lidatuluka mchilankhulo cha Chisilavo, m'zinenero zina limadziwika kuti silabwino. Koma kulikonse kumatanthauza njoka paliponse. Chifukwa chake, kwanthawi yayitali, herpatologists adatengera njoka kwa iwo, zomwe zidali zovuta kugawika ndi mabanja ena. Chifukwa chake banja lidakula chifukwa cha mitundu yotayidwa.
M'dziko lathu, ambiri ndi njoka wamba komanso zamadzi, ndipo chowonjezera chimapezekanso. Mu mtundu wa njoka zenizeni, mitundu inayi ya mitundu imasiyanitsidwa. Izi ndi zitatu za pamwambapa ngakhale zazikulu mutu. Aesculapius amene tamutchula kale uja ali ndi dzina la njoka ya Aesculapian, ilinso ya choyambirira.
1. Zodziwika kwambiri kwa ife wamba. Ndi ya nyama zam'madzi, zimasambira mwangwiro ndikusaka malo am'madzi. Imapezeka kulikonse ku Europe ndi Asia, kupatula madera a North North. Imakonda nkhokwe zowirira m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'madambo, kapena m'nkhalango momwe muli dothi lonyowa. Itha ikakumana ndi madamu akale.
Nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi munthu, ngati amakhala pafupi ndi madzi. Imatha kukwawa kulowa mnyumbamo, m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba, kapena kubisala pabwalo la zinyalala. Kukula kwake ndi pafupifupi mita, koma nthawi zina mpaka mamita 2. Akazi ndi okulirapo kuposa amuna.
Amapaka utoto wakuda, dambo kapena pafupifupi bulawuni, nthawi zina amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi chessboard. Mimba ndi imvi yopepuka, pafupifupi yoyera, yokhala ndi chingwe chakuda m'thupi. Zina mwa izo ndi maalubino ndi zokumira (zoyera ndi zakuda).
2. Madzi kale alibe mawanga achikasu pamutu. Pakadali pano, ali ndi malo akuda mawonekedwe a zilembo V, kuloza kutsogolo. Imapakidwa pafupifupi masiku onse, mumtundu wobiriwira komanso wonyezimira, wokhala ndi chess pamatupi. Amakhala ndi moyo wamadzi. Amangodya za nsomba ndi ma amphibians okha.
3. Viper kale - osati njoka yoopsa. Kwambiri ndikuwoneka ngati chowonjezera, imakhala ndi mawonekedwe a zigzag kumbuyo kwake, ngakhale nthawi zina imatha kukhala malo ambiri opezeka m'njira yovuta. Koma ndiyocheperako kuposa nthenga, ndipo mosiyana ndi iyo imakhala ndi khungu la satin. Chikopa cha njoka chimawoneka chowuma komanso chowuma. Imapezeka ku Mediterranean, kumadzulo komanso kumwera kwa dera lino.
4. Wopanda mutu (Colchis) amakhala ku Caucasus. Amasiyana ndi nthawi zonse ndi mutu waukulu. Ndi kwathunthu chakuda kale, yokhala ndi mawanga owoneka kumbuyo kwa mutu mwa akulu. Imakonzekeretsa zigawenga, pomwe wamba zimakonda madzi. Mazira ndi okulirapo kuposa woyamba.
Njoka, Copepods, njoka zamatchire, njoka zam'mimba, njoka zazitali zazitali, njoka zamphaka, kukwera njoka, ma dinodoni ndi ma eirenises kale zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zoyambirira. Komabe, kusinthanitsa kwa njoka izi ndizovuta kwambiri. Posachedwa, asayansi achoka pa mndandanda wa njoka, ndikuzigawa kwa mabanja ena, makamaka kwa omwe akufuna.
Ndipo kutseka mutu, timanenanso, pali njoka zapoizoni, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa njoka, awa ndi njoka zabodza kapena njoka zam'mbuyomu. Mano awo oopsa amakhala pansi pakamwa, kumbuyo kwa ena onse. Poizoni wawo ndiowopsa kwa nyama zazing'ono, osapha anthu, komanso wopuwala. Iwo okha, nawonso, ayenera kutchulidwa kuti amapanga.
Zamoyo njoka m'chilengedwe
Njoka zimagwira ntchito masana, ndipo usiku zimabisala m'malo obisalirako - mapanga otumphukira, milu yamitanda ndi miyala, zinyalala za m'nkhalango, mabowo a mitengo, etc.
Wamba amakhala omasuka pamtunda komanso pamadzi. Amasambira bwino kwambiri pamadzi, komwe amakhala mpaka mphindi 20, ndipo pamwamba pa madzi, akugonjetsa mtunda wawutali. Ikasunthira pansi, imatha kuthamanga mpaka 6-7 km / h. Kuphatikiza apo, amakwera mitengo mosavuta.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Zofala
Banja lalikulu la omwe adagwirizana kale limaphatikizapo magawo awiri mwa atatu a njoka zonse zomwe zimakhala padziko lapansi. Ndikosavuta kulingalira kuti wamba ndi m'modzi wa oimira banja la njoka'yi. Izi zodzetsa zilibe poizoni, motero zili bwino kwa anthu.
Nthawi zambiri anthu amatenga njoka kuti ikhale ndi njoka yoopsa, koma pali zosiyana zingapo:
- mawanga owala pamutu pa mutu wake akuwonetsa kuti pamaso panu,
- Thupi la njokayo ndiwachisomo - ndi laling'ono komanso lalitali kutalika kuposa njoka,
- Njoka zimasiyana pakamutu, njoka imakhala ngati chowoloweka, ndipo njoka yamtambo ina yamakona atatu
- Mwachilengedwe, njoka zilibe ma poizoni (koma simuzindikira nthawi yomweyo),
- Ana a njoka amapezeka akuima (ngati amphaka), pomwe ali m'mimba mwa njoka amawoneka ngati timitengo tosinthasintha.
Ngati mupita mwakuya, mutha kupeza zizindikiritso zina zambiri, koma zonsezo sizingawonekere kwa wamba wamba ndipo sizitenga nawo gawo pakakumana ndi malo amodzi kapena nyama ina.
24.03.2014
Kale wamba (lat. Natrix natrix) - njoka yapoizoni ya banja Kale (Colubridae). Amakhala ku Central Asia, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa ndi ku Europe, kupatula kumpoto kwa Scandinavia Peninsula, Scotland ndi Ireland.
Kwa nthawi yayitali ankakhala ndi ulemu waukulu pakati pa alimi onse aku Europe, mosiyana ndi nyama zina zonse. Zimakhulupirira kuti kale, yemwe amakhala pafupi kapena mwachindunji m'nyumba ya anthu pawokha, amabweretsa chisangalalo, chuma komanso mgwirizano m'nyumba.
Njoka izi zimathandizidwa bwino ku Ukraine, Belarus ndi Baltic. Kumbuyoko kumayambiriro kwa zaka zana zapitazi, njoka zapakhomo zinkachitika kawirikawiri m'nyumba za anthu wamba.
Adamenya nkhondo ndi makoswe kwambiri kuposa amphaka aliyense, kotero monga chizindikiro chothokoza kwa iwo adakhazikitsa masuzi okhala ndi mkaka watsopano wa nkhomaliro. Njoka ndi zokhazokha zomwe zimakhala mu ukapolo zimamwa popanda kuvulaza thupi lawo.
Izi zolengedwa zamtendere, zikuwoneka kuti, zimakumana ndi ubale wa uzimu ndi munthu ndipo ndizofunitsitsa kuzisokoneza.
Kanema: Zofala
Anthu adziwa kale kwa nthawi yayitali, asanadzipangitse kuti apange ziweto, chifukwa amalimbana ndi mbewa zosasangalatsa kuposa amphaka. Kuyambira kalekale, anthu aku Ukraine adakhulupirira kuti kuvulaza njokayo kumapangitsa kuti wolakwayo alephere, chifukwa chake njoka izi sizinakhumudwe kapena kuthamangitsidwa kumakomo.
Chosangalatsa: Wotchuka kale kuti palinso mzinda waku Ukraine wotchedwa, ndi Uzhgorod, womwe uli kumadzulo kwa dzikolo.
Khalidwe
Njoka wamba zimakonda kukhazikika m'malo otentha. Amakopeka ndi m'mphepete mwa dziwe, nyanja komanso mitsinje yomwe ikuyenda pang'onopang'ono. Amakhalanso pamtunda wamtchire, m'nkhalango zowuma, m'mapaki, m'minda ndi m'minda yamasamba. Zimapezekanso m'mapiri pamtunda wotalika mpaka 2000 m pamwamba pa nyanja.
