Pyrenees Reserve - Pyrenees National Park, France
Ngale ya zokopa zachilengedwe ku France ndi Pyrenees Reserve kapena Pyrenees National Park. Imakhala ndi ma kilomita opitilira 400 ndipo imaphatikizaponso gawo la mapiri a Pyrenees. Malo awa amawona kuti ndi malo osungirako kuyambira 1967.
French Pyrenees Reserve (Pyrenees park) Kodi ndi amodzi mwa malo omaliza kumwera kwa Europe kumene zimbalangondo zofiirira zimapezeka. Kuphatikiza pa zimbalangondo, pali ma lynxes, ndi agwape ofiira, ndi mbuzi zamapiri za Pyrenean, ndi chiwombankhanga, mimbulu, ndi makondo osiyanasiyana.
Malo omwe ali Pyrenees Reserve otchuka ndi osiyana ndi ena. Mutha kuwona mathithi am'madzi ndi nyanja zowonekera kumapiri, mapiri a mapiri ndi mapiri otchingidwa ndi chipale chofewa. Pamalo osungirako malo osungirako ndi gawo lalitali kwambiri la France la mapiri awa - Somme du Vinemale. Imafika pamtunda wa 3300 m. Pyrenees Reserve imaphatikizidwa pamndandanda wazipilala zachilengedwe za UNESCO.
Malo osungirako ali ndi njira zambiri zoyendera - onse akuyenda komanso osinthidwa kuti ayende njinga. Maulendo amtunda nthawi zambiri amakhala okongoletsedwa, kuponderezedwa ndikuyika chizindikiro, kotero ndizosavuta kusochera.
Malo okhala m'mapiri, momwe mungapumulire ndi kukhala ndi chakudya, bwerani m'njira. Zimbalangondo sizimalowa m'malo "osangalatsa" kwambiri osungira, koma agwape, ma chamois ndi malo obisika amatha kuwoneka m'malo awo achilengedwe. Palinso nkhosa zambiri zoweta zomwe zimadyera momasuka kumapiri.
Komabe, alendo onse kudera lino amalangizidwa kuti akagone usiku kuti adzagone, osati m'mahema awo pakati pa nkhalango: kukumana ndi chimbalangondo sikungatheke, koma ndizotheka.
"Malo ochezera" Iberian Natural Reserve - Ino ndi tawuni ya Cotere, pafupi ndi Lourdes - ndipamene njira zambiri zimayambira. Apa mutha kugula kapena kubwereka zida zofunikira kapena mukugwirizana pazomwe zikuwongolera.
Cotere - tawuni yaying'ono, mulibe anthu opitilira miliyoni ndi theka, ngakhale munthawi yachilimwe imatha kuwoneka kuti ili ndi anthu ambiri. Kuchiritsa zitsime za kuchiritsa kumapezeka pano, chifukwa chaulendo wotopetsa wamapiri ndizotheka kupuma ndikuwongolera thanzi lanu.
Zizindikiro zakunja za chiwombankhanga cha Iberia
Chiwombankhanga cha Pyrenees ndi mbalame yayikulu yolusa yozama masentimita 85 ndi mapiko a masentimita 190-210. Kulemera kuyambira 3000 mpaka 3500 g.
Pyrenean Eagle (Akula adalberti)
Maonekedwe a mbalame zodya nyama ambiri amakhala ofanana kwambiri - ofiira, pomwe izi sizowoneka bwino zokhala ngati zoyera. Thupi lakumtunda limakhala lofiirira kwambiri, nthawi zina limakhala ndi ma toni ofiira kumbuyo.
