Nyanja ndi nyanja za dziko lonse lapansi pali nsomba zochuluka kwambiri komanso nyama zam'madzi. Oimira wamkulu komanso onyentchera a nyama sakonda kusambira kupita kumtunda. Koma nthawi zina asodzi kapena alendo m'mabwato achisangalalo amatha kuwona nsomba ndi mphuno yayitali, dzina lomwe sakulidziwa. Apa funso likubwera: ndi mtundu wanji wa nsomba ndipo ndi chifukwa chiyani mphuno yake?

Zolemba: Eduard Matveev · Novembara 6, 2016

Chifukwa chiyani nsomba imakhala ndi mphuno yayitali?

Asayansi ankakhulupirira kuti mphuno yayitali imafunikira kuti ikumbire chakudya kuchokera kunyanja. Inde, mphuno imagwira ntchito ngati chida cha singano za nsomba, koma, monga momwe zidayendera kafukufuku waposachedwa, chiwalochi chimagwiranso ntchito ina.

• Asodzi a singano amalanda bwino mphamvu zamagetsi zopangidwa ndi anthu ena okhala m'madzi am'madzi kapena asodzi omwe amalowa m'madzi kuti agwire. Zidakhala kuti mphuno imapulumutsa nsomba kuti isamwalire, ndipo safunikira maso ake. Nsomba yokhala ndi mphuno yayitali imamva zowopsa, chifukwa cha "fungo labwino" ili ikhoza kubisala kapena kuukira nthawi.
• Chimodzimodzi ntchito yomweyi imagwira mphuno ya paddlefish. Kafukufuku wambiri watsimikizira kuti iye amawona kuyandikira kwa oimira ena a ziphuphu pamakilomita angapo. Mphuno imamuthandizanso kuthamangitsa komanso kugunda nyama. Nsomba iyi yokhala ndi mphuno yayitali yolembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira ngati mtundu wosowa kapena wosatetezeka.

Malo okhala nsomba

Munga umapezeka m'mbali mwa mtsinje wa Caspian Aral Sea. Itha kupezekanso m'masamba a Azov ndi Black Seas, koma pokhapokha. Munga ndi wa nsomba zosamukasamuka. Mu Nyanja ya Caspian, amapezeka kumwera kwenikweni, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo amagwera mumtsinje wa Kura panthawi yamvula. Mu gawo la Iranian, amapita kukayambira ku Sefidrud. Ku Volga, nsomba izi sizachilendo. Koma pali minga zingapo mu Mtsinje wa Ural.

Minga (Acipenser nudiventris).

M'mbuyomu ku Nyanja ya Aral, munga udalipo mitundu yambiri ndipo ndiomwe unkayimira ma sturgeon, koma anthu ataletsa kukokomeza kwamadzi mu nyanja, kuchuluka kwa mingayo kudachepetsedwa. Pakuwonongeka, nthongo imakwera pamwamba mumtsinje wa Amu Darya ndi Syr Darya, pamtunda wa makilomita 2600. Woferayo amakhalanso m'chigwa cha Ili-Balkhash.

Kucha ndi zakudya

Kutalika kwa moyo wa nsomba yamtunduwu kumatha kupitilira zaka 30. Kutalika kwa thupi kumatha kufika masentimita 214, ndipo kulemera kwake kumatha kukhala pafupifupi kilogalamu 30. Mu Nyanja ya Aral, nsomba zambiri zimakhalabe ndi zaka 12-16. Ndipo kukhwima kwathunthu kumachitika akafika zaka zapakati pa 12-14.

Ku Kura, ambiri amakhala ndi zaka 6 mpaka 6 agwidwa, ndipo azimayi ambiri amakhala azaka za 19, ndipo amuna amuna opitirira zaka 16.

Kulemera kwakukulu kwa minga yomwe imagwidwa mu Nyanja ya Aral kuli pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 16, ndipo ku Kura pali anthu akuluakulu omwe akulemera mpaka 20 kilogalamu. Minga imodzi yachikazi ya Aralskigo imabweretsa mazira pafupifupi 216-388, ndipo minga ya Caspian, chonde chimasinthasintha pakati pa mazira 280-1290.

Minga ndi wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa sturgeon.

Mu Nyanja ya Aral, nsomba izi zimadya kwambiri maoll, komanso ku Caspian, kuwonjezera pa ma mollusks, zimadyanso mitundu ina ya nsomba. Minga yomwe imakhala mu Nyanja ya Balkhash imakhala moyo wadyera, pomwe ili mnyanjayi, ngati ku Aral, ndi mtundu wokhawo womwe umakhala nthawi yozizira.