Amakonda kusamba dzuwa, chifukwa chake, pafupi ndi nyumba yawo nthawi zonse pamakhala louma, lotenthedwa ndi malo a dzuwa.
Chochititsa chidwi ndi njoka ndi kupezeka kwa malo owoneka bwino omwe ali kumbali ya mutu ndikuwatcha "makutu". Mabala ndi achikasu, lalanje, kapena oyera. Zowona, anthu nthawi zina amapezeka kuti alibe zilembo.
Zisoso zimasambira mosangalatsa ndipo nthawi zina zimatha kuyenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Pakusambira, amagwira mitu yawo pamwamba pamadzi, kwinaku akumata thupi ndi mchira mu ndege yopingasa.
Zisoso zimatha kulowa pansi ngakhale kupumula nthawi yayitali pansi pa madzi, chifukwa chovulala pachiwombankhanga pansi.
Akagwidwa, amaluma kwambiri nthawi zambiri ndipo ngakhale kulumidwa ndi njoka sikumapweteka. Monga njira yodzitetezera, njoka imatha kutulutsa chakudya kuchokera m'mimba mwa woipayo kapena kumusangalatsa ndi madzi am'mimba kuchokera kwa anus. Amathanso kugwera mu thanatosis kwakanthawi - mkhalidwe womamwalira. Ali mu ukapolo, mwamwayi eni ake sagwiritsa ntchito zida zawo zamankhwala.
Njoka zimasaka nthawi zonse masana komanso madzulo. Amphibians, nsomba zam'madzi ndi zolengedwa zazing'ono, makamaka makoswe, amakhala chinthu chawo chosaka.
Anthu wamba samapha ndi poizoni ndipo samasokoneza wovutitsidwayo. Popeza atagona pafupi kwambiri, amangowameza lonse, kuyambira kumbuyo ndi miyendo yakumbuyo.
Kuthira chakudya komanso chimbudzi cha chakudya kumatha kutenga maola angapo. M'zaka zovuta, zapamadzi zimatha kufa ndi miyezi 6 osavulaza thanzi lawo.
Usiku njokayo imakhala m'chipinda chogona, chomwe chimakhala pamalo opanda phokoso kapena nyumba zosanja. Ngakhale njokazi zimangokhala ng'ombe zazikazi, zimapewa ng'ombe poopa kufa pachikhalidwe chachikulu pansi pa ziboda zawo.
Pangozi pang'ono, zimayamba. Wokhala ndi ngwazi, amaweramira, nkumamenyetsa mutu ndikumayang'anitsa mutuwo kulowera kwa wowukirawo, akumamenya ndi kumukwapula ndi madzi akumwa a fetid. Ngati izi sizikuthandizira, ndiye kuti chokwiracho chimayamba kugundana ndikuyang'ana ndi galasi, ndikutembenukira mozondoka ndikutsitsa lilime lake pakamwa pake.
Anthu ambiri omwe amadana ndi nyama amadana nazo, motero zimangozisiyira zokha. Wochenjera wopulumuka nthawi yomweyo amakhala ndi moyo ndipo amadzidzimuka mwachangu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Njoka Yodziwika
Kutalika kwa njoka, nthawi zambiri sikupita kupitirira mita imodzi, koma pali zitsanzo zomwe kutalika kwake kumafikira mita imodzi ndi theka. Chochitika chamadzulo chamadzulo chimadziwika kale mu mawonekedwe a mawanga awiri omwe ali mozungulira omwe amapezeka mutu kusintha thupi.
Amakhala ndi mzere wakuda ndipo akhoza kukhala:
- lalanje
- chikasu pang'ono
- ndimu yowala
- yoyera.
Chosangalatsa: Pali njoka wamba momwe malo owoneka bwino mu dera la mizimu sangakhalepo kwathunthu kapena kufotokozedwa mofooka. Pakati pa njoka pamakhala maalbino onse ndi mamisulidwe.
Mbali yakumbuyo ya njoka imakhala yotuwa komanso yakuda, pafupifupi yakuda, nthawi zina imakhala ndi maolivi amaolivi. Ngati kamvekedwe kali ndi imvi, ndiye kuti mawanga amdima akhungu amatha kuonekera. Mimba ya chimbudzi ndi yopepuka ndipo imalongosola ndi mzere wakuda, wotambasulira pafupifupi chibwano. Mutu wopingasa wa njoka umaonekera kumbuyo kwa thupi ndikukhazikika pakakhosi. Mchira wamphongo ndi wofupika nthawi 3 mpaka 5 kuposa thupi. Amuna othandizira amuna ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa akazi.
Ngati mungalongosole bwino za njoka wamba, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti mutu wake umaphimbidwa ndi mikota yayikulu yayitali: parietal, preorbital, postorbital, temporbital, labial and one frontal. Mamba omwe ali pamphepete mwa zodzitchinjiriza amakhala ndi miyendo, ndipo m'mbali mwake ndi osalala. Pakazungulira gawo lamkati la thupi (mzere umodzi) amatha kukhala 19, 18 kapena 17.
Kuswana
Nthawi yakukhwima kwa njoka wamba imatha kumapeto kwa Epulo komanso Meyi yonseyi, ikadutsa molting ndi hibernation. Njoka zokhala kumpoto zimatha miyezi isanu ndi itatu ndikulota.
Amadzuka matalala atasungunuka. Kuchokera mchipinda chofunda nthawi yozizira, momwe nthawi zina njoka zambiri, kuphatikizapo mitundu ina, nthawi zambiri zimadzaza, njoka zina zimasankhidwa ngakhale mu March chisanu ngati zikuona kuti kumayambiriro kwa masika.
Samateteza madera awo, kumanamizira kuti alibe chidwi ndi kukhalapo kwa abale awo.
Chapakatikati, munthu amatha kuwona “mipira yaukwati” pamene amuna angapo azungulira wamkazi. Pambuyo umuna, wamkazi amafufuza pogona yabwino kuti agoneko mazira, pomwe chinyezi ndi kutentha ndizabwino kwambiri kuti zisadzabereka. Nthawi zambiri chitsa chowola, ndowe, ngodya pamalo osungirako kapena pansi, masamba oyaka kapena dzenje la kompositi amasankhidwa chifukwa cha izi.
Yaikazi imayikira mazira 20-30 mu Julayi-June. Amakutidwa ndi chipolopolo chofewa.
Nthawi zina zazikazi zimayikira mazira pamalo amodzi, kenako chiwerengero chawo mu clutch chimatha kufika 3000.
Atayikira dzira lomaliza, mayiyo amataya chidwi chonse chamtsogolo cha mwana wake.
Njoka zazing'ono zimaswa pambuyo pa masabata 5-8. Kutalika kwa thupi kwa akhanda kuyambira 11 mpaka 15 cm.Poyamba, amadyera makamaka ma tadpoles ndi ana abwana ambiri. Amabadwa kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena koyambilira kwa nthawi yophukira, motero nthawi yomweyo amayamba kufunafuna malo oti azigwiritsa ntchito nthawi yozizira.
Njoka zina sizingagwire munthu aliyense nthawi yomweyo zimabisala, kenako zimakhazikika pamimba yopanda kanthu, popeza zimakhutira ndi zomwe zatulutsidwa kuchokera dzira mpaka masika. M'tsogolo, amakula pang'onopang'ono kuposa anzawo opambana. Amphongo amafika paunyamata ali ndi zaka zitatu, ndipo akazi pachaka chotsatira.
Kodi anthu wamba amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Pakalepo
Wodziwika kale wasankha pafupifupi Europe yonse, kokha kumpoto sikungakumane naye, sakhala mu Arctic Circle. Gawo lamadera akumtunda, limagawidwa kuchokera ku Karelia kupita ku Sweden. Kummwera, adakhala kumpoto kwa Africa, mpaka ku Sahara. Chilumba cha Iberia ndi Zilumba za Britain ndi malo akumadzulo komwe amakhala. Kuchokera kummawa, magawo amafikira pakatikati pa Mongolia, kumpoto kwa China ndi Transbaikalia. M'dziko lathu, imatha kutchedwa yotchuka kwambiri kuposa mitundu yonse yankhokwe.
Njoka zodziwika bwino zimasinthana kukhala ndi malo osiyanasiyana, mapiri ndi chilengedwe. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti akhale osadandaula ndizopezekapo pafupi ndi malo osungirako, makamaka ndi kofooka kapena kopanda konse.
- m'malo onyowa
- m'mphepete mwa nkhalango
- kunkhalango nthawi zambiri
- madzi osefukira
- ma steppe
- M'mapiri,
- pamiyala yonyowa
- kuthengo
- madera am'madzi osiyanasiyana
- mapiri.