Zowonjezera zamutu ndi khosi zimakhala zachikasu kapena zonyezimira, ndipo zimadziwika patali ngati loyera kwathunthu, makamaka mphungu zakale. Nthenga za nkhope zimakhala zofiirira, nthawi zina pafupifupi zakuda. Zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi gawo loyera loyera la mapiko ndi mawanga oyera oyera pamapewa. Mawonekedwe a malo okhala ndi mawonekedwe amasiyanasiyana kutengera zaka za chiwombankhanga cha Pyrenean. Mbali kumtunda kwa mchira wake ndi imvi yopepuka, nthawi zambiri imakhala yoyera kapena yokhala ndi mzere wowongoka, yokhala ndi chingwe chakuda chakuda ndi nsonga yoyera. Maso ndi mtedza. Sera ndi wachikaso, mtundu womwewo ndi ma paws.
Ziwombankhanga za Pyrenean pokhapokha zaka zisanu ndi zitatu ndi zisanu ndi zitatu zimapeza mtundu wotsiriza wa manambala
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timakutidwa ndi maula amtundu wofiirira, wokhala ndi khosi loyera, komanso mtundu womwewo wa oblium. Mchirawo umatha kukhala wa bulauni kapena wotuwa ndi nsonga yachikaso. Komabe, utoto wa ma plumage umasintha pambuyo pa molt woyamba. Kuuluka, malo oyera oyera kumakhala kodziwika m'munsi mwa nthenga zazikulu zamapiko. Iris ndi woderapo. Mawondo achikuda ndi achikaso. Pazaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zazingwe zazing'ono, nthenga za mtundu wa bulauni zimawonekera. Khosi, chifuwa ndi mapiko akumwamba akadali achikaso.
Mapaipi, monga ziwombankhanga zazikulu, pamapeto pake zimapezeka pazaka 6 - 8.
Makamaka a chiwombankhanga cha Pyrenees
Chiwombankhanga cha ku Iberia chimapezeka m'malo a mapiri, koma osati pamalo okwera. Pofuna kupeza chisa, amasankha malo kumapeto kwa malo otsetsereka ndi mitengo yayikulu. Imapezeka pamtunda wotsika pakati paminda ndi mitengo yozungulira yozunguliridwa ndi mitengo yachilendo. Malo okhala chifukwa chochuluka nyama. Chifukwa chake, malo odyera amatha kukhala ndi malo ocheperapo pamaso pa chakudya. Pansi pa izi, mtunda pakati pa zisa ndi wocheperako.
Chiwombankhanga cha ku Iberia chimapezeka m'malo a mapiri, koma osati pamalo okwera.
Kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Iberian Peninsula, nthawi zambiri zisa za Iberian Eagle, Serpent Eagle ndi Imperial Eagle zimakhala pafupi. Dongosololi likufotokozedwa ndi kuchuluka pagulu la akalulu ndi maula, omwe ali ofunikira kwambiri mu chakudya cha mbalame zodya nyama.
Kufalitsa kwa chiwombankhanga cha Pyrenees
Chiwombankhanga cha Iberian ndi chimodzi mwa ziwombankhanga zosowa konsekonse ku Europe ndipo chimangokhala ku Peninsula ya Iberia. Amakhala moyo wongokhala, amangoyenda pang'ono m'malo okhalamo kufunafuna chakudya.
Chiwombankhanga cha Pyrenean - imodzi mwa chiwombankhanga chosowa kwambiri ku kontinenti ya Europe
Zomwe zimachitika pa chiwombankhanga cha Pyrenees
Chiwombankhanga cha Pyrenees chimatha kugwira nyama zimathawa, koma mosadukiza mbalame yomwe ili ndi nkhosazo imatenga mbalame zazing'onoting'ono komanso zazing'ono padziko lapansi. Amakonda kusaka m'malo otseguka, onyongedwa m'nkhalango zamtchire. Kuuluka ndi kusaka kwa chiwombankhanga cha Pyrenees kumachitika kutalika kwakukulu. Nyamayi ikaona nyama yake, imalawa kwambiri. Paulendo wozungulira, chiwombankhanga chimadzagwera mwamphamvu ndikuyang'anitsitsa gawo.