Mu 1933, anthu 289 okulirapo kuchokera ku Nyanja ya Aral, yomwe inali yolemera kilogalamu 6.7 mpaka 30, adawonetsedwa ndi Mtsinje wa Ili. Izi nsomba adaziyika mu Ili River mu 1934. Ana omwe adawoneka ali ndi zaka 14 adabwereranso kumtsinje wa Ili. Ku Lake Balkhash, kukula kwa spikes wazaka 11 kuli pafupifupi masentimita 130, ndipo kulemera kumafika kilogalamu 9.5.

Nsomba zam'madzi mumiyala yamadzala yamiyala.

Mwachilengedwe, minga yophatikizidwa ndi sturgeon, beluga ndi stellate. Kusakaniza kwa minga ndi stellate sturgeon kumatchedwa "stellate sturgeon". Pa Kura, chisakanizo cha minga ndi sturgeon ndi munga wokhala ndi sturgeon sturgeon, womwe umapilira kwambiri, udadulidwa mochita kupanga.

Usodzi wapaulendo

Munga uli ndi phindu lofanana ndi ma sturgeon onse. Pamenepa, munga umagwidwa kwambiri. Mu 1930s, pafupifupi matani 620 a ma spike anali atakumba chaka chilichonse, koma pofika m'ma 1960, nsomba zomwe zidasungidwa zidachepetsedwa - zosaposa matani 9 pachaka. Izi zidapangitsa kuti mu 1983 munga udalowe mu Red Book la Uzbekistan. Masiku ano, anthu ambiri ku Aral akukwaniritsidwa.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

MARINE DRAGON KAPENA SEA SCORPIO

Nsomba zapoizoni kwambiri m'madzi ambiri ku Europe zimakhala ku Black Sea ndi Kerch Strait. Kutalika - mpaka 36 sentimita. Kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Baltic pali mtundu wocheperako - chinjoka chaching'ono cha kunyanja, kapena njoka (masentimita 12-14). Kapangidwe ka zida zapoizoni za nsomba izi ndizofanana, motero, kukula kwa zizindikiro za poizoni ndikofanana.

Mu chinjoka cham'nyanja, thupi limakulitsidwa kuchokera kumbali, maso ali okwera, amakoka ndikuyang'ana kumwamba. Nsombazi zimakhala pafupi ndi pansi ndipo nthawi zambiri zimadzibisala pansi kuti mutu wokha uwoneke. Ngati mungadutse ndi phazi lanu kapena kuligwira ndi dzanja lanu, milomo yake yolimba imalasa thupi la "wolakwayo." Tizilombo ta poizoni tambiri tokhala ndi ma scorpion timakhala ndi ma ray 6.7 am'kati mwa chithaphwi cha nyumba yakunja.

Kutengera ndi kukula kwa jakisoni, kukula kwa nsomba, momwe munthu akuvutikira, zotsatira za kuukira kwa chinjoka. Poyamba, ululu wowopsa, wowopsa umamveka pamalo owonongeka. Khungu lomwe limakhala m'malo a bala limasandulika ofiira, kutupa kumatuluka, minofu necrosis imayamba. Pali mutu, kutentha thupi, thukuta lakumaso, kupweteka pamtima, kupumira kufooka. Kufa kwa ziwalo kumatha kuchitika, ndipo muzovuta kwambiri - imfa. Komabe, poizoni nthawi zambiri amapezeka pakatha masiku awiri, koma vuto lachiwiri limayamba chilonda, necrosis komanso ulesi (mpaka miyezi itatu). Zadziwika kuti poyizoni wa chinjoka mumakhala zinthu zambiri zomwe zimagwira mozungulira dongosolo, kuchuluka kwa poizoni wa neurotropic kumakhala kochepa. Chifukwa chake, zochuluka za poizoni zimatha pakuchira kwamunthu.

SANGANI NDIPONSE Cowera

Achibale apafupi ndi chinjokacho. Makulidwe awo wamba ndi masentimita 30 mpaka 40. Amakhala ku Black Sea komanso Kum'mawa Kakutali.

Ng'ombe yokhala ndi nyenyezi, yomwe imakhala m'Nyanja Yakuda, imakhala ndi khungu loyera lofiirira komanso loyera. Maso a nsomba amayang'anitsidwa kumwamba. Chifukwa chake dzina. Woyendetsa nyenyeziyo amakhala nthawi yayitali pansi, akugwera pansi, ndi maso ndi pakamwa atapendekeka ndi lilime lake likulendewera kunja, komwe kumakhala nyambo ya nsomba.