Njoka za anthu wamba sizimachita manyazi ndipo zimatha kukhala m'mapaki amizinda, pansi pa milatho, kumadamu akale. M'madera akumidzi, njoka zimatha kukhala mu nkhuku kapena khola, mu sennik, cellar, khola, chopanda matabwa, komwe zimamva bwino. Njoka zimatha kukonza zogona zawo mobisalira, pakati pa mizu yamitengo, dzenje, mu msipu.
Chosangalatsa: Pali nthawi zina pamene njoka zomwe zidakhazikika pafamu yam'mudzimo zimayikira mazira awo mumakanda opanda kanthu abakha ndi nkhuku.
Tsopano tikudziwa komwe njoka yathu yaululu imakhala. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe zili zachilengedwe komanso kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe amafunika panthawi yopuma.
Zomwe zimadya wamba?
Chithunzi: Njoka yapoizoni - wamba
Zakudya za njoka wamba zimatha kutchedwa zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri, imakhala ndi achule.
Kuphatikiza pa iwo, akhoza kuluma kwambiri:
- buluzi
- cholowa
- ma tadpole
- nsomba mwachangu
- newt,
- mbalame zatsopano zomwe zagwa zisa zawo,
- makanda am'madzi amwana
- makoko ang'onoang'ono
- tizilombo ndi mphutsi zawo.
Zakudya zamasamba sizimaphatikizidwa muzakudya zamadzulo, sizigwiritsanso ntchito zodzola, koma zimakonda mkaka, zimakondedwa kwambiri ndi andende. Nthawi zina zokwawa zakutchire zimakwawa kununkhira mkaka watsopano, womwe anthu ammudzimo amasiya mkaka kuti ukhale m'khola la amphaka.
Tikusodza, njokayo imadikirira moleza mtima nyama yawo, ndikuponya mwachangu, nsombayo ikangosambira kuti ikwaniritse gawo lake. Kulondola achule kumachitika mdziko lapansi. Wosaka nsomba amameza nthawi yomweyo, koma ndi chule amayenera thukuta, chifukwa amakana ndipo amayesetsa kuti anyamuke. Pakamwa pa njoka imatha kutambalala kwambiri, chifukwa chake achule ndi mikanda yolemetsa amatha kumeza bwino.
Chidwi chochititsa chidwi: Wachilengedwe wina wochokera ku Germany monga zoyesera sanadyetse njoka yoyesera kwa miyezi 10. Pomwe ankadya koyamba pambuyo panjala yayitali, onse awiriwo ndi m'mimba adamva, modabwitsa, zili bwino.
Mukatha kudya kwa nthawi yayitali, pamabwera kupumula kwa masiku asanu, komwe kumatenga kuti pakudya chilichonse chomwe chadyedwa. Pakasaka kamodzi, imatha kuyamwa achule angapo ndi ma tadpo kuwonjezera, ndikatha kudya, imakhala yovuta komanso yopanda phokoso. Ngati pakadali pano mdani aliyense wayandikira, muyenera kusula chakudya chomwe mwadyacho kuti mukhale okalamba komanso chogwiranso ntchito.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Zofala
Wogwira ntchito masana, ndipo mumdima amakonda malo ake obisika. W wamba ndi wokalamba komanso wokalamba. Kuthamanga kwa kayendedwe kake padziko lapansi kumatha kufikira makilomita asanu ndi atatu pa ola limodzi. M'mitengoyi, amayendanso bwino kwambiri. Madzi a njoka ndi njira yomwe amawakonda, amakhala ngati gwero la chonde. Ngakhale dzina la Chilatini natrix, loperekedwa ndi asayansi kale, limamasuliridwa kuti "osambira".
Msodzi wochokera ku njoka ndi wabwino kwambiri. Ikalowa m'mphepete mwa madzi, imatha kukhalako kwa mphindi pafupifupi 20, pamwamba pomwe imasambira mtunda wochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Amasambira, ngati njoka zonse, mokhazikika, ndikuzungulira thupi lake losinthasintha.
Zochititsa chidwi: O, amakonda kusambira ndipo amatenga madzi ambiri. Nthawi zambiri imayandama m'mphepete mwa malo osungira, koma nthawi zina pakhala njoka zimapezeka m'madziwe akuluakulu komanso nyanja yayitali makilomita kuchokera pagombe.
Amakonda, monga njoka zina zambiri, kuti azilowa dzuwa, akukwera masiku owoneka bwino, kutalika kwambiri. Kuyamba kwa nyengo yozizira mu njoka kuli mu Okutobala-Novembala. Nthawi zambiri, njoka zimabisala pamodzi (anthu angapo), ngakhale ena amakonda kukhala kwayekha. Nthawi zambiri, nthawi yovutayi, amakhala m'malo oterera a makoswe, kapena mitundu yazingwe. Kutupa kumatha mu Epulo, kenako zibwezerazi zimasankhidwa kuti zizitentha dzuwa, ngakhale zimamva kuwawa komanso kugona, pang'onopang'ono zimayamba kugwira ntchito.
Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti njoka sizimakhala ndi nkhanza komanso zankhanza, mawonekedwe awo ndi ofatsa komanso ochezeka. Kuwona anthu, amasankha kuti asamayendetse misonkhano. Chifukwa chake, kwambiri, imatha kutchedwa yamtendere komanso yopanda vuto poyanjana ndi nyama zobwezedwa. Zadziwika kuti sizovuta kulumpha njoka, sizolakwika kucheza ndi anthu ngati siziwawona kuwopsa, kungowasunga kunyumba ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri.
Zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi njoka wamba
Chimodzi chomwe chimasiyanitsa ndi njoka wamba ndi malo owala owoneka bwino omwe amapezeka kumbuyo kwenikweni kwa khosi. Ambiri amakhala achikasu, malalanje kapena oyera ndipo amagona pakhosi ngati khosi.
Mtundu wa masikelo awo amatha kukhala osiyanasiyana. Njoka zimapezeka kuchokera ku bulauni yofiirira mpaka mthunzi wa azitona. Nthawi zina pamabwera anthu akuda kwathunthu. Thupi la njokayo limakongoletsedwa ndimalo amdima. Nthawi zambiri, mizere inayi kapena isanu ndi umodzi. Gawo lakumunsi la thupi ndi loyera ndipo limakongoletsedwanso ndi mawanga amdima. Mchira ndiwowonetsedwa, mutu ndi wokulirapo, maso ndi akulu, ndi ana akulu, akuda, ozungulira.
Chokwera chimafikira kutalika kwa 1 mita. Zachikazi zimakhala zazitali komanso zazitali kuposa zazimuna, ndipo nthawi zina zimatha kutalika mpaka 1.30 m, m'malo osowa kwambiri mpaka mamita 1.50.
Kugawa
Zomwe njoka imakhala ndizambiri. Kwa zaka zazifupi wafalikira ku Europe ndi Asia. Ku Europe, sikupezeka ku Ireland, Scotland komanso madera ozizira okha a Scandinavia. Njoka zimakhalanso kumadera a North Africa ndi West Asia. Mutha kukumana ndi njoka kumapeto, komanso kumapiri mpaka 2000 metres pamwamba pamadzi.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Njoka Yodziwika
Njoka wamba zimakhwima pazaka zitatu kapena zinayi. Nthawi yaukwati imayamba mwa iwo mutatha masika oyambira, m'malo osiyanasiyana nthawi yake imasiyana, koma nthawi zambiri imagwa kumapeto kwa Epulo-Meyi. Mukukhwima, kukhwima ndikothekanso kugwa, koma kuyikira mazira kumatengedwa kupita kukacha.
Asanakhwime, njoka zimasanjikizana ngati mpira wokhala ndi mayi m'modzi ndi abambo ake ambiri. Njira ya umuna ikatha, mkazi amapitanso gawo lina - kugona dzira.
Mazira amakhala achikopa kale, mkazi m'modzi amatha kuyika zidutswa zingapo mpaka 100. Ndikofunikira kuti iwo (mazira) asazizire ndipo asayume, kotero njokayo imasankha malo omwe amakhala otentha komanso achinyezi, mwachitsanzo, masamba a spruce, zinyalala zowoneka bwino za moss, chitsa chowola. Malowa amasankhidwa mosamala kwambiri, chifukwa wamkazi samachita nawo mbala, akumusiya iye.
Chochititsa chidwi: Akazi a njoka amatha kugwirizanitsa magulu awo, ngati sangapeze malo abwino kwa ena. Munkhalango yamtchire anthu adapeza chisa, pomwe amawerengera mazira 1200.