Chiwombankhanga cha ku Iberia chimasiyanitsidwa ndi kuthekera kwake kwapadera kogwira nyama ikauluka
Kufotokozera
Uwu ndi mkwatulo wawukulu komanso chiwombankhanga chachikulu, chofanana ndi msuweni wake, manda, omwe ali m'malo osiyanasiyana. Poyerekeza ndi chiwombankhanga chachikulu chomvera chisoni, ndizochepa pang'ono kuposa chiwombankhanga chagolide ndipo ndi chokulirapo kuposa chiwombankhanga cha Bonelli. Malo oyikidwa m'manda ku Spain amatha kulemera kuyambira 2,5 mpaka 4.8 kg (mapaundi 5.5 mpaka 10.6), ndi kulemera pafupifupi 3.19 mpaka 3.93 kg (7.0 mpaka 8.7 mapaundi). Mtunduwu umakhala ndi kutalika pafupifupi 74 mpaka 85 cm (29 mpaka 33 inches) ndi mapiko a 177 mpaka 220 cm (5 mapazi 10 mpaka 7 inches 3 inches). Wachikulire amafanana ndi manda ndipo amatha kupereka chiwonetsero cha chiwonetsero cha golide (makamaka ngati chitawoneka kutali), koma chautali kwambiri kuposa mtundu uliwonse wakuda wakuda womwe umafikira mpaka kummero.
Monga malo oyikidwa m'manda, achikulire amakhala ndi lingwe loyera loyera paphewa ndi kutsogolo kwa mapiko ndipo ali opatsika kwambiri kuposa utoto wa Taun kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi nduwira, mosiyana ndi mtundu wachikaso wagolide womwewo m'dera lomwelo la chiwombankhanga chagolide. Malo oyikidwa m'manda achinyamatawa ku Spain ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi achikulire ena ndi ena omwe amadyetsa kwambiri m'derali, nthawi zambiri amakhala ofanana, ali ndi mchenga wamtambo wamtundu, akusiyanitsidwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda mbali zam'mwamba ndi zamunsi zamapiko. Wamng'ono kwambiri kuposa mpikisano wocheperako wa chiwombankhanga wagolide wopezeka ku Peninsula ya Iberia, ndi wopepuka komanso wowoneka pang'ono poyerekeza ndi mitundu yamphamvu kwambiri yagolide, yokhala ndi khosi lalitali, ndipo nthawi zambiri mapiko akaphokoso akuthawa kuposa manda agolide opindika chiwombankhanga.
Spectrum
Amakhala pakatikati komanso kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Spain ndi madera ozungulira Portugal, m'chigawo cha Iberian. Linga lake lili ku Dehesa matondo apakati ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Spain, mwachitsanzo, ku Extremadura, Ciudad Real ndi madera kumpoto kwa Huelva ndi Seville Sierra Norte. Manda a Spain ndi malo okhala, mosiyana ndi malo oyika maliro. Maonekedwe okhazikika ku Morocco ndiopikisana, koma mbalame zachichepere zimakonda kupita ku Morocco nthawi yobalalika.
Kuwonjezeka kwa mbalame zosokera zomwe zidabadwira ku Spain kenako pampando wamagetsi ku Morocco zidadziwika, m'malo ena omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Morocco atha kukhala ngati "kutaya" kutengera kubwezeretsa kwa mitundu, ndipo izi zikuchitika chifukwa dziko lidayimilira zofanananso ndi zomwe zidali ku Spain koyambirira kwa 1980s zikafika podzipatula patali zodutsa. Mbalame zosokera zinafika mpaka ku Mauritania ndi Senegal. Kumpoto kwa mitundu yawo yachilengedwe, ma tramp afika ku Netherlands nthawi imodzi.