Pali ma spikes akuthwa pamatumbo a gill ndipo pamwamba pa zipsepse za ng'ombe za mnyanja. Nthawi yakubzala, kuyambira kumapeto kwa Meyi mpaka Seputembala, maselo opanga poizoni amatuluka m'munsi mwawo. Kupyola m'miyala yomwe ili papulipiti, poizoni amalowa m'mabala.

Pambuyo povulazidwa, munthu amakhala ndi ululu wowopsa pamalo a jekeseni, minofu yomwe ikukhudzidwa imatupa, ndipo kupuma kumakhala kovuta. Pakangopita masiku ochepa munthu amachira. Poizoni wopangidwa ndi akatswiri opanga nyenyezi amafanana ndi poizoni wa nsomba za chinjoka pochita, koma sizinaphunziridwe mokwanira. Pali milandu yodziwika yomwe imapha zilonda zam'madzi zomwe zimapezeka mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean.

MARINE RORS (SKORPENA)

Imapezeka mu Nyanja Yakuda ndi Azov; imapezekanso ku Kerch Strait. Kutalika - mpaka 31 sentimita. Mtundu wake ndi wonyezimira: pinki ndi yakuda bii ndi mawanga amdima, m'mimba ndimapinki. Mutu waukulu, wokutira pang'ono kuchokera pansi mpaka pansi. Maso amakhala okwera komanso oyandikira. Scorpene imakonda pansi pathanthwe ndipo popepuka imafanana ndi mwala womwe umamera pamwamba pake. Makingidwe khumi ndi amodzi a dorsal yakunja, imodzi mwa zowongolera ndi zowala zitatu za anal fin zimakhala ndi poizoni wapoizoni. Ziwopsezo zomwe amapanga ndizowopsa makamaka kumayambiriro kwamasika. Jakisoni am'mawa ndizopweteka kwambiri. Mlingo wocheperako, mankhwalawa amachititsa kutukusira kwa minyewa, pamlingo waukulu - ziwalo zam'mapapo. Poizoni wa m'madzi am'madzi am'madzi amakhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa magazi.

SKAT-Tail Tail (SEA CAT)

Izi nsomba, zomwe zimatchedwa kuti amphaka am'nyanja, zimapezeka ku Black, Azov ndi kumwera kwa Baltic. Ku Far East, ku Gulf of Peter the Great, chimphona chimakhala; ndipo m'madzi akumwera kwa Primorye, stingray wofala amakhala ponseponse. Zofananira payokha zimafika mita 2.5 kutalika (mchira mpaka masentimita 50-80). Nsombazi ndizodziwika bwino, zimakhala ndi thupi looneka ngati miyala ya diamondi, lomwe limatha ndi mchira wowonda kwambiri, wokhala ndi kaso lakuthwa kuchokera kumbali (nthawi zina awiri kapena atatu). Tizilombo ta poizoni timapezeka m'minda iwiri m'munsi mwa kangaude. Stingrays amatsogolera moyo wotsika. Ngati mwangokhala mwangozi pamzere wa stingray womwe unayikidwa pansi pamadzi osaya ndi mchenga, umayamba kudziteteza ndikuvulaza kwambiri munthu ndi "chida" chake. Mchenjezo umamukumbutsa kuti amenya mpeni. Ululu umakulirakulira msanga ndipo pambuyo pa mphindi 5 mpaka 10 umakhala wosaleza. Zochitika zam'deralo (edema, hyperemia) zimayendera limodzi ndi kukomoka, chizungulire, kusokonekera kwa mtima ntchito. Muzovuta kwambiri, kufa chifukwa cha kulephera mtima kumatha kuchitika. Nthawi zambiri, patsiku la 5-7, wozunzidwayo amachira, koma chilondacho amachiritsa pambuyo pake.

Poizoni wa mphaka wam'nyanja, atalowa chilonda, amayambitsa zochitika zowawa zofanana ndi kulumidwa ndi njoka yapoizoni. Imagwira chimodzimodzi mothandizidwa ndi magulu amanjenje ndi ozungulira.

BARK SHARK AU KATRAN

Amakhala munyanja zamtambo wa Black, Barents, Okhotsk ndi Japan. Kutalika kuli mpaka 2 metres. Amatchedwa prickly kwa ma spikes awiri olimba, pomwe m'munsi mwake mumakhala timinyewa tapoizoni tomwe tili kutsogolo kwa zipsepse za dorsal. Iwo katran amatha kupweteketsa mabala akuya kwa osasamala a scuba diver. Zomwe zimachitika pakhungu zimayambira pamalo a zotupa: ululu, hyperemia, edema. Nthawi zina pamakhala kugunda kwadzidzidzi kwa mtima, kupumira pang'ono. Musaiwale kuti katrana ndi mano a shark, ngakhale ali ochepa. Poizoni wake, mosiyana ndi enawo, ali ndi zinthu zambiri za myotropic (zogwiritsa ntchito minofu) ndipo samatha kufooka, chifukwa chake, poizoni wambiri wa anthu umatha kuchira kwathunthu.