Pakatha milungu isanu kapena isanu ndi itatu, njoka imayamba kuwaswa, kutalika kwake kuyambira 11 mpaka 15. Kuyambira kubadwa kwawo kwenikweni, amayamba kufunafuna malo oti nthawi yozizira ikhale yabwino. Si ana onse amene amatha kudzikundikira mafuta nyengo ya chisanu isanayambike, koma ngakhale ena osakhalapobe moyo amakhalabe ndi masika, amangowoneka ochepera kuposa anzawo omwe adya bwino.
Chosangalatsa: Akuyerekeza kuti njoka iliyonse makumi asanu imabadwa mitu iwiri, motero chilengedwe chimalamulira. Njoka zokhazokha "za Gorynych" sizikhala ndi nthawi yayitali.
Njoka imatha kuwerengedwa kuti imakhala nthawi yayitali, nthawi yayitali ya moyo wawo imaposa zaka makumi awiri, pafupifupi, zotsalazo zimakhala zaka 19 mpaka 23. Mkhalidwe wawukulu wa kutalikitsa kwawo ndi kukhalapo kwa kasupe wamadzi opatsa moyo pafupi ndi malo omwe amapezeka nthawi zonse.
Habitat
Njoka zimapezeka m'madzi osiyanasiyana. Awa ndi malo abwino okhala. Njoka zimakonda kuthamanga madzi, nyanja, dziwe kapena dambo lomwe lili ndi masamba obiriwira kuti ziziteteza ku zilombo. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'madziwe amchenga ndi miyala yamiyala, komanso m'madziwe aminda m'mizinda. Malo owuma a njokayo amasankhidwa nthawi yakukhwima, kubisala komanso kugona dzira.
Amathanso kukhala kumadera akutali ndi madzi, mwachitsanzo, m'nkhalango kapena kunja kwa nkhalango, m'mapaki ndi zina zotero, koma malo amenewa sawakonda.
Zopatsa thanzi komanso moyo
Kale amadya amphibians, monga achule, mikanda ndi zatsopano. Koma menyu ake amakhalanso ndi nsomba, mbalame zazing'ono, mbewa ndi abuluzi. Ali wachichepere, amadya tcpoles, mphutsi ndi achule ochepa kwambiri.
Akasaka chakudya, njokayo imazindikira kuthyola kwake ndi kununkhira, komwe kumagwira lilime lake ndikupatsira thupi la Jacobson kuti liunikiridwe. Popeza mitundu ina ya achule imatha kulowa, imasunthira kumbuyo kuti isakhale ndi nthawi yochita. Chule ngati sichingalowerere, ndiye kuti wogwiridwayo amezedwa kwathunthu.
Njokayo imakonda kugwira ntchito masana, makamaka nthawi yotentha, ikamatha kuwiritsa dzuwa. Madzulo amapita kwawo. Amatha kukhala miyala yayikulu kapena mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo.
Njoka zimatha nthawi yayitali m'madzi ndipo zimatha kusambira kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, posambira, mutu umatuluka m'madzi.
Adani achilengedwe a njoka wamba
Chithunzi: Pakalepo
Adani a m'banjamo ali kale ndi adani ambiri, chifukwa njoka izi sizikhala ndi poizoni. Odyera osiyanasiyana amakonda kudya chakudya chamadzulo, motero amatha kukhala ankhandwe, agalu a raccoon, hedgehogs, weasels, badger, martens, ndi mink. Mbalame zambiri zimatsutsana ndi njoka, motero zimatha kudyedwa ndi chinkhanira, chiwombankhanga cha njoka, kite, heron. Makoswe akuluakulu, monga makoswe, amathanso kugwira njoka, makamaka achichepere komanso osadziwa zambiri, kuwonjezera apo, nthawi zambiri amachita chiwonongeko cha zisa zamadzulo pakudya mazira a njoka.
Modabwitsa, achule ndi mikanda, yomwe iwonso imakhala chakudya cha njoka, nthawi zambiri amadya zazing'ono. Kuwonongeka kwa mazira a mgonero kumaphatikiza tizilombo monga nyerere ndi kachilomboka pansi. Nsomba zazing'ono zimatha kusangalalanso ndi nsomba zazikulu, mwachitsanzo, trout. Njoka zina zimadyanso njoka.
Kudziteteza, ikuyesayesa kale kuti ikhale ngati poizoni: imaluka khosi pang'onopang'ono, kutulutsa mgulu, ndikumangika ndi mawonekedwe a zigzag, ndikupiringiza nsonga ya mchira mwamantha. Chifukwa chake akuyesera kuti awonetsetse wopusa, koma ngati pali mwayi woti angachokere, ndiye kuti, osamuphonya, choyambirira, amakonda izi.
Chidwi chochititsa chidwi: Wophunzitsidwa kale amakhala ngati wakufa kapena wapereka chinsinsi cha mwana wakhanda, chifukwa cha tiziwalo tambiri tambiri. Ndi maukadaulo oterowo, amayesa kudodometsa zoopsa kuchokera kwa iyemwini, chifukwa pakulimbana kwa moyo njira zonse zili bwino.
Njoka nthawi zambiri zimazunzidwa ndi munthu yemwe amatha kupha iwo mwanjira imeneyi, popanda chifukwa kapena, kuwalakwira chifukwa cha njoka. Popeza ziberazi sizimapewa malo okhala anthu, nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupi ndi anthu, nthawi zambiri zimagwera pansi pa magudumu a magalimoto. Chifukwa chake, njokazi zimakhala ndi adani ambiri munyengo zachilengedwe, makamaka nyama zazing'ono zili pachiwopsezo, choncho nyama zouluka zizisamala nthawi zonse, ndipo nthawi yamadzulo kubisala m'malo awo obisalirako.
Mating
Pambuyo hibernation, yomwe imayamba kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Epulo, kusungunuka koyambirira kumachitika, ndipo pokhapokha kumatula. Amuna angapo nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati wamkazi m'modzi, kuyesa kukopa chidwi ndi kusuntha kosagwirizana ndikumayandikira wamkazi. Nkhondo pakati pa amuna nthawi zambiri sizichitika. Mwamuna akamalandira komwe kuli mzimayiyo, amakondana. Nthawi yomweyo, chiwalo chake chogonana chimalowa mwa mkazi ndikutupa kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kutsekeka kwa matupi awo. Pambuyo pake, yamphongo imayamba kusuntha, ndipo njirayo imangotsatira pambuyo pake ngati mphukira yowonjezera.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Zofala
Banja lalikulu la anthu limakhala pafupifupi makontinenti onse. Mwambiri, kuchuluka kwa nyama zodzikongoletsa zamtenderezi sizimakumana ndi zoopseza, sizimayambitsa nkhawa yayikulu pakuchepetsa. Momwe njoka zimasungira zimadziwika kuti ndizabwinobwino. Chaposachedwa, sipanakhaleko kufalikira konsekonse mwa kuchuluka kwa njoka'zi.
Ponena za dziko lathu, njoka wamba zimatha kutchedwa imodzi mwazirala zambiri zomwe zimamva bwino kwambiri m'malo osiyanasiyana achilengedwe, kupangidwa ndi anthu. Ngakhale kuti momwe zinthu ziliri ndi boma la anthu wamba njoka zili paliponse paliponse, pali madera omwe kuchuluka kwake kwatsika kwambiri ndipo adalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira la zigawo zina. Izi zikukula, choyambirira, chifukwa cha zochitika zachangu za anthu, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zadyera komanso zimangofuna kupindulitsa anthu okha, osanyalanyaza zofuna ndi zofuna za abale athu ang'ono.
Pofuna kuti tisasunge chitetezo ndikupitilizabe kusangalala ndi kuchuluka kwake, ndikofunikira, choyamba, kuti tisalowe mwachisawawa m'malo omwe akukhalamo, kuti tisunge malo obisika komanso odalirika nthawi yachisanu komanso yomanga, kuganizira pasadakhale zosankha zokhudzana ndi zomangamanga zilizonse, kuphatikizapo kuyala misewu yatsopano. Chachikulu ndichakuti musataye umunthu ndikuyang'anira.
Chotuluka
Pafupifupi miyezi iwiri mpaka itatu atakhwima, mbalameyi imayikira mazira 10 mpaka 35 m'malo otentha komanso otetezedwa. Pachifukwa ichi, amasankha malo okhala ngati mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo, mabango kapena milu ya kompositi.
Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mazira ambiri. Izi zimadzetsa kuti zazikazi zimayikira mazira mulu umodzi. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri pamakhala zisa zomwe zidutswa za mazira 100-200 zimabwera palimodzi. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kutalika kwa 25 mamilimita ndi mamilimita 15 mpaka 20 m'lifupi.