Zachilengedwe
Malo okhala nthenga nthawi zambiri zimakhala zouma, zokhwima zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito kupeza malo okhala komanso malo okhala, koma zisa zambiri nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupi ndi mabowo komanso madambo, komwe nyama zambiri zimatha kulumikizidwa. Wamanyazi kwa anthu, nthawi zambiri amangokhala malo oti anthu azilowerera pang'ono. Monga zilombo zambiri, zimakhala m'malo ndipo zimakonda kukhala ndi nyumba yabwino. Mphungu zachifumu zaku Spain zimatha kuyambira pa Okutobala mpaka Epulo. Ntsi yokhomera imamanga chisa kutalika kwa 1.5 m (4.9 ft) pamsonkhano woyamba, zomwe zidzatsogolera pakuwonjezeka kwa nthawi, makamaka okhwima mtengo wazithunzithunzi kapena paini. Kukula kwa clutch nthawi zambiri kumakhala mazira awiri mpaka atatu, ndikulowerera masiku pafupifupi 43, koma pafupifupi ana a 1.23-1.4 amapangidwa m'chisa. Kufa kwa ma Nestling, monga lamulo, chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa anthu ndi chiwonongeko ndipo chisa chimagwera osadzilekanitsa, ndipo chachiwiri chifukwa chakuwonetseratu komanso kusakhalitsa. Zowonjezerazo zimafika pamasiku a 63-77, koma ana amatha kupitiriza nthawi yayitali, osachepera masiku 160 zitatha nthambo.
Amadyetsa makamaka akalulu aku Europe, omwe amadya pafupifupi 58% ya zakudya zamtunduwu musanayambike myxomatosis ndi matenda a kalulu hemorrhagic, mtundu wa kalulu wachi Iberian umachepa kwambiri. Pomwe gulu la akalulu likuchepa, adalembedwa akudyetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yopambana mosiyanasiyana ndipo atha kukhala osaka madzi apadera, makamaka mapira aku Europe, abakha ndi atsekwe, komanso amatenga magawo angapo a magawo, njiwa ndi akhwangwala ndi ena aliwonse mbalame zomwe zimakumana nazo, zomwe zimakhala pachiwopsezo chobisalira. Mitundu yoposa 60 ya mbalame imadziwika kuti imaphatikizidwa munyama yake yambiri. Nyama zina zimathanso kutengedwa nthawi zina kuphatikiza makoswe, maheya, ng'ombe, nkhuku, ndi zina zambiri zazikulu, monga nkhandwe kapena-kawirikawiri, chifukwa sizipezeka kawirikawiri kumalo amtchire, amphaka a chiwombankhanga ndi agalu ang'onoang'ono. Nthawi zambiri, zokwawa kapena nsomba zimathanso kusaka. Mtundu waukulu kwambiri wa nyama zamtunduwu umatha kupitirira 3.3 kg (7.3 lbs), monga nkhandwe, atsekwe a Greylag kapena azungu oyera, koma anthu wamba ogulitsa amakhala ochepa, makamaka m'malo okhala ndi akalulu ochepa. Kafukufuku wina adawonetsa kuchuluka kwa magawo 450 g (0.99 lb) kwanuko, ngakhale kupanga kwapakati kunanenedwanso kukwera.
Malo omwe manda aku Spain amakhala amodzi mwa akalulu ambiri omwe amakonda mbalame zodyedwa ku Spain komanso imodzi yamtundu wina wa Iberia. Mtunduwu umasiyanitsidwa ndi malo okhala ndi chiwombankhanga china chomwe chimakhazikika pa akalulu pano kuti achepetse mpikisano mwachindunji, monga maliro amakonda nkhalango, pomwe ziwombankhanga zagolide ndi za hawk zimakonda kukhala m'malo a miyala. Komabe, chiwombankhanga chachifumu cha ku Spain nthawi zambiri chimakangana pa chakudya ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimadya nyama, ngakhale zazingwe zazikulu kwambiri, ndipo osewera ena nthawi zina amatha kuyesa kupha tiana. Nthawi ina, pofuna kuteteza chisa chawo, munthu wina wachikulire wa m'manda ku Spain adapha ngakhale mwala wa phulusa, womwe ndi waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ziwombankhanga zaumoyo za ku Spain zathanzi, zaulere zimakhala pamwamba pa zilombo, chifukwa zimakhala zopanda zilombo mwachilengedwe, koma nthawi zina zimaphetsa mikangano ndipo kawirikawiri mikangano ikulu imatha kupha. Tikatetezedwa ku kuvutitsidwa ndi anthu komanso kutali ndi zoopseza monga mizere yamagetsi, kupha anthu akuluakulu kumatha kukhala ngati 3-5.4% pachaka.