KERCHAK, SEA PERFISH, RINSTER-NOSAR, AUHA KAPA CHINESE RAT, SEA MOUSE-LIRA, NTCHITO

Kuphatikiza pa nsomba zapoizizi, m'madzi athuponso mumapezeka nsomba zamatchire zomwe zimakhala ku Baltic, Barents ndi White Seas, monkfish ndi sea mbere lyre ku Black Sea, bass sea ku Nyanja ya Barents ndipo, pomaliza, mtengo waukulu wokhala ku Japan ndi Nyanja za Barents. Nsomba zonsezi zimakhala ndi "chida" chakupha mu mawonekedwe a minga lakuthwa ndi minga, komabe, poizoni omwe amapanga sakhala owopsa kwa anthu ndipo amangowononga wamba.

Kerchak	Milamba yam'nyanja zamchere	Ruff Nosary

Auha kapena chichi ruff	Nyani mbewa - lyre	Mtengo wokwera mtengo

ZIKUFUNA KUTI ALIYENSE

Popewa poyizoni, okonda kulowa m'mlengalenga, othawa, oyenda pansi, okaona alendo, komanso ongopuma ndi nyanja ayenera kutsatira njira izi.

Osayesanso kugwira nsomba ndi dzanja losatetezeka, makamaka zomwe simukuzidziwa, zomwe zimakhala m'miyala kapena zili pansi.

Siotetezeka nthawi zonse, monga momwe akatswiri odziwa bwino zofufuza za Scuba amachitira umboni pa izi, kukhudza zinthu zosadziwika zomwe zili pamchenga wamchenga. Ikhoza kukhala masisitilo otsekemera, ma pululu am'nyanja, nyenyezi ndi ma mbewa a mbewa ya mbewa. Komanso ndizowopsa kukwapula m'mapanga a pansi pa madzi ndi manja anu - mutha kupunthwa pa chinkhanira chobisika.

Mafani aulendo wovala nsapato pagombe m'mphepete mwa nyanja ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa miyendo yawo. Kumbukirani kuti: zovuta zam'madzi nthawi zambiri zimakhala mumchenga wonyowa madzi atatha, ndipo ndiosavuta kulowamo. Ana ndi iwo omwe adafika pagombe la nyanja ayenera kuchenjezedwa za izi.

Njira zodzidzimutsa pakafunikira nsomba zakupha zokhala ndi ma spikes osapweteka ziyenera kukhala ndi cholinga chothana ndi zowawa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zoopsa ndi poyizoni, kuthana ndi zovuta za poizoni ndikupewa matenda oyambitsidwa. Wovulala, nthawi yomweyo yamwetsani mphamvu poizoni ndi mkamwa ndi magazi kwa mphindi 15 mpaka 20. Madzi ofunikirawa ayenera kutayiratu msanga. Palibenso chifukwa choopa kuchita ndi zakudyazi: zinthu za bakiteriya zomwe zikupezeka m'matayala zimateteza ku poyizoni. Komabe, kumbukirani kuti njirayi sayenera kuchitira wina yemwe ali ndi mabala, mabala, ndi zilonda pamilomo yake ndi pakamwa pake. Pambuyo pa izi, malo a lesion amayenera kutsukidwa ndi yankho lamphamvu la potaziyamu permanganate kapena hydrogen peroxide ndikuyika kuvala aseptic. Kenako wozunzidwayo amapatsidwa mankhwala oletsa kupuma ndi diphenhydramine kuti ateteze zovuta zina, komanso kumwa kwambiri, tiyi wamphamvu kwambiri. M'tsogolomu, thandizo loyenerera la dokotala limafunikira.

Pomaliza, tikukumbutsaninso: samalani komanso kusamala mukamasambira, kusambira ndikuyamba kusambira ndikutsamira pa scuba. Mutha kupewa kukhudzana kosasangalatsa ndi nzika zowopsa, chifukwa sizimawombera munthu nkhawa, koma gwiritsani ntchito zida zawo kuti mudziteteze.

A. POTAPOVA, katswiri wa poizoni, ndi A. POTAPOV, katswiri wa zamasewera ku scuba diving (Leningrad].