Pakupita mwezi umodzi, ana akuwonekera. Kwa kubadwa kwake, ndikofunikira kuti kutentha kozungulira kuzungulira 28 C. Ngati nyengo zilipo, ndiye kuti nthawi yolumikizira ikula mpaka masiku 60-70.
Njoka zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimabadwa nthawi yoyambilira. Chigoba cha dzira chimadulidwa ndi dzino lotchedwa dzira. Achichepere chaka choyamba cha moyo amakhalabe usiku wawo chisa. Zaka zinayi pambuyo pake, kukhala wamkulu. Pafupifupi, izi zokwawa zimakhala ndi moyo zaka 20.
Kuteteza njoka wamba
Chithunzi: Mwachizolowezi kuchokera ku Red Book
Monga tanena kale, mikhalidwe ya moyo ndi kutukuka kwa njoka sikuyenda bwino konsekonse, choncho kumadera ena munthu wamba amafunika kutetezedwa. Pazitetezo, adalembedwa mu Red Book la madera ena: Moscow, Tver, Leningrad. Amatetezedwa ku Republic of Karelia.M'malo onsewa, kuchuluka kwa zokwawa kunatsika kwambiri, ngakhale m'mbuyomo njoka zinali zambiri.
Zomwe zimapangitsa izi zimatchedwa zinthu zotsatirazi:
- kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe,
- Kuipitsa kwamphamvu kwa matupi osiyanasiyana amadzi (madzi ndiofunikira njoka),
- kusowa kwa malo okhala bwino ndi kugona mazira,
- kuthamangitsa munthu ndi munthu kuchokera kumalo kumene amakhala chifukwa chokulima, kumanga misewu, midzi, etc.
M'madera omwe omwe amalembedwa kale mu Red Book, mtundu wamtundu wake umawonetsedwa ngati wosauka ndikuchepa. M'magawo, mapulogalamu akupangidwa kuti abwezeretse kuchuluka kwa njoka m'magawo apadera, otetezedwa, otetezedwa. M'mphepete mwa mitsinje, anthu amakumbukira maluwa pafupi ndi malo; malo ovomerezeka amasankhidwa kuti azisamba komanso kusangalala m'malo amenewa.
Pomaliza, ndikufuna kuwonjezera kuti mumangodabwa momwe mungaphunzirire zambiri zodziwika bwino komanso wodziwika bwino kuyambira paubwana, zomwe anthu kuyambira kale adapanga zopeka zambiri komanso zikhulupiriro, komwe wamba kale amachita ngati chizindikiro cha zabwino zonse, wosunga chuma ndi chuma chambiri, kapenanso mbuye wazirombo zina.
Zachilendo kale: kufotokoza
Chamoyo ichi ndi banja la "kale", pomwe akusiyana ndi achibale awo onyoka pamaso pa "makutu" achikasu, omwe amayimira zilembo pafupi ndi khosi. Mtundu wa zizindikirozi ukhoza kukhala mandimu, lalanje, oyera kapena pafupifupi osawoneka.
Monga lamulo, achikulire amakula mpaka mita imodzi m'litali, ngakhale pali zoyerekeza zaumwini, kutalika kwake komwe kumafikira pafupifupi 2 mita. Amuna ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa akazi. Mutu wa njoka wamba umasiyanasiyana mwa kulekanitsidwa ndi thupi, pomwe mchira wake umakhala wocheperako kasanu kuposa kutalika kwa thupi.
Mbali yakumtunda ya nyama yam'madzi imatha kukhala ndi imvi yakuda, ya bulauni kapena ya maolivi, pomwe mungathe kuwona mawonekedwe amdima opangidwa mwa "cheke". Gawo lakumunsi la thupi limapakidwa utoto wonyezimira kapena wonyezimira, wokhala ndi thonje lakuda lodutsa pakati. Munthu payekhapayekha amadziwika chifukwa chakuti mzere wotere umafalikira kudutsa thupi lonse. Mwa mitunduyi, munthu amatha kupeza zonse ziwiri.
Kufanana ndi njoka
Ndizachilengedwe kuti ambiri sadziwa kusiyanitsa njoka ndi mphiri, chifukwa chake amatenga njoka yaululu.
Chosangalatsa kudziwa! M'malo mwake, pali zambiri pakati pa njoka ndi njoka. Poyamba, amatha kukhala ndi malo okhala ngati oyanjanitsidwa ndi dziwe, malo oyimilira nkhalango ndi makhwawa, ndipo chachiwiri, monga njoka zambiri, amayesa kupewa kukumana ndi anthu.
Mwa zina, njoka zimakhala zolusa kwambiri ndipo zimatha kuwukira munthu ngati sakonda china chake.
Kusiyana kwakhalidwe kumaphatikizapo:
- Nyoka ili ndi thupi lalifupi kuyerekeza ndi njoka, ndipo kuchoka kwa thupilo kupita kumchira siosalala.
- Mawonekedwe achikasu amatha kuwoneka pamutu pa njokayo, ndipo lingaliro la zigzag limayendetsa kumbuyo kwa njoka.
- Maonekedwe a mutu wa njokayo ndi owaza ndipo ovate ochulukirapo, pomwe nyanjayo imakhala ndi mutu wachitatu ndipo imawoneka ngati mkondo.
- Njoka zilibe poizoni.
- Mu njoka, ana amaso amapangidwa mokhazikika kapena owongoka, pomwe njokayo imakonzedwa mozungulira ngati timitengo.
- Njoka zimakonda kudya achule, ndipo njoka zimakonda kwambiri makoswe.
Pali zosiyana zina, koma sizoyenera kutchulapo, chifukwa ndizovuta kwambiri kuti munthu wamba azindikire izi, makamaka pamikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri ngati pali mwayi wodana ndi njoka.
Malo okhala zachilengedwe
Kukhazikika kwa zolengedwa izi ndi zochuluka, makamaka popeza zimaphatikizapo kumpoto kwa kum'mwera, mpaka ku Arctic Circle, osanenapo za kum'mwera komwe kumakhala komwe njokayo imafikira ku Sahara. Ngati titalankhula za malire akumadzulo ndi kummawa, amadutsa ku Britain Isles ndi Iberian Peninsula, komanso madera apakati a Mongolia ndi Transbaikalia, motsatana.
Njoka zimakonda kukhala ndi moyo wosiyanasiyana. Chofunika kwambiri, muyenera kukhala ndi malo osungira chilichonse kuchokera pafupi, makamaka ndi madzi oyenda kapena opanda madzi.
Izi zothimbirana zimatha kupezeka popanda mavuto m'madambo, m'nkhalango, m'nthambi, m'madambo, m'mapiri a mitsinje, mkati mwa malo opanda matawuni, m'mapaki, m'minda, komanso m'mapiri.
Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mizinda ndipo amakonda kukwera phula, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amakhala pansi pa magudumu a magalimoto. Izi zimapangitsa chidwi cha njoka yomwe ikukhala m'malo okhala anthu ambiri. Ponena za dziko lonse lapansi, kuchuluka kwa njoka nkokwanira kuti asade nkhawa.
Ndi angati akukhala
Ponena za njoka, moyo wabanja ili ndi losangalatsa komanso pafupifupi zaka 20, kapena kuposerapo. Chofunikira kwambiri ndi kupezeka kwa madzi, chifukwa sizachabe kuti dzina lake lasayansi likufanana ndi Latin "natrix", lomwe limatanthawuza "osambira".
Zosangalatsa! Amamwa madzi ambiri ndikukonda kutenga njira zamadzi, kumatha kusambira kwakutali monga choncho, mopanda cholinga. Monga lamulo, iwo amayenda pamadzi ambiri m'mbali mwa gombe, ndi anthu pawokha amawona ngakhale pamtunda wowonekera kapena patali kwambiri kuchokera pagombe lamadzi ambiri. Mtunda uwu ukhoza kukhala makilomita makumi.
Adani achilengedwe
Kwa njoka, ndikofunikira kubisala pobisalira nthawi dzuwa litalowa. Thupi likayamba kuzirala, limasiya kugwira ntchito ndipo singathawe adani ake osiyanasiyana. Adani achilengedwe azachilendo angaganiziridwe:
- Nyama zingapo zolusa, kuphatikizapo nkhandwe ndi hedgehog.
- Pafupifupi mitundu 40 ya mbalame zazikulu, kuphatikizapo dokowe ndi heron.
- Zodzikongoletsera monga makoswe.
- Amphibians, kuphatikiza achule ndi mikanda.
- Trout, yomwe singapereke mwayi kwa achinyamata.
- Tizilombo ta nyerere ndi nyerere zomwe zimawononga mazira.