Kuteteza
Mitundu imafotokozedwa kuti ndi yotetezeka ndi IASB. Ziwopsezo zimaphatikizapo kutayika kwa malo okhala, kuwukira kwa anthu, kuwombana ndi ma pylon (nthawi inayake kumayambiriro kwa 1980s, mizere yotumiza mphamvu idapha 80% ya kufa kwa mbalame chaka choyamba cha moyo) ndi poyizoni wosavomerezeka. Palinso kuchepa kwa gawo lalikulu la mitundu iyi: akalulu omwe amasungidwa mwamantha kapena kuchepa m'malo ena komwe chiwombankhanga chimatha kupezeka chifukwa cha myxomatosis ndipo, posachedwapa, matenda a kalulu hemorrhagic.
Podzafika 1960, inali itakhala pangozi yayitali kwambiri, yomwe inali ndi magulu atatu okha, otsala onse ku Spain. Pambuyo pakuyesetsa kusunga zachilengedwe, kubwezeretsa kunayamba mu 1980s mwa mitundu isanu yatsopano yoswana pachaka mpaka 1994. Mu 2011, kuchuluka kwa mapulaneti a Vidova adakula kukhala awiriawiri, awiriawiri ndi atatu 318 ku Spain. Zinyama zinapangidwanso ku Portugal mu 2003, zitatha kuswana kwazaka zopitilira 20, ndipo zimakula pang'onopang'ono, popeza ndi mitundu isanu ndi umodzi yopezeka mu 2011 ndi isanu ndi inayi yomwe inali mu 2012, anthu ku Spain adawonetsa kuchuluka kwapakati pa s. 7% pakati pa 1990 ndi 2011 Njira zabwino izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuchepetsa mphamvu zakufa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mzere wamagetsi, kudyetsa, kubwezera kuchokera ku zisa, kupangidwanso komanso kuchepa kwa kuphwanya kwa kubereka kwa mbalame, ngakhale zina mwazomwe zikuwoneka zikukula zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusaka mokwanira.
Kufalitsa kwa chiwombankhanga cha Pyrenees
Nthawi yobala ya chiwombankhanga cha Pyrenean imagwera nthawi yachilimwe. Pakadali pano, mbalame zimapanga maulendo apandege, zomwe sizisiyana ndi ndege zina zamtundu wina. Mbalame ziwiri zimawulukira mlengalenga ndimakuwa kwamphamvu kwakanthawi. Yaimuna ndi yayikazi imalumikizana ndi wina ndi mnzake, ndipo amene ali pansipa amatembenuza mapewa ake ndikupereka mapiko ake kwa mnzake.
Chisa ndi gawo lalikulu lomwe limatha kuwoneka kuchokera kutali, nthawi zambiri limakhala pa mtengo wopangika wa kork.
Chiwombankhanga chilichonse cha Pyrenean chimakhala ndi lamulo ngati zisa ziwiri kapena zitatu, zomwe zimagwiritsanso ntchito. Miyeso ya chisa ndi mita imodzi ndi theka ndi 60 cm, koma izi ndizovomerezeka pokhapokha zisa zomwe zimamangidwa nthawi yoyamba. Zisa zomwe mbalame zimakhazikika kwa zaka zingapo motsatana zimayamba kukhala zazikulu zopanga ma mita awiri mulifupi ndi kuya komwe. Amakhala ndi nthambi zouma komanso zopingidwa ndi udzu wouma komanso nthambi zobiriwira. Mbalame zonse zazikulu zimatola zinthu, koma zazikazi zimapanga.