Popeza adakumana ndi mdani wina, adayamba kale kulira ndikusyasala khosi kuti liziwoneka ngati njoka yapoizoni. Nthawi yomweyo, thupi lake limapangidwa ngati zigzag, ndipo mchira wake umagwa mwamantha. Palinso njira ina, yodziwikiratu pamene ikuyesa kupewa msonkhano, ndikuyamba kuwuluka.
Mphindi yosangalatsa! Ngati ali m'manja mwa zilombo kapena m'manja mwa munthu, ayesayeseza kuti ndifa kapena ayamba kubisa chinthu chonyansa.
Pakudya kwamadzulo ndikofunikira kwambiri kukhala ndi malo okhala abwino, omwe akusowa. Motere, njoka zimagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachuma cha anthu. Amakhala mnyumba ndi zomangira zina, komanso milu ya kompositi ndi ndowa.
Moyo & Habitat
Zisalu zimasambira bwino komanso kusambira, chifukwa chake zimakhala komwe kuli madzi. Ngakhale imapezeka m'malo owuma. Adilesi awo ndi Dziko Lapansi. Kumakona aliwonse, kupatula zigawo za polar, mutha kukumana ndi njoka.
Ambiri mwa iwo ndi nyama zomwe zimakonda kudya, kuthamanga kwambiri komanso mafoni. Usiku amayesetsa kubisa mwachangu. Kuchokera pamachitidwe awa ndizomveka owopa kwambiri. Ngati sangabisike mpaka usiku, azizizira msanga ndipo sangathe kuyenda bwino. Kenako imasanduka ziweto zina.
Ndipo nyama zambiri, mbalame ndi zokwawa zakonzeka kukhumudwitsa ena. Sitilankhula za nyama zodya ziwonetsero, monga nkhandwe, raccoon kapena hedgehog. Kale atha kukhala mitundu 40 ya mbalame. Itha kudyedwa ndi njoka yayikulu iliyonse, makoswe, zodontha, ngakhale zodumphira sizimachita manyazi kuukira njoka yaying'ono. Inde, ndipo tizilombo tina titha kumuvulaza. Tizilombo ta nyerere ndi nyerere zimawononga mazira ake.
Ndizosangalatsa kuonanso nyama zakutchire pagombe la nkhokwe. Apa wagona pafupifupi osasunthika, akusenda padzuwa. Ndipo m'kutuluka kwa diso, muvi waung'ono, wonga dontho la siliva, unalowa mu mtsinje. Oyandama pansi pamadzi, mutu umodzi wokha umakwezedwa pang'ono pamwamba. Itha kumizidwa kwathunthu m'madzi, kwa nthawi yayitali njoka izitha kuzama.
Nthawi zambiri, akamafuna kuthawa mdani, amadziwongola, kwinaku, ndikulunga thupi lake ndi chida, mwamantha amapaka kumbuyo kwa mchira wake kuti wolakwayo aganize, njoka ndi poyizoni kapena ayi. Mwina simuyenera kusokoneza naye? Kulingalira kwakanthawi kokwanira kuti nkhokweyi ichoke mwachangu.
Ngati muli ndi famu pafupi ndi dziwe, mutha kupeza njoka m'nyumba nthawi iliyonse. Amakhala momasuka komanso ofunda pakati pa mbalame. Nthawi zina njoka zikaikira mazira pachakudya kapena chisa cha nkhuku. M'malo ena omanga - m'miyala kapena m'miyala, sakonda kukhala ndi moyo, akuwopa kuti aphwanyidwa.
Zoyala zanyama zimatha kupezeka pamapaki, pamtunda wamtali, pagombe. Amathanso kulowa mumzinda, kenako nthawi zambiri amafa pansi pa matayala a magalimoto. Kale nthawi zina mumatha kugwira, iye ndi wodekha, wokhazikika komanso wofuna kudziwa zambiri.
Ngati mungatenge nyamayi, konzekerani fungo loipa lomwe limatha kumasulidwa. Ndi chikhalidwe chake kunamizira kuti wafa. Muukapolo, wogwidwa nthawi yomweyo amazolowera, amakhala wodetsedwa.
Chifukwa chiyani mukulota
Kale m'maloto nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati chinthu cholimbikitsa. Momwe amakonda - kuseketsa dzuwa m'maloto kumatanthauza kuti mukuyembekezera uthenga wabwino. Ngati mudyetsa maloto, moona mudzayamikiridwa, mudzalandira phindu, mphotho kapena kuzindikira. Kwa akazi, kuwona m'maloto kumatanthauza kusintha m'moyo wawo.
Mwina mudzakwatirana, kapena mukumana ndi wobatirana. Ngati njoka yakuluma, dikirani mimba yomwe mukufuna. Kwa amuna, njoka imeneyi siyothandizira; nthawi zambiri, kukumana ndi njoka m'maloto kumatanthauza kunyenga komanso chinyengo m'moyo. Ndikofunika kwambiri kukumbukira zochitika zonse za maloto kuti mumvetsetse chifukwa chomwe njoka ikulota.
Zokhumba zathu zakuzindikira nthawi zina zimapereka chithunzi m'maloto. Koma malingaliro athu ndi ovuta kupusitsa. Ngati maloto oterowo mutakhala kuti muli ndi zopanda pake mulibe malingaliro osiyidwa, khalani omasuka kupereka moni patsikulo. Maloto awa amakhala abwino nthawi zonse.
Kale: kufotokozera, kapangidwe, mawonekedwe. Kodi chikuwoneka bwanji?
Kukula kwa njoka kungakhale njoka zazing'ono kuchokera kutalika kwa 15 cm, ndipo njoka zazikulupo zazitali kuposa mamilimita 3.5. Komanso, chosangalatsa ndichakuti, njoka zazikazi nthawi zonse zimakhala zazikulu kuposa zazimuna.
Mutu wa njoka ndi yaying'ono ndipo, mwa mitundu ina, umatetezedwa ndi zishango zokongoletsedwa ndi ma waya. Thupi la njokayo ndi yochepa komanso yokutidwa ndi mamba, ndipo mitundu ina imakhala yosalala, pomwe ina imakhala ndi nthiti zazitali. Maso ake ali njira, ndipo ophunzira ake ali bwino.
Mchirawo umakhala wofupika nthawi 3-5 kuposa thupi lonse. Kuphatikiza apo, imatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana: ozungulira, owongoka kapena otsetsereka.
Koma mano a njoka amadalira kwambiri mtundu wake, paz njoka zosiyanasiyana amatha kusiyanasiyana kwambiri, kuchuluka kwake, komanso kukula kwake. Ponseponse, njoka zambiri ndizakuthwa, sizowonda ndipo sizigwedezeka. Koma kuphatikiza pa izi, akatswiri odziwa zachipatala apeza njoka zina zokhala ndi mano osalala omwe nthawi zonse amakhala akudya chakudya cholimba. Kupatula mano, kamwa imakhalanso ndi lilime losalala.
Kodi njoka zimakhala kuti?
Njoka zimakhala m'malo ambiri, motero zimapezeka pafupifupi ku Europe, mpaka ku Arctic Circle, gawo lofunika kwambiri ku Asia. Zimapezekanso ku North ndi Central America, Africa, kuzilumba zambiri za Oceania, ndipo mtundu umodzi wa njoka umakhala ngakhale ku Australia. Zachidziwikire, njoka zimapezeka mosavuta m'nkhalango zathu, nthawi zambiri, zimakhala m'malo onyowa momwe mumakhala madzi pafupi: nyanja, mitsinje, dziwe, madambo. Ngakhale pali njoka zam'chipululu zomwe zimakhala m'malo owuma komanso amchenga.
Chitetezo ndi chitetezo chawo
Amakhala pafupi ndi madzi chifukwa achule ndiye gwero lawo lalikulu la chakudya. Koma malo omwe nyama zakufa izi zikuwonongeka zikuwonongeka ndi anthu. Malo odyetserako ziweto omwe asinthidwa kukhala chuma. Madera ambiri komanso onyowa akutha ntchito kuti amange nyumba komanso misewu yayikulu. Izi zimachepetsa kwambiri malo okhala njoka izi.
Kuphatikiza apo, chaka chilichonse kumakhala malo osungira osachepera, monga maiwe kapena nyanja, zomwe zimawonongeranso malo okhala nyama.
Anakumananso ndi mfundo yoti chaka chilichonse pamakhala malo ocheperako komanso osakwanitsa kuyikira mazira.
Njoka zambiri zimavutika ndi magalimoto pamayendedwe awo. Kapenanso, amangophedwa ndi anthu kuti asangalale.
Chifukwa chake, sizosadabwitsa kuti mtunduwu uli pa mndandanda wa Red ku mayiko ambiri aku Europe.
Ku European Union ndizoletsedwa kuti ziwaphe, komanso kuzigwira kuti zizichitika kunyumba.
Komanso malo apadera ndi dziwe zimapangidwa kuti azisaka komanso azisaka.
Kodi ndizowopsa kwa anthu?
Anthu omwe akukhala m'malo amtunda wathu ndiopanda vuto kwa anthu. Alibe poizoni, kupatula kuti sakudziwa kuluma nkomwe, kutalika komwe angachite ndikukanda khungu pang'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, munthu akafika, njoka zonse zimayesetsa kubisala momwe zingathere, ndipo zimatha kuluma pokhapokha ngati zichotsedwa pakona. Mulimonsemo, mikwingwirima yopepuka yoyambitsidwa ndi njoka imachira msanga. Mwiniwake, atagwidwa ndi munthu ngati chitetezo, adzayeseza kufa kwake, thupi lake limasunthika ndikusuntha, koma atamasulidwa, munthu wakufa wotereyu adzakhalanso ndi moyo ndikubisala kuthengo.
Zowona, palinso mitundu ya njoka zomwe zingakhale zovulaza, zimaphatikizapo tiger kapena asodzi, zimakhala ndi mano owopsa kumbuyo kwa nsagwada ndipo kuluma kwawo kungayambitse kutupa kapena ngakhale kufa.
Kodi limasiyana bwanji ndi njoka?
Komabe, timalimbikitsa kuti tisayese njoka, chifukwa nthawi zambiri imatha kusokonezedwa ndi njoka ina - chowonjezera, chomwe sichili ndi vuto lililonse, koma chakupha komanso chowopsa. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani ndi njoka: tidalemba kale izi pankhani yathu za njoka, kutsatira ulalo, palinso za izo.
Zomwe zimadya?
Njoka, ngakhale sizilivulaza kwa anthu, komabe, monga njoka zina, zimadyera, amphibians ndi nsomba ndiye gwero lalikulu la chakudya chawo. Achule ndi ma tadpoles, abuluzi, komanso timakina tating'onoting'ono, monga mbewa, makoswe, muskrats, ndi agologolo, timakhala chakudya cha njoka pafupipafupi. Nthawi zina mileme, komanso mbalame zazing'ono, zimatha kubwera kwa iwo kuti adye nkhomaliro. Njoka zazing'ono zimadya tizilombo tambiri, nyongolotsi, mbewa ndi nsomba zazing'ono zingapo mosangalatsa. Pakusaka, njoka, monga lamulo, zimapanga abisala, kuteteza amene angazunzidwe, kenako ndikuponya mwachangu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti njoka sizipha nkomwe zodyera, koma zimeza mwachindunji zamoyo, ngati kuti zimamwa mkamwa. Nthawi yomweyo, kumeza nyama yaying'ono chifukwa cha njoka sikovuta, koma kuyamwa kwa munthu wokulirapo kumatha kutenga maola angapo.
Pakudya chopatsa thanzi, mwina sichikhala ndi masiku ochepa, koma ambiri njoka, monga njoka zina zambiri, imatha kudya popanda nthawi yayitali. Mwa njira, akatswiri a zojambula zanyengo adalemba cholemba chomwe chinjoka sichinadye masiku 300.
Ngakhale njoka zimatha kufa ndi njala kwa nthawi yayitali, sizikhala nthawi yayitali popanda madzi, njoka izi nthawi zonse zimamwa kwambiri, makamaka kwambiri kutentha.
Adani a njoka zachilengedwe
Njoka zomwezo sizikhala kumtunda kwenikweni kwa chakudya, ndipo zimatha kukhala zochuluka za adani ena akuluakulu: nkhandwe, mbewa, ma martens. Mbalame zina zodya nyama zimadyanso: agogoli, mbewa ndi chiwombankhanga. Makoswe, omwe amadyedwa ndi njoka, nawonso ndi oopsa, koma osati njoka zachikulire, koma mazira awo ndi njoka zazing'ono. Zokongoletsera nthawi zambiri zimawononga zisa za njoka. Zachidziwikire, chiopsezo cha njoka ndi munthu.
Njira ya njoka
Amakhala moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, amakonda Dzuwa, makamaka kuphika mumayendedwe ake otentha, omwe amakhala nthawi yayitali, kupatula m'mawa ndi madzulo - ino ndiye nthawi yosaka. Komanso njoka zimadziwa kukwera mitengo, ngakhale kusunthira kunthambi kupita ku nthambi, kusambira bwino kwambiri ndipo imatha kukhala m'madzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Anthu ambiri amafotokoza milandu atawona njoka, mwachitsanzo, pakati pa nyanja yayikulu.
Pali mitundu ya njoka yomwe ikukumba njoka, imakumba ngalande zenizeni pansi panthaka, ndipo njoka zam'chipululu zimakonda kukumba m'nthaka ndikudziyang'anira mchenga.
Nde njoka nthawi yozizira bwanji
Kufika kwa kuzizira kwa nyengo yozizira, ntchito zonse za moyo wa zolengedwa izi ndizolepheretsa, njoka zimagwera mu hibernation, zomwe zimayamba kugwa ndipo zimatha pafupifupi miyezi 8, mpaka kutentha kwa kasupe kufika. Pakusala nthawi yozizira, njoka zimasankha malo obisika osazizira nthawi yachisanu. Nthawi zambiri m'malo otere njoka zochepa zimatha kusonkhana nthawi yachisanu, ndipo nthawi zina njoka zina zimatha kukhalanso nthawi yachisanu. Chifukwa cha kutentha, njoka zimatuluka m'malo awo ozizira.
Madzi kale
Uyu ndiye wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa njoka wamba, ngakhale pali zosiyana. Mtunduwu umakonda kwambiri kutentha, chifukwa chake sungapezeke kumpoto, umakhala kum'mwera-kumadzulo kwa France mpaka pakati Asia, mutha kukumana naye kumwera kwa Ukraine, ku Caucasus, Kazakhstan ndi mayiko ena angapo. Monga momwe mungaganizire, moyo wa njoka yamadzi ndi wofanana kwambiri ndi madzi, ndipo samangokhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja, koma nthawi zina ngakhale nyanja. Zimasambira molongosoka, zimatha kuthana ndi mafunde amphamvu, ndipo zimatha kukhala pansi pa madzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mtundu wa azitona wobiriwira, wobiriwira wokhala ndi mawanga ndi mikwingwirima. Pafupifupi, madzi ali kale ndi mita 1 m'litali, ngakhale pali oimilira akuluakulu pansi pa 1.6 m kutalika. Ili ndilopanda vuto lililonse, chifukwa silikudziwa nkhuku, koma chifukwa cha mtundu wake limasokonezedwa ndi chowonjezera komanso kuphedwa.
Colchis nayenso
Ndi mtsogoleri wamkulu, amakhala ku Central Asia, Azzeran, Abkhazia, Georgia, ndi kumwera kwa Russia. Miyoyo yamatumbo ndi nkhalango za beech. Kuchokera ku njoka zina mtunduwu umasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe angapo am'mutu komanso kusowa kwa malo owala kumbuyo kwa mutu. Kutalika kwake ndi 1-1.3 m. Amasambira bwino kwambiri, kuphatikizira kulowa pansi pamadzi, nthawi zambiri kuthawa adani. Posachedwa, chiwerengero cha njoka za Colchis chatsika kwambiri ndipo njira zoteteza ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti azisunge.
Viper kale
Uyu amakhala kale m'maiko aku Mediterranean, koma mutha kukumana naye kumwera kwa Ukraine. Njoka izi zimakhala pafupi ndi dziwe, mitsinje ndi zithaphwi, ndipo adatchedwa mayina chifukwa chofanana ndi njoka zomwezo. Zachidziwikire, kufanana kumeneku si kwabwino kwa njoka zomwe zaphedwa, ndikuganiza kuti ndizowonjezera, ngakhale ndizokha zomwe sizowopsa.
Tiger kale
Koma Akambuku, omwe amakhala ku Asia, kuphatikiza China, Japan, Korea, ndi owopsa, popeza ali ndi chinsinsi chakupha chomwe amachigwiritsa ntchito podziteteza. Mosiyana ndi abale ake osavulaza, iyi ndi njoka yapoizoni, ngakhale kuti njoka ya njoka siilimba ngati ya njoka imodzimodzi, kapena njoka zina zapoizoni. Ili ndi kutalika kwa 1.1 m. China chomwe chimadziwika ndi njokayo ndi utoto wamizere, womwe umafanana ndi kambuku, motero dzina.