Nthawi yobala ya chiwombankhanga cha Pyrenees imagwera mchaka
Kupanga chisa chatsopano kumatenga nthawi yayitali kwambiri, sizikudziwika kuti ntchitoyi ipitilira mpaka liti. Koma kuyika nthambi kumathandizira, makamaka masiku makumi awiri asanaikidwe dzira loyamba. Kukonza kapena kubwezeretsa chisa chakale chomwe kale chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mbuyomu kumatha masiku 10 mpaka 15, ndipo nthawi zina zochulukirapo.
M'mwezi wa Meyi, chachikazi chimayikira dzira limodzi kapena atatu a utoto wozungulira wokhala ndi mawanga a bulauni ndi madontho aang'ono a imvi kapena lofiirira, matupi amtundu wakuda.
Kubwatchera kumayamba pambuyo poyikidwa kwachiwiri. Mulimonsemo, monga mukudziwa, anapiye awiri oyamba amawoneka nthawi imodzi, pomwe lachitatu pambuyo masiku anayi. Yaikazi ndi yaikazi imalowetsa magazi kwa masiku 43, ngakhale, nthawi yayitali, mayiyo amakhala pamazira.
Pazaka khumi ndi zisanu, mphungu zazing'ono zimakutidwa ndi nthenga zoyambirira.Pakatha masiku 55, zimakhazikika, anapiye akuluakulu amachoka chisa ndikusiya nthambi zamitengo, mbewu zina zonse zimanguluka patatha masiku ochepa. Anapiye achikulire amakhala pafupi ndi chisa, ndipo nthawi ndi nthawi amabwerera kumtengo. Mbalame zachikulire sizimawathamangitsa kwa miyezi ingapo. Kenako mbalamezo zimalekanitsidwa wina ndi mnzake ndikukhala payokha.
Zakudya za chiwombankhanga cha Pyrenees ndizosiyanasiyana
Kudyetsa Chiwombankhanga cha Pyrenean
Zakudya za chiwombankhanga cha Pyrenees ndizosiyanasiyana ndipo zimakhala ndi zolengedwa zazing'ono zapakatikati, komabe, maziko a zakudya ndi hare ndi garenne akalulu. Nyamayi yokhala ndi mbewa yolimba siyilola mbalame zazitali kutalika, makamaka m'mipata ndi zinziri. Kusaka abuluzi. Mafuta akufa ndi mitembo yatsopano ya ziweto zakufa. Ana a mbuzi kapena anaankhosa sangagwidwe, nyama zolusa zili ndi matupi okwanira pansi. Nthawi zina, chiwombankhanga cha Pyrenean chimadya nsomba ndi tizilombo tambiri.
Malo otetezedwa ndi chiwombankhanga cha Pyrenees
Mphungu za ku Iberia zalembedwa mu Zakumapeto CITES I ndi II. Magawo 24 ofunika kwambiri mwa mitundu yazamoyo adadziwika:
Masamba okwana 107 otetezedwa ndi malamulo (madera otetezedwa ndi mayiko ndi EU), omwe amakhala 70% ya chiwerengero chokwanira cha mbalame zosowa. European Action Plan for the Protection ya Iberian Eagle idasindikizidwa mu 1996 ndipo idasinthidwa mu 2008. Pafupifupi ma miliyoni 2.6 miliyoni adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuletsa kufa kwa mbalame kuti zisagundane ndi zingwe zamagetsi.
Kuwongolera ma tchire ndi machitidwe abwino oswana kwadzetsa zotsatira zabwino. Mbalame zazing'ono 73 zatulutsidwa ku Cadiz ngati gawo la pulogalamu yobwezeretsa anthu, ndipo pofika chaka cha 2012, magulu asanu akuswana m'derali. Komabe, ngakhale zidachitapo kanthu, chiwombankhanga cha Pyrenees chimapitilirabe kufa chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwa magetsi.
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