Dongo lakummawa
Mtunduwu umakhala ku America, makamaka kumpoto kwa United States, kuyambira Iowa ndi Texas, kupita ku Florida. Amasiyana ndi njoka zina kukula kwake kochepa - kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 25 chabe.
Chijapani kale
Ngakhale dzinali, silimangokhala ku Japan kokha, komanso m'maiko ena aku Asia, kuphatikizira Far East wa Russian Federation. Ili ndi kukula kocheperako - kutalika kwake kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 50 ndi mtundu wolimba: nthawi zambiri amakhala bulauni, chokoleti kapena chofiirira-chofiirira chofiirira.
Kodi njoka zimabala bwanji?
Monga njoka zina, njoka zimaberekera mazira. Amuna amatha kutha msambo ali ndi zaka zitatu, ndipo zazikazi pang'ono pakatha zaka 4-5. Nthawi yake yakukula imayamba mchirimwe, atangochoka kumene. Kuwabwerera kuli motere: yamphongo imayandikira mkaziyo, ndikugwedeza mutu wake kuchokera mbali ndi mbali. Kenako amadzibwadukira, kumuguguda, kumangirira mchira wake. Ndizosangalatsa kuti nthawi zina abambo angapo amatha kusonkhana mozungulira wamkazi nthawi imodzi, ndikupanga mawonekedwe okwanira, koma mosiyana ndi nyama zina, amuna samalimbana, ndipo amangoyesa kuletsa yemwe akupikisana naye kuti athetse umuna.
Mkazi atachita bwino umuna, amaikira mazira. Dzira limakutidwa ndi filimu yoyera, lili ndi tinthu tating'ono tambiri, tomwe timayikidwa ndi puloteni yapadera. Kukula kwa mabowo kumatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa njoka, ndipo, chosangalatsa, njoka izi zimatha kupanga zomangamanga zonse, zomwe zimakhala mazira pafupifupi 1000.
Kwa ndodo, njoka zimafunafuna malo otentha, obisika, awa amatha kukhala milu ya humus, zokhala zowola, mapindikidwe a moss, ngakhale masamba agwa. Kutalika kwa njoka kumatha miyezi iwiri, pambuyo pake njoka zazing'ono kuchokera pamenepo, zomwe zimafalikira nthawi yomweyo ndikuyamba kukhala ndi moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Nthawi yomweyo, ambiri a iwo amafa ali aang'ono, akamadya njoka zazing'ono, kuphatikizapo chakudya chamtsogolo cham'tsogolo: mikanda, makoswe ndi mbewa.
Zosangalatsa zokhudza njoka
- Nthawi zina kusintha koteroko kumachitika kuti anthu a mitu iwiri amabadwa. Zowona, njoka zachilendozi sizikhala kwanthawi yayitali.
- M'mabukuwa muli njoka zambiri, mwachitsanzo, njoka zimawonetsa achule asanadye. M'malo mwake, izi ndizopeka kuposa nthano chabe.
- Njoka ndi ngwazi za nthano zambiri zomwe zimakonda kukhala zosunga chuma ndi chuma.
Zisanu
Njoka zachisanu zimanyamuka nthawi yozizira mu Okutobala-Novembala. Monga malo obisalako nthawi yachisanu, njoka izi zimagwiritsa ntchito mabowo akuya, mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana ndi mizu pansi pa mizu ndi chitsa. Nthawi yachisanu imakhala yosungirako anthu angapo kapena payokha. Tulukani hibernation mu Epulo nyengo ikakhala yotentha. Poyamba, sakhala okangalika kwambiri, amanama kwa nthawi yayitali komanso beseni padzuwa. Ndipo pambuyo poyambira woyamba kasupe, nthawi yawo yakukhwima imayamba. Pakadali pano, amatenga anthu angapo (amuna ndi akazi), ndikupanga zingwe.
Adani a njoka ndi njira zotetezera kwa iwo
Njoka ndi njoka zopanda chitetezo, ndipo zili ndi adani okwanira. Herons, agulugufe, chiwombankhanga cha njoka ndi mbalame zina zoyenda nazo zimawasaka. Kuchokera ku zolengedwa zoyamwitsa, nkhandwe, agalu a raccoon, martens, etc. amadya njoka. Mazira awo amadyedwa ndi makoswe ndi mbewa.
Pazowopsa, ali ndi njira yokhayo yodzitetezera: mdani akaonekera, amatulutsa madzi oyera oyera achikasu ku cesspool. Ngati mankhwalawo alibe vuto, amayesa kuthawa.
Njoka zogwira, zikagwidwa, zingayesere kuluma, koma zimachita izi m'njira kuti sizivuta kupewa kuluma kwawo. Ngati ikulumwa, matumba ndi m'malovu a magazi amatha kupaka pakhungu. Mwamwayi, kuluma kwa njoka sikumakhala pachiwopsezo, ndipo wovutikayo amangofunika kuchitira malo olumayo ndi antiseptic iliyonse yomwe ilipo. Choyipa chachikulu, njira ina yotetezera yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa ndi madzi onunkha. Manja amatha kutsukidwa ndi zovuta, ndipo zovala ziyenera kutsukidwa bwino.
Nthawi zambiri, munthu yemwe wagwiridwayo amakhala kuti akukana kale, koma patapita mphindi zochepa amatsitsimula thupi, natsegula pakamwa pake ndikumayesa ngati wamwalira. Komabe, ngati mungolola izi m'manja mwanu, zimangosokonekera.
Sichinsinsi kuti anthu ambiri amadana ndi njoka zodana ndi udani woopsa, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo amalimbikitsa udani wawo ku njoka zopanda vuto lililonse. Wopangidwa ndi ndodo, amaphwanyidwa ndi mapazi awo, nthawi zambiri amagona m'mphepete mwa matupi amadzi. Kwa iwo omwe amawononga njoka zonse mopanda chinyengo, sizikulowa m'mutu momwe amapindulira kwambiri, ndikuwononga makoswe ndi tizilombo.
Potengedwa, njoka zimazolowera m'manja mwa munthu, siyani kuluma, kumasula madzi oteteza.
Zodyetsa kale?
Achule odzala kale, zala, ndi mbewa zosamalidwa, pomwe chakudya chimayenera kukhala chamoyo. Anthu ena amaganiza kuti njoka zimatha kuphunzitsidwa kudya nyama yaiwisi. Njoka zambiri, makamaka zanjala, nthawi zina zimatha kuwonetsa chidwi ndi nyama, kukwawa kwa iyo, kuzimva ndi lirime lawo, koma kudya - sizidya. Komabe, njoka ndizapadera pakusaka nyama.
Chifukwa chake, ndinapeza chule ndikudya. Ndikadyetsanso nthawi yanji? Chinyama chija chiziuza izi ndi machitidwe ake. Chiweto chodyetsedwa bwino chagona pansi ndikugaya chakudya. Wanjala, amayamba kukwawa mosagwirizana ndi malo othamangitsirako ndikumva chilichonse ndi lilime lake. Izi zitha kuchitika pakadutsa masiku atatu kuchokera pakudya, komanso masabata awiri, ngakhale mwezi umodzi. Zonse zimatengera mkhola wam'madzi, momwe zinthu ziliri mu terarium, kuchuluka komwe kudyedwa kale. M'nyengo yozizira, njoka zimadya pang'ono. Koma nthawi zina njoka imakana chakudya. Ngati m'mbuyomu, ziweto monga izi sizinadziwike ndipo adadya bwino mu terarium, pali zifukwa ziwiri zomwe amakanira chakudya:
- akudwala kapena kufooka kwakuti sanakonzekere kudya,
- Ali wathanzi kale, wathanzi, koma mwakuthupi amafunikira nthawi yopumula, safuna kudya.
Inde, mlandu wachiwiri suyenera kuyambitsa nkhawa. Koma momwe mungadziwire thanzi ndi kunenepa kwa njokayo? Chifukwa chake, njoka yathanzi imakhala ndi mphuno ndi maso oyera, kamwa yapinki, lilime lomwe limayenda ndipo limathamanga, limawoneka munthawi yachisangalalo. Ikasungunuka, chamoyo chathanzi chimasiya kanema wosasokoneza, khungu limapangika. Njoka yodwalayo imasungunuka ndi mamba (njoka zimathanso kukhetsa popanda chinyontho).
Kunenepa kwa njoka kungathe kutsimikizika kunja ndi kukhudza: chamoyo chizikhala chozungulira, cham'mimba sichimatulutsa, ndizovuta kumvetsetsa ndi chala.
Nyama zotopa kwambiri komanso zodwala nthawi zambiri zimagona, thupi limapindika ndi mafunde ochepa. Pankhaniyi, simungathe kuchita popanda kuthandizidwa ndi herpetologist.